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The systematic approach specifies how the product design processes should be approached systematically and specifically aims to make the most appropriate conceptual design before the objective design. In line with this goal, the systematic approach explains step by step how the conceptual design process should be done. One of these steps is the evaluation of solution variations. The basis of this step; The suitability of the desired conditions, the weighting and point system according to this suitability, and the determination of the result numerically constitute. Unlike other methods, the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) 2225 method provides a more understandable and transparent comparison of options by showing technical competence and cost status in a single diagram, S-Diagram. In this study, the step of evaluating and selecting all the options in the conceptual design before the objective design process with the VDI 2225 method was examined in detail. The elevator was used as an example. Elevators consist of two parts traction and hydraulic. Traction elevators are divided into gearless and gearbox, and hydraulic elevators are divided into direct acting and indirect acting. These elevator types have different advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. For this reason, 3 different situations were determined, and the performances of the elevators were tried to be evaluated more objectively in the study. Situations: Elevators used in residences, high-speed elevators used in business centres and freight elevators that lift heavy loads were selected. All the results are shown on one S-Diagram. In this way, both situations were compared and the differences between them were revealed. As a result, the economic and technical performance of each elevator in each case was determined using the VDI 2225 method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, the International Building Code (IBC) introduced a new requirement for an additional exit stair or evacuation elevators in buildings (except residential buildings) over 420 ft. (128 m) tall. This new requirement has emerged as a critical innovation in occupant evacuation in supertall buildings, offering the potential for faster egress during emergencies. In the 2018 edition of the IBC, the analysis of full building evacuation with elevators is further required to demonstrate an evacuation time of less than 1 h. This paper examines the implementation of evacuation elevators in accordance with recent building code developments, such as the International Building Code (IBC), Chinese "General Code for Fire Protection of Buildings and Constructions" (GB 55037-2022), and the Korean Building Code (KBC). This study provides a comparative analysis of these regulations, highlighting the evolving acceptance of elevator-based evacuation methods. Since the requirements on means of egress in the codes in China and Korea follow similar concepts in the IBC, case studies of supertall buildings in China and Korea, where evacuation elevators were integrated into the overall egress strategy, are carried out to demonstrate the capability of evacuation elevators in achieving the IBC's requirement for full evacuation within one hour. Using computer-based egress modeling, the study evaluates practical solutions for reducing evacuation times, exploring factors such as elevator capacity, speed, and coordination with traditional stairwell egress. The results suggest that, while evacuation elevators can significantly improve evacuation efficiency, achieving the one-hour target remains a challenge in complex, high-occupancy environments. The study indicates the importance of optimizing the balance between stair and elevator usage and explores the future role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing evacuation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavors to tackle the issue of horizontal vibrations encountered in high-speed and ultra-high-speed elevator cabins during operation. Given the limitations of traditional passive-control guide shoes in effectively mitigating these vibrations and the complexity and cost associated with active control systems, a novel approach involving passive-control rolling guide shoes (PCRGS) integrated with hydraulic damping is explored. The PCRGS incorporates a hydraulic actuator and hydraulic damping, which can be modeled by a mechanical and hydraulic co-simulation model using AMESim2020 software. The simulation reveals a substantial reduction in cabin vibrations equipped with PCRGS. Specifically, under pulse excitation, the reduction ranges from 26.2% to 27.5%; under white noise excitation, it varies between 14.3% and 17.1%; and under sine wave excitation, the reduction spans 21.2% to 24.1%. Notably, the system meets the stringent 'Excellent' (<=0.07 m/s2) performance criteria under sine wave excitation at lower frequencies, signifying its high effectiveness. These findings not only underscore the potential of hydraulic passive-control guide shoes in mitigating elevator vibrations but also provide invaluable guidance for their further development and refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifts, or elevators, are transportation facilities that are indispensable for countless end users in high-rise buildings. They require proper maintenance to ensure safe operation. In addition to technological applications, effective management and legislative controls play a crucial role in ensuring lift safety. Given the limited understanding of an optimal regulatory model for governing lift maintenance, a cross-discipline comparative study was conducted to examine lift maintenance regulations in regions with different legal systems. Following a systematic and comparative review approach, this study focused on regulatory controls across civil and common law jurisdictions, specifically Beijing, Hong Kong, and London. Relevant statutes and publications were searched from engineering, law and management databases, which included Scopus, JSTOR, Lexis+, Lexis China, Lexis Advance Hong Kong, and Westlaw Asia. Through scrutinizing the retrieved documents, key features of the regulations were identified and compared in terms of lift classifications, types and frequencies of mandatory maintenance works, qualifications for authorized parties, and legal liabilities for non-compliance. Validated by industry experts, the results reveal both similarities and differences in the regulations among the three jurisdictions. While these findings serve as valuable references for policymakers in formulating optimal legislative controls to enhance lift safety in the future, further research could expand the scope of this study to examine the regulations in other regions and investigate the effectiveness of existing statutory controls on lift maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shopping malls have become vibrant public spaces, serving as commercial centers and sociocultural hubs. However, the arrangement of stationary elements such as elevators and escalators significantly impacts the visual quality of the atrium and the overall navigation experience within the complex. This research focuses on analyzing the configuration of elevators and escalators in shopping mall atriums and their influence on visual richness and accessibility. Descriptive-analytical and survey methods are employed, utilizing data from 10 successful malls worldwide. The UCL-Depth map software and space syntax variables are used for analysis. Connectivity, clustering-coefficient, and controllability analyses assess visual richness, while integration, mean-depth, entropy, depth, step-depth, and gate-count analyses evaluate accessibility. The research includes a questionnaire to obtain optimal indices for each space syntax variable, enhancing the accuracy of the findings. The results highlight the significant impact of the positioning of vertical access elements within the atrium on its visual richness and the accessibility of shops. The research identifies an optimal configuration: placing the escalator in the middle of the atrium, deviating 30° from the entrance axis, and separately locating the elevators. This configuration provides the highest level of access to shops and the central atrium from any point, minimizing the number of turns required to reach different locations within the mall. Furthermore, the separate placement of elevators improves the flow of individuals between shops and the atrium, resulting in increased integration. In conclusion, selecting an appropriate configuration of elevators and escalators in shopping mall atriums can greatly enhance wayfinding and improve the visual richness and accessibility of the complex. Architects and designers can utilize these findings to optimize the design of public spaces within shopping centers, promoting social interactions and enhancing the overall visitor experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Design & Technology (IJEDT) is the property of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Architecture & Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, IoT has been combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology to develop into intelligent IoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things, AIoT) and can provide smart services to all industries. Generally, buildings with 30 or more floors are classified as high-rise apartments. There are high-rise apartments in many countries with small land areas and high population densities around the world, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Korea. Korea has many high-rise apartments and buildings with 30 or more floors, and residents there inevitably use elevators to move between floors. Because it is a high-rise apartment, it takes time for EVs to move, and a contactless method is needed when using EVs, especially due to COVID-19. In this study, we proposed a smart elevator system using AI that allows residents of high-rise apartments to conveniently shorten waiting and use times and use elevators without contact during rush hours due to the impact of COVID-19. The proposed system uses AI facial recognition to shorten EV waiting time and moving time and has a contactless floor selection function. As a result of the proposed system, it was confirmed that residents' EV waiting time and travel time were shortened compared to existing EV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collecting data such vibration signal or others from elevators is crucial for a regular maintenance or emergency repair in industry. However, traditional methods for data transmission through compression and decompression process usually require large input data arrays to be assigned. Therefore, a long computational time is unavoidable so that it may affect system performance efficiency significantly. Therefore, an elevator vibration and loading data collection system was developed using simple compression encoding mechanism. First, in Data Acquisition Unit, the signal-acquiring microprocessor is used for data acquisition through Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus. Second, in Data Storage Unit, the collected data from the signal-acquiring microprocessor is compressed and transmitted to the signal-processing microprocessor. Third, in Monitor Unit, the elevator analysis tool is developed to analyze the vibration data, which can be viewed directly from APP. Experimental results demonstrated that the restored data are consistent with the results measured from the standard instrument. The proposed hexadecimal compression process can make the data transmission mechanism simple, but two times faster than that using traditional way without compression. Consequently, the demanded memory capacity for signal transmission can be therefore reduced considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrical motors, together with its appropriate drive system, is one of the most important elements of electromobility. In recent years, there has been a particular interest by academic researchers and engineers in permanent-magnet motors (PMSMs) in various applications, such as electric vehicles, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), elevator systems, etc., as the main source of drive transmission. Nowadays, the elevator industry, with the evolution of magnetic materials, has turned to gearless PMSMs over geared induction motors (IMs). One of the most important elements that is given special emphasis in these applications is proper motor design in consideration of the weight and speed of the chamber to be served during operation. This paper presents a design of a high-efficiency PMSM, in which finite elements analysis (FEA) and the study of the lift operating cycle provided useful conclusions on the magnetic field of the machine in different operating states. In addition, a simulated model was compared with experimental results of test operations. Furthermore, the drive system also required the use of appropriate electrical power and controls to drive the PMSM. Especially in elevator applications, the control of the motor speed by the variable voltage variable frequency technique (VVVF) is the most common technology used to avoid endangering the safety of the passengers. Thus, suitable speed and current controllers were used for this purpose. In our research, we focused on studying different control techniques using a suitable inverter to compare the system operation in each case studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevator systems serve as the primary mode of transportation in tall buildings which consumes approximately 5–15% of a building's total energy demand. This research explores the potential for energy savings in elevator systems while maintaining passenger comfort through the implementation of green approaches. The research concentrates on a contemporary high-rise office building situated in the central business district of a developing economy. It employs a case study methodology involving traffic simulation to determine optimal elevator specifications for industry-standard service levels. By conducting the simulation, the researchers identified the optimal number of elevators, elevator capacity, speed, and the most suitable elevator management system. Following that, a range of green measures were implemented, including the incorporation of a regenerative system, to effectively reduce the electrical energy consumption of the elevator system. Subsequently, a passenger traffic simulation model was integrated with an energy calculation model to jointly simulate and calculate the elevator system's overall energy consumption and regeneration. The elevator energy requirements were optimized, while maintaining user-friendliness and requirements related to guidelines given in the standards. The results showed that 36% of the energy consumption was reduced by incorporating an energy regenerative option into the elevator system in addition to selecting efficient mechanical components and implementing an efficient elevator traffic management system. This research contributes to the limited body of literature on energy optimization in elevators and emphasizes the importance of balancing energy efficiency with service quality. These findings provide guidance for establishing benchmarks in reducing energy consumption, in relation to elevator systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science) is the property of Dongbei Daxue Xuebao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Distributed Elevator Fault Diagnosis System (DEFDS) is developed to tackle frequent malfunctions stemming from the widespread distribution and aging of elevator systems. Due to the complexity of elevator fault data and the subtlety of fault characteristics, traditional methods such as visual inspections and basic operational tests fall short in detecting early signs of mechanical wear and electrical issues. These conventional techniques often fail to recognize subtle fault characteristics, necessitating more advanced diagnostic tools. In response, this paper introduces a Principal Component Analysis–Long Short-Term Memory (PCA-LSTM) method for fault diagnosis. The distributed system decentralizes the fault diagnosis process to individual elevator units, utilizing PCA's feature selection capabilities in high-dimensional spaces to extract and reduce the dimensionality of fault features. Subsequently, the LSTM model is employed for fault prediction. Elevator models within the system exchange data to refine and optimize a global prediction model. The efficacy of this approach is substantiated through empirical validation with actual data, achieving an accuracy rate of 90% and thereby confirming the method's effectiveness in facilitating distributed elevator fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

People in elevators are at risk of respiratory infection because the elevator cabin is crowded and has poor ventilation. The exhaled particles may be inhaled by the susceptible person, deposited on the surface and suspended in the elevator, which can result in direct and indirect transmission. However, whether the air vent designs adopted in the elevator can effectively reduce the transmission risk of respiratory particles remains unknown. In this study, the dispersion of particles under four common ventilation strategies used in the commercial elevator was investigated by proven computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The flow field was simulated with the RNG k-ξ turbulence model and the Lagrangian method was adopted to track particle trajectories. The effects of air vent layout and airflow rate on particle transmission were analyzed. We found that more than 50% of exhaled particles (average value) were suspended in the cabin and difficult to discharge under the investigated ventilation strategies. The deposited fraction of particles on the susceptible person reached up to 39.14% for infiltration ventilation, which led to a high risk of contact infection. Increasing the ventilation rate could not significantly reduce the inhalation proportion of particles due to the poor airflow distribution inside the elevator. A more proper ventilation strategy should be explored for the elevator to control transmission risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of 2% lidocaine containing adrenaline with and without hyaluronidase in inferior alveolar nerve blocks for patients requiring bilateral mandibular extractions. Patients and Methods: This was the split‐mouth study conducted on 26 patients requiring bilateral mandibular teeth extraction. All the patients were assigned randomly to one of the two groups: (i) 2% lignocaine HCl + 1:2,00,000 adrenaline + hyaluronidase (75 IU) solution will be administered on one side which is the experimental side and (ii) 2% lignocaine HCl + 1:2,00,000 adrenaline solution on the other side is control side. In the first session, the patients randomly received the inferior alveolar nerve block with or without hyaluronidase in one side of the oral cavity. One week later, the same patient received the other technique which was not received in the first session. We also evaluated the onset, duration and need of any supplementary anaesthesia in both the groups. Results: Comparison of VAS score in the control group (2.73 ± 0.724) and experimental group (3 ± 0.693) showed statistically insignificant results (p = 0.177). Whereas the onset of local anaesthesia showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001) mean of control group (2.73 ± 0.47) and experimental group (1.15 ± 0.23). Comparison of duration of anaesthesia showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) with the mean duration of the experimental group being higher (106 ± 7.94) than the control group (86.27 ± 3.90). Comparison for the need for supplementary anaesthesia showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: We conclude that if hyaluronidase is used, better blocks with smaller volumes are produced. LAs with hyaluronidase have been shown to improve the quality and effectiveness of anaesthetic blocks and shorten the time it takes for anaesthesia to begin, accelerate the onset of akinesia and lessen the need for additional anaesthesia. It also increases the duration of anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The crane pick elevator is a solid version of the pick‐type dental elevator that rolls the root out of the socket using the wheel and axle method. The traditional apexo elevator works on the wedge principle, wherein it helps to retrieve root stumps below the gingival line. Although most of the extractions can be performed with routine techniques and instruments, there is a constant urge to improve these conventional procedures with newer instruments and techniques. Thus, we intend to do a comparative study, evaluating the efficiency of apexo elevators versus crane pick elevators in the extraction of mandibular root stumps. Patients and Methods: This was a comparative in vivo study conducted on a total of 68 patients aged 18 years and above. They were divided into two groups of 34 each using a random number generator. The patients were evaluated on the basis of their gender, whether extraction was successful, time taken for extraction, operators' difficulty, root length and the tooth that was extracted. Results: Majority of the participants were males in the apexo group (61.7%) and females in the crane pick group (55.8%). InAU terms of successful extraction, it was seen to be more with apexo elevators compared to crane pick elevators and is statistically significant (0.04*). The operator encountered greater difficulty during the removal of root stumps with crane pick elevators. Conclusion: We concluded that crane pick elevators are useful in luxating apical one third of the root when fractured. However, apexo elevators are better when it comes to delivering the tooth out of the socket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progression of the industry, alongside the continuous enhancement of operational efficiency and the reduction of production costs, are paving the way for novel solutions in the realm of storage and transportation systems. The incorporation of new technologies and solutions, such as mobile robots, has culminated in the establishment of Smart Warehouses. It facilitates the reduction of non-value adding activities for companies. One of the methods of improving the efficiency of such systems is the more effective use of autonomous mobile robots. The article presented an inventive concept of an autonomous mobile robot capable of undertaking transport tasks both on the shop floor and within high-bay warehouses. The new concept of the drive mechanism enables it to navigate on surfaces and move along rail guides. By using an elevator, the robot can be lifted to higher levels within the warehouse. The well-conceived structural solution of the robot allows the elevator placement anywhere within the warehouse, eliminating the need for constructing a pit. The use of a mobile robot with the proposed structure will enable the execution of transport tasks without necessitating reloading. Such an approach has the potential to increase efficiency and reduce the costs of storage processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevators are the most common transportation tool in modern buildings. To satisfy the safety requirement, it is mandatory to carry out regular maintenance in a certain period of time. Among maintenance items, the determination of the traction compartment cable slippage status is one of the greatest challenges in the elevator industry, but a simple and effective method is still lacking. Currently, in a real situation, the inspection accuracy relies considerably on suitable personnel experiences, and the inspection process is also time-consuming. Accordingly, we aim to develop an automatic streaming image process model for the detection of the elevator cable slipping distance. First, the geometric shape of an ellipse is established from a captured circle image. Second, the ellipse is averaged and segmented into 360° with a predefined label as a reference point. Third, the circumference formula is applied to the calculation of the cable slipping distance. Finally, the outcome of the arithmetic operation is sent to the cloud database through a graphical user interface (GUI) on the web for monitoring purposes. The experimental results reveal that the standard deviation is as small as 1.153 mm, and the measurement uncertainty is only 0.258 mm, demonstrating high accuracy, rapidity, and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of a virtual simulation experimental platform for teaching PLC programming in the context of elevators. The platform allows students to learn and practice programming skills using a stepwise sequence method, which enhances their interest in learning and improves the effectiveness of classroom teaching. The article also discusses the use of modular and structured programming ideas in elevator program design, which aligns with the cultivation of engineering quality. Overall, the virtual simulation technology provides a valuable tool for practical teaching and enhances students' theoretical knowledge and innovation abilities. [Extracted from the article]

The global population is rapidly increasing, and the urban population is on an even faster trend; therefore, the population density is expected to rise. As the number of people in cities grows, the demand for high-rise buildings is anticipated to increase to address the problem of limited land resources. Therefore, efficient energy management using distributed resources has become increasingly important. Elevators are a vital vertical means of transportation in high-rise buildings, and reducing the weight of their components can lead to favorable conditions for energy utilization and increased speed. Therefore, this study presents an elevator system that supplies power inside an elevator car by eliminating the traveling cable and applying a small-capacity energy storage system (ESS). Additionally, we propose a charging algorithm suitable for the proposed system. Generally, batteries have sensitive electrical properties among the distributed energy resources (DERs). Therefore, controlling the stable maintenance of the transient state of the charging current—even when the DC power is unstable or the load changes rapidly in a system requiring fast charging—is crucial. Owing to the nature of the elevator system to be applied, discontinuous charging is frequent, and the active and efficient management of the battery state of charge (SOC) may be challenging. In addition, since it is necessary to be able to charge as much as possible during a short discontinuous charging time, a current control algorithm with a stable and high-speed response is required. The proposed transient high-speed tracking controller (THSTC) is a method for tracking the time of applying an inductor's excitation voltage without pulse–width modulation (PWM) switching, which is less sensitive to the controller gain values and has fast responsiveness as well as stable transient response characteristics. The proposed method has good dynamic characteristics with a simple control structure without a complex design, which is useful for systems with repeated discontinuous charging. We validate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller through simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attenuation of the structure-borne sound caused by elevator systems in residential buildings is a priority for manufacturers. This work develops a model of an active control isolation system for the vibrations produced by the elevator drive machine. This solution proposes the substitution of conventional passive isolators by new ones made of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE), a smart material whose modulus can be modified by applying a magnetic field. To guide the design process, MRE isolators are fabricated and experimentally tested statically and dynamically in compression mode. Subsequently, the parameters of the MRE are fitted to build a nonlinear material sub-model that accounts for the frequency, amplitude, and magnetic field dependency. Afterward, a global model of the elevator drive machine vibration isolation system is developed, which incorporates the drive machine, structure, and MRE-based isolator. To enhance vibration isolation, two active control strategies are designed and assessed. Simulation results predict that active control systems based on MRE isolators improve vibration isolation as compared to traditional passive systems. The excitation amplitude and frequency, along with the control strategy and magnetization of the MRE isolators are shown to be critical parameters when designing an active control solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevators have become an integral part of modern buildings, and technological advances have enabled the monitoring of their operational status through sensor technology. In response to the development of the elevator industry and the need for practical elevator operation risk evaluation, this paper proposes an elevator risk evaluation method based on fuzzy theory and machine learning methods. The method begins by establishing an elevator operation risk evaluation index system. The traditional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is then employed to evaluate the risk levels of the 50 elevators studied. The collected index data and labels (fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results) are used as inputs to train the support vector machine (SVM) model. To optimize the SVM model, the maximum information coefficient method, enhanced by the correlation-based feature selection (MIC-CFS) method, is employed to select features for the index input to the SVM model. The improved gray wolf algorithm (IGWO) method optimizes the SVM. Finally, the model's performance is verified using new index data. The experimental results demonstrate that introducing machine learning methods for elevator risk evaluation saves time and effort while providing good accuracy compared to the traditional expert evaluation method. The optimization of the SVM model by IGWO and feature selection by the MIC-CFS method results in a more concise SVM model that converges faster during training, exhibits better stability, and achieves higher accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved actuator system model for UAV elevators using multibody dynamics simulation. The multibody dynamics simulation employs the Simscape Multibody, module in MATLAB coupled with Simulink to model the servo and hinge moment calculation. The actuator system comprises an electrical servo and mechanical components, including arms, push rods, horns, and the elevator. The electrical servo is modeled using a PID controller and a simplified motor model. The multibody dynamics simulation is employed to capture the dynamics of the mechanical components, coupled with the electrical servo through torque delivery to the mechanical components. The simulation is applied to the elevator of a medium altitude long endurance (MALE) UAV with a Maximum Take Off Weight of 1300 Kg. Generating these quantities provide a benefit in capturing the operational envelope of the servo to be compared to its limitations. Given the features of this simulation, it is proposed to extend the research by integrating this method with flight dynamics simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of buildings during their life cycle could be increased by optimizing their facility management. In this sense, data-driven approaches could support the improvement of building operation and maintenance (O&M), because they can exploit collected data to provide useful correlations to assess the sustainability performance depending on the surrounding constraints. Universities are among the most relevant and largest organizations, generally hosted in multistory buildings, that could take advantage of such data to improve the sustainable goals of class occupancy and timetable. A high level of classroom occupancy is the main goal for class timetabling, and its effect on other O&M performance generally is overlooked. In the literature, class timetabling effects on university O&M, and especially on elevator maintenance tasks, have not yet been addressed in depth. Therefore this work adopted a data-driven approach to jointly optimize class scheduling and corrective maintenance actions required for elevators in university buildings. Elevator use is influenced greatly by schedule-dependent occupant movement, and thus is one of the main components of the total maintenance costs, and significantly affects safety performance. A 15-month experimental campaign on a university campus hosting as many as 7,000 occupants daily was performed to correlate occupant presence and movement with the number of corrective actions on elevators. The data-driven correlation was integrated with open-source timetabling software to assess the impact of alternative timetables (affecting occupant movement and occupancy levels) on expected maintenance needs. According to the results, the optimized timetable can reduce current elevator maintenance needs by 65%, whereas the classroom occupancy performance is reduced by only 7%, thus still leading to sustainable building use. The proposed optimization approach allows facility managers to implement a university class timetabling that achieves higher maintenance cost savings, thus moving toward more-sustainable management of building scheduling and maintenance performance in a joint manner. Sustainable management of university buildings should take into account the optimization of maintenance tasks, due to their impacts on time, costs, workforce, and business continuity needs. Such maintenance needs are related strongly to class occupancy and timetable, which imply user flows and activities, especially in complex and multistory buildings. Elevators are strongly influenced by scheduling-dependent occupants movement, and thus are one of the main components of the total maintenance costs, and significantly affect safety performance. Data-driven approaches can reduce uncertainties regarding unpredictable faults depending on scheduling. Data collected by computer maintenance management systems regarding end-user requests can be used to provide correlations between occupancy and maintenance needs, in terms of their implementation in building automation and performance systems. Such correlations can (1) support facility managers in predicting critical conditions implying corrective actions; (2) inform decision-makers about how to better define facility management contracts, because they can estimate additional efforts based on building use; and (3) improve the maintenance sustainability by allowing decision-makers to adopt optimized class occupancy (when correlations are implemented, for example, in simulation tools). The proposed approach to timetable optimization could be extended to other scheduling-based activities (e.g., offices, meeting and cultural centers, large medical offices, recreation buildings, other administrative buildings open to the public, mixed-use buildings, and ideally, large and long-term construction sites), and systems or components with which users can interact deeply depending on scheduled tasks (e.g., lighting systems, ductless air conditioning devices, safety handles, and paving). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four-way-shuttle-based storage and retrieval system is a recent innovative intelligent vertical warehousing system that has been widely applied in manufacturing and e-commerce environments due to its high flexibility and density. As a complex multi-device cooperative operational system, this system features the parallel operation of multiple elevators and four-way shuttles. During large-scale-batch inbound operations, the quality of scheduling solutions for inbound-operation equipment significantly impacts the system's efficiency and performance. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the inbound-operation process in the system is conducted, taking into consideration the motion characteristics of both the elevators and four-way shuttles. Furthermore, we establish operational time constraints that account for equipment acceleration and deceleration characteristics and introduce a flexible flow-shop-scheduling model to address the scheduling problem in the system. Additionally, we propose an improved genetic algorithm based on double-layer encoding to solve this problem. Comparative experiments with a traditional genetic algorithm and ant-colony algorithm demonstrate the superior efficiency and accuracy of our approach. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through comparisons with large-scale practical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education in GREEN electrical energy and production usage is essential for young people. Every consumer can do a lot if they use electrical devices wisely. This paper will present the design, intention and use of a didactical learning exhibit for middle and high school students during technical days on faculty and faculty promotions and for educational purposes. Our main goal is to introduce students to how some everyday electrical devices work, how much energy they use and how they can save as users. The most significant emphasis will be electromagnetic devices such as elevators and devices we use daily. We will use a professional approach and design for that purpose, but we will focus on presenting it on an interactive touchscreen and small examples of those devices. The content will be in graded expertise levels, from simple picture and animation calculations to the advanced picture and mathematical model presentations. The exhibit will be designed modularly so that content or presentation can change quickly and be made from recycled or sustainable materials as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brake system must be reliable and display unchanging action throughout its use, as it guards the health and life of many people. Properly matched friction pair, a drum, and a brake pad have a great impact on these factors. The brake pads are far more complex components. New technologies make it possible to develop materials with various compositions and different proportions and connect them permanently in fully controllable processes. This elaboration shows that all these factors have a greater or lesser impact on the coefficient of friction, resistance to friction wear and high temperature, and the brake pad's operating life. The friction materials are required to provide a stable coefficient of friction and a low wear rate at various operating speeds, pressures, temperatures, and environmental conditions. The aim of this work is therefore to investigate the possibility of using a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) approach to evaluate the braking performance of a heavy-duty elevator with different nonconventional pad materials including Composite Carbon fiber reinforced, Composite Epoxy SMC and SiC (silicon carbide). The results show that the performance of SiC (silicon carbide) is better than two other materials. In the braking system with SiC, the required time for stoppage of the system is lower than two other materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a LiDAR-sensor-based elevator recognition technique to prevent collisions caused by poor operation and the cognitive decline of wheelchair users with upper limb disabilities. Existing elevator recognition studies show high performance for elevator door recognition, but this can only be recognized at a position where the elevator can be viewed directly due to the angle of view range of the sensor. This is not appropriate for wheelchair users who are inexperienced in operation because alignment must be performed directly based on the elevator. Therefore, this study presents a LiDAR-sensor-based elevator recognition technique that can detect elevators from the side to the position and at an angle to the front in order to solve this problem. In addition, this study proposes a technique for recognizing elevator gates finished with low- and high-reflective materials in order to enable recognition in various elevator environments. In order to quantitatively verify the elevator recognition technique proposed in this study, experiments were conducted in an elevator environment consisting of low and high reflections. The results of the experiments confirmed that there was no problem in applying the wheelchair active driving technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevators are essential tools in daily life; timely and accurate fault diagnosis plays a crucial role in ensuring their safe operation. However, the existing elevator fault diagnosis methods often neglect the imbalance between the actual collected normal samples and the fault samples, resulting in low diagnostic accuracy. In this study, we propose an improved Aquila optimizer (IAO) extreme gradient boosting tree (XGBoost)-based elevator fault diagnosis method under unbalanced samples. The proposed method includes three main components: multi-domain feature extraction, sample balancing, and fault diagnosis. In the feature extraction phase, the time domain, frequency domain and entropy features of the vibration signal are extracted. In the sample balance phase, aiming at the problem of unbalanced fault samples, after feature selection using recursive feature elimination (RFE), the minority class samples are oversampled by applying SMOTE-Tomek. In the fault diagnosis phase, IAO is used to optimize the hyperparameters in the XGBoost, and the optimized hyperparameters are brought into XGBoost for fault diagnosis. The fault diagnosis accuracy of the method proposed in this study can reach 99.06%, and the method can accurately identify the fault state of the elevator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the function of facilities that transport individuals and luggage to elevated locations, poor maintenance and human errors by users and workers can result in many elevator accidents annually. In particular, given the characteristics of an elevator used by an unspecified number of people, in the event of a fall accident due to wire rope cutting, an occupant's body may be fatally injured, thereby causing substantial human damage. To minimize human injury, it is important to reduce the relative impact speed between the car and the pit by utilizing the buffer effect according to the role of the safety device and the posture of occupants. The AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) is an anatomical-based coding system established by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine that classifies and describes the severity of injuries. In this study, through human injury analysis, safety device operation such as speed governor and buffer when cutting elevator wire rope, occupant's behavior, and air mat usage were used to derive force and torque values for the injured part, and then determine the amount of impact and degree of injury to the human body using the multibody model provided by the MADYMO program and AIS by analyzing the buffering effect of the impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overhead hoist transportation systems (OHTS) have been the subject of worldwide research and development in recent years. The majority of these systems are utilized in semi-automated or fully automated factories. This article proposes a new solution for OTHS based on the concept of the modulation of mobile units that can move on a railway structure from one point to another. The OHTS mentioned in this article is a group of shuttles that can operate independently but which also have the ability to cooperate together to complete the desired tasks. By using the space below the ceiling, this system can operate without affecting the original design of the factories. There are many potential fields of application for picking-up and delivering, such as the medical field, the food and beverage fields, automotive and electrical appliances, etc. Moreover, by applying Dijkstra's algorithm in the controller design, the transportation speed among the stations in the whole system can be improved. The real prototype of the whole system, including three shuttles, is also manufactured to explore and assess the design and operation of the proposed system and its controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For planning a robot's path inside a large building with one or more elevators, we develop a topological map, called the building Voronoi graph. Using the building Voronoi graph, the robot finds the shortest path to the goal and follows the path. In the case where the robot detects an object with arbitrary shapes (e.g., human) while following the path, the robot avoids the object utilizing reactive control laws. The proposed reactive collision-avoidance control is unique in considering collision avoidance with map environments as well as (moving or static) objects having arbitrary shapes. As far as we know, our paper is novel in addressing how to make the robot follow the building Voronoi graph, while avoiding collision with map environments as well as objects with arbitrary shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Navigating between the different floors of a multistory building is a task that requires walking up or down stairs or taking an elevator or lift. This work proposes a procedure to take a remotely controlled elevator with an autonomous mobile robot based on 2D LIDAR. The application of the procedure requires ICP matching for mobile robot self-localization, a building with remotely controlled elevators, and a 2D map of the floors of the building detailing the position of the elevators. The results show that the application of the procedure enables an autonomous mobile robot to take a remotely controlled elevator and to navigate between floors based on 2D LIDAR information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the energy savings achieved by using a particular three-phase permanent-magnet motor drive control strategy in an elevator application. The proposed control methodology, based on a particular variable-amplitude variable-frequency voltage control pattern technique implemented in a permanent-magnet motor, is compared to a standard induction motor elevator case. By adopting appropriate simultaneous changes in the amplitude and frequency of the motor voltage, high speeds can be attained in conjunction with smooth starting and stopping actions involving a reduced supply current during the respective movement of the elevator. In addition, this method exhibits a high power factor with a good driving quality. The control technique introduced achieves the levelling-off of the floor and the group movement of the system using in the programmable memory a speed pattern that is generated targeting proportionality to the position of the lift. In that respect, significant energy savings can be obtained, which, depending on the type of motor implemented, can be up to 30% compared to the conventional techniques. These improvements can be attained with the appropriate handling of the applied pulse width modulation techniques. Various simulated and experimental results are given, illustrating the respective energy savings achieved with the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determine the temporal and spatial characteristics of stairs versus elevator use in a university residence hall to inform future physical activity promotion efforts. All residents and visitors for a single, four-story residence hall dormitory building located on a college campus in Orange, CA. Smart mat systems capable of detecting pedestrian traffic were placed in front of the stairs and elevators on each floor plus a basement. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to compare stair versus elevator usage at different times of the day and on different floors. Stair versus elevator use varied much more throughout the day on floors nearest to the ground floor, with stair use most common in the morning. Overall, the elevator was used more frequently on higher floors, with less variation throughout the day. To be most effective, future stair promotion interventions should target residents on higher floors and in the morning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevator safety is closely related to public safety. Overspeed governor is a crucial part of the elevator safety system. Its inspection and calibration involve the measurement of tripping velocity. The frequently-used contact-type measurement method has risks. This paper proposes a non-contact image-recognizing measurement method by the camera, which includes the processes of rotor centre recognition, feature points matching, and tripping switches recognition. The velocity curve can be obtained by feature points displacement based on the rotor centre. Tripping switches recognition can determine the electrical and mechanical tripping velocities in the speed curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has no significant difference from the common contact-type measurement method, while it significantly eliminates the risks of physical damage and improves measurement safety. Moreover, this paper proposes the deduction and calculation of measurement uncertainty decided by camera performance. Due to the enhancement of measuring safety, the proposed method will have further application in the field of elevator inspection. Practical application: The research on tripping velocity measurement for overspeed governor in this paper is principally based on image recognition with the help of a camera. The experiment result indicates that the proposed method is capable of completing the speed measurement for the overspeed governor without contact. The proposed method significantly mitigates the risks of physical damage and improves measurement safety rather than the contact-type measurement method. The proposed non-contact image-recognizing method can substitute for the existing contact-type method and contributes to the inspection, maintenance, and management of elevators, which will have further application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device for remote elevator control. The new contribution of this proposal to the state-of-the-art is that it can convert a manually operated elevator into a remote controlled elevator without requiring any intrusive manipulation or wiring connection in the elevator. This IoT device has been designed as an add-on non-contact tool which is placed over the original elevator button panel, using servomotors to press the original buttons. This design allows its fast deployment as a remote control tool that increases elevator accessibility through the use of messages, a webpage or a QR code. Some application examples of this proposal are non-contact use of elevators in pandemic conditions, and the unsupervised use of elevators by autonomous cleaning or delivery mobile robots. The experimental evaluation of the IoT device in real operational conditions has validated its non-contact control features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate prediction of the number of passengers trapped in elevators under earthquakes in urban areas is essential for promoting earthquake emergencies. A probability-based city-scale method for assessing the earthquake-induced risk of passenger entrapment in elevators was proposed, in which city-scale time history analysis was performed to simulate the seismic response of building clusters, and the Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to consider the uncertainty of multiple factors, including the mechanical properties of buildings and elevators, the elevator story position, and the spatiotemporal nature of elevator traffics. A case study of the Tsinghua University campus was performed to demonstrate the practicability of the method. The results show that the number of trapped passengers when an earthquake occurs during the off-peak hours of elevator traffic is approximately a quarter of that when the earthquake occurs at 8:00. The maximum number of trapped passengers under the maximum considered earthquake reaches 195, approximately five times that under the design basis earthquake. This study fills a gap in the research on city-scale earthquake-induced passenger entrapment risk. The proposed method can be used to perform both scenario- and intensity-based assessments, thereby having the potential to facilitate virtual rescuer drills and earthquake emergency plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the significance of disability for urban mobility assemblages by focusing on the uneven encounters of public transport infrastructures, wheelchairs and their users by connecting media studies, STS, and Dis/Ability Studies. The particular focus of this article is how knowledge and lived experiences concerning wheelchair mobility are related to dysfunctional media infrastructure spaces and their translation to social media activism as well as open data practices. In my analysis, I particularly focus on access work by initiatives in Berlin, Germany, towards inclusive mobile technologies and platforms (Elevate Project) and their potential impact on the field of dis/abling mobilities. The analysis suggests that wheelchair mobility is implemented in urban infrastructures of public transportation, where temporalities of broken elevators might emerge as a challenging effect and trigger responses that affect the lived experiences of the drivers. Some of the effects include social media activism and initiatives to build novel forms of knowledge, digital mapping or data processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe elevator‐related injuries in dogs. Design: Retrospective study, August 2015 to October 2020. Setting: Four urban referral and emergency veterinary facilities. Animals: Thirteen client‐owned dogs presenting with injuries sustained while using an elevator. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Thirteen dogs were treated for elevator‐related injuries. The mean age of this population was 4.9 ± 4.1 years. Median body weight was 4.3 kg (range = 1.5–32 kg). Dogs in this study were significantly smaller than dogs presenting for all types of trauma during the same study period found in the Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry (VetCOT) (median = 14.5 kg, range = 0.1–141; P = 0.038). There was no difference in age between this study population and dogs presenting for trauma in the VetCOT registry (median = 4.2 years, range = 0.1–26.4, P = 0.7358). Nine dogs sustained a crush injury (69%), and 7 of these dogs received surgical intervention. Four dogs experienced leash entrapment in the elevator doors (31%), and none required surgical intervention. Two of these 4 dogs required inpatient hospital care. No deaths occurred in either group. Conclusions: Injuries that can be sustained by dogs in an elevator include crush injuries from doors closing on limbs or tails and injury due to leash entrapment in an elevator door. Many elevator‐related injuries required surgical intervention, and recovery was often protracted. All dogs survived to hospital discharge in the present study, and none of the injuries in these dogs had serious long‐term consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the dimensions of the working parts of the cutting grinder of the combined aggregate, which make the soil soft before planting, are theoretically studied. Analyzing the work of a number of scientists who carried out scientific research in this area in the conditions of Uzbekistan on such machines that make the soil soft before planting, it was determined that research on this work was not carried out, as a result of this research, the topic was relevant to achieve high-efficiency yields from the sown areas. This machine used a pile drum for cutting crumbs, which gives a good effect only in zones with light soil. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, there are cases when kesak gets stuck in the drum-elevator range in more field areas and passes without crushing. That is, the intermediate distance at which the drum is located from the elevator start part is short, and the drum pegs cannot reach the crushing of the cuts due to the fact that they are fixed to it not fixed. Therefore, our main task was the creation of drum pegs as movable and the theoretical justification of its main parameters. When substantiating the parameters of the proposed working parts, based on its construction and based on the scientific work of most researchers, the operating parameters of the agragat elevator are substantiated using formulas in order to ensure the elution of the soil on agrotechnical demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to maintain the thermal stability of grain at the stage of its elevator, often many hours, drying and subsequent storage limits the possibility of intensifying these processes. Shaft, column, drum and other dryers, modern granaries are bulky and energy-intensive, weakly or not at all connected with the subsequent stages of grain processing, which, in turn, are lengthy and multi-stage, which often leads to a decrease in the quality of the final product. For a cardinal solution to this problem, it is proposed to deliberately violate its thermal stability already at the stage of post-harvest drying of field grain, using the method of thermal trudging - high-speed heating, drying and explosion (swelling) of grain during its high-temperature processing in oncoming jets for 3-5 seconds. The product of thermal trudging is strudate, a grain in which raw starch is converted into dextrins and sugars, while it is disinfected from harmful inhibitors while maintaining the microelement and vitamin composition. Thus, the process of elevator drying and expensive storage of grain is replaced by thermal trudging with simplified (without drying and ventilation) floor storage of grain and obtaining a finished product of high quality or a semi-finished product used in flour-grinding, alcohol, oil-fat, and other technologies. Implementation of a new approach to the processing and storage of grain is possible on the basis of the developed technology of thermal trudging. Pilot-industrial and industrial thermal struders of two types have been created - autonomous and satellite, re-equipped on the basis of the reconstruction of standard grain dryers. In the article, various modifications of thermostruders and the principle of their work are considered. Long-term operation of thermal struders operating on flue gas heat carriers, hot air, superheated water vapor with a previously unattainable temperature up to +600 °C (even without a special task of grain drying) showed high economic efficiency, which increases when field grain is burrowed with high humidity. The versatility of thermostruders allows the use of heat-labile modes of high-intensity drying for seed grains as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a design of soft-gauge using the low-cost triple-axis accelerometer MMA7361L and LabVIEW software for the purpose of elevator vibration analysis with accuracy according to national standards. The 3-dimensional vibration signals measured and collected respectively by MMA7361L and NI USB6009 are fed into a soft-gauge programmed on LabVIEW to filter, then the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to determine the power spectral density (PSD) and spectrogram of vibrations of filtered vibration signals. The soft-gauge also allows real-time 3-dimensional vibration data to be recorded, this data is used for analyzing later by another professional data software. Practical test results applied for the elevator of the DONGA Plaza building show quite good vibration analysis. Class 1.5 accuracy of the soft-gauge can be obtained by experimental test. This is a fairly cost-effective and inexpensive application that can be made in conditions with limited funds that cannot afford expensive accelerometers in the training of vibration measurement and analysis in high schools and vocational schools in developing countries, like Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the typical examples of mechatronic systems are modern elevators. At the same time, elevators are complex mechatronic systems that must ensure a high level of precision in operation, as well as comfort and safety for users. An integral part of the elevator mechatronic system (EMS) is the mechanical subsystem, which, like any mechanical structure, is characterized by the existence of resonant frequencies. In order for the EMS to achieve high performance, the control signals must have a rich spectrum that also contains resonant frequencies. In order to determine the resonant frequencies, we can use computer simulations. For computer simulations, a mathematical model of the mechanical subsystem of the EMS is necessary. This paper presents the derived dynamic model of the mechanical subsystem of the EMS which is in the form of state space for its easier dynamic analysis by computer simulations. The mechanical scheme which is considered in this paper consists of an elevator car and a counterweight as two lumped masses and two overhead sheaves and one drive sheave as three inertia masses. Masses are coupled by the steel wire rope. The dynamic model of wire ropes can be expressed in several ways. The rope model as an inelastic rigid body may be satisfactory in some applications but it is not suitable for derivation of a dynamic model. Hook's ideal elastic body and Standard model are often used in modeling, but in the case described in this paper they are not adequate. Hook's ideal elastic body has no modeled damping, and the Standard Model is too complex to parameterize. For derivation of the dynamic model of the mechanical subsystem of the EMS, a steel wire rope model is presented with a spring of great stiffness and with damping. Actually, Calvin’s model is used and proved to be completely satisfactory. A 5 DOF model, i.e. five differential equations, was obtained, which, based on Cauchy's principle and by introducing variable states of the system, were adapted to be presented in the matrix form. Derived model it has been tested and verified through computational simulations and compared with experimental results obtained on small-scale real model of the EMS. The existence of resonant vibrations in the EMS is proved and presented. The step change of the drive torque is used for time response of the speed. Results clearly shows that the speed response has a damped oscillation. Frequencies of oscillations are equal to resonant frequency of the EMS mechanical subsystem. For frequency analysis Bode plots are used, providing much more information than time response plots. Results shows that the EMS has one resonant frequency that depends only on the structure of the EMS and does not depend on the load in the EMS’s cabin. In order to be able to determine the resonant frequency or the frequency range in which the resonant frequency is located, it is necessary to use the presented dynamic model of the EMS mechanical subsystem. It is a simple and very quick tool and a mandatory first step to synthesize the speed and position control of the EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to maintain the thermal stability of grain at the stage of its elevator, often for many hours, drying, and subsequent storage limits the possibilities of intensification of these processes. Shaft, column, drum, and other dryers, modern granaries are bulky and energy-consuming, poorly or not at all connected with the subsequent stages of grain processing, which, in turn, are lengthy and multistage, which often leads to a decrease in the quality of the final product. To radically solve this problem, it is proposed already at the stage of post-harvest drying of field grain to purposefully violate its thermal stability by applying the method of "thermovstruding " high-speed heating, drying, and explosion (swelling) of grain during high- temperature processing in impinging streams for 3-5 seconds. The product of thermovstruding is "vstrudat-grain", in which raw starch is converted into dextrin and sugars, while its disinfection from harmful inhibitors is carried out, maintaining the microelements and vitamin composition. Thus, the process of elevator drying and expensive grain storage is replaced by thermovstruding with simplified (without additional drying and ventilation) floor storage of the vstrudat and obtaining a finished product of an improved quality or semi-finished product used in flour-grinding and cereals, alcohol (ethanol), oil-brewing, brewing, etc. technologies. The implementation of a new approach to grain processing and storage is possible based on the developed technology of thermovstruding. Pilot industrial and industrial thermovstruders of two types have been created - autonomous and satellite ones converted based on the reconstruction of standard grain dryers. Long-term use of thermovsrtuders operating on flue gases, hot air, and superheated water vapor before unattainable temperatures up to 600 ° C ( even without the special task of grain drying) has shown high economic efficiency, which increases when field grain is with high humidity. The universality of thermovstruders allows the use of thermolabile modes of high-intensity drying for seed grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable urban development worldwide is crucial for the development of living spaces in high-rise buildings and infrastructures, which leads to the inevitability of increased energy consumption and demand of vertical transportation systems. The evaluation of the energy consumption of transportation systems is needed to verify and analyse the power usage related to traffic demands and patterns. In addition, efficient vertical transportation systems are central to the formulation of more sustainable cities. Therefore, this trend represents a substantial portion of the overall energy consumption of the building types. The benchmarking of the energy needs of the vertical transportation systems in five different building types via the comparison of granular load profile patterns (in conjunction with population densities) to the energy consumed was conducted, and it will be used to infer some impactful design strategies for the future. This study demonstrated a systematic approach to determine the power usage patterns in vertical transportation systems by actual measurement and traffic data collection from elevator monitoring. This may be used to develop a prediction for other cases in different types of installed vertical transportation systems. Therefore, the power usage of the vertical transportation systems can be used to determine the correlation between energy consumption and load pattern based on building characteristics and the overall energy consumption of each presented system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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All around the world, modern elevators transport safely and comfortably millions of passengers and freight each day. Since modern elevators emerged at the beginning of the 19th century, several advances have risen in this transportation system. Among them, safety conditions were significantly improved. Therefore, modern elevators must be equipped with safety protection systems to assure safety conditions and avoid accidents. An overspeed governor is one of the components of such a safety system. It acts as a stopping mechanism when the elevator car reaches an excessive velocity, known as tripping speed. When the tripping speed is reached, the overspeed governor is mechanically locked and halts the rope, thus stopping the elevator car. This paper describes the development of a new measuring system able to measure the trigger velocity of an overspeed governor with the help of a graphical interface available on a mobile electronic device (smartphone or tablet). Practical application: A new overspeed governor velocity measuring system uses a mobile electronic device for non-contact velocity measurement. This new process may replace the inaccurate measuring system currently employed by maintenance technicians, thus increasing its reliability. The main objective consists of rigorously testing the operation of overspeed governors. The developed system guarantees the automatic execution of the test under several anomalous operating situations, thus allowing the user to have real-time access to the test data obtained through a graphical interface available on a mobile electronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving energy efficiency is the most important goal for buildings today. One of the ways to increase energy efficiency is to use the regenerative potential of elevators. Due to the special requirements of elevator drives, energy storage systems based on supercapacitors are the most suitable for storing regenerative energy. This paper proposes an energy storage system consisting of a supercapacitor bank and a bidirectional six-phase interleaved DC/DC converter. The energy savings achieved by the proposed system were investigated through simulation tests. The proposed system was modeled considering all physical constraints. A simulation model of the existing faculty elevator system was created in PLECS and verified with field measurements. Reliable results were ensured by using the verified simulation model and considering all physical constraints. The operation of the proposed energy storage system was tested under various conditions. In addition, the simulation model of the elevator system with the proposed energy storage system was tested using the elevator traffic data obtained from the measurements. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed energy storage system and that significant energy savings can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]