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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Reason for performing study: Biplane high‐speed fluoroscopy is a new method for gait analysis of the equine distal extremity. This is the first study validating the noninvasive tracking possibilities (Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping) taking equine anatomy into account. Objectives: To determine the resolution with which Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping depict motion of the equine phalanges in comparison to the invasive gold standard marker‐based registration. Study design: Comparative ex vivo study. Methods: In 5 distal extremities of slaughtered ponies, 3 or 4 tantalum beads with 1 mm diameter were implanted in each of the proximal, middle and distal phalangeal bones. Three‐dimensional models of the bones were reconstructed using computed tomographic data (120 kV, 50 mA, slice thickness 1 mm, increment 0.5). The beads were digitally removed from the bone models. Biplane fluoroscopic videos were taken at 69.5 ± 3.5 kV, 102.5 ± 22.5 mA, 500 frames/s and 0.5 ms shutter speed. The 5 specimens were moved in the trial field of the biplane fluoroscopic setup in a step‐like motion (simulation of landing, main stance phase, lift‐off). Marker‐based registration, Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping were carried out. For statistical analysis agreement was computed as percentiles, mean and s.d. Results: The medians of Scientific Rotoscoping ranged from 0.16 to 0.66 mm in translations and 0.43 to 2.78° in rotations, while values for Autoscoping were 0.13–0.70 mm and 0.28–2.39° respectively. With 2 exceptions, all differences between methods were statistically significant. Scientific Rotoscoping is more time efficient than Autoscoping and results in smaller maximum errors. Main limitations: The experimental set‐up was specifically designed to accommodate in vivo requirements. Autoscoping was not manually corrected but rather expected to work automatically. Conclusions: It is possible to noninvasively apply both Autoscoping and Scientific Rotoscoping for gait analysis of the equine phalanges with high precision. The summary is available in Chinese ‐ see supporting information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Do specific transcriptome dynamics in human oocytes from primordial and primary follicles identify novel pathways in oocyte activation?Summary Answer: The transcriptomic profiles in oocytes from primordial and primary follicles, respectively, revealed several new canonical pathways as putative mediators of oocyte dormancy and activation.What Is Known Already: Cellular signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT and AKT/mTOR as well as TGF-β and IGF signaling are known to regulate the primordial-to-primary transition in mammalian follicle development.Study Design, Size, Duration: We performed a class comparison study on human oocytes from primordial (n = 436) and primary (n = 182) follicles donated by three women having ovarian tissue cryopreserved before chemotherapy.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: RNA was extracted from oocytes from primordial and primary follicles isolated by Laser Capture Microdissection, and submitted to the HiSeq Illumina platform. Data mapping, quality control, filtering and expression analysis were performed using Tophat (2.0.4), Cufflinks (2.0.2), BWA (0.6.2) and software R. Modeling of complex biological systems was performed using the IPA® software. Finally, qPCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to explore expression and localization of selected genes and products in human ovarian tissue.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: We found 223 and 268 genes down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, in the oocytes during the human primordial-to-primary follicle transition (P < 0.05 and/or FPKM fold-change >2). IPA® enrichment analysis revealed known pathways ('mTOR Signaling', 'PI3K/AKT Signaling' and 'PTEN Signaling') as well as enriched canonical pathways not previously associated with human ovarian follicle development such as 'ErB Signaling' and 'NGF Signaling' in the down-regulated category and 'Regulation of eIF4 and P70S6K Signaling' and 'HER-2 Signaling in Breast Cancer' in the up-regulated group. Additionally, immunohistochemistry on human ovarian tissue explored the intraovarian localization of VASA, FOXO1 and eIF4E.Large Scale Data: http://users-birc.au.dk/biopv/published_data/ernst_2017/.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: This is a descriptive analysis and no functional studies were performed. The study was based on a limited number of patients and the experimental design could not take into account the natural biological variance in human samples. Therefore, qPCR was used to confirm selected genes alongside immunohistochemical stainings.Wider Implications Of the Findings: This study shows, for the first time, a detailed molecular description of global gene transcription activities in oocytes from primordial and primary follicles, respectively. Knowing the global transcription profiles of human oocyte dormancy and activation are important in developing new clinical applications.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): E.H.E. was supported by Health Faculty, Aarhus University and Kong Christian Den Tiendes Fond. K.H. and S.F. were supported by an MRC (UK) project grant MR/M012638/1. K.L.H. was supported by grants from Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme, Kong Christian Den Tiendes Fond. K.L.H. and L.S. were supported by the IDEAS grant from Aarhus University Research Foundation (AUFF). There are no conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background For children with hemato-oncologic diseases, especially after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HSCT), the risk for developing complications related to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) infection is largely unknown. Methods A retrospective chart study was performed of pH1N1 cases diagnosed between October 2009 to January 2010 in the hemato-oncologic unit of the University Children's Hospital of Düsseldorf, Germany. Findings In total, 21 children were diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed pH1N1; in 16 patients with malignancies (acute leukemia 7, lymphoma 4, solid tumors 2, others 3) and in 5 with benign hematologic disorders. Five patients had undergone prior HSCT, although 1 patient was diagnosed during conditioning therapy with high-dose chemotherapy in preparation for haploidentical HSCT. Most frequent symptoms were fever (>38.5°C) and cough (in 100%), and rhinorrhea (57%). The 2 patients acquiring pH1N1 infection under high-dose or intensive chemotherapy did not require intensive care or mechanical ventilation, and both recovered under antiviral therapy. Oseltamivir was administered to 11 patients; in 1 patient, therapy was switched, on a compassionate-use basis, to intravenous zanamivir because of lack of clinical improvement after oseltamivir therapy. Complications were hospitalization (19%), demand of oxygen supplementation, delay/interruption of antineoplastic therapy, and prolonged administration of antibiotics and antipyretics. Conclusion In the investigated patient population, pH1N1 was mild in most cases, but was associated with substantial morbidity in a proportion of patients and led to interruption and delay in anticancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Chirurg is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In February 2008, five patients were infected with the H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus in one hospital ward for immunocompromised patients at a hospital in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. All of these patients had an established haematologic disease and tested positive either for viral RNA or antigen shortly after the beginning of respiratory illness. In three of the patients, influenza virus was repeatedly detected, and four of the patients died in coincidence with the virus infection. Sequencing of the amplified (HA1) haemagglutinin yielded identical nucleotide sequences in isolates from three of the patients, whereas one nucleotide difference was found in the isolate of the fourth patient, resulting in an amino acid substitution (G153R). To investigate the source of infection, the medical staff ( n = 104) of the hospital unit was tested and found negative for influenza virus RNA and antigen in pharyngeal lavages. Testing for influenza virus antibodies by immunofluorescence assay revealed that 12 staff members were positive for influenza virus A IgA antibodies. These findings suggest that wild-type influenza virus infections occurred within the medical staff at the same time the patients were infected and that the staff might have contributed to the circulation of virus in the hospital ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: Little is known about the immune response of the brain to invasive meningiomas. The present study was based upon the hypothesis that the microglial/macrophagic response towards brain-invasive meningiomas is dependent on the intactness of the pial-glial basement membrane. Methods: We immunostained sections from 40 brain-invasive meningiomas that were graded according to World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 criteria. Thirty-three tumours were histologically WHO grade II (18, ‘otherwise benign’, and 15, ‘otherwise atypical’), and seven, grade III. Microglial/macrophagic cells were labelled with antibodies directed against major histocompatibility complex class II, CD68, CD14 and CD163. Anti-collagen IV was used to visualize basement membranes. Results: Twenty-five per cent (10/40) meningiomas (1/18 WHO grade II ‘otherwise benign’, 3/15 grade II ‘otherwise atypical’ and 6/7 WHO grade III) contained microglial/macrophagic cells at the tumour–brain border. The presence of these cells correlated with the absence of the pial-glial basement membrane (BM) and with WHO grade III. The monocytic response was of two kinds: one consisted of a dense layer of mononuclear cells at the tumour–brain border in nine cases, the other of an elevated number of microglial cells expressing CD14 or CD163 (two cases). Conclusions: The immune response at the tumour–brain interface correlates with the absence of the pial-glial BM and with malignancy grade. It remains to be established whether the mononuclear cells at the tumour–brain border are native microglia or blood-derived macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of tutor and student online communication and collaboration activities in a blended learning course. The hypothesis that these activities are related to student learning performance (exam results) was tested based on the number of messages posted, as well as the nature of these messages (type of content transmitted in terms of course content-related, interpersonal and organizational activities). Descriptive results show that tutors were mainly involved in organizational tasks, whereas students communicated mostly at content-related and interpersonal levels. Student performance was not related to the quantity of tutors' activity, but to the quantity of students' activity. Closer examination of the nature of different activities showed that not only tutors' interpersonal, but also students' own content-related and interpersonal messages had an impact on students' learning performance. This study raises the possibility that the nature of messages is more important than their quantity. It calls into question former research, which has indicated the importance of the amount of activity while mostly neglecting to discriminate between the differences in nature of activities and which has based its findings almost entirely on subjective ratings for both activities and performance. Implications for evaluation of activities and design of personal support are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of tutor and student online communication and collaboration activities in a blended learning course. The hypothesis that these activities are related to student learning performance (exam results) was tested based on the number of messages posted, as well as the nature of these messages (type of content transmitted in terms of course content-related, interpersonal and organizational activities). Descriptive results show that tutors were mainly involved in organizational tasks, whereas students communicated mostly at content-related and interpersonal levels. Student performance was not related to the quantity of tutors' activity, but to the quantity of students' activity. Closer examination of the nature of different activities showed that not only tutors' interpersonal, but also students' own content-related and interpersonal messages had an impact on students' learning performance. This study raises the possibility that the nature of messages is more important than their quantity. It calls into question former research, which has indicated the importance of the amount of activity while mostly neglecting to discriminate between the differences in nature of activities and which has based its findings almost entirely on subjective ratings for both activities and performance. Implications for evaluation of activities and design of personal support are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negatively stained herpesvirus-equi-1 particles in thin sections reveal definite structures of capsomeres in the capsid closely associated with core and envelope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron-microscopic Examination of Spirochaetes in Dermatitis digitales lesions in Cows In typical Dermatitis digitalis (D.d. lesions, spirochaete-like bacteria with variations in spiralization were revealed by electron microscopy. While, in the early stages of the disease, these are found to be associated with fibrillar material of keratocytes, they occur massively in vacuoles at more advanced stages. The spirochaetes carry one pair of endoflagella, originating with a hook from the poles of the bacteria. These flagellas are composed of coiled flagelling fibrils in the pole region, merging towards the centre of the bacterium. A coat of fibrils was found in association with the cytoplasmatic membrane. The winding of this coat follows and may influence the coiling of the protoplast, and is probably involved in the rapid motility of this spirochaetes, together with the flagella. Immuno-electronmicroscopy revealed an antigenic relationship with Borrelia burgdorferi, at least with regard to the regions of flagella and undulating membrane. The paper discusses: 1. The possible classification of these spirochaetes with the genus Treponema; 2. The layer of peptidoglycan occuring on the outer membrane; and 3. The keratolytic activity of spirochaetes in D.d. Zusammenfassung In typischen Läsionen einer Dermatitis digitalis des Rindes werden spirochätenartige Keime elektronenmikroskopisch aufgezeigt, die im Frühstadium an faserigem Material von Keratozyten, in fortgeschrittenen Stadien in Vakuolen im Interzellularspalt massenhaft zu finden sind. Diese Spirochäten weisen je Pol ein Paar Endoflagellen auf, die polar hakenförmig entspringen, sich in der Keimmitte treffen und von verdrillten Flagellinfibrillen gebildet werden. Darunter findet sich assoziiert mit der Cytoplasmamembran ein Fibrillenmantel, der den variablen Keimwindungen folgt, vom Keimpol ausgeht und mit den Geißeln die starke Keimbewegung bewirken dürfte. Eine antigene Verwandtschaft zu Borrelia burgdorferi, zumindest im Bereich von Geißeln und ondulierender Membran zeigt sich bei der Immunelektronenmikroskopie. Diskutiert werden die Zuordnung der Spirochäten zum Genus Treponema, eine peptidoglykanhaltige Schicht auf der Außenmembran und eine keratolytische Aktivität der Spirochäten bei der D.d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fimbriae and lectinophagocytosis of Salmonella Typhimurium variatio copenhagen (STMVC) - an electron microscopic study On Salmonella Typhimurium variatio copenhagen (STMVC) strains, isolated from pigeons with acute Salmonellosis, two types of fimbriae can be identified, depending on different growth conditions. In addition to the common 7 nm fimbriae we were able to demonstrate in the electron microscope, thin, curled fimbriae 3 nm in diameter which are characterized by a mannose-resistant hemagglutination. The simultaneous expression of both types of fimbriae on a single bacterial cell can be induced by transferring a microcolony from agar medium (3 nm fimbriae), to the surface of a nutrient broth (7 nm fimbriae) and continuing the incubation. One selected strain expresses only the thin fimbriae on nearly all the bacteria on an agar medium. These thin fimbriae seem to play a role in the lectinophagocytosis in macrophage cultures. The attachment of Salmonellae mediated by these fimbriae as well as the internalization of fimbriated cells by macrophages is shown in the electron microscope and discussed in respect to infection and immunization. Zusammenfassung An Salmonella Typhimurium var. cop. ( STMVC)-Stämmen, die aus einer akuten Salmonellose von Tauben isoliert wurden, waren zwei Arten von Fimbrien in Abhängigkeit von den Wachstumsbedingungen nachzuweisen. Neben den bekannten 7-nm-Fimbrien haben wir feine, gewundene Fimbrien mit Durchmesser von 3 nm im Elektronenmikroskop darstellen können, die durch eine mannose-resistente Hämagglutination charakterisiert sind. Durch Übertragung einer Mikrokolonie vom Festnährboden (3-nm-Fimbrien) auf die Oberfläche von Nährbouillon (7-nm-Fimbrien) und weitere Bebrütung konnte die simultane Ausbildung beider Fimbrientypen an einer Bakterienzelle induziert werden. Von einem selektionierten Stamm wurden von fast allen Keimen auf Festnährböden nur feine Fimbrien ausgebildet. Diese mannose-resistenten Fimbrien können offenbar an einer Lektinophagocytose in Makrophagenkulturen beteiligt sein. Die Anheftung der Salmonellen über diese Fimbrien sowie die Internalisierung von Zellen mit Fimbrien wird elektronenmikroskopisch aufgezeigt und im Hinblick auf Infektion und Immunisierung diskutiert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the electron microscope an additional layer (glycocalix) of the cell wall and fimbriae on Haemophilus parasuis were shown in thin sections of the infected CAM which have their origin on the CM of the Haemophilus parasuis-cells. No fimbriation was seen after conventional cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On Salmonella typhimurium var. cop. we found, under special culture conditions, on the same cell simultaneously fimbriae and mucoid material which was histochemically identified as an acid mucopolysaccharide. Membrane vesicles or invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane are mentioned as a possible place of the slime production and the function of the glycocalyx is discussed regarding tenacity, as a diffusion barrier and attachment factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron microscopic investigations of mucosal exstirpates after in vitro contact with Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida strains In vitro experiments of adhesion and colonisation of mucosal surface fragments (nose, trachea) from freshly killed rabbits with four strains of Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida with different types of capsule antigen (A, D, without capsule) showed the following results: Above all the capsule serovar A strain, producing a capsule of hyaluronic acid and fimbria, were able to adhere and to form microcolonies on the mucosal surface. Microvilli of epithelial cells and mucus producing cells were recognized as the place of adhesion. The formation of microcolonies occurred with a destruction of the kinocilia, which was caused by a bacteriafree culture filtrate as well. Zusammenfassung In vitro-Adhärenz- und Kolonisationsversuche mit 4 Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida-Stämmen verschiedener Kapseltypen (A, D, kapsellos) an Schleimhautexstirpaten (Nase, Trachea) frisch getöteter Kaninchen führten zu folgenden Resultaten: Vor allem der eine Hyaluronsäure-Kapsel ausbildende Stamm des Kapseltyps A, bei dem Fimbrien nachzuweisen sind, ließ eine eindeutige Fähigkeit zur Anheftung und zur Ausbildung von Mikrokolonien erkennen. Als Ort der Anheftung waren Mikrovilli und schleimproduzierende Zellen zu erkennen. Die Mikrokoloniebildung ging mit einer Zerstörung der Kinocilien einher, die auch durch bakterienfreies Kulturfiltrat hervorgerufen wurde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fimbriation, antibiogram, plasmid content, phage- and fermentation type in Salmonella typhimurium Fimbriation was examined in 94 Salmonella strains: 87 strains of Salmonella typhimurium variation copenhagen (STMVC), isolated from infected pigeons, as well as 4 STM strains and 3 gal-mutants of STM and S. typhi. In 27 strains fimbriation was compared with phage- and fermentation type, antibiogram and plasmid content. The results of the first 4 characterizations are found in several combinations, which is of interest for differentiation in diagnostic and epidemiology. Fimbriae could be shown in 26 Salmonella strains with exception of 1 laboratory strain. These fimbriae can be assigned as common type fimbriae and they are discussed in comparison to type 1 fimbriae of E. coli as well as an adhesive factor and an antigen for the immune prophylaxis. Zusammenfassung An 94 Salmonella-Stämmen, überwiegend aus erkrankten Tauben isoliert (87 Stämme von Salmonella typhimurium variatio copenhagen), neben 4 Stämmen von Salmonella typhimurium (STM) und 3 Gal-Mutanten von STM und S. typhi wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Fimbrienbildung durchgeführt. Davon wurden bei 27 Stämmen zusätzlich der Lyso- und Biotyp, ein Antibiogramm und der Plasmidgehalt mit der Fimbrienbildung verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der 4 ersten Bestimmungen fanden sich in vielfältiger Kombination, was im Hinblick auf eine Differenzierung für Diagnostik und Epidemiologie bemerkenswert ist. Fimbrien waren unabhängig von der Salmonella-Art bei 26 Stämmen, also mit Ausnahme eines Laborstammes aufzuzeigen. Die Fimbrien hatten einen Durchmesser von 7 nm, eine Mannose-sensitive Hämagglutination und angedeutet war ein Aufbau aus einem zentralen Hohlzylinder mit einem Mantel gewundener Fibrillen. Diese Fimbrien sind den common type Fimbrien zuzuordnen, werden im Vergleich zu solchen Typ I Fimbrien von E. coli und als Anheftungsfaktor sowie als Antigen für die Immunprophylaxe diskutiert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin (3 nm) flexible fimbriae are shown which are mannose-resistent in hemagglutination. They were found on 35 strains of Salmonella typhimurium inclusively variatio copenhagen, specific for pigeons, which were isolated from clinical cases of Salmonellosis. These thin fimbriae as lectins are of interest for adhesion to the intestine. Unlike the type 1 fimbriae (7 nm) they don't need mannose as receptor on the cell membrane. Zusammenfassung Feine Fimbrien bei Salmonella typhimurium Dünne (3 nm), flexible Fimbrien wurden aufgezeigt, die eine mannose-resistente Hämagglutination bewirken. Sie fanden sich an 35 Stämmen von Salmonella typhimurium, einschließlich der taubenspezifischen, serologischen Minusvariante variatio copenhagen, die aus einer klinischen Salmonellose isoliert wurden. Diese feinen Fimbrien interessieren als Adhäsin oder Lektin für die Anheftung im Dünndarm und benötigen keine Mannose an der Zellmembran als Rezeptor im Unterschied zu den Typ-1-Fimbrien (7 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archiv für die Gesamte Virusforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medical Microbiology & Immunology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Mechanical interactions between hard floorings and the sole of bovine claws can be reasonable to cause traumatic claw lesions. In this ex vivo study, the direct kinetic impact of concrete and three types of rubber mats on the sole of dairy cattle claws was analyzed. In order to apply uniform loads, isolated distal hind limbs of adult Holstein Friesian dairy cows were functionally trimmed according to the Dutch method and attached to a load applicator. Kinetic data were recorded using a thin, foil-based pressure measurement system (Hoof™ System, Tekscan®). Results: On concrete, the load distribution between the lateral and medial claw was less balanced than on the rubber floorings. The loaded area was significantly smaller on concrete (32.2 cm2) compared to all rubber mats (48.3–58.0 cm2). Average pressures (Pav) and maximum pressures (Pmax) were significantly higher on concrete (Pav 44.7 N/cm2; Pmax 130.3 N/cm2) compared to the rubber floorings (Pav 24.9–29.7 N/cm2; Pmax 71.9–87.2 N/cm2). Pressure peaks occurred mainly in plantar and abaxial parts of the lateral claw and in apical and plantar regions of the medial claw. Load distribution displayed a widely unloaded slope region, but considering the pressure distribution under the claw, none of the zones showed a generally lower pressure exposure. Conclusions: Altogether, rubber floorings lead to a significant mechanical relief of the sole compared to concrete. Furthermore, relevant differences between the tested rubber mats could be determined. Therefore the used system may be applied to compare further flooring types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)