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One of the most crucial elements of cells that affect many organisms' typical growth and function is Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs). In nutrition and well-being, omega-3 fatty acids, a crucial subtype of Polyunsaturated Fats (PUFAs), are sometimes referred to as "good fats." Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) are the three main forms of Omega-3 fatty acids that are frequently present in meals and supplements. Omega-3 fatty acids may be found in both plants and animals. It has historically been utilised for topical fibrous dressings, dermatological applications, cutaneous wound healing, and infant health and development. Omega-3 fatty acids have a wide range of uses in terms of health advantages, including those for the heart, blood vessels, brain, eyes, inflammatory conditions, mental health, pregnancy and infant development, reduced inflammation, skin, cancer prevention, and weight management, among other things. Several enzymatic mechanisms are involved in the metabolism and conversion of omega-3 fatty acids in the human body, and these processes are crucial for preserving general health. There are fewer adverse effects than the number of uses, yet they are nevertheless noted since it might lead to allergy problems, excessive bleeding, and asthma. Another significant possible downside is that it may interact with the anticoagulant and statin medication classes. Therefore, utilise omega-3 fatty acids in conjunction with these two categories of medications with extreme caution. Scientists contend that, in contrast to other nutrients, omega-3s had a spike of scholarly and commercial activity ten years ago before waning. Every year, the industry is boosted by fresh research discoveries that either confirm prior findings or offer up new avenues for investigation. People will wish to profit from these advantages as global discretionary income grows, especially in Asia, thus the market will continue to expand as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the rational solitons of the Kraenkel–Manna–Merle (KMM) system in ferrites via symbolic computation with the ansatz functions technique and logarithmic transformation. The KMM system describes the propagations of the ferromagnetic particles in ferrite materials. Multiwave solitons are reported by using the three-wave technique. Homocentric breathers (HBs) approach is also applied to build new forms of exact solutions. We construct M-shaped solitons and their dynamics are shown via the appropriate values of parameters. Two types of interactions for rational soliton with kink wave are investigated. Additionally, kink cross-rational solitons (KCRSs) and periodic cross-rational solitons (PCRSs) are examined via suitable transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new heteroleptic Ni(II) complexes with the general formula [Ni(dppe)(L)] (dppe = 1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane; L = 4-fluoro-benzyl cyanide dithiolate (Ni-1); 2-trifluoromethyl benzyl cyanide dithiolate (Ni-2); 3-trifluoromethyl benzyl cyanide dithiolate (Ni-3) and 4-trifluoromethyl benzyl cyanide dithiolate (Ni-4)) have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically as well as by employing single crystal X-ray diffraction. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses for Ni-1 and Ni-3 reveal a distorted square planar geometry around the Ni(II) center satisfied by two sulfur and two phosphorus centers of dithiolate and dppe ligands, respectively. Both Ni-1 and Ni-3 form interesting supramolecular arrays sustained by C–H⋯F, C–S⋯H, C⋯H(Ar), C≡N⋯H and (Ar)C⋯F intermolecular interactions. These interactions have further been investigated using Hirshfeld surface analysis. These complexes have been used as heterogeneous electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) studies and the results suggest that the electrocatalytic activity of Ni-1 outperforms the electrocatalytic activities of the other three complexes and it displays an η10 value of 814 mV and a Tafel slope of 94 mV dec−1. The study unveils the effects of fluoro- and trifluoromethyl substituents and the dihedral angle on the electrocatalytic properties towards the OER of these newly developed complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work employs the sub-ODE method to compute new soliton solutions for the component generalization of (2 + 1) -dimensional Schwarz–Kortweg–de Vries (SKdV) equation in shallow water waves. The rational soliton solutions (RSS), Jacobian elliptic function (JEF), periodic solutions (PS), hyperbolic function solutions (HFS), positive solitons, dark soliton solutions (DSS) and bright soliton solutions (BSS) are constructed with this technique. Solitons-like solutions, HFS and trigonometric-function solutions (TFS) are also found as the JEF's parameter m approaches values of 1 and 0, respectively. The suggested approach for the nonlinear equations in mathematical physics is concise, simple, effective, and promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning applications have witnessed significant advancements across diverse domains, revolutionizing tasks such as image recognition, disease classification, cancer detection, natural language processing, and autonomous decision-making. However, striking a balance between performance and cost remains a fundamental challenge. Performance, which encompasses accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness, is crucial for the real-world applicability of deep learning models. Attaining high performance often involves using resource-intensive models with intricate architectures, extensive datasets, and hyperparameter tuning. While these factors lead to improved performance, they also result in increased costs, including computational resources, time, and energy consumption. This research addresses this challenge by proposing a novel low-cost deep learning model based on Sharpened Cosine Similarity (LC-SCS) for breast cancer classification using thermal images. In our study on a DMR-IR dataset, we also utilized pre-trained models: ResNet-101, VGG-16, Inception-V3, ResNet-50, VGG-19, and Xception. The proposed LC-SCS model achieved an impressive accuracy of 94%, trailing just 4% behind the leading VGG-19 model, while maintaining a low computational cost. It achieved recall and precision scores of 0.95 each, with an F1-score of 0.94. The LC-SCS model excels in computational efficiency, demanding only 1.85 GFLOPs and 1.2 million parameters. The memory requirement is minimal at 865.35 MB, and it exhibits a latency of just 0.003 s. Additionally, the CPU execution time for prediction is 3.59 s. Comparatively, the best-performing pre-trained VGG-19 model achieved 98% accuracy but incurred significantly higher costs. The proposed LC-SCS model showcases a remarkable 298.63 times reduction in GFLOPs, a 116.31 times reduction in total parameters, a 4.57 times reduction in memory requirements for model weights, a 5 times reduction in latency, and a 3.33 times reduction in CPU execution time for prediction, thus making it as an exceptionally resource-efficient model, particularly in scenarios with limited computational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycan profile comparisons are one of the most tedious analytical exercises for establishing compliance with recombinant therapeutic protein batches. Based on its intensive research, the FDA has confirmed that lectin array binding with fluorescent monitoring is the fastest and most reliable method for profile comparisons. Using a database of over 150 biological products expressed in nine diverse mammalian cell systems, the FDA immobilized 74 lectins to study their binding using fluorescently labeled glycoproteins. The FDA identified nine distinct lectins from a custom-designed lectin microarray: rPhoSL, rOTH3, RCA120, rMan2, MAL_I, rPSL1a, PHAE, rMOA, and PHALs, which detect core fucose, terminal GlcNAc, terminal β-galactose, high mannose, α-2,3-linked sialic acids, α-2,6-linked sialic acids, bisecting GlcNAc, terminal α-galactose, and triantennary structures, respectively. This method can be used for screening and routine testing and to monitor batch-to-batch variability of therapeutic proteins, including establishing analytical similarity as a crucial part of biosimilar development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of indigo with two equivalents of the electrophile ethyl bromoacetate with caesium carbonate as a base result in the formation of structurally complex polyheterocyclics, including a fused spiroimidazole and a spiro[1,3]oxazino derivative, together with a biindigoid-type derivative, through a convenient one-pot reaction. Further assessment of the reaction using five equivalents of the electrophile gave rise to other molecules incorporating the 2-(7,13,14-trioxo-6,7,13,14-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a:4,3-a′]diindol-6-yl) scaffold. The reaction of ethyl bromoacetate with the less reactive indirubin resulted in the synthesis of three derivatives of a new class of polyheterocyclic system via a cascade process, although yields were low. These compounds were derived from the parent indolo[1,2-b]pyrrolo[4,3,2-de]isoquinoline skeleton. Despite the modest yields of the reactions, they represent quick cascade routes to a variety of heterocycles from cheap starting materials, with these structures otherwise being difficult to synthesise in a traditional stepwise manner. These outcomes also contribute significantly to the detailed understanding of the indigo/indirubin cascade reaction pathways initiated by base-catalysed N-alkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address a newly nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) in (2 + 1) -dimensions influenced by cubic–quintic–septic law nonlinearity and spatial dissipations effects. We properly construct the dark and bright optical soliton solutions for our governing model. Furthermore, periodic, other singular solutions, multiwave, homoclinic breather, M-shaped rational and their interaction with kink waves of various structures will be derived. In addition to this, some 3D, 2D and contour profiles will be added to anticipate the wave dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a systematic and exhaustive review regarding the trends, datasets employed, as well as findings achieved in the last 11 years in neurological disorder prediction using machine learning models. In this work we present a comparison between the biomarkers used in ML field with the biomarkers that are obtained through other non‐ml‐based research fields. This will help in identifying the potential research gaps for ML domain. As the study of neurological disorders is a far‐reaching task due to the wide variety of diseases, hence the scope of this study is restricted to the three most prevalent neurological diseases, that is, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). From our analysis, it has been found that over time deep learning techniques especially Convolutional Neural Networks have proved to be beneficial for the disease prediction task. For this reason, Magnetic Resonance Imaging have been a popular modality across all three considered diseases. It is also notable that the employment of a transfer learning approach and maintenance of a global data centre helps in dealing with data scarcity problems for model training. The manuscript also discusses the potential challenges and future scope in this field. To the best of our knowledge, unlike other studies, this work attempts to put forth a conclusion of every article discussed highlighting the salient aspects of the major studies for a particular problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate potential damage through effective land-use planning. Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km2, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70% (4659 landslides) for modeling and 30% (2010 landslides) for validation. The landslide susceptibility map, classified into five categories (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), delineates varying proportions of the study area. Using the FR approach, these zones cover 12.9% (7063 km2), 25.7% (14,101 km2), 25.6% (14,049 km2), 24.7% (13,586 km2), and 11.1% (6123 km2) of the area, respectively. Meanwhile, employing the IV approach, the coverage percentages are 5.7% (3119 km2), 11.0% (6063 km2), 20.1% (11,057 km2), 38.9% (21,373 km2), and 24.1% (13,310 km2). Validation using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high correlations for both FR (AUC: 0.809) and IV (AUC: 0.778) models, indicating their effectiveness. The FR model, characterized by simplicity and higher accuracy, outperformed the IV model, offering valuable insights for local, regional, and governments in land-use planning, disaster prevention, and mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond the confines of chemistry, molecular chirality and related ideas like symmetry, asymmetry, handedness, symmetry breaking, and chiral recognition have a growing influence in science. In the current study, a twisted carbon nanobelt (TCNB) is used for the chiral discrimination of amino acids (AA) using density functional theory study. The values of interaction energy (Eint) range from −28.55 to −34.45 kcal mol–1. Two distinct trends of Eint are identified, with the TCNB demonstrating selectivity for R-enantiomers of proline and S-enantiomers of histidine. Similarly, for threonine, the TCNB is selective toward SR-threonine. Chiral discrimination energy is most pronounced for threonine@TCNB (SR and RS) enantiomeric complexes, i.e., 6.90 kcal mol–1. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analyses reveal that the S enantiomer in each case has maximum interactions compared to the R enantiomer. Electron density difference (EDD) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses indicate charge transfer from amino acids toward the belt, with RS-thre@TCNB having a maximum charge transfer, i.e., 2.260 (e–). Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis reveals a decline in energy gap upon complexations. The highest decrease in energy gap is seen for R-pro@TCNB (3.42 eV from 3.59 eV), which displays high selectivity of the TCNB toward proline. The current study highlights the selectivity of the TCNB toward chiral molecules, showing a significant chiral discrimination ability for S and R enantiomers of amino acids. This work contributes valuable insights into the molecular interactions and chiral recognition involving twisted carbon nanobelts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lovastatin (LS) is the cholesterol-lowering drug in the statin class, but it has poor oral bioavailability due to its high metabolism and low solubility, which affect its clinical efficacy. To overcome limitations associated with LS, the current study sought to develop a transdermal nanoemulsion using linseed oil and finally convert it into a nanogel formulation. Nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared using the spontaneous titration method. Different components of NE were selected based on solubility study and pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed using the titration method to determine the concentration range of components. Carbopol 934 was used to convert NE to nanogel (NG). The NE was selected based on the stability study and the composition of optimized NE consists of oil phase as 10%w/w linseed oil, 35%w/w Tween 80, and Polyethylene glycol 400 in 1:1 as Smix, and 55%w/w aqueous phase as water. The optimized NE (NE3) was characterized for various parameters and the formulation NE3 was found with desired globular size (108.9 ± 3.12 nm), polydispersity index 0.257 ± 0.015, zeta potential (−16.93 ± 1.12 mV), and spherical morphology. NE3 was combined with carbopol 934 to convert into NG and further characterized for pH, rheological behavior, and in vitro permeation study. The in vitro drug permeation study showed that the NG (33.69 ± 0.75 μg/cm²/h) and NE (36.63 ± 0.55 μg/cm²/h) have maximum permeation flux rate as compared to LS suspension (6.41 ± 1.13 μg/cm²/hours). These results conclude that the NG formulation of LS can be a safe and effective alternative to an oral formulation of LS with enhanced permeation characteristics for transdermal delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry market is troubled by Salmonellosis infections which has a large negative impact due to morbidity and decreased productivity. Salmonella pullorum causes a disease named Salmonellosis which affects the poultry industries and has long been a significant obstacle to the development of nations. Due to the occurrence of resistance to most of the antibiotics in the poultry, treatment of infection now becomes difficult and challenging. So, alternative therapy is needed to reduce the burden of bacterial load and to treat the infection. The main objectives of this study were to isolate Salmonella pullorum from the layer poultry birds with to check antibiotic resistance of Salmonella pullorum and to isolate lytic phages against Salmonella pullorum. Poultry fecal samples were collected from poultry farms in different areas. For isolation and purification of Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella Shigella agar (SS-agar) was used. Black centered colonies were observed on SS agar and non-lactose fermenter on MacConkey's agar. For the confirmation of bacterial isolates, gram staining yielded pink-red rods as observed microscopically. For citrate utilization isolates also +ve test, catalase production and methyl red reaction and negative for VP and indole reaction. The disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton was performed to check the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella pullorum. Bacterium showed resistance to amoxicillin followed by tetracycline and ceftazidime, while sensitive to chloramphenicol and kanamycin. Sewage water was collected for the isolation of phages from different sewage lines of poultry farms. Bacteriophages against Salmonella pullorum were isolated through agar overlay method. Clear plaques were observed on petri plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on assessing groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Malda District, India, using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Topics include the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater, the identification of hazardous elements and their impact on water quality, and the use of GIS to enhance spatial understanding and management of groundwater resources.

Biochar possesses unique characteristics, including a substantial surface area, a high carbon content, sufficient capacity for cation exchange, and a robust structure. However, biochar contains hazardous pollutants like volatile organic compounds that harm soil properties and functionality. Although several studies on biochar production from various feedstocks have been undertaken in recent years, several issues about feedstock preparation, economic feasibility, influencing factors, and the proper utilization of biochar production processes need to be addressed. This paper thus addresses these issues by providing potential solutions identified through a comprehensive review. Slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and Acacia nilotica yields biochar from 20 to 52 wt% at various temperatures and residence times. Biochar yield varies from 29 to 48.3 wt% when waste tires and corn stalks are rapidly pyrolyzed at higher temperatures and for shorter periods. Torrefaction of algal biomass at moderate temperatures with different residence times can result in a substantial yield of 50–60 wt%. However, the variability and heterogeneity of waste feedstocks pose potential challenges affecting biochar's quality and properties. Given its widespread use in carbon sequestration, soil remediation, wastewater purification, and organic waste composting, the mechanisms of biochar production in environmental usage need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacopeia monographs are not intended to establish biosimilarity. However, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stopped the US Pharmacopeia (USP) from creating monographs for biological drugs due to the need for side-by-side comparisons with the reference products. The USP can create Biological Product Specifications (BPS), not to be labeled as monographs, based on the analytical testing of reference products and validated test methods that will remove the need for side-by-side analytical testing of biosimilars with reference products. Scientific arguments confirm that this plan is logical and capable of creating global quality standards for biosimilars to allow their interchangeability with other biosimilars. While the regulatory agencies have waived many high-cost biosimilar tests, analytical assessment is the most sensitive test; reducing its cost will further enhance the entry of biosimilars with no clinically meaningful difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation is indeed a global trend that is significantly transforming societies and landscapes. India, in particular, has been experiencing rapid urbanisation in recent years, and this is fundamentally changing the country’s social and economic dynamics. However, the state of Kerala, located in the southwestern part of India, stands out for its unique pattern of urbanisation, which is closely aligned with its distinctive topography and socio-economic factors. This study offers a comprehensive examination of urbanisation in Kerala, focusing on its unique spatial and temporal characteristics. The spatial analysis of urbanisation in the state reveals that urban development is not concentrated solely within its major cities, but is widespread. These urban clusters align with Kerala’s topographical diversity, with the majority concentrated along the coastal regions in the west, while the eastern highlands of the Western Ghats exhibit fewer urban centres. The state has witnessed a substantial surge in urbanisation rates, with projections anticipating that approximately 68 percent of the population will reside in urban areas by the middle of this century. Understanding these temporal shifts and spatial variations is essential for policymakers and urban planners to effectively address the challenges and opportunities linked to increasing urbanisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate potential damage through effective land-use planning. Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km2, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70% (4659 landslides) for modeling and 30% (2010 landslides) for validation. The landslide susceptibility map, classified into five categories (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), delineates varying proportions of the study area. Using the FR approach, these zones cover 12.9% (7063 km2), 25.7% (14,101 km2), 25.6% (14,049 km2), 24.7% (13,586 km2), and 11.1% (6123 km2) of the area, respectively. Meanwhile, employing the IV approach, the coverage percentages are 5.7% (3119 km2), 11.0% (6063 km2), 20.1% (11,057 km2), 38.9% (21,373 km2), and 24.1% (13,310 km2). Validation using receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high correlations for both FR (AUC: 0.809) and IV (AUC: 0.778) models, indicating their effectiveness. The FR model, characterized by simplicity and higher accuracy, outperformed the IV model, offering valuable insights for local, regional, and governments in land-use planning, disaster prevention, and mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the study in this article is analyzing the electrochemical properties of molybdenum disulfide on miscible poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(lactic acid) blends for supercapacitors. The interaction between molybdenum disulfide and miscible poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(lactic acid) blends, affinity toward water, surface morphology, and mechanical properties are inspected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy, and universal testing machine, respectively. Among the developed membranes, 0.75 wt% of molybdenum disulfide on poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(lactic acid) shows better electrochemical performances. It exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 255.5 F g−1 at a current density of 1.00 mA g−1, maximum energy density of 22.7 Wh kg−1, and maximum power density of 360 W kg−1. A cycle study reveals 92% capacitance retention after 2500 cycles. The designed supercapacitor device shows a maximum specific capacitance of 1240 μF g−1 at a current density of 0.5 μA g−1, maximum energy density of 43 μWh kg−1, and maximum power density of 700 μW kg−1. Flexible membranes of molybdenum disulfide are expected to be a potent combination for supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) poses a significant global health challenge due to its high incidence, poor prognosis, and limited treatment options. Aims and objectives: This study aims to investigate the association between two specific polymorphisms, CYP1A2-163 C/A and CYP1A2-3860G/A, within the Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene and susceptibility to BLCA. Methods: The study employed a case-control design, genotyping 340 individuals using Polymerase Chain Reaction-High-Resolution Melting Curve (PCR-HRM). Various genetic models were applied to evaluate allele and genotype frequencies. Genetic linkage analysis was facilitated using R packages. Results: The study reveals a significant association with the − 163 C/A allele, particularly in the additive model. Odds ratio (OR) analysis links CYP1A2-163 C/A (rs762551) and CYP1A2-3860G/A(rs2069514) polymorphisms to BLCA susceptibility. The rs762551 C/A genotype is prevalent in 55% of BLCA cases and exhibits an OR of 2.21. The A/A genotype has an OR of 1.54. Regarding CYP1A2-3860G/A, the G/A genotype has an OR of 1.54, and the A/A genotype has an OR of 2.08. Haplotype analysis shows a predominant C-C haplotype at 38.2%, followed by a C-A haplotype at 54.7%, and a less frequent A-A haplotype at 7.1%. This study underscores associations between CYP1A2 gene variants, particularly rs762551 (CYP1A2-163 C/A), and an increased susceptibility to BLCA. Haplotype analysis of 340 individuals reveals a predominant C-C haplotype at 38.2%, followed by a C-A haplotype at 54.7%, and a less frequent A-A haplotype at 7.1%. Conclusion: In conclusion, the − 163 C/A allele, C/A genotype of rs762551, and G/A genotype of rs2069514 emerge as potential genetic markers associated with elevated BLCA risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) offer a promising solution for thermal management in diverse industries owing to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and impressive cooling capabilities. The angle of inclination of the heat pipe with reference to the horizontal plane significantly influences PHP performance. Unsatisfactory outcomes were observed at 90° and 180° inclination angles. A comprehensive investigation explored the impact of tilt angle and fill ratio on PHP performance indicators, specifically heat transfer rate (HTR), overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC), and thermal resistance (TR). Tilt angles ranged from 30° to 60°, while fill ratios varied from 40 to 80%. To optimize PHP working parameters that maximize HTR, minimize TR, and enhance OHTC, a modified Taguchi approach was integrated with a robust multi-objective optimization technique. Empirical models for HTR, TR, and OHTC were developed and validated against experimental data. The recommended PHP working parameters are a 60% fill ratio and a 30° tilt angle. For the optimal parameters, HTR estimates ranged from 33.96 to 34.29 W, with the experimental value of 34.124 W falling within this range. TR estimates ranged from 0.0207 to 0.1097 °C W−1, encompassing the experimental value of 0.078 °C W−1. OHTC estimates varied between 835.8 and 958.42 W m−2 K−1, including the experimental value of 835.79 W m−2 K−1. The developed empirical relationships provide valuable insights into PHP performance for any fill ratio and tilt angle within the applicable range. PHPs find diverse applications in refrigeration, aerospace, waste heat recovery, and the utilization of low-grade energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The ultrasound guided brachial plexus block is a precise technique of providing anaesthesia & post op analgesia in surgical procedures involving upper limb. This study was conducted to compare two doses of dexmedetomidine given as adjuvant to 0.5% ropivacaine in ultrasound guided brachial plexus block in upper limb surgeries. METHODS : This was a randomised control trial carried out in 60 patients, 18-60 years of age of both sexes posted for upper limb surgeries . Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group A received 0.5% Ropivacaine 25 mL plus 30 micrograms dexmedetomedine (0.3 mL) plus 4.7 mL distilled water and Group B received 0.5% Ropivacaine 25 mL plus 50 micrograms (0.5 mL) dexmedetomedine plus 4.5 mL distilled water. Patients were assesed for onset and duration of sensory and motor block, time of rescue analgesia, hemodynamic responses and complications or any side effects. RESULT : Onset of sensory and motor block in Group A was 10.07 ± 0.69 mins and 14.23 ± 0.77 mins respectively while in Group B was 7.47 ± 0.63 mins and 10.0 ± 0.83 mins respectively. Mean duration of sensory block in Group A was 654.40 ± 28.42 mins and in Group B was 942.0 ± 54.32 mins while mean duration of motor block in Group A was 537.03 ± 27.07 mins and Group B was 798.67 ± 67.84 mins. CONCLUSION : We concluded that, 50 micrograms of dexmedetomedine when compared with 30 micrograms of dexmedetomedine with 0.5% ropivacaine produced early onset of both sensory and motor block, longer duration of sensory and motor block and longer postoperative pain relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study numerically investigates the flow field of a non-reacting cavity-configured scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) combustor at various fuel injection pressures by solving the 2D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, species transport equations, and Menter SST k-ω model. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of wall cavity insertion and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on the crucial performance parameters i.e., fuel-air mixing efficiency (MxE), total pressure recovery (TPR), and mass-averaged Mach number (MAMN). Accordingly, two trapezoidal cavities of aspect ratio 7 are introduced on the opposite walls of a rectangular combustor. The combustor entrance is configured with rearward-facing steps and it intakes finite parallel air streams through finite-width inlets. Gaseous hydrogen jets are injected 30 mm downstream from the combustor entrance and 10 mm upstream from the cavity leading edge. FIP is varied according to the fuel-to-freestream pressure ratios (FFPR) of 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0. The results of the cavity-configured combustor are then compared with the performance of the combustor in the absence of the wall cavities. The results delineate the change in flow structures with the inclusion of wall cavities and variation in FIP. Insight physics of mixing, total pressure loss, and MAMN in different regions of the combustor are studied and the results are quantified for comparison. MxE in a cavity-configured combustor does not monotonically increase with decreasing FFPR as found in the combustor without wall cavities. The shock-shear layer interactions (SSLIs) play a dominant role in mixing inside the cavity-configured combustor. The results also demonstrate that the insertion of wall cavities can increase fuel-air MxE through the formation of cavity recirculation zones. In the cavity-configured combustor, a maximum of 45% MxE is achieved for FFPR 4.5, which is 4% higher than the value obtained from the combustor without the cavities with an expense of 3% greater total pressure loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug development costs can be significantly reduced if proven "platform" technologies are allowed to be used without having to validate their use. The most recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline brings more clarity, as well as a greater focus on the most complex technologies that can now be used for faster drug development. The FDA has highlights the use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to package and deliver mRNA vaccines, gene therapy, and short (2–20 length) synthetic nucleotides (siRNA). Additionally, monoclonal antibody cell development is targeted. The FDA provides a systematic process of requesting platform status to benefit from its advantages. It brings advanced science and rationality into regulatory steps for the FDA's approval of drugs and biologicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and human-made crises can significantly impact the development of countries’ tourism industries. The susceptibility of countries to these crises depends on their policies, planning, and management in facing diverse challenges. This article aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry in G7 countries by comparing rankings and positions on indices in 2016 and 2020. Data collected from the RANking COMparison (RANCOM), Proximity Indexed Value (PIV), and Double Normalization Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution (DNCRADIS) models have been utilized for data analysis. The research findings indicate noticeable differences in using different models, as the rankings and positions of G7 countries for the years 2016 and 2020, except for two countries, the United States and France, have been different. The research results demonstrate that the COVID-19 crisis had significant impacts on the tourism industries of G7 countries. Countries like the United States, France, and the United Kingdom appear as leading nations in the tourism industry, while Japan and Canada faced challenges, and Germany and Italy experienced changes in their positions. Based on these results, officials and planners in the tourism industry of G7 countries can make appropriate decisions for the development and improvement of tourism under similar crisis conditions. Moreover, these findings can serve as a valuable guide for other countries in managing similar crises in the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear Schrödinger–Poisson equation with gravitational potential field is examined, along with its many soliton interactions and travelling wave solutions. By applying Hirota Bilinear scheme, we will give a brief study on transformation of solitons, also by Sine–Gordon expansion scheme solitary travelling wave solutions will be obtained in terms of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. The innovative Hirota bilinear method is a powerful and standard technique, play a crucial role in producing soliton solutions as well as lump solutions. With the assistance of this method one can transformed integrable equation into Hirota bilinear form under dependent variable transformation. Soliton solutions obtained by Hirota bilinear method are significant in mathematical physics, may be superimposed in fibers. These solitons are applicable in optical communications, which enable to produce faster, richer, more secure and more flexible communication systems. Also we will investigate the gravitational potential's behaviour on soliton solutions, such as parabolic, bright, dark, anti-dark, combination and S-shaped solitons. Contour plots and three-dimensional soliton solutions are provided. These solitons are important in nonlinear processes, magnetic devices, and lasers beams because of variations in gravitational field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and this is not explained by traditional risk factors. Characterization of blood immunologic signatures that associate with subclinical CVD and predict its progression has been challenging and may help identify subgroups at risk. Methods: Patients with SLE (n = 77) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 27) underwent assessments of arterial stiffness, vascular wall inflammation, and coronary atherosclerosis burden with cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI); fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) (target‐to‐background ratio [TBR]); and coronary CT angiography. Whole blood bulk RNA sequencing was performed in a subset of study participants (HC n = 10, SLE n = 20). In a partially overlapping subset (HC n = 24, SLE n = 64), serum inflammatory protein biomarkers were quantified with an Olink platform. Results: CAVI, TBR, and noncalcified coronary plaque burden (NCB) were increased in patients with SLE compared to HCs. When comparing patients with SLE with high CAVI scores to those with low CAVI scores or to HCs, there was a down‐regulation of genes in pathways involved in the cell cycle and differentially regulated pathways related to metabolism. Distinct serum proteins associated with increased CAVI (CCL23, colony‐stimulating factor 1, latency‐activating peptide transforming growth factor β1, interleukin 33 [IL‐33], CD8A, and IL‐12B), NCB (monocyte chemotactic protein 4 and FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand [Flt3L]), and TBR (CD5, IL‐1α, AXIN1, cystatin D [CST5], and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Blood gene expression patterns and serum proteins that associate with worse vascular phenotypes suggest dysregulated immune and metabolic pathways linked to premature CVD. Cytokines and chemokines identified in associations with arterial stiffness, inflammation, and NCB in SLE may allow for characterization of new CVD biomarkers in lupus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracking is a crucial problem for nonlinear systems as it ensures stability and enables the system to accurately follow a desired reference signal. Using Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy models, this paper addresses the problem of fuzzy observer and control design for a class of nonlinear systems. The Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy models can represent nonlinear systems because it is a universal approximation. Firstly, the T–S fuzzy modeling is applied to get the dynamics of an observational system in order to estimate the unmeasurable states of an unknown nonlinear system. There are various kinds of nonlinear systems that can be modeled using T–S fuzzy systems by combining the input state variables linearly. Secondly, the T–S fuzzy systems can handle unknown states as well as parameters known to the indirect adaptive fuzzy observer. A simple feedback method is used to implement the proposed controller. As a result, the feedback linearization method allows for solving the singularity problem without using any additional algorithms. A fuzzy model representation of the observation system comprises parameters and a feedback gain. The Lyapunov function and Lipschitz conditions are used in constructing the adaptive law. This method is then illustrated by an illustrative example to prove its effectiveness with different kinds of nonlinear functions. A well-designed controller is effective and its performance index minimizes network utilization—this factor is particularly significant when applied to wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mutations in the X-linked gene cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) cause a severe neurological disorder characterised by early-onset epileptic seizures, autism and intellectual disability (ID). Impaired hippocampal function has been implicated in other models of monogenic forms of autism spectrum disorders and ID and is often linked to epilepsy and behavioural abnormalities. Many individuals with CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) have null mutations and complete loss of CDKL5 protein, therefore in the current study we used a Cdkl5−/y rat model to elucidate the impact of CDKL5 loss on cellular excitability and synaptic function of CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs). We hypothesised abnormal pre and/or post synaptic function and plasticity would be observed in the hippocampus of Cdkl5−/y rats. Methods: To allow cross-species comparisons of phenotypes associated with the loss of CDKL5, we generated a loss of function mutation in exon 8 of the rat Cdkl5 gene and assessed the impact of the loss of CDLK5 using a combination of extracellular and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings, biochemistry, and histology. Results: Our results indicate that CA1 hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced in slices prepared from juvenile, but not adult, Cdkl5−/y rats. Enhanced LTP does not result from changes in NMDA receptor function or subunit expression as these remain unaltered throughout development. Furthermore, Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptor mediated currents are unchanged in Cdkl5−/y rats. We observe reduced mEPSC frequency accompanied by increased spine density in basal dendrites of CA1 PCs, however we find no evidence supporting an increase in silent synapses when assessed using a minimal stimulation protocol in slices. Additionally, we found no change in paired-pulse ratio, consistent with normal release probability at Schaffer collateral to CA1 PC synapses. Conclusions: Our data indicate a role for CDKL5 in hippocampal synaptic function and raise the possibility that altered intracellular signalling rather than synaptic deficits contribute to the altered plasticity. Limitations: This study has focussed on the electrophysiological and anatomical properties of hippocampal CA1 PCs across early postnatal development. Studies involving other brain regions, older animals and behavioural phenotypes associated with the loss of CDKL5 are needed to understand the pathophysiology of CDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibodies that can selectively remove rogue proteins in the brain are an obvious choice to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), but after decades of efforts, only two antibodies to treat Alzheimer's disease are approved, dozens are in the testing phase, and one was withdrawn, and the other halted, likely due to efficacy issues. However, these outcomes should have been evident since these antibodies cannot enter the brain sufficiently due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB) protectant. However, all products can be rejuvenated by binding them with transferrin, preferably as smaller fragments. This model can be tested quickly and at a low cost and should be applied to bapineuzumab, solanezumab, crenezumab, gantenerumab, aducanumab, lecanemab, donanemab, cinpanemab, and gantenerumab, and their fragments. This paper demonstrates that conjugating with transferrin does not alter the binding to brain proteins such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein. We also present a selection of conjugate designs that will allow cleavage upon entering the brain to prevent their exocytosis while keeping the fragments connected to enable optimal binding to proteins. The identified products can be readily tested and returned to patients with the lowest regulatory cost and delays. These engineered antibodies can be manufactured by recombinant engineering, preferably by mRNA technology, as a more affordable solution to meet the dire need to treat neurodegenerative disorders effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus genera, especially among rhizobacteria, are known for their ability to promote plant growth and their effectiveness in alleviating several stress conditions. This study aimed to utilize indigenous Bacillus cereus PM38 to degrade four organophosphate pesticides (OPs) such as chlorpyrifos (CP), profenofos (PF), monocrotophos (MCP), and dimethoate (DMT) to mitigate the adverse effects of these pesticides on cotton crop growth. Strain PM38 exhibited distinct characteristics that set it apart from other Bacillus species. These include the production of extracellular enzymes, hydrogen cyanide, exopolysaccharides, Indol-3-acetic acid (166.8 μg/mL), siderophores (47.3 μg/mL), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity (32.4 μg/mL), and phosphorus solubilization (162.9 μg/mL), all observed at higher concentrations. This strain has also shown tolerance to salinity (1200 mM), drought (20% PEG-6000), and copper and cadmium (1200 mg/L). The amplification of multi-stress-responsive genes, such as acdS, ituC, czcD, nifH, sfp, and pqqE, further confirmed the plant growth regulation and abiotic stress tolerance capability in strain PM38. Following the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the results showed striking compatibility with the first kinetic model. Strain PM38 efficiently degraded CP (98.4%), PF (99.7%), MCP (100%), and DMT (95.5%) at a concentration of 300 ppm over 48 h at 35 °C under optimum pH conditions, showing high coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.974, 0.967, 0.992, and 0.972, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and the presence of opd, mpd, and opdA genes in the strain PM38 further supported the potential to degrade OPs. In addition, inoculating cotton seedlings with PM38 improved root length under stressful conditions. Inoculation of strain PM38 reduces stress by minimizing proline, thiobarbituric acid–reactive compounds, and electrolyte leakage. The strain PM38 has the potential to be a good multi-stress-tolerant option for a biological pest control agent capable of improving global food security and managing contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Darchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is a bark of a cinnamon plant that belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is a rich tasting and aromatic spice used by different cultures worldwide. Recently, many phytochemicals were discovered and obtained from Darchini. Numerous experimental research using these phytochemical components have established several therapeutic actions. In addition, it possesses useful medicinal properties and is considered a remedy for indigestion, flatulency, depletion of innate heat, respiratory diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. A manual literature search of classical Unani manuscripts was carried out to acquire information on temperament (Mizaj), pharmacological activities and medicinal applications of Darchini. In addition, all accessible material on phytochemical, physiochemical and pharmacological studies have been collected using an extensive review of internet sources such PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The aim of this review article is to further highlight the discovered pharmacological effect and medicinal values of Cinnamomum zeylanicum as per the Unani literature as well as scientific research. Based on scientific studies regarding its phytochemical components, it is beneficial for various ailments. Darchini also has a beneficial effect on some gynaecological disorders such as amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, prolapse, and vaginosis. However, there is need to conduct experimental and clinical study to validate their effectiveness and safety in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Typhoid fever is a fatal disease in humans that is caused by Salmonella typhi. S. typhi infections need immediate antibiotic therapy, and their extensive use has led to multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. The use of bacteriophages is becoming a new way to treat these resistant bacteria. This research was directed to bacteriophage isolation against S. typhi and to determine phage-antibiotic synergism. Aims: To isolate bacteriophages targeting S. typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, and investigate their potential synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The Widal test was positive; twenty diarrheal stool samples were taken, and for confirmation of S. typhi, different biochemical tests were performed. The disc-diffusion technique was used to determine antimicrobial resistance, and the double agar overlay method was used for bacteriophage isolation from sewage water against S. typhi. To test antibiotic-phage synergism, the S. typhi bacteria was treated by phages together with varying antibiotic concentrations. Results: Eleven samples were positive for S. typhi with black colonies on SS-agar. These were catalase and MR positive with alkali butt on TSI. Clear plaques were observed after the agar overlay. Isolated phages were stable at various pH and temperature levels. Synergism was observed on agar plate. The zone was enlarged when phages were combined with bacterial lawn culture and ciprofloxacin disk. Bacterial growth inhibition had a significant p-value of 0.03 in titration plates, with the phage-ciprofloxacin combination being more effective than the phage and antibiotic alone. Conclusion: The study highlights the synergistic effects of isolated bacteriophages with antibiotics, which are not only effective against S. typhi infection but also decrease antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a significant challenge in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, even nearly a century after its discovery, due to the elusive nature of its causes. The development of drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease has emerged as a promising strategy to address the complexities of AD and related conditions. The immune system's role, particularly in AD, has gained considerable interest, with nanobodies representing a new frontier in biomedical research. Advances in targeting antibodies against amyloid-β (Aβ) and using messenger RNA for genetic translation have revolutionized the production of antibodies and drug development, opening new possibilities for treatment. Despite these advancements, conventional therapies for AD, such as Cognex, Exelon, Razadyne, and Aricept, often have limited long-term effectiveness, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. This necessity has led to the incorporation advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning into the drug discovery process for neurodegenerative diseases. These technologies help identify therapeutic targets and optimize lead compounds, offering a more effective approach to addressing the challenges of AD and similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical examination of the interaction among formaldehyde, phosgene, and thiophosgene molecules on both pristine Zn12O12 nanocage and TM-decorated (Cu, Ni, Ti, and Cr) Zn12O12 nanocage is conducted using density functional theory (DFT). The Zn12O12 nanocage by doping of Cu, Ni, Ti, and Cr atoms remarks in altering the electronic properties and actively reassuring the adsorption of these toxic gases. The finding revealed that Zn12O12 nanocages doped with metal atoms enhance reactivity. In this study, the adsorption energy, dipole moment, charges from natural bond orbitals (NBO), global reactivity parameters, and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) were analyzed. The results show that phosgene and thiophosgene are physisorbed on Zn12O12 nanocage with adsorption energies of -10.63, and -9.41 kcal/mol, respectively. The decoration of Zn12O12 nanocage with transition metals (Cu, Ni, Ti, and Cr), efficiently enhanced the adsorption of H2CO, COCl2, and CSCl2. The adsorption of these harmful gases on TM-decorated Zn12O12 nanocage resulted in strong chemisorption. Among the selected warfare agents, CSCl2@Cr-Zn12O12 and H2CO@Ti-Zn12O12 show the highest value of adsorption energy (− 77.86 and − 75.37 kcal/mol, respectively). These complexes also exhibit high chemical hardness value and low softness value suggesting their higher stability and lower reactivity as compared to other complexes. Moreover, the results of recovery time suggested that COCl2 can be desorbed from Ni-Zn12O12 with a recovery time of 0.014 s. Therefore, it is suggested that the Ni-Zn12O12 nanocage may be used as a potential reusable sensor for the detection of phosgene at room temperature due to its high sensitivity and short recovery time. Additionally, the results suggested that the adsorption energy and electrical conductivity of toxic gases on decorated Zn12O12 nanocage increase, potentially improving sensitivity towards these toxic gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplier segmentation is a strategic activity that evaluates suppliers, identifies different approaches, and identifies the most proper criteria to establish various segments. The main purpose is to form different supplier groups to adopt appropriate strategies for each group. Supplier development is another strategic activity designed to promote suppliers' functions to create and maintain a network of competent suppliers that significantly affects a producer's competitive advantage. To allocate scarce resources more efficiently, it is necessary to design some strategies to develop the suppliers for their different segments. This research has employed the sustainability approach that includes economic, environmental, and social dimensions to evaluate and then segment the suppliers. In the next step, the results of this segmentation have been utilized as a basis for supplier development. The sustainability approach is significant since it guarantees companies' short- and long-term interest by reducing expenditures and absorbing stakeholders who respect environmental and social values. To date, the sustainability approach has been used little for segmentation purposes. Using our supplier segmentation, the purchasing company was able to determine the economic, environmental, and social potential of its suppliers. As a result, the company can apply the appropriate development strategies that we proposed for each segment of its supplier base. We have employed an Interval Best–Worst Method and a Simple Additive Weighting in the grey environment to segment the suppliers and proposed a conceptual model to develop the suppliers in different segments (The proposed framework has been applied to a manufacturing company). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, urban development faces complex global challenges that require new approaches to influence its practices and policies. By prioritizing sustainability, mobility, and community resilience, we are moving towards a holistic approach that protects the well-being of residents and the environment. In this dynamic urban design environment, finding ways to identify pedestrian-friendly spaces and create safe, efficient, and sustainable urban environments is a major challenge, and it requires research that seeks to optimize this choice, especially in terms of integrating numerical modeling methods and a wide range of measurement tasks. This research is concerned with optimizing pedestrian accessibility, which directly contributes to reducing environmental impact, improving non-motorized transport, and reducing traffic congestion. It integrates a novel, mixed multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model that benefits from the use of Grey's theory. This research's purpose goes beyond addressing cities' immediate challenges; it seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of sustainable urban planning. This study represents a pioneering effort to identify the challenges of optimal site selection for pedestrian walkways. By using a multi-criteria decision-making approach based on mathematical modelling and facility engineering, this effort addresses gaps in the current understanding of site selection criteria and aims to lead a paradigm shift toward a sustainable, efficient, and inclusive urban environment. The results show that the updated RANCOM-PIV greyscale is quite robust and reliable, when comparing the final results of the PIV greyscale and the MARCOS greyscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]