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It is widely believed digital technologies are transforming all aspects of economy and society, driven by scientific advances across interdisciplinary fields and innovations relating to artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, robotics, etc. But what, if anything, is revolutionary about these developments and what are the implications for the neo-liberal opportunity bargain based on a market competition where 'learning equals earning'. This article outlines different interpretations of the 'fourth industrial revolution' presenting contrasting theories of labour scarcity and job scarcity, to highlight why we need to rethink education, opportunity and the future of work in a context of increasing job scarcity. This is urgent not because we are approaching the end of work, but the end of 'knowledge' work as understood in public policy, with no viable solution to how to create in a new opportunity bargain for a fair and efficient future of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for the severe foodborne disease listeriosis. A chromosomal hotspot between lmo0301 and lmo0305 has been noted to harbor diverse restriction modification (RM) systems. Here, we analyzed 872 L. monocytogenes genomes to better understand the prevalence and types of RM systems in this region, designated the immigration control region (ICR). Type I, II, III and IV RM systems were found in 86.1% of strains inside the ICR and in 22.5% of strains flanking the ICR. ICR content was completely conserved within the same multilocus sequence typing-based sequence type (ST), but the same RM system could be identified in diverse STs. The intra-ST conservation of ICR content suggests that this region may drive the emergence of new STs and promote clone stability. Sau3AI-like, LmoJ2 and LmoJ3 type II RM systems as well as type I EcoKI-like, and type IV AspBHI-like and mcrB-like systems accounted for all RM systems in the ICR. A Sau3AI-like type II RM system with specificity for GATC was harbored in the ICR of many STs, including all strains of the ancient, ubiquitous ST1. The extreme paucity of GATC recognition sites in lytic phages may reflect ancient adaptation of these phages to preempt resistance associated with the widely distributed Sau3AI-like systems. These findings indicate that the ICR has a high propensity for RM systems which are intraclonaly conserved and may impact bacteriophage susceptibility as well as ST emergence and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybersickness assessment is predominantly conducted via the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Literature has highlighted that assumptions which are made concerning baseline assessment may be incorrect, especially the assumption that healthy participants enter with no or minimal associated symptoms. An online survey study was conducted to explore further this assumption amongst a general population sample (N = 93). Results for this study suggest that the current baseline assumption may be inherently incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell-free RNA from liquid biopsies can be analyzed to determine disease tissue of origin. We extend this concept to identify cell types of origin using the Tabula Sapiens transcriptomic cell atlas as well as individual tissue transcriptomic cell atlases in combination with the Human Protein Atlas RNA consensus dataset. We define cell type signature scores, which allow the inference of cell types that contribute to cell-free RNA for a variety of diseases. Cell types affected by various diseases are inferred from cell-free RNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently required, but early development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 resulted in enhanced disease after vaccination. Careful assessment of this phenomena is warranted for vaccine development against SARS CoV-2. Here we report detailed immune profiling after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) and subsequent high dose challenge in two animal models of SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease. We demonstrate in rhesus macaques the lung pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 mediated pneumonia is reduced by prior vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 which induced neutralising antibody responses after a single intramuscular administration. In a second animal model, ferrets, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduced both virus shedding and lung pathology. Antibody titre were boosted by a second dose. Data from these challenge models on the absence of enhanced disease and the detailed immune profiling, support the continued clinical evaluation of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Lambe, Spencer, Thomas, Gilbert and colleagues report on the detailed immune profile of rhesus macaques and ferrets vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 under high dose challenge. Their findings indicate that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) the vaccine induces immune responses and reduces disease symptoms in both models, including SARS-CoV-2 mediated pneumonia and virus shedding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is widely used to protect humans from seasonal influenza infection, particularly in children. In contrast to inactivated vaccines, the LAIV can induce both mucosal and cellular immune responses. Here we show that a single dose of monovalent H1N1pdm09-specific LAIV in the ferret model is fully protective against a subsequent wild-type H1N1pdm09 challenge, and furthermore reduces the severity of disease following challenge with a different influenza A subtype (H3N2). The reduced severity comprised reductions in weight loss and fever, as well as more rapid clearance of virus, compared to non-vaccinated H3N2-challenged ferrets. No H3N2-neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated ferret sera. Rather, heterosubtypic protection correlated with interferon-gamma+ (IFN-γ+) T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood and in lung lymphocytes. The IFN-γ+ cells were cross-reactive to H3N2 virus even when obtained from vaccinated animals that had never been exposed to H3N2 virus. We believe this study provides compelling evidence that the LAIV can provide a significant reduction in infection and symptoms when challenged with heterosubtypic influenza strains not included in the LAIV, highlighting the importance of cross-reactive T-cells in the design of a universal influenza vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models, and in particular non-human primates, are essential to understand the pathogenesis of emerging diseases and to assess the safety and efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract and causes pulmonary lesions in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 are also similar in both species and equivalent to those reported in milder infections and convalescent human patients. This finding is reiterated by our transcriptional analysis of respiratory samples revealing the global response to infection. We describe a new method for lung histopathology scoring that will provide a metric to enable clearer decision making for this key endpoint. In contrast to prior publications, in which rhesus are accepted to be the preferred study species, we provide convincing evidence that both macaque species authentically represent mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 observed in the majority of the human population and both species should be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, accessing cynomolgus macaques will greatly alleviate the pressures on current rhesus stocks. Non-human primates are important animal models for studying SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, Salguero et al. directly compare rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and show that both species represent COVID-19 disease of mild clinical cases, and provide a lung histopathology scoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report a dose titration study of SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model. After a high (5 × 106 pfu) and medium (5 × 104 pfu) dose of virus is delivered, intranasally, viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is observed in 6/6 animals, however, only 1/6 ferrets show similar signs after low dose (5 × 102 pfu) challenge. Following sequential culls pathological signs of mild multifocal bronchopneumonia in approximately 5–15% of the lung is seen on day 3, in high and medium dosed groups. Ferrets re-challenged, after virus shedding ceased, are fully protected from acute lung pathology. The endpoints of URT viral RNA replication & distinct lung pathology are observed most consistently in the high dose group. This ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a mild clinical disease. SARS-CoV-2 induces mild infection in ferret model. Here, Ryan et al. characterise optimal infection dosage inducing upper respiratory tract (UTR) viral shedding, progression time of viral shedding, and pathology in ferrets and finally provide evidence for protection after re-challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Control of Noise at Work Regulations came into force in Great Britain in 2005, requiring all work environments to be monitored for potentially harmful noise exposure levels. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a number of iPhone phone applications (apps) (Apple, Cupertino, CA) to accurately measure noise exposure, which may prove effective when a specialist-calibrated sound level meter is not readily available.Methods: Suitable apps were identified using the search terms noise and decibel through the App Store (Apple). Apps that were free to download and had at least one rating were included. Apps were evaluated using a calibrated pure tone sound field and a soundproof testing booth. A 3-frequency audiogram (1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 4000 Hz) was used at 25 dB, 40 dB, 55 dB, 70 dB, and 85 dB. Linear regression was carried out to assess accuracy.Results: Nine apps were tested in total, with four out of nine providing a goodness-of-fit coefficient (R2 value) over 0.9. The most effective app was found to be the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Sound Level Meter (EA LAB, Slovenia) with an R2 of 0.97. The least effective app was the Decibel Meter With Recorder (Jianhua Ming, China) with an R2 of 0.62.Conclusion: This study has shown significant variation in the ability of iPhone apps (Apple) to accurately predict environmental dB levels. However, if the correct app is used, an iPhone represents a relatively reliable means of measuring noise exposure levels when a specialist calibrated sound level meter is not readily available.Level Of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 131:E59-E62, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There are no hearing protection regulations in place for passengers using public transport, such as the London Underground. In light of this, we sought to examine sound pressure levels experienced by regular users of the London Underground. Methods: Sound pressure levels (A‐weighted decibels: dBA) were taken on moving London Underground carriages between Euston and South Wimbledon on the Northern Line, and between Euston and Vauxhall on the Victoria Line, during 2006 and 2018. In addition, carriage sound pressure levels travelling within Zone 1 of the London Underground were tested in 2019. Three experimental and three technical repeats were undertaken using a hand‐held calibrated multi‐function sound level meter. Results: Passengers are routinely and consistently subjected to sound pressure levels exceeding 80 dBA, with levels sometimes reaching over 100 dBA. Conclusion: This study is unique within the literature, with no published studies outlining exposure levels for London Underground passengers. It provides evidence of elevated noise exposure to passengers, consistently along large stretches of the London Underground, over a prolonged study period (2006–2019). Key Words: Sensorineural hearing losssound pressureexposureLondonundergroundtube. Level of Evidence: N/A Laryngoscope, 2020 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental shift is taking place in the way we think about the future of work and its relationship to education, training and the labour market. Until recently, expanding higher education was widely believed to result in higher earnings, reflecting an insatiable demand for knowledge workers. In the United Kingdom, this race to higher education included a major transfer of resources from further and adult provision to higher education. This paper raises a number of issues in rethinking tertiary education in a context of digital disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of the foodborne illness listeriosis, which can result in severe symptoms and death in susceptible humans and other animals. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment and isolates from food and food processing, and clinical sources have been extensively characterized. However, limited information is available on L. monocytogenes from wildlife, especially from urban or suburban settings. As urban and suburban areas are expanding worldwide, humans are increasingly encroaching into wildlife habitats, enhancing the frequency of human–wildlife contacts and associated pathogen transfer events. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of L. monocytogenes in 231 wild black bear capture events between 2014 and 2017 in urban and suburban sites in North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and United States, with samples derived from 183 different bears. Of the 231 captures, 105 (45%) yielded L. monocytogenes either alone or together with other Listeria. Analysis of 501 samples, primarily faeces, rectal and nasal swabs for Listeria spp., yielded 777 isolates, of which 537 (70%) were L. monocytogenes. Most L. monocytogenes isolates exhibited serotypes commonly associated with human disease: serotype 1/2a or 3a (57%), followed by the serotype 4b complex (33%). Interestingly, approximately 50% of the serotype 4b isolates had the IVb‐v1 profile, associated with emerging clones of L. monocytogenes. Thus, black bears may serve as novel vehicles for L. monocytogenes, including potentially emerging clones. Our results have significant public health implications as they suggest that the ursine host may preferentially select for L. monocytogenes of clinically relevant lineages over the diverse listerial populations in the environment. These findings also help to elucidate the ecology of L. monocytogenes and highlight the public health significance of the human–wildlife interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy and academic circles in India put forth the argument that the country's demographic dividend puts it in an optimal position to win the race between education and technology across nations by expanding higher education opportunities. This article examines the recruitment practices of 13 leading corporations in highgrowth sectors in India. Based on detailed qualitative interviews, it explains why these corporations are unlikely to increase the demand for graduates in ways imagined by policy-makers or proponents of skills-biased technological change. Companies in India are locked into an intense 'war for talent', but only for graduates in India's top-tier universities. We argue that there is a close correspondence between India's highly elitist university system and corporate talent management strategies, creating a narrow pool of highly mobile Indian corporate elite, but resulting in limited prospects for the wider Indian workforce. In this talent market, the success of the top corporate elite rests on keeping the elitist character of higher education, rather than widening labour market opportunities. This paper also seeks to explain why top corporations in India engage in this 'war for talent' when they are not always certain their investments pay off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major focus of sociological research is on the role of the credential as a 'currency of opportunity', mediating the relationship between education and occupational destinations. However, the labour market has largely remained a 'black box' in sociological and education policy studies. This article draws on 'big data' from over 21,000,000 job adverts to explore how employers in the UK describe job requirements, with particular reference to the role of credentials. It challenges existing theories premised upon the notion that higher levels of formal education determine individual (dis)advantage in the competition for jobs. Although they have different views of the relationship between credentials, opportunity and efficiency, these theories assume that credentials largely determine occupational hiring. Our analysis suggests that formal academic credentials play a relatively minor differentiating role in the UK labour market, as the majority of employer's place greater emphasis on 'job readiness'. This raises a number of issues for sociological and policy analysis, including the future role of credentials in the (re)production of educational and labour market inequalities. Methodologically, the article highlights how the use of big data can contribute to the analysis of education, skills and the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper undertakes a critical theoretical and empirical analysis of the traditional approach to analysing the education–economy relationship: skill bias technological change theory. It argues that while leading skill bias theorists have sought to address some of the anomalies that the theory confronts, there remain key data patterns that the theory cannot address. We suggest an alternative account that takes a broader political economy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes raises major food safety and public health concerns due to its potential for severe foodborne disease and persistent colonization of food processing facilities. Copper is often employed to control pathogens in agriculture and is increasingly used in healthcare facilities, but mechanisms mediating tolerance of L. monocytogenes to copper remain poorly understood. A mariner-based mutant library of L. monocytogenes 2011L-2858, implicated in the 2011 listeriosis outbreak via whole cantaloupe, was screened for growth at sublethal levels of copper yielding mutant G2B4 with decreased copper tolerance. The transposon was localized in pbp4 (lmo2229 homolog), encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP). In addition to reduced copper tolerance, G2B4 exhibited increased susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics, reduced biofilm formation and reduced virulence in the Galleria mellonella model. Mutant phenotypes were fully restored upon genetic complementation of G2B4 with intact pbp4. Findings provide the first evidence for the role of a PBP in copper tolerance of L. monocytogenes and suggest that pbp4 may be a suitable target to enable the use of lower levels of copper or enhance the effectiveness of levels currently in use. Given the wide distribution of PBPs and their highly conserved nature, this could have profound impacts in regard to ecology and control of L. monocytogenes and other microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the development of affordable virtual reality has opened up enormous possibilities for virtual rehabilitation, and the introduction of ultra-low cost mobile VR such as Google Cardboard has real potential to put virtual rehabilitation right into patient's homes. However, the limited interaction possibilities when a mobile phone is mounted into a headset mean that these devices are generally used for little more than passive viewing. In this paper we present an evaluation of three approaches to supporting navigation in mobile VR, and discuss some of the potential hazards and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the complex relationship between transnational elites and civil society through examining the contrasting orientations of two cohorts of ‘elite graduates’ from Paris and Oxford. Both cohorts believe their privileged status has been earned through hard work and ability. But they are also aware that they have benefited from advantages not available to all. Perhaps because of this, they express the need to ‘give something back’. However, the means through which they seek to discharge their social responsibilities are very different. While the Oxford graduates seek to ‘give something back’ through volunteering and third sector engagement, the Paris graduates will ‘give something back’ through public service. The article discusses how the contrasting relationship between the state, civil society and the education system in these two countries may shape dispositions, and speculates on the extent to which these elite recruits’ commitment to ‘give something back’ will make a difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines student accounts of credentials, talent and academic success, against a backdrop of the enduring liberal ideal of an education-based meritocracy. The article also examines Bourdieu’s account of academic qualifications as the dominant source of institutionalised cultural capital, and concludes that it does not adequately account for comparative differences in the social structure of competition and ideological shifts in class (re)production in different national contexts. This analysis is based on an empirical investigation of elite students at Oxford University and Sciences Po in Paris. We investigated how they understand the competition for a livelihood and whether they see themselves as more ‘talented’ than students from non-elite universities. This investigation revealed important similarities and differences between British and French students that have significant sociological implications for the (re)production and legitimation of educational and labour market inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The largest infrastructure deficit in sub-Saharan Africa, a region mostly made up of low income developing countries, is in the power sector, according to the World Bank. Rates of access to electricity in Africa are very low by global standards, notably in rural areas. About 57% of Africans, or about 621 million people, lack access to electricity (also referred to as "power" in this report). Whether measured in terms of generation and distribution capacity, electricity consumption, or security of supply, Africa's power sector delivers a fraction of the service needed or found elsewhere in the developing world. Power consumption is a tenth of that found elsewhere in the developing world and per capita access is gradually falling, because new power infrastructure construction has not kept up with growing populations and electricity demands. The contrast between Africa and the developed world with respect to power capacities is particularly stark. Africa has a generation capacity of about 106 megawatts (MW) per million people, while that of the United States was about 3,320 megawatts MW per million people. The lack of power constrains development in the region in multiple ways: It limits economic production, growth and commerce; undermines human resource development and hinders improved quality of life potentials; and limits the quality of social services and public safety. It also spurs the use of alternative, often highly polluting biomass energy sources (e.g., wood and charcoal) for cooking and lighting. Estimates of African power requirements and the corresponding need for financing vary widely, but are invariably high. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) reports that about $15 to $20 billion in annual investment through 2030 may be needed to achieve universal access to electricity, a figure roughly in line with a 2012 International Energy Agency (IEA) estimate. The United States has long provided varied technical and other assistance to increase access to power in Africa, but new U.S. efforts in this area are under way. The Electrify Africa Act of 2014 (H.R. 2548), which sought to increase U.S. support for electrification, was introduced in the 113th Congress, in June 2013. Days later, President Obama announced the Power Africa initiative, which seeks to achieve similar ends. Broader U.S. policy interests linked to Power Africa include U.S.-African trade and investment expansion and U.S.-African cooperation focused on development and poverty alleviation. The House passed H.R. 2548 in May 2014. A Senate bill, S. 2508 (Menendez, the Energize Africa Act of 2014) was also introduced in the 113th Congress. Similar new bills, H.R. 2847 (Royce, the Electrify Africa Act of 2015) and S. 1933 (Corker, the Electrify Africa Act of 2015) have been introduced in the 114th Congress. U.S. agencies participating in Power Africa have committed up to $9.71 billion to the initiative through 2018, in the form of technical aid, grants, export and trade capital and risk mitigation tools, loans and other resources. Power Africa is also designed to enhance power sector institutions and address constraints to investment; aid in regional energy resource development; and enhance energy sector governance. Twelve U.S. agencies play a role in Power Africa and coordinate their efforts through an inter-agency forum chaired by White House National Security Council staff and USAID. The main project-implementing Power Africa agencies are USAID; the Overseas Private Investment Corporation; the U.S. Export- Import Bank; the Millennium Challenge Corporation; the U.S. Trade and Development Agency; and the U.S. African Development Foundation. In general, Power Africa agencies use their existing authorities, funding sources and program processes to determine project eligibility or selection under the initiative. This report discusses Power Africa; policy problems and challenges related to power sector development in Africa; long-term perspectives on energy poverty, need and future development; and raises some possible oversight questions and issues for Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase (ErA) is an enzyme commonly used in the treatment regimen for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL). Biopharmaceutical products such as ErA must be monitored for modifications such as deamidation, typically using ion-exchange chromatography (IEX). Analysis of clinical-grade ErA using native IEX resolves a number of enzymatically-active, acidic variants that were poorly characterised. Methods: ErA IEX variants were isolated and fully characterised using capillary electrophoresis (cIEF), LC-MS and LC-MS/MS of proteolytic digests, and structural techniques including circular dichroism, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Results: LC-MS, MS/MS and cIEF demonstrated that all ErA isolates consist mainly of enzyme lacking primary-sequence modifications (such as deamidation). Both SAXS and IM-MS revealed a different conformational state in the most prominent acidic IEX peak. However, SAXS data also suggested conformational differences between the main peak and major acidic variant were minor, based on comparisons with crystal structures. Conclusions: IEX data for biopharmaceuticals such as ErA should be thoroughly characterised, as the most common modifications, such as deamidation, may be absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, the obligation of general and special educators to utilize evidence-based instructional practices has become more prominent. Research increasingly suggests the failure of didactic teacher training alone to ensure implementation with fidelity of these practices by teachers in their classrooms. Multicomponent training (MCT) strategies utilizing didactic presentations, followed by coaching with role-play and specific performance feedback, offer a useful strategy for training teachers of students with severe disabilities in the evidence-based practices of their field. This pilot study successfully demonstrated the efficiency, feasibility, and acceptability of a school-based MCT strategy in the training of four teachers of students with severe disabilities in the use of simultaneous prompting (SP). The MCT strategy utilized demonstrated the efficacy of a research-based performance feedback process. Implications for the comprehensive and rigorous training of teachers of students with severe disabilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]