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The results of this study demonstrated the successful conversion of paper sludge waste (PS) to carbonaceous hydrochar by applying hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) under controlled conditions. The experimental conditions were designed by Box–Behnken design (BBD) within a temperature range of 200–220 °C, time of 2–6 h, and liquid–solid ratios (L/S) of 12–20. The response values, including final yield (Y), energy densification (ED), and energy recovery (ER), were considered for evaluating the combustion characteristics of the hydrochar. The obtained results illustrated that the hydrochar produced at higher temperatures and for a longer time showed excellent fuel characteristics with steadily increased C content and high heating value (HHV). A suitable condition for hydrochar production was 220 °C, 6 h, and an L/S ratio of 16. This suggested condition provided the hydrochar with an HHV of 25 MJ kg−1 and atomic H/C and O/C ratios of 1.31 and 0.35, respectively. At the same time, this HTC condition can also provide numerous porous structures in the morphology of hydrochar, as well as high fixed carbon content and energy densification (ED). Regarding the kinetic study, the first-order combustion reactions of PS and hydrochar were fitted. The results presented that the activation energy of hydrochar was higher than that of PS, indicating the higher stability of solid fuel, meaning that PS can be transformed into a high-quality solid fuel that can replace lignite coal. Accordingly, this research could hopefully result in sustainable and broader applications in the fields of energy, agriculture, and waste treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper and pulp industry stands out to be one of the industries that are growing at a fast pace. Besides their characteristics such as high water consumption of 695.7 million m3 per year and subsequent high energy consumption, there are plenty of environmental impacts arising from this industry. Approximately 300 different types of harmful organic pollutants such as phenols, dioxins, and other organic substances are the significant effluents of the paper and pulp industry. As per the regulations set by the world health organization (WHO), the permissible limit of such pollutants is less than 1 ppm. Since the complete degradation of these pollutants is difficult to achieve using conventional techniques, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely being used as promising alternatives. On the other hand, depleting non-renewable energy resources are forcing industries to look for energy-efficient technologies. Photocatalysis is one such AOPs, which has the potential to solve the energy-wastewater nexus and is the primary focus of this review in terms of waste treatment from the paper and pulp industry. The photocatalytic materials induce photoreactions by receiving photon energy from light. However, harnessing light energy to the fullest is a challenge owing to the limited share of UV spectrum in sunlight. Different composite photocatalysts at different loadings, pollutant concentrations, and contact time along with their respective efficiencies are reported. The enhancement in thermodynamic driving force due to shift in Fermi energy levels with a suitable example is explained. The dependence of photocatalysis on various factors such as organic species, temperature, and light intensity makes it tough to predict the precise kinetic model in real-life experiments. The hydrogen production from the degradation of organic pollutants was discussed vividly and by optimization of the processes, an estimated amount of 0.45% of the total world's energy could be produced from the paper and pulp industry alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the association between renewable energy uptake and digitalization in the sector by reviewing relevant literature (published 2010–2022), with the aim of identifying the existing utilization of digital technologies within the sector, challenges to adoption, and future prospects. Different search engines (SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were used to locate relevant papers and documents. The results revealed the high significance of digital technologies in supporting the renewable energy sector, with high costs and security risks representing the key challenges. Most papers reviewed had a positive outlook, but recommended further research and development for effective energy transition and resilient infrastructure. The current drivers of the integration of digital technologies to support the diffusion of renewable energy sources appear to extend beyond energy demand and involve many aspects of sustainability and sustainable development. Compared with previous reviews, this work has unique scope and novelty since it considers the bigger picture of the coupling between digitalization and the renewable energy sector, with a greater focus on critical areas in these two interconnected bodies that need to be addressed. The relatively small sample of relevant papers (69 from 836 hits) located in the literature review confirms the need for more research covering the subject in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers two pertinent research inquiries: 'Can an AI-based predictive framework be utilised for the optimisation of solar energy management?' and 'What are the ways in which the AI-based predictive framework can be integrated within the Smart Grid infrastructure to improve grid reliability and efficiency?' The study deploys a Deep Learning model based on Long Short-Term Memory techniques, leading to refined accuracy in solar electricity generation forecasts. Such an AI-supported methodology aids power grid operators in comprehensive planning, thereby ensuring a robust electricity supply. The effectiveness of this framework is tested using performance metrics such as MAE, RMSE, nMAE, nRMSE, and $ R^2 $ R 2 . A persistent model is utilised as a reference for comparison. Despite a slight decrease in predictive precision with the expansion of the forecast horizon, the proposed AI-based framework consistently surpasses the persistent model, particularly for horizons beyond two hours. Therefore, this research underscores the potential of AI-based prediction in fostering efficient solar energy management and enhancing Smart Grid reliability and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates carbon and energy mix risk in the equity prices of EU-Taxonomy orientated and renewable European electric utility companies. We calculate carbon intensity and energy mix factors to measure possible carbon and energy mix premia while investigating the performance of portfolios of EU-Taxonomy orientated and renewable European electric utilities. We use a unique dataset to extend the three-factor model presented by Fama and French (1993) and find evidence of a positive renewable energy mix premium for portfolios of EU-Taxonomy orientated firms and firms with a high level of renewable energy in the energy mix. A positive low-carbon premium is also found for these same portfolios. Lastly, based on the three-factor model, an EU-Taxonomy orientated portfolio outperforms both a non-orientated portfolio and a non-reporting portfolio while a renewable energy portfolio outperforms a conventional energy portfolio. Our results are important for regulators, investors and European electric utilities in assessing the impact environmental regulations have on a firm's cost of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As research into wave energy converters progresses and new developers enter the field, there arises a growing requirement for a standardized modelling approach. This article presents a novel design and dynamic emulation for a hybrid solar-wind-wave energy converter (SWWEC) which is the combination of three very well-known renewable energies: solar, wind and wave energy. Photovoltaic (PV) panels and vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are installed on top of the floating WEC that harness the energies from the sun and wind respectively. The SWWEC is designed with a point absorber capture system. An electrical motor is used to dynamically emulate the performance of the SWWEC under real world conditions to drive the DC generator. The present paper shows the importance and necessity of the required control schemes for the proper control of generator side converters which is present in the offshore marine substation and the most required grid connected onshore converters. The better switching signal generation for the converter control and generated harmonics elimination techniques are also presented in the paper. Outcomes of the present study are discussed and verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the proportion of renewable energy and power electronics equipment continues to rise, the level of rotational inertia decreases considerably, resulting in severe frequency stability challenges to the power grid. It is of great significance to accurately predict the frequency nadir following a large disturbance. This paper proposes a novel data-model fusion-driven approach for the prediction of frequency nadir. As the physics-driven part, a Simplified Prediction Model (SPM) based on power-frequency polynomial fitting is developed to quickly produce the frequency nadir. As the data-driven part, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is deployed to correct the errors of the SPM to achieve more accurate results. This serial integration scheme not only obtains the final prediction result with higher accuracy, but also meets the computational efficiency requirements of online prediction. Compared with existing integration-driven methods, SPM only focuses on the active power-frequency characteristics of the system, which retains the most critical effects and greatly reduces the dependence of BPNN on sample data quality. Case studies on a modified IEEE 39-bus system verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector is the source of around three-quarters of greenhouse gas emissions according to IEA, and the focus of SDG 7- Affordable and Clean Energy. Centred around this is this conceptual paper with the objective of first understanding the developments related to the renewable energy (RE) sector, with special reference to India especially in the context of the current geopolitical factors. Next, the paper also aims to analyse the implications of these developments for India and the world. The geopolitical conflicts in Ukraine have led to a setback in the global RE goals as compared to the targets especially in India. As the third largest energy consumer which is dependent on energy imports, India has been trying to meet its energy needs of the present while investing heavily in RE for a sustainable and energy secure future. Consequently, India is emerging as one of the top five RE players contributing majorly to global sustainability and energy security for its future while skilfully managing the current geopolitical crisis and the ensuing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous growth of renewable energy and the load level has posed increasingly severe operational risks to distribution systems. In view of this, this paper combines state estimation with risk assessment, and uses the results of distribution system state estimation based on Unscented Kalman Filter as the input of risk assessment. With the combination, the sampling based on probability distributions in traditional risk assessment methods is no longer needed, thus avoiding the difficulty of updating probability distributions timely according to the latest information in real-time operation. By applying the proposed risk assessment method, the real-time assessment of operational risks in perspectives of bus voltage, branch power, and renewable energy utilization is achieved. Meanwhile, the weight of each risk index is properly determined according to both subjective and objective knowledge by using Analytic Hierarchy Process method and entropy weight method. Case studies show that the proposed method achieves effective assessment of comprehensive risks in the operation of distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the efficiency of fabricated solar panels using nonconventional materials--an approach that has significant potential for increasing the adoption of solar energy in resource-constrained environments. The fabrication of solar panels using local materials is presented in the paper. Solar cells are devices that convert solar energy directly into electricity-appropriate tools. Thirty-six cells are connected to form a solar array and six components support the solar array to form a solar panel. These components safeguard the array against the adverse effects of weather-related factors such as hail, airborne debris, moisture, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation. They also provide mechanical support and electrical insulation. Local materials are used for some of these components. Two types of solar cells are considered: Polycrystalline panel and monocrystalline panel give an average power of 80 W and 60 W, respectively, at an average terminal voltage of 18 V. The performances of the locally-fabricated solar panels are comparable with that of imported solar panels. Monocrystalline solar panel is found to offer higher space efficiency compared to polycrystalline type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As research into wave energy converters progresses and new developers enter the field, there arises a growing requirement for a standardized modelling approach. This article presents a novel design and dynamic emulation for a hybrid solar-wind-wave energy converter (SWWEC) which is the combination of three very well-known renewable energies: solar, wind and wave energy. Photovoltaic (PV) panels and vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are installed on top of the floating WEC that harness the energies from the sun and wind respectively. The SWWEC is designed with a point absorber capture system. An electrical motor is used to dynamically emulate the performance of the SWWEC under real world conditions to drive the DC generator. The present paper shows the importance and necessity of the required control schemes for the proper control of generator side converters which is present in the offshore marine substation and the most required grid connected onshore converters. The better switching signal generation for the converter control and generated harmonics elimination techniques are also presented in the paper. Outcomes of the present study are discussed and verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-junction solar cells are vital in developing reliable, green, sustainable solar cells. Consequently, the computational optimization of solar cell architecture has the potential to profoundly expedite the process of discovering high-efficiency solar cells. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)-based solar cells exhibit substantial performance compared to those utilizing cadmium sulfide (CdS). Likewise, CIGS-based devices are more efficient according to their device performance, environmentally benign nature, and thus, reduced cost. Therefore, the paper introduces an optimization process of three-layered n-CdS/p-CIGS/p-GaAs (NPP)) solar cell architecture based on thickness and carrier charge density. An in-depth investigation of the numerical analysis for homojunction PPN-junction with the 'GaAs' layer structure along with n-ZnO front contact was simulated using the Solar Cells Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. Subsequently, various computational optimization techniques for evaluating the effect of the thickness and the carrier density on the performance of the PPN layer on solar cell architecture were examined. The electronic characteristics by adding the GaAs layer on the top of the conventional (PN) junction further led to optimized values of the power conversion efficiency (PCE), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and short-circuit current density (JSC) of the solar cell. Lastly, the paper concludes by highlighting the most promising results of our study, showcasing the impact of adding the GaAs layer. Hence, using the optimized values from the analysis, thickness of 5 (μm) and carrier density of 1 × 10 20 (1/cm) resulted in the maximum PCE, VOC, FF, and JSC of 45.7%, 1.16 V, 89.52%, and 43.88 (mA / m 2) , respectively, for the proposed solar cell architecture. The outcomes of the study aim to pave the path for highly efficient, optimized, and robust multi-junction solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents innovations in green electronic and computing technologies. The importance and the status of the main subjects in green electronic and computing technologies are presented in this paper. In the last semicentennial, the planet suffered from rapid changes in climate. The planet is suffering from increasingly wild storms, hurricanes, typhoons, hard droughts, increases in seawater height, floods, seawater acidification, decreases in groundwater reserves, and increases in global temperatures. These climate changes may be irreversible if companies, organizations, governments, and individuals do not act daily and rapidly to save the planet. Unfortunately, the continuous growth in the number of computing devices, cellular devices, smartphones, and other smart devices over the last fifty years has resulted in a rapid increase in climate change. It is severely crucial to design energy-efficient "green" technologies and devices. Toxic waste from computing and cellular devices is rapidly filling up landfills and increasing air and water pollution. This electronic waste contains hazardous and toxic materials that pollute the environment and affect our health. Green computing and electronic engineering are employed to address this climate disaster. The development of green materials, green energy, waste, and recycling are the major objectives in innovation and research in green computing and electronics technologies. Energy-harvesting technologies can be used to produce and store green energy. Wearable active sensors and metamaterial antennas with circular split ring resonators (CSSRs) containing energy-harvesting units are presented in this paper. The measured bandwidth of the matched sensor is around 65% for VSWR, which is better than 3:1. The sensor gain is 14.1 dB at 2.62 GHz. A wideband 0.4 GHz to 6.4 GHz slot antenna with an RF energy-harvesting unit is presented in this paper. The Skyworks Schottky diode, SMS-7630, was used as the rectifier diode in the harvesting unit. If we transmit 20 dBm of RF power from a transmitting antenna that is located 0.2 m from the harvesting slot antenna at 2.4 GHz, the output voltage at the output port of the harvesting unit will be around 1 V. The power conversion efficiency of the metamaterial antenna dipole with metallic strips is around 75%. Wearable sensors with energy-harvesting units provide efficient, low-cost healthcare services that contribute to a green environment and minimize energy consumption. The measurement process and setups of wearable sensors are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa is considered critical in terms of energy access, particularly in the Sub-Saharan region, where strong adoption of renewable energy is necessary to address sustainability challenges. However, extensive research and development are essential for this transition. This paper provides a concise and critical review of grid-connected and off-grid renewable power system design in the African context. It offers a network-categorized summary of power system design studies conducted on the continent, focusing on key elements for each study. The studies were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative assessment followed basic parameters, such as network type, location, and the analytical tools used. The qualitative assessment, with novel contributions to the research, considered parameters such as the relevance, strengths, and weaknesses of the studies, along with general recommendations and clear policy-relevant inputs. On the quantitative side, about 51 research papers were reviewed, with network shares of 21.6% for grid-connected systems and 78.4% for offgrid systems. Regionally, the West African cluster was analyzed as having the highest share at 28.08%, while the Central African cluster had the lowest share at 7.69%. Regarding analytical tools, models, and experimental approaches, about 16 grouped packages were noted. However, the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) was the most frequently used, with a share of 47% in power system research conducted on the continent. This research approach is generally applicable for filling research gaps, providing insights into areas needing strong intervention, shaping power system design at the R&D level, and facilitating appropriate decision-making across Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global reliance on renewable energy sources grows, wind and photovoltaic power, as pivotal components, pose significant challenges to power system dispatch due to their volatility and uncertainty. To effectively address this challenge, this paper proposes a renewable energy optimization dispatch strategy based on a prediction model. First, this paper constructs a prediction model combining functional data analysis and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to achieve an accurate prediction of renewable energy output. On this basis, considering the economic and environmental benefits of system operation, an optimal multi-objective dispatch model for renewable energy is established, and the multi-objective optimization problem is transformed into a single-objective optimization problem using weighting methods to reduce the complexity of the solution. Finally, a typical microgrid test system is used to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. The results of the numerical example show that the proposed model can achieve an accurate prediction of renewable energy sources, reduce the conservatism of traditional dispatch decisions, and balance economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the tragedy in Ukraine deepens, it's clear that the world should end its dependency on Russian oil. It will be ironic, however, if nations disentangling themselves from this compromised energy source instead turn to another energy source with destructive impacts: harvesting and burning forest wood for fuel, which increases carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels, and degrades forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable finance has emerged as a critical paradigm for addressing environmental and social challenges while fostering economic growth. Among various financial instruments, green bonds have gained prominence as a viable means to mobilize capital for environmentally sustainable projects. This paper examines the role of green bonds in driving Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments, highlighting their significance in promoting sustainable development. By providing a comprehensive overview of green bond mechanisms, this study explores their potential to attract institutional and retail investors who prioritize sustainability in their portfolios. The research employs a systematic literature review and an analysis of recent market trends to identify key factors contributing to the growth of green bonds. It discusses the regulatory frameworks and standards that govern green bond issuance, emphasizing the importance of transparency and accountability in building investor trust. The findings reveal that green bonds not only facilitate funding for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure projects but also enhance the overall market appeal of ESG investments. Moreover, this paper investigates the challenges associated with green bond markets, such as the risk of greenwashing and the need for standardized definitions and metrics to evaluate the environmental impact of projects. The study concludes that while green bonds represent a significant opportunity for driving ESG investments, stakeholders must collaborate to address existing barriers and enhance the credibility of the market. By fostering a robust ecosystem for green finance, green bonds can play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development goals and transitioning towards a low-carbon economy. This research underscores the importance of integrating sustainability considerations into financial decision-making processes to achieve long-term positive outcomes for society and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2020, this paper uses entropy method to construct the integrated development indicators of energy Internet, and explores the impact of the development of the energy Internet on reducing carbon emissions in China and its internal transmission mechanism. The research results show that the development of energy Internet can significantly reduce regional carbon dioxide emissions, and increasing the use of renewable energy is an important mechanism for the comprehensive development of energy Internet to curb carbon emissions. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the emission reduction effect brought by the development of energy Internet is more remarkable in the regions with lower carbon emissions and western China. Furthermore, this paper finds that in the setting of the development of energy Internet, the development of renewable energy can promote natural gas consumption and advance energy conversion efficiency. The government's emphasis on regional technology development has an external strengthening effect on carbon emission reduction. The research in this paper expands and diversifies carbon reduction pathways and provides reference for more developing countries to utilize the development of energy internet to achieve carbon reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to provide a roadmap for meeting the carbon-free, green energy production target within the stipulated period while also considering climate targets through a sustainable auctioning scheme. Design/methodology/approach: The research outlines the opportunity to design auctions based on qualitative research, the impact of auctions on energy costs and thus the feasibility of suggested auctioning schemes based on country-specific empirical evidence and benefits. Findings: The conclusions show that this may result in various advantages for emerging economies relating to technology-neutral site-specific auctions if designed according to state-specific socio-economic conditions. Originality/value: The planned addition to the state-of-the-art in the renewable energy (RE) field of this paper is that it intends to bridge the gap between theory and practice. The analysis has concepts for research, practice and/or community. Thus, it can serve as a primary source of literature reference for those willing to learn more about the aspects of cost related to RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Expansion of the consumption of renewable energy is a significant issue for reducing global warming, to cope with climate change and achieve sustainable development. This study aims to examine how research and development expenditure (R&D) affects renewable energy development in developed G-7 countries over the period from 2000 to 2019. Variables of trade liberalization and CO2 emissions are considered control variables. Design/methodology/approach: This study has adopted a panel quantile regression. The impact of the variables on renewable development has been examined in quantiles of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9. Also, a robust examination is accomplished by applying generalized quantile regression (GQR). Findings: The empirical findings reveal a positive and significant relationship between R&D and the consumption of renewable energy in 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 quantiles. Also, the findings describe that the expansion of trade liberalization and CO2 emissions can significantly increase the development of renewable energy in G-7 countries. Furthermore, GQR verifies the main outcomes. Practical implications: These results have very momentous policy consequences for the governments of G-7 countries. Therefore, investment and support for the R&D section to promote the development of renewable energy are recommended. Originality/value: This paper, in comparison to other research, used panel quantile regression to investigate the impact of factors affecting renewable energy consumption. Also, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has perused the effect of R&D along with trade liberalization and carbon emissions on renewable energy consumption in G-7 countries. Also, in this paper, as a robustness check for panel quantile regression, the GQR has been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organizations use innovations and respond to external pressures, creating a transition to the sociotechnical system. In their transitions, they interact with the environment and undergo adaptation-selection. The extant literature used a multilevel perspective (MLP) with a structural view and examined dynamics and transitions (phenomena) in a noninterventionistic setting. This study aims to examine the dynamics and phenomena with a microstructural or functional view and expand the MLP; this paper uses neo-institutionalism and human values as part of the functional view. Moreover, when the authors examine the phenomena in an interventionistic setting, they can obtain certain unique dynamics and their influence on the phenomena. Design/methodology/approach: The authors need to examine the phenomena in its setting, so this paper selected a case study, Indian electricity generation. For diverse heuristic and analytic views, it selected two Indian states. Findings: The findings from the functional view showed that organizations exhibit certain traits of neo-institutionalism and human values, which mediate their responses (behavior) to external pressures. Additionally, due to the interventionist state, their dynamics use shaping instead of selection logic for innovations, which decides the transition pathway selection (technology adoption). It further decided the extent to which innovations cumulate as stable designs. As a result, the responses and the transition provide benefits in the short term while invariably failing in the long term. Research limitations/implications: By selecting cases with higher investments in renewable energies and combustible fuels, the authors can expand the functional view to include user typologies such as producers, intermediaries and citizen groups and obtain further insights into transitions. Practical implications: The study highlights the generation dynamics specific to Indian electricity generation and its transition pathways. The study's outcome provides insights to researchers and practitioners in formulating policy changes and transforming electricity generation. Originality/value: The study uses a functional view comprising neo-institutionalism and human values and expands the sociotechnical transition theory. In addition, selecting an interventionist setting provided insights into dynamics specific to organizational behavior and associated services. Finally, the obtained insights offer suggestions for technology development to better manage transitions with adaptation-selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, the transportation sector was the second largest source of carbon emissions in the UK and in Newcastle upon Tyne, responsible for about 33% of total emissions. To support the UK's target of reaching net zero emissions by 2050, electric vehicles (EVs) are pivotal in advancing carbon-neutral road transportation. Optimal EV charging requires a better understanding of the unpredictable output from on-site renewable energy sources (ORES). This paper proposes an integrated EV fleet charging schedule with a proximal policy optimization method based on a framework for deep reinforcement learning. For the design of the reinforcement learning environment, mathematical models of wind and solar power generation are created. In addition, the multivariate Gaussian distributions derived from historical weather and EV fleet charging data are utilized to simulate weather and charging demand uncertainty in order to create large datasets for training the model. The optimization problem is expressed as a Markov decision process (MDP) with operational constraints. For training artificial neural networks (ANNs) through successive transition simulations, a proximal policy optimization (PPO) approach is devised. The optimization approach is deployed and evaluated on a real-world scenario comprised of council EV fleet charging data from Leicester, UK. The results show that due to the design of the rewards function and system limitations, the charging action is biased towards the time of day when renewable energy output is maximum (midday). The charging decision by reinforcement learning improves the utilization of renewable energy by 2–4% compared to the random charging policy and the priority charging policy. This study contributes to the reduction in battery charging and discharging, electricity sold to the grid to create benefits and the reduction in carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the global shift toward renewable energy, wind energy is a pivotal player in sustainability. Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) emerge as a promising solution for expanding wind energy into economically challenging deep waters. Despite their potential, challenges persist, necessitating a thorough understanding of the complex coupling effects between wind turbine aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, particularly during the design phase. This study highlights this critical need and extends its scope to review the relevant existing literature. The paper provides insights into the design considerations and assessment methodologies crucial for both new structures and the evaluation of existing ones. Through modeling in the Ashes wind turbine software, the study reveals that platform surge motion significantly impacts rotor performance, causing rotor power and thrust fluctuations. By comparing various wind and sea states with baseline testing, the study underscores the necessity of coupling aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces for accurate performance predictions. Besides, the paper offers actionable recommendations for designing and optimizing FOWTs, and sheds light on the challenges and opportunities within offshore wind energy, offering valuable guidance for engineers working toward sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the global impacts of climate change and pollution across diverse regions, highlighting unique challenges and innovative initiatives. From rising temperatures and severe droughts in Africa and Australia to melting glaciers in the Arctic and pollution in Asia, each continent faces significant environmental threats. Despite these challenges, countries are making strides in renewable energy, conservation, and community-based actions. International agreements and local indigenous practices play vital roles in these efforts. The paper concludes with a call for continued global cooperation and local action, emphasizing the potential for a sustainable future through collective innovation and resilience-building. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper underscores the urgency and possibility of addressing global warming and pollution for a healthier planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the geothermal geological characteristics and heat-forming conditions in the Tangyuan fault-depression area, this paper has carried out a series of detailed geological works, including geological surveys and geophysical explorations. Through these works, combined with the results of systematic drilling, sampling tests, and dynamic monitoring, we have studied, analyzed, and compared the relevant data to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the geological characteristics in the Tangyuan fault-depression area. During the research process, we preliminarily determined the stratigraphic structure and geological structure in this area and clarified the characteristics of the main geothermal reservoir and its burial conditions. These findings provide basic data support for our understanding of the formation and distribution of geothermal resources. At the same time, we have carried out a systematic analysis of the basic geothermal geological parameters, laying the foundation for the future calculation and evaluation of geothermal resource reserves. Through the collation and analysis of these research results, this paper not only provides a scientific basis for the development of geothermal resources in the Tangyuan fault-depression area but also provides specific references for future development prospect plans. This series of work will lay a solid foundation for further development and utilization of geothermal resources and promote the sustainable development of the regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower as a flexible regulation resource is a rare choice to suppress the ever-increasing penetration of wind power in electrical power systems. The complementary characteristics and performance improvement of a hydro–wind hybrid power system based on a mathematical model of the hybrid power system is studied in this paper. This established model takes into account the stochastic variation in wind speeds in the wind power subsystem and the hydraulic–mechanical–electrical coupling characteristics of the hydropower subsystem. The complementary analysis is conducted based on the evaluation variables outputted by the established model, such as the wind power, hydro-regulation power, hydraulic power, and frequency. To make full use of the regulation capability of the hydropower system, the optimization of parameter settings is also carried out to improve complementary performances of the hybrid power system. The results from the complementary analysis show the detailed characteristics of hydro–wind coordinated operation under different types of real wind speeds. Here, 95% of installed hydro-capacity is used to complement the power shortage of the intermittent wind energy under the low wind speed. Alternatively, only around 66% of the installed hydro-capacity can be utilized to cope with the fluctuation in wind power under the medium and high wind speeds before the optimization of parameter settings. The recommended values and change rules of the control, hydraulic, and electrical parameters for the hydropower system are subsequently revealed from the analysis of parameter settings to contribute to a stable and safe hybrid power system. The results show that the optimized parameter can increase the maximal regulating capacity of the hydropower system by nearly 9 MW, approximately a sixth of the total installed hydropower capacity. The method and results obtained in this paper provide theoretical and technical guidance for the safe and economical operation of power stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is pivotal in achieving sustainable development's economic, social, and environmental objectives. However, to attain this crucial goal, it is essential to focus on the type of energy we generate and the methods by which we use them. The availability, accessibility, and use of green technologies have improved significantly since the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). This paper applies the pooled mean group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG ARDL) model from 2000 to 2021 to 11 countries that, according to the Climate Council, are most affected by environmental degradation issues and are taking new initiatives to reduce their emissions. The results indicate a significant relationship between renewable energy consumption and technological advancements in the short and long term. However, there needs to be more of the literature about the negative impact of research and development on renewable energy consumption. The findings of this paper can assist policymakers in determining effective strategies in the renewable energy sector, as any technological advancement is an innovative way to transform the renewable energy industry completely. By optimizing energy production and reducing costs, technological advancement can help a country achieve its renewable energy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the nexus between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, electricity consumption, fossil fuels, foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), and renewable energy in the Philippines. This paper also explores the intricate relationships between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, electricity consumption, fossil fuel use, foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), and renewable energy in the Philippines. Utilizing time-series data from 1990 to 2022 and applying advanced econometric techniques such as vector error correction modeling (VECM) and Granger causality tests, the study reveals the significant impacts of economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions. The findings highlight the crucial role of renewable energy in mitigating environmental degradation. Policy implications are discussed in the context of the Philippines' commitment to sustainable development and climate change mitigation, emphasizing the need for integrated policies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency alongside economic growth. We use a comprehensive econometric analysis to understand these variables' dynamic interactions and causal relationships. The study employs time-series data from 1990 to 2022 and applies advanced econometric techniques, including vector error correction modeling (VECM) and Granger causality tests. The results highlight the significant impact of economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions while also underscoring the critical role of renewable energy in mitigating environmental degradation. Policy implications are discussed considering the Philippines' commitment to sustainable development and climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuel resources, growing environmental concerns, and efforts to mitigate climate change have led to the establishment of renewable energy technologies in various countries around the world. The social and economic benefits of renewable energy technologies include improved welfare, increased national GDP, and, notably, the creation of sustainable employment. Employment in the renewable energy industry encompasses both direct and indirect jobs, including roles in manufacturing, installation, operation, distribution, sales, and support services This paper examines job creation within the renewable energy sector across various countries and then focuses on the potential and current status of renewable energy technologies in Iran. An analysis of Iran's economic and employment landscape, along with its legislative framework for renewable energy development, reveals that despite the significant potential for job creation and export in this sector, it remains underutilized. Global investment trends highlight a particular emphasis on the photovoltaic and bioenergy sectors. Considering Iran's substantial solar energy potential and the country's electricity imbalance, coupled with the availability of university graduates, there is a strong case for advancing the renewable energy sector, especially photovoltaic technology. A comparison of employment in Iran's renewable energy sector with that of neighboring countries indicates that Iran's highest employment is in hydropower and photovoltaic sectors. However, in terms of sustainable employment in wind energy and geothermal technology, Iran significantly trails behind Turkey. The paper concludes with recommendations to maximize the job creation potential of Iran's renewable energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat pumps (HPs) have become pivotal for heating and cooling applications, serving as sustainable energy solutions. Coupled with renewable energy sources (RES) to run the compressor, which is the major energy-consuming component, they contribute to eco-conscious practices. Notably, their adaptability to be supplied by either alternating (AC) or direct (DC) currents, facilitated through converters, makes them more flexible for versatile renewable energy (RE) applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of converter topologies employed in various HP applications. The review begins by exploring previous applied photovoltaic (PV)-HP projects, focusing on the gaps in the literature concerning the employed converter topologies. Additionally, the review extends to include a broader examination of the converter topologies that could be employed on the source and load sides of a system powered by a mix of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines (WTs), and energy storage systems (ESS), and analyzes their strengths and weaknesses. Special emphasis is given to understanding the various topologies of the power electronics converters in the context of HP applications. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary of the literature gaps, challenges, and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind power is an important technology for low‐carbon power grids. To improve the accuracy, a short‐term offshore wind power prediction method based on significant weather process classification and multitask learning considering neighboring powers is presented in this paper. First, a novel weather process classification method, in which the samples are divided into pieces of waves based on extreme points and are quantified with labels of energy level and fluctuation level, is proposed to classify samples into multiple types of significant weather processes for independent modeling. Second, a multitask learning method, in which the power sequences in neighboring offshore wind farms are innovatively introduced as a new input feature, is proposed for modeling wind power prediction for each wind farm inside a neighboring region under each weather process class. Case studies are presented to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. Based on this new method, the 4‐h ultra‐short‐term root mean squared error (RMSE), 24‐h day‐ahead RMSE, 4‐h ultra‐short‐term mean absolute error (MAE), and 24‐h day‐ahead MAE can be reduced by 1.45%, 2.1%, 1.15%, and 1.85%, respectively, compared with benchmark methods, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical models often describe the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as a gradual process and data underpins that SMEs are less likely to engage with foreign markets compared to larger firms. However, globalization and the proliferation of niche market opportunities stimulated some, primarily knowledge-intensive, SMEs to internationalize rapidly and to a great extent (Mushtaq et al., 2023). Such SMEs may play a crucial role in responding to global challenges, such as environmental sustainability, by offering economically viable solutions with global applicability. Yet, understanding the most important factors that affect the success and pace of their internationalization process requires further research. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge through the in-depth analysis of a born global (BG) Hungarian SME that offers an innovative and sustainability-focused service, with the aim of identifying the key driving forces behind its rapid international expansion. The paper uses a semi-structured interview-based case study method to respond to the call for geographical diversification in this research field and engages in the discussion by concluding that the entrepreneurs’ mindset and attitude play a pivotal role in capitalizing on a sustainability-oriented niche opportunity on the international stage, even amidst financial constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic energy (PV) is considered one of the pillars of the energy transition. However, this energy source is limited by a power density per unit surface lower than 200 W/m2, depending on the latitude of the installation site. Compared to fossil fuels, such low power density opens a sustainability issue for this type of renewable energy in terms of its competition with other land uses, and forces us to consider areas suitable for the installation of photovoltaic arrays other than farmlands. In this frame, floating PV plants, installed in internal water basins or even offshore, are receiving increasing interest. On the other hand, this kind of installation might significantly affect the water ecosystem environment in various ways, such as by the effects of solar shading or of anchorage installation. As a result, monitoring of floating PV (FPV) plants, both during the ex ante site evaluation phase and during the operation of the PV plant itself, is therefore necessary to keep such effects under control. This review aims to examine the technical and academic literature on FPV plant monitoring, focusing on the measurement and discussion of key physico-chemical parameters. This paper also aims to identify the additional monitoring features required for energy assessment of a floating PV system compared to a ground-based PV system. Moreover, due to the intrinsic difficulty in the maintenance operations of PV structures not installed on land, novel approaches have introduced autonomous solutions for monitoring the environmental impacts of FPV systems. Technologies for autonomous mapping and monitoring of water bodies are reviewed and discussed. The extensive technical literature analyzed in this review highlights the current lack of a cohesive framework for monitoring these impacts. This paper concludes that there is a need to establish general guidelines and criteria for standardized water quality monitoring (WQM) and management in relation to FPV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning from petrol or gas vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) poses significant challenges in reducing emissions, lowering operational costs, and improving energy storage. Wireless charging EVs offer promising solutions to wired charging limitations such as restricted travel range and lengthy charging times. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to address the challenges of wireless power transfer (WPT) for EVs by optimizing coupling frequency and coil design to enhance efficiency while minimizing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and heat generation. A novel coil design and adaptive hardware are proposed to improve power transfer efficiency (PTE) by defining the optimal magnetic resonant coupling WPT and mitigating coil misalignment, which is considered a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of WPT for EVs. A new methodology for designing and arranging roadside lanes and facilities for dynamic wireless charging (DWC) of EVs is introduced. This includes the optimization of transmitter coils (TCs), receiving coils (RCs), compensation circuits, and high-frequency inverters/converters using the partial differential equation toolbox (pdetool). The integration of wireless charging systems with smart grid technology is explored to enhance energy distribution and reduce peak load issues. The paper proposes a DWC system with multiple segmented transmitters integrated with adaptive renewable photovoltaic (PV) units and a battery system using the utility main grid as a backup. The design process includes the determination of the required PV array capacity, station battery sizing, and inverters/converters to ensure maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To validate the proposed system, it was tested in two scenarios: charging a single EV at different speeds and simultaneously charging two EVs over a 1 km stretch with a 50 kW system, achieving a total range of 500 km. Experimental validation was performed through real-time simulation and hardware tests using an OPAL-RT platform, demonstrating a power transfer efficiency of 90.7%, thus confirming the scalability and feasibility of the system for future EV infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential proliferation of renewable energy has resulted in a significant mismatch between power supply and demand, especially during extreme events. This incongruity presents challenges in efficiently harnessing renewable energy and enhancing the resilience of the power grid. To address this issue, this paper proposes shared energy storage (SES) planning based on the adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers (AADMM). The objective is to fully leverage SES, enhance the local consumption level of renewable energy, ensure power grid resilience, and reduce operational costs. First, to ensure the effective utilization of SES while minimizing initial investment and construction costs, a planning model for SES is formulated. Secondly, to maximize the benefits for multiple prosumers within the renewable energy and SES station, a profit maximization model for multiple prosumers is established. Lastly, to guarantee the privacy security of SES and multi-prosumers while optimizing computational efficiency, a distributed computing model for SES based on AADMM is developed. The results of the example show that the proposed model can not only reduce the cost of 47.96 CNY, but also increase the power self-sufficiency rate by 21.86%. In addition, compared with the traditional distributed optimization, the number of iterations of AADMM is increased by 47.05%, and the computational efficiency is increased by 54.67%. In addition, market prices have a great impact on energy trading, and the impact of market pricing on the operation of the park is not considered in our current research. In this case, our future research aims to consider how to price reasonably between prosumers and between prosumers and SES, so as to realize the stable participation of each subject in the energy market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries all over the world are shifting from conventional and fossil fuel-based energy systems to more sustainable energy systems (renewable energy-based systems). To effectively integrate renewable sources of energy, multi-directional power flow and control are required, and to facilitate this multi-directional power flow, peer-to-peer (P2P) trading is employed. For a safe, secure, and reliable P2P trading system, a secure communication gateway and a cryptographically secure data storage mechanism are required. This paper explores the uses of blockchain (BC) in renewable energy (RE) integration into the grid. We shed light on four primary areas: P2P energy trading, the green hydrogen supply chain, demand response (DR) programmes, and the tracking of RE certificates (RECs). In addition, we investigate how BC can address the existing challenges in these domains and overcome these hurdles to realise a decentralised energy ecosystem. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of how BC technology can act as a catalyst for a multi-directional energy flow, ultimately revolutionising the way energy is generated, managed, and consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity sector plays a key role in achieving zero emissions targets. The required transition will lead to substantial changes in the supply, demand, and distribution of electricity, as well as in stakeholder roles. Future market designs may change substantially to accommodate these changes, address challenges, and take advantage of new opportunities. This paper reviews the characteristics of future carbon-neutral electricity systems and electricity market design options. To provide a guiding framework for the literature review, we transfer the complexity of electricity systems into a three-layer structure: Firstly, we analyze papers that rely on techno-economic modeling of the physical electricity system. As a case study, we analyze various studies focusing on a decarbonized European electricity system in 2050. Secondly, we review papers that investigate the economic behavior and effects of self-interest-seeking stakeholders such as producers, network operators, and consumers. Finally, we review papers focusing on policy and market design questions that guide policymakers in achieving a target physical asset combination while considering the behavior of stakeholders. We highlight common trends and disagreements in the literature, review the main drivers of future markets, and finally provide a mapping between those drivers, challenges, and opportunities. The review concludes that the most promising next step toward a fully comprehensive assessment approach is to combine existing approaches across topical and disciplinary boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting climate concerns are making energy transition inevitable. Providing a reliable, cost-effective energy supply that meets the needs of all, as set up by Sustainable Development Goal 7, and promotes climate neutrality, as set up by the European Green Deal, is a complex task that requires complex and combined interventions in various sectors and policy areas. This paper aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the scholarly work focusing on energy transition towards renewables and to contribute to the existing knowledge by offering a holistic perspective on the dynamic landscape of energy transformation and the transition to renewables. To this end, advanced bibliometric techniques, combined with a systematic in-depth review of the existing literature and desk research, are used to uncover the intellectual landscape and identify influential works and emerging themes within this critical intersection of the economic, governance, political, social, and climate dimensions of energy transition. This analysis not only highlights prevailing trends and influential works but also sets the stage for future research and discussions critical to shaping the transition to renewable energy and policy actions in a rapidly evolving world. The results are useful guidance in the formulation of policy actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The energy transition relies on an increasingly massive and pervasive use of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind, characterized by an intrinsic degree of production uncertainty, mostly due to meteorological conditions variability that, even if accurately estimated, can hardly be kept under control. Because of this limit, continuously monitoring the operative status of each renewable energy-based power plant becomes relevant in order to timely face any other uncertainty source such as those related to the plant operation and maintenance (O&M), whose effect may become relevant in terms of the levelized cost of energy. In this frame, the use of robots, which incorporate fully automatic platforms capable of monitoring each plant and also allow effective and efficient process operation, can be considered a feasible solution. This paper carries out a review on the use of robots for the O&M of photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric, and concentrated solar power, including robot applications for controlling power lines, whose role can in fact be considered a key complementary issue within the energy transition. It is shown that various robotic solutions have so far been proposed both by the academy and by industries and that implementing their use should be considered mandatory for the energy transition scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of the industrial sector, renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption in Indonesia on the ecological footprint from 1990 to 2020 in the short and long term. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses vector error correction model (VECM) analysis to examine the relationship in the short and long term. In addition, the impulse response function is used to enable future forecasts up to 2060 of the ecological footprint as a measure of environmental degradation caused by changes or shocks in industrial value-added, renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption. Furthermore, forecast error decomposition of variance (FEVD) analysis is carried out to predict the percentage contribution of each variable's variance to changes in a specific variable. Granger causality testing is used to enhance the analysis outcomes within the framework of VECM. Findings: Using VECM analysis, the speed of adjustment for environmental damage is quite high in the short term, at 246%. This finding suggests that when there is a short-term imbalance in industrial value-added, renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption, the ecological footprint experiences a very rapid adjustment, at 246%, to move towards long-term balance. Then, in the long term, the ecological footprint in Indonesia is most influenced by nonrenewable energy consumption. This is also confirmed by the Granger causality test and the results of FEVD, which show that the contribution of nonrenewable energy consumption will be 10.207% in 2060 and will be the main contributor to the ecological footprint in the coming years to achieve net-zero emissions in 2060. In the long run, renewable energy consumption has a negative effect on the ecological footprint, whereas industrial value-added and nonrenewable energy consumption have a positive effect. Originality/value: For the first time, value added from the industrial sector is being used alongside renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption to measure Indonesia's ecological footprint. The primary cause of Indonesia's alarming environmental degradation is the industrial sector, which acts as the driving force behind this issue. Consequently, this contribution is expected to inform the policy implications required to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2060, aligned with the G20 countries' Bali agreement of 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates hydrogen's potential to accelerate the energy transition in hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel, petrochemicals, glass, cement, and paper. The goal is to assess how hydrogen, produced from renewable sources, can foster both industrial decarbonization and the expansion of renewable energy installations, especially solar and wind. Hydrogen's dual role as a fuel and a chemical agent for process innovation is explored, with a focus on its ability to enhance energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. Integrating hydrogen with continuous industrial processes minimizes the need for energy storage, making it a more efficient solution. Advances in electrolysis, achieving efficiencies up to 60%, and storage methods, consuming about 10% of stored energy for compression, are discussed. Specifically, in the steel sector, hydrogen can replace carbon as a reductant in the direct reduced iron (DRI) process, which accounts for around 7% of global steel production. A next-generation DRI plant producing one million tons of steel annually would require approximately 3200 MW of photovoltaic capacity to integrate hydrogen effectively. This study also discusses hydrogen's role as a co-fuel in steel furnaces. Quantitative analyses show that to support typical industrial plants, hydrogen facilities of several hundred to a few thousand MW are necessary. "Virtual" power plants integrating with both the electrical grid and energy-intensive systems are proposed highlighting hydrogen's critical role in industrial decarbonization and renewable energy growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grid dynamics and control mechanisms have improved as smart grids have used more inverter-based renewable energy resources (IBRs). Modern converter technologies try to improve converters' capacities to compensate for grid assistance, but their inertia still makes them heavily dependent on synchronous generators (SGs). Grid-following (GFL) converters ensure grid reliability. As RES penetration increases, the GFL converter efficiency falls, limiting integration and causing stability difficulties in low-inertia systems. A full review of grid converter technologies, grid codes, and controller mechanisms is needed to determine the current and future needs. A more advanced converter is needed for integration with more renewable energy sources (RESs) and to support weak grids without SGs and with low inertia. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters could change the electrical business by addressing these difficulties. GFM technology is used in hybrid, solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and wind energy systems to improve these energy systems and grid stability. GFM inverters based on BESSs are becoming important internationally. Research on GFM controllers is new, but the early results suggest they could boost the power grid's efficiency. GFM inverters, sophisticated smart inverters, help maintain a reliable grid, energy storage, and renewable power generation. Although papers in the literature have compared GFM and GFL, none of them have examined them in terms of their performance in a low-SCR system. This paper shows how GFM outperforms GFL in low-inertia and weak grid systems in the form of a review. In addition, a suitable comparison of the results considering the performance of GFM and GFL in a system with varying SCRs has been depicted in the form of simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global interest in environmental issues and sustainable energy has propelled extensive research in photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Brazil has emerged as one of the top ten solar energy producers and flexible PV suppliers in the world. In this context, organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have garnered attention due to their flexibility and ability to integrate into various surfaces, albeit facing challenges regarding lifespan and efficiency compared to silicon cells. This review examines the current state of research on OPVs and thin-film solar technologies, employing the systematic literature review methodology Proknow-C. The review includes an analysis of raw materials such as conductive polymers, fabrication processes including film deposition and encapsulation, and technological advancements that enhance the efficiency and stability of OPVs. Utilizing the Proknow-C methodology, a bibliographic portfolio was constructed to identify the current state of research in this field. Of 268 papers from major scientific databases, only 30 were deemed relevant to the theme, highlighting a significant research gap. This paper is a valuable resource for researchers, providing an updated overview and a foundation for future investigations in organic photovoltaics. The results emphasize the importance of materials such as conductive polymers and donor–acceptor molecules and the role of nanotechnology in advancing OPVs. Innovations in manufacturing techniques, such as inkjet and blade coating-based printing techniques, are shown to increase efficiency by providing precise control over film thickness and uniformity and reducing costs through lower material waste. Overall, this review highlights the necessity of further exploration and collaboration within the scientific community to address the challenges and propel advancements in organic photovoltaic cells. These advancements are crucial for transitioning to cleaner energy sources, reinforcing the ongoing significance of thin-film technologies in energy innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU has set the ambitious target of raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 32% by 2030, with a target of climate neutrality by 2050. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of biomass usage in the context of these targets. The paper identifies the progress made between 2013 and 2022 by focusing on a selection of EU countries. The largest bioenergy increments of 130, 77, and 60 PJ were reported for Poland, Sweden, and the Netherlands. This study evaluates the crucial role of co-generation and heat in EU regions, with biomass usage between 55 and 80% of the combined heat and power (CHP) energy in Nordic countries. The future perspectives for bioenergy based on EU policies, biomass resources, and technical issues were addressed. The EU possesses around 9% of the global biomass supply, ensuring a certain level of biomass resource dependence. Thus, the biomass usage demand in energy production, non-energy sectors, and transport is expected to rise, leading to increments of 13–76% on biomass imports. It appears that bioenergy development is mostly limited by economic issues and uneven support for bioenergy in different EU countries as well as environmental issues. The study shows a promising and sustainable potential of bioenergy in the EU as a renewable energy source while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and the economy. By 2050, liquid biofuels are likely to be increasingly used in the transport sector. Non-energy sector usage of biomass is still in an early stage of development, except for the pulp and paper industry, and significant use of biomass in non-energy sectors seems unlikely in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review and visualization of smart and sustainable energy consumption, delving into the challenges and opportunities of developing renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The study examines research trends and emerging themes about integrating smart solutions and sustainable energy resource consumption. The analytical methods used involve thoroughly analyzing empirical data, case studies, and review papers to map the research landscape. The results highlight dominant research topics, influential authors, and publication timelines in this field. The review identifies the key challenges in harnessing renewable and non-renewable energy sources, including the need for reliable energy sources, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies. The paper concludes with insights into the most effective practices for promoting smart and energy-efficient methods while emphasizing the complexity of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind and photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting are crucial for improving the operational efficiency of power systems and building smart power systems. However, the uncertainty and instability of factors affecting renewable power generation pose challenges to power system operations. To address this, this paper proposes a digital twin-based method for predicting wind and PV power. By utilizing digital twin technology, this approach provides a highly realistic simulation environment that enables accurate monitoring, optimal control, and decision support for power system operations. Furthermore, a digital twin platform for the AI (Artificial Intelligence) Grid is established, allowing real-time monitoring, and ensuring the safe, reliable, and stable operation of the grid. Additionally, a deep learning-based model WPNet is developed to predict wind and PV power at specific future time points. Four datasets are constructed based on weather conditions and historical wind and PV power data from the Flanders and Wallonia regions. The prediction models presented in this paper demonstrate excellent performance on these datasets, achieving mean square error (MSE) values of 0.001399, 0.001833, 0.000704, and 0.002708; mean absolute error (MAE) values of 0.025164, 0.027854, 0.018592, and 0.033501; and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.037409, 0.042808, 0.026541, and 0.052042, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial discusses the dynamics and prospects of the energy market and energy transition. It emphasizes the global shift towards renewable energy due to government initiatives and technological advancements. However, challenges to the transition process exist, such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global energy demand and fossil fuel prices. The editorial highlights the varying dynamics of the energy market and transition process at the national and firm levels. The collection of research papers covers topics such as renewable energy subsidies in China, efficiency of hydropower electricity generation, and the impact of oil prices on consumer and producer prices. It also explores behavioral economics and the role of natural gas in achieving urban ecological civilization. The editorial acknowledges the contributions of the authors, reviewers, and journal editors in making this collection possible. [Extracted from the article]

Rising energy prices and fuel scarcity are exposing the volatility of our energy system and creating additional pressures to speed up the transition towards renewable energy using distributed production and integrated local grids. This raises the need for local governments to become more actively involved in energy governance by managing the transition of their energy systems and involving local stakeholders. However, the exact role of local authorities in steering this transition remains uncertain as they lack financial and administrative capacities and rely extensively on experimental innovation projects and external stakeholders. This paper therefore asks what functions local authorities exercise to govern the energy transition and under what conditions they can facilitate participation in and scaling of energy innovations. Drawing on the literature on experimental governance, the paper analyses four qualitative case studies of energy innovation projects run by local governments in Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK. It finds that local authorities can actively support innovation projects through funding and knowledge, convene between stakeholder groups, scale innovations through planning and promotional work, and use trial insights to advocate for policy change. However, their ability to exercise these functions is dependent on local stakeholder constellations and domestic policy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating wind is becoming an essential part of renewable energy, and so highlighting perspectives of developing floating wind platforms is very important. In this paper, we focus on floating wind concepts and projects around the world, which will show the reader what is going on with the projects globally, and will also provide insight into the concepts and their corresponding related aspects. The main aim of this work is to classify floating wind concepts in terms of their number and manufacturing material, and to classify the floating wind projects in terms of their power capacity, their number, character (if they are installed or planned) and the corresponding continents and countries where they are based. We will classify the corresponding additional available data that corresponds to some of these projects, with reference to their costs, wind speeds, water depths, and distances to shore. In addition, the floating wind global situation and its corresponding aspects of relevance will be also covered in detail throughout the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]