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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a squamous cell carcinoma originating in the nasopharynx, is a leading malignancy in south China and other south and east Asia areas. It is frequently associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection, while there are also some NPC patients without EBV infection. Here, it is shown that the EBV+ (EBV positive) and EBV‐ (EBV negative) NPCs contain both shared and distinct genetic abnormalities, among the latter are increased mutations in TP53. To investigate the functional roles of NPC‐associated genetic alterations, primary, orthotopic, and genetically defined NPC models were developed in mice, a key tool missed in the field. These models, initiated with gene‐edited organoids of normal nasopharyngeal epithelium, faithfully recapitulated the pathological features of human disease. With these models, it is found that Trp53 and Cdkn2a deficiency are crucial for NPC initiation and progression. And latent membrane protein1 (LMP1), an EBV‐coding oncoprotein, significantly promoted the distal metastasis. Further, loss of TGFBR2, which is frequently disrupted both in EBV‐ and EBV+ NPCs, dramatically accelerated the progression and lung metastasis of NPC probably by altering tumor microenvironment. Taken together, this work establishes a platform to dissect the genetic mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis and might be of value for future translational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavity structures on hypersonic vehicle surfaces alter aerodynamic heat flux and force (pressure) compared to flat surfaces. In this study, an investigation explores the aerodynamic effects of multiple cavities on rarefied hypersonic flows, utilizing the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method to assess the impact on hypersonic vehicle surfaces. While previous research predominantly concentrated on the implications of a single cavity, this study extends the investigation to multiple cavity configurations under rarefied flow conditions, which are less understood but critical due to the potential for significant impacts on vehicle performance and structural integrity. The research examines how variations in the number of cavities, as well as their geometric arrangement (distance and length-to-depth ratio), influence key aerodynamic parameters, including pressure, skin friction, and heat transfer coefficients. The study's findings reveal that in the rarefied hypersonic flow at Mach 25 at 70 km, each cavity independently influences the flow field and the aerodynamic surface properties, largely determined by its geometric characteristics, irrespective of adjacent cavity presence. The study underscores that the macroscopic aerodynamic force escalates with an increase in the number of cavities and their length-to-depth ratio, while it diminishes with inter-cavity distance. These insights are crucial to optimizing the design of hypersonic vehicles, contributing to improved performance and stability by managing aerodynamic forces more effectively. The comprehensive data and analyses provided support the development of more accurate models to predict and control the behavior of hypersonic vehicles with multiple cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) are ideal materials for pure red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to achieve a wide color gamut display. Small α-CsPbI3 QDs have a large specific surface area and exhibit a near-spherical shape, discontinuous crystal faces with intense surface defects and crystal distortion, which accelerates phase transition and optoelectronic degradation. Additionally, the tolerance factor for α-CsPbI3 is too small to be stabilized. Herein, we report a Ca2+ doping strategy to tune the CsPbI3 tolerance factor to inhibit its phase transition, enhance its structural stability, decrease the lattice distortion and reduce the defects. The stability of the Ca2+-doped CsPbI3 QDs under harsh conditions are improved. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of the perovskite LEDs are (0.706, 0.294), satisfying wide color gamut as well as Rec. 2020 requirements for pure red, and the LEDs exhibit a 1.67-fold enhancement in half-lifetime to 32.0 min at a voltage of 5.0 V (346 cd m−2) and 1.31-fold enhancement in the EQE to 10.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, environmental DNA technology, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were employed to investigate the relationships between Tetrahymena pyriformis, bacteria, and guppies under varying temperature and pH conditions. The abundance of T. pyriformis in water, the relative abundance of bacterial species, and histopathological observations were studied. Results of this study showed that several bacteria were related to T. pyriformis, and environmental factors affected the interaction between bacteria and T. pyriformis. In the aquaculture system of ornamental fish, the interaction between bacterial microbiota and ciliate protozoa can prevent or promote disease outbreaks, and different physicochemical conditions will affect the relationships between them. We investigated the interaction between bacterial microbiota and the parasite Tetrahymena pyriformis when infecting Poecilia reticulata (guppy) under different physicochemical conditions. The abundance of T. pyriformis in water, the relative abundance of bacterial species, and histopathological observation were studied or monitored using environmental DNA (eDNA) extraction technology, the qPCR method, and 16s rRNA sequencing, respectively. The morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of T. pyriformis were carried out. The infected guppy tissue was also stained by the hematoxylin and eosin methods. The results showed: (1) the bacterial communities of water samples were mainly composed of species assigned to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and Tabrizicola and Puniceicoccaceae were positively correlated with fish mortality, T. pyriformis abundance, and temperature. (2) Arcicella and Methyloversatilis universalis with different correlations between ciliates appeared in different treatment groups, the result of which proved that environmental factors affected the interaction between bacteria and T. pyriformis. (3) Lower temperatures and a higher pH were more beneficial for preventing disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSCs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to achieve high efficiency and low toxicity. However, the high density of defect states due to the uncontrolled crystallization and the easy oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ limit the device performance of Sn-PSCs. Herein, a novel halogen-terminated self-assembling molecule, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA), is used to modify the buried interface of Sn-PSCs with polyethylenedioxythiophene:poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the hole transport layer. The chemical anchoring of CEPA on PEDOT:PSS reduces the excess PSS and contributes to a high-quality tin perovskite film with reduced voids and impurity phases at the buried interface. The reduction of defects for tin perovskites prepared on the CEPA-modified PEDOT:PSS greatly reduces the Urbach energy and inhibits non-radiative energy loss. As a result, the CEPA-modified Sn-PSCs based on FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 perovskite exhibit a PCE of 10.65%, which is nearly 24% higher than that of their pristine counterpart (8.57%). Moreover, the device stability is significantly improved due to the inhibited degradation at the tin-based perovskite/PEDOT:PSS interface. This work demonstrates that buried interface modification using halogen-terminated aliphatic self-assembled molecules is an effective strategy to improve the performance of tin-based perovskite devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorinated organic compounds represent an important and growing family of active ingredients in various fields, including material science, pharmaceutical chemistry and biological science. Developing efficient synthetic methods toward fluorinated organic compounds have attracted much attention. In recent years, transition‐metal catalyzed reaction of trifluoro diazo compounds were a powerful and convenient approach to afford trifluoromethyl‐ and difluoromethyl‐substituted compounds of value. In this review, the recent progress on transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions involving trifluoro diazo compounds and their surrogates via trifluoromethylated transition‐metal carbene complex is described in the sequence of 2,2,2‐trifluorodiazoethane as carbene precursor, ethyl 3‐trifluoro‐2‐diazo‐propionate as carbene precursor, trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride or amines as the CF3CHN2 surrogate as well as trifluoro aldehydes/ketones N‐sulfonylhydrazones as the trifluoro diazo compounds surrogate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the lander approaches the lunar surface, the engine plumes impinge on the lunar regolith and entrain lunar dust from the surface. This plume–surface interaction and the resulting dispersion of lunar dust form a multi-physics, multi-scale problem, which becomes even more complex under multi-engine conditions. This study employed the direct simulation Monte Carlo method to simulate the plume–surface interaction flow field of a four-engine lunar lander at various landing altitudes and lunar surface angles. Flow characteristics were analyzed, and the impact of the plume and backflow on the lander was assessed. Subsequently, lunar dust simulation was conducted using the plume field as a basis. The study determined the spatial distribution of particles with different diameters at various landing altitudes and surface angles, as well as their impact velocities on the lander. Furthermore, taking into account the variations in the lander's altitude and attitude, a dynamic simulation of lunar dust during the landing process was conducted. This process resulted in the dynamic distribution of lunar dust during landing, laying the groundwork for real-time simulation of lunar dust distribution and reliable visualization during landing simulations. These findings are valuable for assessing and mitigating the hazards posed by lunar dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In space missions, the vacuum plume generated by rocket engines can negatively impact spacecraft. Therefore, researching the vacuum plume is crucial to guarantee the regular operation of spacecraft. The conventional numerical simulation methodology, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, is time-consuming and lacks real-time calculation capabilities. Recently, deep learning (DL) methods have emerged in the field of fluid dynamics. In this study, a DL model trained by a convolutional neural network with multiple decoders is introduced to predict the vacuum plume flow field during lunar landings. The network processes shape topology information and boundary conditions as inputs, yielding flow field data including velocity and pressure fields as outputs. Meanwhile, the flow field prediction results under different conditions and training methods are discussed. The results show that the predicted flow field under different lunar surface conditions is in accord with the DSMC results. The maximum mean and standard deviation errors of the data distribution of each flow field do not exceed 9.72% and 9.07%, respectively. Different training methods with flat and inclined lunar surfaces also have an impact on the prediction results. Compared with the DSMC method, the DL method exhibits higher efficiency with a speedup of about four orders of magnitude, indicating that the DL-based flow field reconstruction method has strong application prospects in the real-time computation of vacuum plume flow fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskite light‐emitting diode (PeLED) is the most promising candidate for next‐generation display technology. However, the development of the blue PeLEDs is far behind the expectations. Mixed‐halide perovskites demonstrate to be the most facile method to realize blue emission, which confronts serious spectra stability problem arising from the halide segregation. Here, a polymerizable passivator is introduced into the Cl/Br‐mixed perovskites, which can simultaneously cross‐link perovskite grains by interconnecting halides through hydrogen bonding, and transport the carriers through its π‐conjugated backbone. Consequently, this cross‐linked blue perovskite film demonstrates a significantly improved spectra stability under various external stimuli of high humidity, UV radiation, and electrical field, and the corresponding PeLED yields a decent external quantum efficiency of 12.0% at high brightness of 3390 cd m−2 with the emission at 478 nm. Notably, this work provides a unique cross‐link agent with in situ polymerizability to address the ion migration and phase segregation issues without sacrificing the conducting capacity in mixed‐halide perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the predictive accuracy of PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC), tissue or blood tumor mutation burden (tTMB, bTMB), gene expression profile (GEP), driver gene mutation, and combined biomarkers for immunotherapy response of advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: In part 1, clinical trials involved with predictive biomarker exploration for immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC were included. The area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC), sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and predictive value of the biomarkers were evaluated. In part 2, public datasets of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)‐treated NSCLC involved with biomarkers were curated (N = 871). Odds ratio (OR) of the positive versus negative biomarker group for objective response rate (ORR) was measured. Results: In part 1, the AUC of combined biomarkers (0.75) was higher than PD‐L1 (0.64), tTMB (0.64), bTMB (0.68), GEP (0.67), and driver gene mutation (0.51). Combined biomarkers also had higher specificity, positive likelihood ratio and positive predictive value than single biomarkers. In part 2, the OR of combined biomarkers of PD‐L1 plus TMB (PD‐L1 cutoff 1%, 0.14; cutoff 50% 0.13) was lower than that of PD‐L1 (cutoff 1%, 0.33; cutoff 50% 0.24), tTMB (0.28), bTMB (0.48), EGFR mutation (0.17) and KRAS mutation (0.47), for distinguishing ORR of patients after immunotherapy. Furthermore, positive PD‐L1, tTMB‐high, wild‐type EGFR, and positive PD‐L1 plus TMB were associated with prolonged progression‐free survival (PFS). Conclusion: Combined biomarkers have superior predictive accuracy than single biomarkers for immunotherapy response of NSCLC. Further investigation is warranted to select optimal biomarkers for various clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication describes an effective morphological control strategy involving introducing two-dimensional (2D) Cs3Sb2Br9 to induce a transformation of three-dimensional (3D) CsPbBr3 to 2D nanoplates (NPLs). By tuning the Sb/Pb ratio, 2D CsPbBr3 NPLs exhibiting a deep-blue emission centered at a wavelength of 464 nm with an FWHM of 24 nm have been produced. The absence of organic ligands in these high-quality 2D NPLs mitigate the instability issue induced by organic ligand migration and penetration, and these NPLs exhibit 80% of the initial PL intensity after 55 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of fish locomotion is important for understanding their adaptive behaviors and ethological characteristics. However, the main strategy used for extracting fish attitudes involves the use of a vision-based monitoring system, which is limited in its range of observation and cannot perform tracking for long times. Here, we report the use of a wearable tagging electronic device, referred to as an underwater vest, to capture the surrounding flow field disturbances triggered by swimming or momentary postural changes. All of these goals were achieved by integrating a pair of pseudocapacitive pressure-sensing units and a flexible circuit board. Notably, additional conditions, such as variable hydraulic pressures and minimal changes in fish posture, require high stability and sensitivity of the sensing units. Thus, hybrid hydrogel electrodes were developed through cross-linking MXene with holey-reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and further modification with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquids, which increased the interfacial capacitance and long-term interfacial activity of the MXene. Consequently, the sensing unit exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity (Smax~136,207 kPa−1) in an aquatic environment for 60 days and superior high-pressure resolution (10 Pa) within a wide working range of 1 MPa. Ultimately, an underwater vest integrated with such sensing units clearly distinguished and recorded fish locomotion. We believe that the designed device may open avenues in flow field monitoring and ocean current detection and provide new insights into the development of sensitive underwater tagging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aeromonas schubertii is one of the most significant opportunistic pathogen threats to humans, other mammals, and aquatic animals. Lytic bacteriophages have been recognized as effective alternatives to antibiotics for controlling bacterial infections. In this study, a lytic bacteriophage, which could effectively infect A. schubertii, was isolated for the first time. We report some of the characteristics of the phage, including its morphology, host range, storage stability, and structural proteins. Furthermore, in vivo experimental infections included intraperitoneal injection and immersion administration to evaluate the effects of phage therapy for A. schubertii infection. Our results suggest a potential use for phage SD04 in controlling this disease. Current experimental data indicate the value of using phage SD04 to prevent A. schubertii infection in snakehead. Aeromonas schubertii is a pathogen that severely affects aquatic animals, including the snakehead, Channa maculata. Lytic bacteriophages have been recognized as effective alternatives to antibiotics for controlling bacterial infections. However, there have been no reports of A. schubertii phages as far as we know. In this study, a lytic bacteriophage SD04, which could effectively infect A. schubertii, was isolated from pond water cultured with diseased snakehead. The SD04 phage formed small, round plaques on Petri dishes. Electron microscopy revealed a hexagonal head and a contractile tail. Based on its morphology, it may belong to the Myoviridae family. Two major protein bands with molecular weights of 50 and 38 kilodaltons were observed after the phage was subjected to SDS-PAGE. The phage showed a large average burst size, high specificity, and a broad host range. When stored at 4 °C, phage SD04 had high stability over 12 months and showed almost no variation within the first six months. All fish were healthy after both intraperitoneal injection and immersion administration of SD04, indicating the safety of the phage. After treatment with SD04, Channa maculata in both phage therapy groups and prevention groups showed high survival rates (i.e., 83.3 ± 3.3% and 100 ± 1.3%, respectively). Phage therapy inhibits bacterial growth in the liver, the target organ of the infected Channa maculat. The experimental results indicate the potential use of phage SD04 for preventing A. schubertii infection in Channa maculata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing students require improvement in their intravenous infusion therapy management skills, yet traditional training models possess deficiencies. The Teaching for Understanding (TfU) Framework can enhance the teaching-learning process and support quality education. Therefore, utilizing TfU framework for training may promote the performance of nurses. Methods: Utilizing a non-synchronized design, 102 nurses were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Fifty-one student nurses from August 2019 to January 2021 were designated as the control group, and 51 student nurses from February 2021 to July 2022 were included as the intervention group. The control group received traditional teaching methods, while the intervention group was trained based on TfU framework. The impact was gauged through medical education environment perception, theory and practice assessments, and learning satisfaction surveys. Results: After the training, there was no significant difference between the control group and the intervention group in the theory assessment. However, the practice assessment scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Compared with the control group, the learning satisfaction scores of the trained nurses in the intervention group were significantly higher, exhibiting significant differences, particularly in communication ability, teamwork cooperation, summing up capability, and interest in learning improvement. Furthermore, the scores of the learning perceptions, atmosphere, social self-perceptions, and total scores of the intervention group were significantly higher. Conclusion: Training using TfU framework can heighten students' understanding and command over knowledge and skills, fuel their learning fervor, and enhance their communication and collaboration abilities. TfU framework should be disseminated in medical education to improve the quality of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody, pembrolizumab, is a promising drug for platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab compared with chemotherapy for Chinese patients in this NPC. Methods: The cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy was evaluated using a partitioned survival model with a 5-year boundary. Efficacy and toxicity data were derived from the KEYNOTE-122 trials. Economic indicators including life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), and lifetime cost were used. One-way analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) were performed to explore the uncertainties. Additionally, various scenario analyses, including different pembrolizumab price calculations and discount rates were performed. Results: Pembrolizumab or chemotherapy alone respectively yielded 2.82 QALYs (3.96 LYs) and 2.73 QALYs (3.93 LYs) with an ICER of $422,535 per QALYs ($1,232,547 per LYs). This model was primarily influenced by the price of pembrolizumab. Furthermore, PSA indicated that pembrolizumab had none probability of being cost-effective compared with chemotherapy at a willingness-to- pay (WTP) of $38223. Scenario analyses revealed that irrespective of any potential price reduction or adjustments in the discount rate, no discernible impact on the ultimate outcome was observed. Conclusion: Pembrolizumab was less cost-effective for patients with platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic NPC compared with chemotherapy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrahymenosis is caused by the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena and is responsible for serious economic losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, information regarding the molecular mechanism leading to tetrahymenosis is limited. In previous transcriptome sequencing work, it was found that one of the two β-tubulin genes in T. pyriformis was significantly expressed in infected fish, we speculated that β-tubulin is involved in T. pyriformis infecting fish. Herein, the potential biological function of the β-tubulin gene in Tetrahymena species when establishing infection in guppies was investigated by cloning the full-length cDNA of this T. pyriformis β-tubulin (BTU1) gene. The full-length cDNA of T. pyriformis BTU1 gene was 1873 bp, and the ORF occupied 1134 bp, whereas 5′ UTR 434 bp, and 3′ UTR 305 bp whose poly (A) tail contained 12 bases. The predicted protein encoded by T. pyriformis BTU1 gene had a calculated molecular weight of 42.26 kDa and pI of 4.48. Moreover, secondary structure analysis and tertiary structure prediction of BTU1 protein were also conducted. In addition, morphology, infraciliature, phylogeny, and histopathology of T. pyriformis isolated from guppies from a fish market in Harbin were also investigated. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis and experimental infection assays indicated that the expression of BTU1 gene resulted in efficient cell proliferation during infection. Collectively, our data revealed that BTU1 is a key gene involved in T. pyriformis infection in guppies, and the findings discussed herein provide valuable insights for future studies on tetrahymenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to compare the cost–effectiveness of bruton tyrosine kinase inhibors (BTKis) versus bendamustine–rituximab (R-bendamustine) as a first-line treatment for Chinese patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Methods: A partitioned survival model was constructed using TreeAge Pro 2022 software and transition probabilities were estimated from the reported survival probabilities using parametric survival modeling. One-way analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to explore the uncertainty of the modeling results. In addition, several scenario analyses were evaluated. Results: In comparison to R-bendamustine, zanubrutinib had an incremental cost–effectiveness ratio (ICER; life years) and ICER (quality-adjusted life years) of US$12,173.38 and $17,983.40, respectively. While ibrutinib had a higher ICER relative to R-bendamustine. Conclusion: Zanubrutinib was cost-effective for patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia in China. We studied the cost–effectiveness of BTK inhibitors versus bendamustine and rituximab in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, finding that zanubrutinib was cost effective compared with ibrutinib and bendamustine and rituximab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GBM) ranks among the most lethal of human cancers, containing glioma stem cells (GSCs) that display therapeutic resistance. Here, we report that the lncRNA INHEG is highly expressed in GSCs compared to differentiated glioma cells (DGCs) and promotes GSC self-renewal and tumorigenicity through control of rRNA 2'-O-methylation. INHEG induces the interaction between SUMO2 E3 ligase TAF15 and NOP58, a core component of snoRNP that guides rRNA methylation, to regulate NOP58 sumoylation and accelerate the C/D box snoRNP assembly. INHEG activation enhances rRNA 2'-O-methylation, thereby increasing the expression of oncogenic proteins including EGFR, IGF1R, CDK6 and PDGFRB in glioma cells. Taken together, this study identifies a lncRNA that connects snoRNP-guided rRNA 2'-O-methylation to upregulated protein translation in GSCs, supporting an axis for potential therapeutic targeting of gliomas. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may contribute to cancer progression. Here the authors show that LncRNA INHEG modulates rRNA 2'-O-methylation and facilitates mRNA translation to promote glioma stem cell renewal and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: With a mass production scale and important economic and nutritive value, red sea bream (Pagrosomus major) is one of the most popular farmed marine teleost fish species. However, outbreaks of diseases have produced huge losses to the aquaculture industry in recent years. Fish cell lines are suitable models to study fish physiology, virology, immunology and toxicology. As the main target organ for Nervous necrosis virus infection, primary cell cultures of brain tissue were initiated for the first time from Pagrosomus major in this study. Our data showed that this cell line could provide wide applications for virology and toxicology for Pagrosomus major. RSBB cells are susceptible to Nervous necrosis virus, Singapore grouper iridovirus, Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdoviruses infection. Moreover, single exposure of RSBB cells to metal Cd resulted in cytotoxicity and could induce cell apoptosis and necrosis. This study established and characterized a new marine fish brain cell line and demonstrated its suitability as a model for fish virology and toxicology. Red sea bream (Pagrosomus major) is one of the most popular farmed marine teleost fish species. Fish cell lines are becoming important research tool in the aquaculture field, and they are suitable models to study fish virology, immunology and toxicology. To obtain a Pagrosomus major cell line for biological studies, a continuous cell line from brain of red sea bream (designated as RSBB cell line) was established and has been successfully subcultured over 100 passages. The RSBB cell line predominantly consisted of fibroblast-like cells and multiplied well in M199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 28 °C. Karyotyping analysis indicated that the modal chromosome numbers of RSBB cells was 48. After transfection with pEGFP-N1, RSBB cells showed bright green fluorescence with a transfection efficiency approaching 8%. For toxicology study, it was demonstrated that metal Cd could induce cytotoxic effects of RSBB cells, accompanied with a dose-dependent MTT conversion capacity. Morphologically, cells treated with metal Cd produced rounding, shrinking and detaching and induced both cell apoptosis and necrosis. For virology study, the RSBB cells were highly susceptible to Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) with steady titers (i.e., 108.0~8.3 TCID50 mL−1 and 107.0~7.2 TCID50 mL−1 respectively). Furthermore, an obvious cytopathic effect (CPE) could be observed in RSBB cells infected with Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdoviruses (SCRV). Meanwhile, all the infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The new brain cell line developed and characterized from red sea bream in this study could be used as an in vitro model for fish studies in the fields of toxicology and virology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metastases within liver or the brain are the most common causes of mortality from lung cancer (LC). Predicting liver or brain metastases before having evidence from imaging of the tumors is challenging but important for early patient intervention. According to mounting evidence, exosomes circulating within blood may facilitate cancer spread by transporting certain proteins for target cells. Methods: Using liquid chromatography–MS/MS, we investigated the plasma exosomes' proteomic profiles derived from 42 metastatic LC patients [16 solitary liver metastasis (LM), together with 26 solitary brain metastasis (BM)] and 25 local advanced (LA) lung cancer cases without metastasis, together with five healthy controls (HC), assessing the LM and BM pathogenesis and find potential novel organ-designated proteomic biomarkers. Using ELISA assay, we verified the expression levels of three plasma exosomal protein biomarkers in 110 LC patients, including 40 solitary LM, 32 solitary BM and 38 LA, and 25 HC. Results: In total, 143 and 120 differentially expressed exosome-based proteins (DEEPs) were found to be dysregulated in LM and BM of lung cancer (LM-DEEPs, BM-DEEPs), compared for LA lung cancer samples, respectively. The bioinformatics analyses indicated the heterogeneity and homogeneity in LM-DEEPs and BM-DEEPs. They were primarily engaged within proteomic triggering cascade, ECM-receptor interaction, and the collagen-containing extracellular matrix. Regarding heterogeneity, LM-DEEPs primarily consisted of proteoglycans, lipoprotein, integrin, and heat shock protein, whereas the BM-DEEPs consisted of calcium-dependent/S100 proteins. Furthermore, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-plasma-stemming exosome proteomics showed heterogeneity, which helped to explain some of the differences between SCLC and NSCLC's metastatic features. We also found that SELL and MUC5B could be used as diagnostic markers of BM, while APOH, CD81, and CCT5 could help diagnose LM in LC patients. Additionally, we demonstrated in a validation cohort that MUC5B and SELL could serve as biomarkers for diagnosing BM, and APOH could be a novel potential diagnostic biomarker of LM. Conclusion: We presented the comprehensive and comparative plasma-stemming exosomes' proteomic profiles from cases of LC who had isolated liver and brain metastases for the first time. We also suggested several possible biomarkers and pathogenic pathways that might be a great starting point for future research on LC metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication describes a strategy to synthesize stable deep blue FAPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) by constructing a matrix structure. Amorphous Ni2+-based metal halide matrices can stabilize QDs from both chemical and physical factors, and Ni2+ doping can further enhance their structural stability due to lattice shrinking. Such deep blue QD films exhibit stable X-ray diffraction patterns and photoluminescence even after 245 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Front-end bending is one of the most significant defects of slabs in hot rough rolling. To address the lack of effective methods to detect slab front-end bending in hot rolling, a measurement system based on line structured light vision is proposed in this paper. Line structured light lasers and area-scan cameras are arranged on the supports on both the exit and entrance of a roughing mill. First, the calibration of the measurement system is completed by camera calibration and the random sampling consistency algorithm. Second, multiple regions of interest gray thresholds and the Steger algorithm are used to realize laser centerline extraction on the surface of a large-scale and high-temperature slab. Last, the actual value of the slab front-end bending is obtained and calculated through coordinate transformation. The proposed measurement system can detect slab front-end bending in real time and the relative mean deviation is 0.93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrahymenosis, caused by about 10 Tetrahymena species, is an emerging problem inflicting a significant economic loss on the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, in the order Tetrahymenida, there are many unresolved evolutionary relationships among taxa. Here we report 21 new sequences, including SSU‐rRNA, ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 rRNA and LSU‐rRNA, genes of 10 facultative parasitic Tetrahymena associated with tetrahymenosis, and conduct phylogenetic analyses based on each individual gene and a three‐gene concatenated dataset. The main findings are: (1) All the parasitic and facultative parasitic species cluster in borealis group. (2) With the addition of new sequences, Tetrahymena is still divided into three groups, namely the "borealis group", the "australis group," and the "paravorax group." (3) the cluster pattern of all the newly sequenced facultative parasitic Tetrahymena species shows that members of the "borealis" group may be more susceptible to parasitism. (4) phylogeny based on concatenated genes show that T. pyriformis, T. setosa, and T. leucophrys have close relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vildagliptin (VLG), a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, is nonfluorescent in aqueous solution. This property makes it difficult to determine by direct fluorometric methods. We proposed a new competitive method for fluorometric detection of VLG using CB[7]–BER (cucurbit[7]uril = CB[7], BER = berberine) as a fluorescent probe. The method showed a good calibration curve within the concentration range 0.00213–1.820 μg/mL with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2 > 0.999). The detection limit is 0.64 ng/mL for CB[7]–BER fluorescent probe. Moreover, the method was successfully applied for the determination of VLG in pharmaceutical tablets and artificial urine. To our knowledge, this is the first example of determining VLG using a fluorescent probe method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulence is ubiquitous in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is of great importance to the prediction of weather and air quality. Nevertheless, the profiles of turbulence in the whole PBL as observed by radar wind profilers (RWPs) are rarely reported. In this communication, the purpose was to investigate the vertical structures of turbulence dissipation rate (ε) obtained from the Doppler spectrum width measurements from two RWPs at plateau (Zhangbei) and plain (Baoding) stations in the North China Plain for the year 2021, and to tease out the underlying mechanism for the difference of ε between Zhangbei and Baoding. Under clear-sky conditions, the annual mean value of ε in the PBL over the plateau station was found to be higher than that over the plain station throughout the daytime from 0900 to 1700 local standard time. The magnitude of ε at both stations showed significant seasonal variation, with the strongest ε in summer but the weakest in winter. If a larger difference between the 2 m air temperature and surface temperature (Ta−Ts), as a surrogate of sensible heat flux, is observed, the turbulence intensity tends to become stronger. The influence of vertical wind shear on turbulence was also analyzed. Comparison analyses showed that the plateau station of Zhangbei was characterized by larger sensible heat flux and stronger wind shear compared with the plain station of Baoding. This may account for the more intense ε within the PBL of Zhangbei. Moreover, the magnitude of ε in the PBL was positively correlated with the values of both Ta−Ts and vertical wind shear. The findings highlight the urgent need to characterize the vertical turbulence structure in the PBL over a variety of surfaces in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of high‐performance and stable pure red perovskite light‐emitting devices (LEDs) promotes commercialization of perovskite. Benefiting from the quantum confinement effect, pure red CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) can avoid the color drift issue for mixed halide systems. Herein, a facile temperature‐dependent hot‐injection method combined with low temperature gradient centrifugation is employed to prepare 5.60 ± 0.05 nm pure red QDs. The QDs exhibit 642 nm photoluminescence (PL) with 37 nm full width at half maximum, and their Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates located at (0.708, 0.292) match well with standard pure red for Rec. 2020. The PL half‐lifetime for pure red QDs solution is 210 days under ambient conditions, and both the X and Y coordinates of CIE only fluctuate within (0.002, 0.002). Finally, a simple NH4I post‐treatment to decrease ligand length further boosts the QDs conductivity, and the pure red LED exhibits 9.4% maximum external quantum efficiency. The electroluminescence spectra exhibits a sharp peak at 645 nm, and their CIE coordinates are located at (0.707, 0.290). Furthermore, the pure red LED exhibits both good working and color stability. Its half‐lifetime is 25.1 min and color drifts are only (0.002, 0.002) after 30.0 min of continuous working at 60 cd m−2 with a constant current density of 3.5 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hierarchical metal–organic framework, H-mMOF-1 (representing hierarchical medi-MOF-1), was successfully synthesized by the coassembly of MOF starting reagents and a triblock copolymer surfactant F127. The obtained H-mMOF-1 retained its microporous structure but also exhibited mesopores with a size range from 3 to 10 nm. The mesopores were able to accommodate protein Cyt c with a loading capacity of 160 mg g−1. The surfactant-assisted synthesis of hierarchical MOFs provides promising applications for enzyme immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) undergo maturation during postnatal heart development to meet the increased demands of growth. Here, we found that omentin-1, an adipokine, facilitates CM cell cycle arrest and metabolic maturation. Deletion of omentin-1 causes mouse heart enlargement and dysfunction in adulthood and CM maturation retardation in juveniles, including delayed cell cycle arrest and reduced fatty acid oxidation. Through RNA sequencing, molecular docking analysis, and proximity ligation assays, we found that omentin-1 regulates CM maturation by interacting directly with bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Omentin-1 prevents BMP7 from binding to activin type II receptor B (ActRIIB), subsequently decreasing the downstream pathways mothers against DPP homolog 1 (SMAD1)/Yes-associated protein (YAP) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). In addition, omentin-1 is required and sufficient for the maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived CMs. Together, our findings reveal that omentin-1 is a pro-maturation factor for CMs that is essential for postnatal heart development and cardiac function maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osimertinib is the first‐line treatment for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, but the treatment options after drug resistance are limited. Previous studies have suggested that EGFR is in an immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). However, the evolution of TIME after osimertinib resistance and whether this resistance can be overcome by targeting TIME needs to be further investigated. Methods: The remodeling process and mechanism of TIME during the treatment with osimertinib were studied. Results: The proportion of EGFRL858R+T790M mutant tumor immune infiltrating cells was extremely low. Osimertinib treatment transiently triggered inflammatory cells, but several immunosuppressive cells infiltrated after drug resistance and formed a myeloid‐derived suppressor cell (MDSC)‐enriched TIME. The programmed cell death protein‐1 monoclonal antibody was not able to reverse the MDSC‐enriched TIME. Further analysis revealed that the activation of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways recruited a large number of MDSCs via cytokines. Finally, MDSC secreted high levels of interleukin‐10 and arginase‐1 and created an immunosuppressive TIME. Conclusions: Thus, our findings lay the foundation for the evolution of TIME in osimertinib treatment, establish the mechanism of immunosuppressive TIME after osimertinib resistance, and propose potential solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the silver‐catalyzed and silver‐promoted isocyanide reactions have attracted much attention, due to its efficiency in the formation of diverse new bonds and good reaction selectivity. A series of highly useful linear or cyclic compounds have been constructed. In this review, the recent progress in this field is described in the sequence of synthesis of five‐membered heterocyclic compounds, synthesis of six‐membered heterocyclic compounds, synthesis of fused cyclic compounds as well as synthesis of linear nitrogen‐containing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most terrestrial models synchronously calculate net primary productivity (NPP) using the input climate variable, without the consideration of time-lag effects, which may increase the uncertainty of NPP simulation. Based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climate data, we used the time lag cross-correlation method to investigate the time-lag effects of temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation in different seasons on NDVI values. Then, we selected the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model to estimate the NPP of China from 2002 to 2017. The results showed that the response of vegetation growth to climate factors had an obvious lag effect, with the longest time lag in solar radiation and the shortest time lag in temperature. The time lag of vegetation to the climate variable showed great tempo-spatial heterogeneities among vegetation types, climate types, and vegetation growth periods. Based on the validation using eddy covariance data, the results showed that the simulation accuracy of the CASA model considering the time-lag effects was effectively improved. By considering the time-lag effects, the average total amount of NPP modeled by CASA during 2001–2017 in China was 3.977 PgC a−1, which is 11.37% higher than that of the original model. This study highlights the importance of considering the time lag for the simulation of vegetation growth, and provides a useful tool for the improvement of the vegetation productivity model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrite is common in coal gangue formed in a reduced environment and has a significant influence on the recycling utilization of coal gangue. Four types of pyrite with different structures and morphologies, namely octahedral pyrite framboid, pentagonal dodecahedral pyrite framboid, irregular grain pyrite, and euhedral octahedral crystalline pyrite, were selected from coal gangue to study their thermal behavior and phase transformation processes during heat treatments in different atmosphere via high-temperature XRD, TG-DSC, SEM-EDS, and XRF. The results show that pyrite in coal gangue can be decomposed into pyrrhotite when heated in an inert atmosphere. Pyrites with different morphologies and structures exhibit distinct thermal behavior. The higher S/Fe ratio promotes the better crystallinity of pyrite and thus lowers the phase transformation temperature from pyrite to pyrrhotite. The thermal decomposition temperature of the sulfur-rich and well crystalline pyrites was approximately 600 °C, and the transformation temperature of sulfur-deficit pyrites to pyrrhotite was approximately 640 °C. The S release rate from the former two pyrites was also slower than that from the latter two. The pyrites can be oxidized to nano-hematite when heated in an air atmosphere at above 400–500 °C, with the transformation proceeding in the sequence of pyrite–nano-microsphere magnetite–nano-microsphere hematite. The nano-hematite aggregates had a pseudomorph of the original pyrite crystals. This study has great significance for the high-level recycling utilization of coal gangue, such as iron removal and direct material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LIM domain family genes play a crucial role in various tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunotherapy is one of the most significant treatments for NSCLC, and its effectiveness largely depends on the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, the potential roles of LIM domain family genes in the TME of NSCLC remain elusive. We comprehensively evaluated the expression and mutation patterns of 47 LIM domain family genes in 1089 NSCLC samples. Using unsupervised clustering analysis, we classified patients with NSCLC into two distinct gene clusters, i.e., the LIM-high group and the LIM-low group. We further investigated the prognosis, TME cell infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy in the two groups. The LIM-high and LIM-low groups had different biological processes and prognoses. Moreover, there were significant differences in TME characteristics between the LIM-high and LIM-low groups. Specifically, enhanced survival, immune cell activation, and high tumor purity were demonstrated in patients of the LIM-low group, implying an immune-inflamed phenotype. Moreover, the LIM-low group had higher immune cell proportion scores than the LIM-high group and was more responsive to immunotherapy than the LIM-low group. Additionally, we screened out LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domain 1 (LIMS1) as a hub gene of the LIM domain family via five different algorithms of plug-in cytoHubba and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Subsequently, proliferation, migration, and invasion assays demonstrated that LIMS1 acts as a pro-tumor gene that promotes the invasion and progression of NSCLC cell lines. This is the first study to reveal a novel LIM domain family gene-related molecular pattern associated with the TME phenotype, which would increase our understanding of the heterogeneity and plasticity of the TME in NSCLC. LIMS1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical reactions significantly influence aerodynamic performance during spacecraft entry into the Martian atmosphere. Several chemical reaction models have been proposed in the direct simulation Monte Carlo simulation. The quantum-kinetics (Q-K) model has been applied in the case of diatomic molecules. Given that the Martian atmosphere consists primarily of CO 2 , it is crucial to find ways of implementing the Q-K model for polyatomic molecules. Although the chemical reaction rates involving CO 2 have been investigated using the Q-K model, the problem of achieving detailed balance remains. Multiple vibrational modes exist for polyatomic molecules. Under the Q-K distribution, the average vibrational level of each mode is higher than that under the equilibrium distribution, and the total energy may be insufficient. Hence, its applicability to polyatomic molecules needs to be revealed. In this study, a comparison is made of the respective results obtained using the Larsen–Borgnakke (L–B) and Q-K distribution methods for the energy distribution of the reaction C O 2 + O ⇋ CO + O 2 , and the detailed balance is achieved with the Q-K method but not the L–B method. Under the conditions assumed in this study, the vibrational energy distribution of CO consumed by the reverse reaction is not in good agreement with that generated by the forward reaction, leading to the failure of the L–B method. Finally, the results indicate that the detailed balance is reached only when the collision temperature, based on the translational and vibrational energy, is employed to adjust the activation energy rather than the translational temperature generally adopted in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera frugiperda is a major agricultural pest, and the dispersal of its larvae by spinning silk is one of the causes of crop damage. At present, there are relatively few reports of pest control that affect larvae spinning silk. In this study, the effect of spinning behavior of the S. frugiperda larvae was investigated through a series of experiments. RESULTS: The 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda were exposed to azadirachtin, and the pathological changes in the silk glands of S. frugiperda and the differences in their metabolites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, histological sectioning, transmission electron microscopy and metabolomics. The results showed that azadirachtin could affect the silk gland of S. frugiperda. After 48 h of treatment with azadirachtin, the silk gland lumen of S. frugiperda appeared vacuolated. KEGG showed that 31 different metabolites were identified, of which 12 were upregulated and 19 were downregulated. These metabolites were enriched in 15 different metabolic pathways, which indicated that the silk gland of S. frugiperda was closely related to the formation of fatty acids and energy metabolism for the silk formation process. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a preliminary report of the effect of azadirachtin on the spinning behavior of the S. frugiperda larvae. Metabolomic results indicated that histidine, glycine and leucine, which are related to serine protein synthesis, were down‐regulated. Azadirachtin can damage the silk glands of S. frugiperda and thus affect spinning behavior. This provides the basis for the control of S. frugiperda by spinning silk. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative detection method for curved metal defects based on flexible array electromagnetic sensor and four-axis platform is proposed in this paper. Under the control of a four-axis platform, the flexible array eddy current sensor can fully fit the complex curved surface, where the R-axis (rotation axis) controls the surface attitude, and the X/Y/Z axis controls the sensor movement position. Firstly, according to the rotation matrix, we derive the correlation between the rotation angle of R-axis and the inclination angle of the measured segment. Then, the detection path calculation and planning method of the complex surface is established. So, 3D defect detection images can be reconstructed according to the location information and sensor signals. Finally, we realize the quantitative detection of defects on complex curved metal based on the maximum interclass variance method. Experimental results show that this method can reconstruct the three-dimensional detection image of complex curved metal surfaces, and the quantitative detection of complex surface defects can be realized based on the image, and the quantitative error is less than 6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of iron in coal gangue minerals is an important factor in determining the potential for value-added utilization of this solid waste; this is especially true for the coal gangue coming from the Pingshuo open-pit mine in China. The objective of the present study was to characterize the petrological, mineralogical, and chemical states of Fe in the coal gangue from the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation. Methods used included polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-ray fluorescence, micro-Fourier-transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The coal gangues are mudstones, silty mudstones, and pelitic siltstones, which are composed primarily of kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, pyrite, illite, and magnesite. In coal gangue, the Fe was found to occur in ferruginous minerals, in crystal-lattice substitutions, or in a colloidal state. The ferruginous minerals in the coal gangue are pyrite and marcasite, and the pyrite morphologies are framboidal, euhedral octahedral crystals, subhedral granular crystals, and irregular crystals. The results of SEM–EDS and micro-FTIR confirmed that the lattice substitution of Fe in the coal gangue minerals occurred mainly in kaolinite, resulting in two types of kaolinite: iron-containing and iron-free kaolinite. The former may be transformed from volcanic biotite and the latter from volcanic feldspar. The Mössbauer spectra of kaolinite showed intense doublets with isomer shift and quadrupole splitting values consistent with tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+ and ocahedrally coordinated Fe2+, suggesting the presence of two types of substitution sites: (1) Fe2+ replacing Al3+ in the octahedral sheet; and (2) Fe3+ replacing Si4+ in the tetrahedral sheet. This study has important theoretical significance for the high-value utilization of coal gangue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation plays a critical role in many biological processes. However, the identification of key regulatory kinases is still a great challenge. Here, we develop a trans-omics-based method, central kinase inference, to predict potentially key kinases by integrating quantitative transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic data. Using known kinases associated with anti-cancer drug resistance, the accuracy of our method denoted by the area under the curve is 5.2% to 29.5% higher than Kinase-Substrate Enrichment Analysis. We further use this method to analyze trans-omic data in hepatocyte maturation and hepatic reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts, uncovering 5 kinases as regulators in the two processes. Further experiments reveal that a serine/threonine kinase, PIM1, promotes hepatic conversion and protects human dermal fibroblasts from reprogramming-induced ferroptosis and cell cycle arrest. This study not only reveals new regulatory kinases, but also provides a helpful method that might be extended to predict central kinases involved in other biological processes. Protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation plays a critical role in many biological processes. Here the authors develop a trans-omics-based algorithm called Central Kinase Inference to integrate quantitative transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic data, finding that PIM1 promotes hepatic conversion by suppressing reprogramming-induced ferroptosis and cell cycle arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active layer dynamics are basic information for understanding permafrost degradation, but there are gaps in our knowledge of the active layer thickness (ALT) variations during the past two decades and their future changes; this is especially true for data with high spatial resolution. Here, based on permafrost monitoring data and ERA5 (the 5th generation reanalysis project from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts)‐Land temperature data, we simulated spatial changes in ALT in the Northern Hemisphere during 2000–2018 at a spatial resolution of 1 km2 using the Stefan model. We also simulated future changes in the active layer based on the CMIP6 temperature data. The results showed that ALTs less than 50 cm were mainly distributed in northeastern Siberia in Russia, Alaska and Greenland. The areas with ALTs greater than 600 cm were mainly in southern Norway, and the Mongolian Plateau. The mean ALT of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere from 2000 to 2018 increased from 127.19 to 145.37 cm at a linear rate of 0.65 cm year−1 (R2 = 0.37, p < 0.05). During 2000–2018, the ALT increased in 71.17% of the total permafrost area, and only 27.23% of the permafrost area showed a decreasing trend. Under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5), the ALT will increase considerably by 2,100. There is a greater increase in ALT in low‐ and mid‐latitude permafrost areas such as the Mongolian Plateau and Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, with the ALT increasing from 50 to 500 cm. Our results present an overall picture of contemporary distribution as well as future changes of ALT in the Northern Hemisphere. Key Points: The areas with great active layer thickness (ALT) were mainly located in southern Norway, the Mongolian Plateau and northeastern ChinaThe annual average ALT showing a significant increase trend with a linear increasing rate of 0.65 cm year−1Under SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5 pathways, average ALT will increase by 35.36, 42.96, 59.18, 88.84 cm, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of molecular techniques to accurately identify protozoan species can correct previous misidentifications based on traditional morphological identification. Colpodea ciliates have many toxicological and cytological applications, but their subtle morphological differences and small body size hinder species delineation. Herein, we used Cox I and β-tubulin genes, alongside fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), to evaluate each method in delineating Colpodea species. For this analysis, Colpoda harbinensis n. sp., C. reniformis, two populations of C. inflata, Colpoda compare grandis, and five populations of Paracolpoda steinii, from the soil in northeastern China, were used. We determined that (1) the Cox I gene was more suitable than the β-tubulin gene as a molecular marker for defining intra- and interspecific level relationships of Colpoda. (2) FISH probes designed for Colpoda sp., C. inflata, Colpoda compare grandis, and Paracolpoda steinii, provided rapid interspecific differentiation of Colpodea species. (3) Colpoda harbinensis n. sp. was established and mainly characterized by its size in vivo (approximately 80 × 60 μ m), a reniform body in outline, one macronucleus, its spherical shape, a sometimes nonexistent micronucleus, 11–15 somatic kineties, and five or six postoral kineties. In conclusion, combining oligonucleotide probes, DNA barcoding, and morphology for the first time, we have greatly improved the delineation of Colpodea and confirmed that Cox I gene was a promising DNA barcoding marker for species of Colpodea, and FISH could provide useful morphological information as complementing traditional techniques such as silver carbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the effect of human motion rehabilitation training is important to help persons develop motion rehabilitation training plans. The current human motion rehabilitation training effect measurement algorithm has the problems of too large gap between the smoothness of the motion speed curve and the reality, high key frame extraction error rate, low measurement accuracy, long measurement time, and low satisfaction. Therefore, this paper proposes a human motion rehabilitation training effect measurement algorithm using improved deep reinforcement learning and Internet of Things (IoT) networks using IoT network technology to collect human motion rehabilitation training videos. The key frames of the human motion rehabilitation video data are extracted according to the interframe distance, and the metalearning method is used to improve the deep reinforcement learning network, and the obtained key frames are input into the improved deep reinforcement learning network to obtain the motion speed curve of human motion rehabilitation training. The smoothness of the motion velocity curve is calculated, and high smoothness indicates a good human motion rehabilitation training effect, while low smoothness indicates a poor human motion rehabilitation training effect, so as to complete the measure of human motion rehabilitation training effect. The results show that the smoothness of the motion speed curve of the proposed algorithm is closer to reality, the average error rate of key frame extraction is 1.45%, the measurement accuracy of rehabilitation training is more than 90%, the measurement time is controlled below 2.1 s, and the maximum user satisfaction is 93.1, which shows that the practical application of the algorithm is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profiling the vertical atmospheric structure for typhoons remains challenging. Here, the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structures were investigated during the passage of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) over Xisha Islands in the South China Sea for the period 28 July to 2 August 2020, mainly based on two-way rawinsonde and dropsonde measurements in combination with surface-based automatic weather station observations, disdrometer measurements, and Himawari-8 geostationary satellite images. The study period was divided to three stages: the formation stage of tropical depression (pre-TD), tropical depression (TD), and tropical storm (TS). The wind speed and local vertical wind shear reached the maximum value at 3 km above mean sea level (AMSL) before the typhoon approached the Xisha islands. Pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (θse) was found to decrease with the altitude below 2 km AMSL; temperature inversions occurred frequently within this altitude range, particularly during the TS stage. This seemed a typical capping inversion that indicated a downward motion above 2 km AMSL. The temperature increased slightly with the development of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) at altitudes of 8–10 km AMSL. This indicated that our observations presumably captured the air mass warmed by the condensation, which was a good signature of an upper air in the tropical cyclone. In addition, wind speed (particularly in the lower stratosphere), specific humidity, and equivalent potential temperature escalated significantly when the tropical depression strengthened into Typhoon Sinlaku (2020), which indicated that the typhoon constantly obtained energy from the sea surface during its passage over the study region. The thermodynamic and dynamic structures of atmosphere advance our understanding of the inner structure of typhoons during the different evolutionary stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β‐Enaminones and β‐enaminoesters are reactive and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. The favorable structure of electron‐withdrawing carbonyl group or ester group and electron‐donating amino groups are respectively linked at both termini of a C=C double bond. In recent years, transition metal catalyzed synthesis of β‐enaminones and β‐enaminoesters have been widely explored and continuously reported. Thus, herein we intended to review the progress in transition metal catalytic routes to these useful synthetic intermediates, with a sequence of condensation of amines with β‐dicarbonyl compounds, aldol‐type addition of ketones to nitriles, N−H olefination of amines and sulfonamides, amination of propargyl alcohols and ynones, multi‐component reactions, and other reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study established virus seed bank and seed batches of the mandarin fish ISKNV and SCRV bivalent inactivated vaccine. [Method] ISKNV-QY0910 strain and SCRV-GM1503 strain were used as the original virus seed. After propagation from F1 to F10 for ten passages, viral pathogenicity to CPB cells, viral titer and virulence against mandarin fish were analyzed. To determine specificity of the viruses, MCP gene for ISKNV and G gene for SCRV were amplified by PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Purity of the virus seed was determined by detecting bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, RANA and NNV. Inactivated vaccine was prepared with ISKNV and SCRV at passages 1,5 and 10 using formaldehyde inactivation. Twenty-one days after immunization with the vaccine, mandarin fish were challenged with ISKNV and SCRV and observed for 14 days. Meanwhile, relative percentage survival (RPS) was calculated to analyze the efficacy based on mortality of each group. For storage life study, three tubes of virus seeds stored at -80 °C were detected for variation viral titer every six months. [Result! CPE morphology and lesion speed in CPB cells were similar among different passage viruses. CPB cells were highly susceptible to different passage viruses, yielding a viral titer of 108.58 -108.875 TCID50/mL for SCRV and 107.38 - 107.625 TCID50/niL for ISKNV. Mortalities were more than 90% when mandarin fish were challenged with ISKNV at a dose of 104 TCID50/mL or SCRV at a dose of 106.5 TCID50/mL. The SCRV G gene with 1 500 bp in length and ISKNV MCP gene with 1 300 bp in length of different passages were sequenced, and they shared high identity with the homology of 100% to the reference sequences. Purity test and PCR detection demonstrated that there were no bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, RANA, and NNV contamination. Vaccines prepared with different passage viruses were safe to mandarin fish and provided high RPS of more than 92% against ISKNV and more than 84% against SCRV. The storage life of the humid virus at -80 °C was more than 36 months. [Conclusion] Biological characteristics of the virus seed bacthes within 10 passages were stable and could be used for preparation and virulence test for mandarin fish ISKNV and SCRV bivalent inactivated vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contact wire of high-speed railway has large mechanical wear due to long-term friction with the pantograph contact strip, which decreases the mechanical and electrical properties of the contact wire. Therefore, regular inspection of the contact wire is of great significance to ensure the normal operation of the high-speed rail line. In this paper, a measurement method based on the capacitive sensor is proposed to detect the wear amount of the contact line and a mathematical model of the relationship between capacitance value and wear amount is established. The theoretical capacitance value, considering the edge effect, is calculated based on the model using the Schwarz-Christoffel transform, and the corresponding simulated value is obtained based on simulation analysis with COMSOL. The simulation results are compared with theoretical results, which show good consistency. Subsequently, a testing platform is built and several test pieces under different wear levels are detected. The experimental results show that the measured value and the simulated value have good consistency, which further verifies the feasibility of wear amount detection of high-speed rail contact wire with a capacitive sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]