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A great deal of research focusing on organizational diversity has explored dynamics that exclude women and minorities from positions of leadership in sport organizations. The relatively little change in diversity in these positions suggests a need to employ ways of engaging in diversity research that do not center on identity categories and primarily focus on practices. Drawing on notions of subtexts and on queer theory, this critical narrative review aims to make visible and to question organizational practices and processes that may contribute to the diversity "problem" within sport organizations. A subtextual analysis of 32 articles published in leading sport management journals reveals how dynamics of organizational culture, such as an uncritical use of the concept of diversity, the invisibility of practices sustaining gender binaries and heteronormativity, and the intersection of heteronormativity and White normativity, contribute to sustaining the status quo in sport organizations. The authors build on these findings to challenge scholars to further explore and address these practices and processes in sport organizations and in their own research by employing queered intersectional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first few months of the pandemic, professional sport around the globe stopped, as competitions and leagues were cancelled, postponed, or went into hiatus while sport administrators scrambled to work out ways to reboot their product in a COVID-19 world. Sport media outlets were faced with the task of reporting on sport and filling the void for fans in the absence of any live content. This article is concerned with the content, both in quantity and quality that fans of women's sport could consume in those first months. In the context of the current "boom" in women's professional sports, we draw on the analysis of two online sport media sites to consider the narratives of female athletes that fans had access to. The findings suggest that during the beginning of the pandemic sport stories about women were largely erased and replaced by those appealing to a very different fan market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is understood about the relationship between glycated haemoglobin and future functional health in the general population. In this work, we aimed to assess if glycaemic control is associated with future physical and mental functional health at 18-month follow-up in a UK general population, in those with and without diabetes. This work was a cross-sectional study. Between 1995 and 1997, participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer, Norfolk, attended a health check including blood testing for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire. Eighteen months later, self-reported physical and mental functional health were assessed using short form-36 (SF-36). Outcomes of interest included physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS, respectively) scores of the SF-36. A total of 7343 participants (56% women, mean (SD) 58.1 ± 9.5 years) were eligible to be included, of whom 167 had prevalent diabetes. In our linear regression analysis, a higher HbA1c (mmol/mol) was found to be associated with a poorer PCS score (coefficient −0.15 (p < 0.0001)) at follow-up. After adjustment for comorbid conditions, including obesity, this association was no longer statistically significant. A higher HbA1c (mmol/mol) was associated with a better MCS score at follow-up; this finding was significant when adjusted for comorbid conditions (coefficient 0.029 (p < 0.05)). Our findings suggest that the association between a higher HbA1c and poorer physical functional health is explained by a higher BMI and comorbidity status in a general population. While higher HbA1c was found to be associated with higher mental functional health at follow-up, the magnitude of this association was small. Healthy responder bias and unmeasured confounding variables may have influenced this result; thus, it should be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glazed ceramic cladding is a material with a very long history of use in the built environment, whether as roof tiles, wall tiles, or more recently, as part of a rainscreen cladding system. A key factor in the resurgence of interest in ceramic as a cladding material—in addition to its inherent qualities of sustainability, malleability, durability, and fire resistance—is as a means of incorporating color into the facade. Although polychromatic facades are commonly achieved using tessellation of a range of single‐colored elements, this article will focus on complex layered and variegated color and texture within a single component. Historical glazes, such as the blue‐red of Chinese Jun ware pottery from the 12th century CE were produced through carefully controlled reduction kiln processes, yet retained an element of uncertainty in the resultant patterns and remain an inspiration for contemporary ceramic artists. Drawing on historical research, literature review and interviews with ceramic artists and industrial manufacturers, six case studies from the United Kingdom and China are discussed that show collaborative processes at different scales of operation. These combine unique artisan and artistic glazes, with standardized, rigorously tested, and internationally manufactured products. These "fusion glazes" refer to historic hand‐made practices to bring an element of unpredictability, and a layer of complexity in terms of color, texture and luster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are systemic and longstanding inequalities in sport participation for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants. Drawing on theoretical foundations of critical pedagogy and social justice education, as well as a public sociology perspective, this paper examines the development of an action research (AR) project to support the co-creation of inclusive climates in sports clubs in CALD communities in Melbourne, Australia. We use artefacts from collaborative sessions, interviews, and surveys to analyse the AR's impact on participating community sport leaders' awareness and practice. The findings indicate how the collaborative process of assessing clubs' diversity and inclusion climates affected participants' awareness of inequities and exclusionary practices, and how the co-creation of strategies for change brought together diverse perspectives. We reflect on the implications and limitations of the AR for research practice aimed at promoting equitable social inclusion for CALD migrants in community sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research suggests that economic crises tend to exacerbate existing gender inequalities, particularly in the realms of paid work and political representation. Translating this to the case of sport, how and why might the impacts of the Coronavirus pandemic be felt unevenly by professional female athletes and women leaders? In this essay, the authors reflect on the classic feminist critique of the gendered construction of dependence and consider how its application in the context of sport might aid scholars in making sense of (a) the persistence of gendered precarity and inequality in sport, (b) the prospect of their exacerbation under conditions of a pandemic, and (c) how the current crisis might enable sport to move toward a model of interdependence in which its vastly unequal structures are changed for the better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elite and semielite athletes commonly experience mental health concerns and disorders. Compared with men athletes, women athletes are at greater risk of a range of psychological stressors that contribute to health concerns and mental health disorders, which can impact their career satisfaction and longevity. In order to address and improve the mental health of women athletes, it is necessary to simultaneously tackle the gender specific psychosocial stressors that contribute to mental health outcomes. This narrative review examines the gender-specific stressors that affect mental health and well-being in women athletes, some of which are modifiable. Psychosocial stressors identified include exposure to violence, be it psychological, physical or sexual in nature, which can result in a myriad of acute and long-lasting symptoms; and inequities as reflected in pay disparities, under-representation in the media, fewer opportunities in leadership positions and implications associated with family planning and motherhood. Strategies to promote mental health in women athletes should be considered, and where possible, should proactively address gender-specific stressors likely to influence mental health in order to maximise positive outcomes in women athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombian girls are not encouraged from playing sport due to gendered roles that idealize girls as "delicate" and reserve sport as an activity for boys. Since the early and mid-2000s girls living in two marginalized communities in Colombia have had the unique opportunity to participate in a sport for development and peace organization. Drawing on six months of ethnographic research, this paper explores how these young women are negotiating gender through their complex and limited participation in the organization. We argue these young women display an ambivalent position towards femininity and practice implicit feminism, which challenges gender norms. However, despite their feelings of agency and a creation of a "new" normal within their social bubble, evidence reveals traditional social structures continue to maintain the gender status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CrossFit is a relatively new fitness movement/sport, where women and men train together in the same space, performing the same athletic movements and gender equality is celebrated in CrossFit marketing, promoting equal opportunities for men and women. This paper explores how the much emphasized gender-equality narrative in CrossFit unfolds in gender performativity in a Dutch CrossFit gym. To this end, we draw from an ethnographic case study through which we examine the gendered narratives and bodily gestures of CrossFitters. Using Butler's heterosexual matrix, we found that gender ideologies emerge in explicit and implicit narratives, materials and organizational structure, and embodied performances in the CrossFit gym. CrossFitters, on the one hand, explicitly challenge gender norms and create a space where women can undertake behaviour that is traditionally considered masculine. However, traditional gender norms, including heterosexual desire, are nonetheless implicitly reproduced through performances, narratives and organizational structures present in CrossFit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild swimming is currently experiencing a surge in popularity as people avowedly attempt to reconnect with the natural world. Previous research has positioned wild swimming as a solitary pursuit whereby individuals retreat from society to connect with or overcome nature and better themselves. This article draws on an ethnographic examination of a wild swimming group in Australia and reveals that while being in nature and personal fulfillment are key motivations for these wild swimmers, it is the social interactions that facilitate a deep engagement with their local "bluespace." We argue that rather than swimming away from the world, by "wayfaring" together these swimmers become connected to their environment, and each other, simultaneously. Such findings indicate potential social, health, and environmental benefits of collective wild swimming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour design in mental healthcare environments is acutely significant. Sensory acuity may be impaired through age, illness, or heightened stress and anxiety. While research has played a role in the development of guidance on the use of colour in such environments, this article suggests that this tends to be followed in a dogmatic, risk‐averse manner and predominately without professional design input, leading to monotonous and under‐stimulating environments. The article reports on two case study projects by the authors, involving user participation and student volunteers. These colour design installations provide examples of practice‐led applied research within occupied healthcare facilities. The article discusses the significance of site‐specific colour design in relation to place‐making and wayfinding with reference to previous research that considers the role of colour as part of the everyday experience of all users, in contrast to an approach focused solely on the behavior of patients. It concludes that colour design knowledge developed and applied through "real world" live projects, involving students as part of their architectural education can address some of the shortcomings of laboratory or staged colour research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, a body of scholarship has highlighted the possibilities of critical pedagogies in Health and Physical Education Teacher Education (HPETE) (Fitzpatrick, 2018. What happened to critical pedagogy in physical education? An analysis of key critical work in the field. European Physical Education Review, 1–18; O'Sullivan, 2018. PETE academics as public intellectuals and activists in a global teacher education context. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(5), 536–543; Walton-Fisette & Sutherland, 2018. Moving forward with social justice education in physical education teacher education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(5), 461–468). Although we have a body of research on social justice and critical pedagogy in HPETE, there is much to learn about the challenges activist teacher educators face in the process of being and becoming activists, especially in neoliberal contexts. This collaborative self-study explores the challenges of being and becoming an activist teacher educator in a neoliberal Australian context and how those challenges were negotiated. Participants included the lead researcher and a critical friend. Data collected included: (a) lead researcher observations collected as field notes; (b) lead researcher reflective diaries after each teaching episode; (c) meetings between the lead researcher and the critical friend; (d) material produced in the lead researcher's classes. Data analysis involved induction and constant comparison. The lead author faced internal and external challenges. First, the lead author had to negotiate her struggles to share power with students. The teacher educator started to be seen as a 'very cool person', teaching 'an easy unit'. Second, the teacher educator struggled to understand the complexities of teaching in a neoliberal context. The teacher educator [with the help of the critical friend] negotiated those challenges by understanding the importance to set expectations for learning within an activist approach and understanding the power of activist approaches to challenge a neoliberal system. Future studies should continue to explore the challenges activist teacher educators face in a context where students are socialized in neoliberal context, and educator's performance is measured in the same system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three years (2015-2017), various media articles have pointed to an apparent "boom time" for women's sport in Australia. Evidence for this boom is drawn from examples such as the introduction of the Women's Australian Rules Football League, the television success of the Women's Big Bash League (cricket), and the rise in interest in soccer due to the international achievement of the Matildas. Such media reports reflect and reinforce a narrative of progress that assumes that gender equality is becoming closer with every decade. This paper employs a critical historical method inspired by the work of Joan W. Scott to analyse articles that have declared or commented on a contemporary boom in women's sport in Australia. The 120 contemporary articles are analysed alongside 400 historical articles that present similar arguments and themes. In identifying similarities between the historical and contemporary articles, this paper raises questions about the reality of the so-called moment of progress we are currently experiencing, and discusses the possible consequences for feminism and social change in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution data for the partition of nitric acid between nitric acid solution and a solvent phase comprising various combinations of TODGA, octanol, and inert kerosene diluent have been generated, covering a range of conditions from 0 to 9 mol/L HNO3(aq), 0–100% octanol, 0–0.4 mol/L TODGA over a temperature range from 10°C to 50°C. The data have been used to derive a model describing the nitric acid equilibrium between the phases suitable for incorporation in process models of the innovative SANEX process, for example. For the nitric acid/octanol/diluent system, it was found that an accurate prediction of nitric acid distribution could be achieved using a model allowing 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 nitric acid/octanol adducts. For the nitric acid/TODGA/diluent system, the best models were found to be those allowing 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 2:2 nitric acid/TODGA adducts. Superimposing the models for nitric acid distribution into the individual extractants and comparing with experimental results for the nitric acid/octanol/TODGA system showed systematic differences indicative of antagonistic and synergistic effects applying in the ranges 0.5–1.5 mol/L HNO3 and >1.5 mol/L HNO3, respectively. These effects were modelled by the inclusion of 0:1:2, 1:1:1, 2:1:3, and 3:1:2 nitric acid/TODGA/octanol adducts. The effect of temperature on nitric acid extraction was well described by an Arrhenius type expression with an activation energy of −25.7 kJ/mol. No diluent dependence was found for nitric acid extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi‐subunit eEF1 complex plays a crucial role in de novo protein synthesis. The central functional component of the complex is eEF1A, which occurs as two independently encoded variants with reciprocal expression patterns: whilst eEF1A1 is widely expressed, eEF1A2 is found only in neurons and muscle. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding eEF1A2, EEF1A2, have recently been shown to cause epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. The remaining subunits of the eEF1 complex, eEF1Bα, eEF1Bδ, eEF1Bγ, and valyl‐tRNA synthetase (VARS), together form the GTP exchange factor for eEF1A and are ubiquitously expressed, in keeping with their housekeeping role. However, mutations in the genes encoding these subunits EEF1B2 (eEF1Bα), EEF1D (eEF1Bδ), and VARS (valyl‐tRNA synthetase) have also now been identified as causes of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we describe the mutations identified so far in comparison with the degree of normal variation in each gene, and the predicted consequences of the mutations on the functions of the proteins and their isoforms. We discuss the likely effects of the mutations in the context of the role of protein synthesis in neuronal development. The multi‐subunit eEF1 complex plays a crucial role in de novo protein synthesis. Mutations in subunits of the complex (eEF1A2, eEF1Bα, eEF1Bδ and valyl‐tRNA synthetase) have been identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review we describe the mutations, their predicted functional consequences, and discuss possible reasons for the particular sensitivity of neurons to perturbations in protein homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many effects of statins on non-cardiovascular disease (non-CVD) outcomes have been reported.Purpose: To evaluate the quantity, validity, and credibility of evidence regarding associations between statins and non-CVD outcomes and the effects of statins on these outcomes.Data Sources: MEDLINE and EMBASE (English terms only, inception to 28 May 2018).Study Selection: Meta-analyses (published in English) of observational studies and of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined non-CVD outcomes of statin intake.Data Extraction: Two investigators extracted data from meta-analyses and individual studies. Credibility assessments based on summary effect sizes from a random-effects model, between-study heterogeneity, 95% prediction interval, small-study effect, excess significance, and credibility ceilings were devised to classify evidence.Data Synthesis: This review explored 278 unique non-CVD outcomes from 112 meta-analyses of observational studies and 144 meta-analyses of RCTs. For observational studies, no convincing (class I) evidence, 2 highly suggestive (class II) associations (decreased cancer mortality in patients with cancer and decreased exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), 21 suggestive (class III) associations, and 42 weak (class IV) associations were identified. One outcome from the RCTs (decreased all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease) attained a sufficient amount of evidence with no hints of bias. For adverse events, observational studies showed suggestive evidence that statins increase the risk for diabetes and myopathy. Among the RCTs, no statistically significant effects were found on myopathy, myalgia, or rhabdomyolysis.Limitations: Studies with relevant data and outcomes not included in the meta-analyses may have been missed. Credibility assessments relied on several assumptions and arbitrary thresholds.Conclusion: The absence of convincing evidence of an association between statins and non-CVD outcomes supports leaving the current recommendations unchanged.Primary Funding Source: None. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How effectively is 'inclusive design' taught in schools of architecture? What different forms, both implicit and explicit, do approaches to the subject take? What key approaches do we need to teach architecture students so they are equipped to deliver inclusive-for-all environments? We engage with these questions by focusing on 'inclusive design' pedagogy, providing a critical overview of learning requirements, and teaching strategies. Drawing on our own experience in a Scottish school of architecture, we discuss three case studies that featured innovative approaches to the subject. In the first, students and older adults co-designed proposals for 'age-friendly' environments, the second considers social responsibility and inclusion, through a 5-year engagement with a community and the third consisted of a regulatory drawing exercise. We demonstrate that inclusive design in architectural education traditionally begins and ends with regulatory compliance, minimum standard provision and physical access. We detail alternative approaches and the benefits these can bring; for example, approaches that treat regidatory frameworks as opportunities for innovation, and approaches that focus on supportive (physically, emotionally, psychologically), rather than simply barrier-free, environments. Lastly, accepting that engaging end-users in design decisions might be one mechanism for ensuring inclusive-for-all environments, we argue that students need opportunities to build and practise community participation and engagement skills. We describe how we successfully built such opportunities into undergraduate and postgraduate architecture and landscape architecture courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014 I attended a symposium concerning Early Career Academics (ECAs) in the field of physical education and sport pedagogy. I was struck by the dominance of a particular theme at that symposium—that is, how to obtain a position and survive in academia. The aim of this paper is to use an inciting moment that occurred at this symposium as a means to confront some of the broader issues that I thought were at stake. Specifically I seek to interrogate the possible consequences of thinking about ECAs and academia in neoliberal terms, for the future of the field—a field that has a strong critical tradition. To this end I utilise autoethnographic techniques to connect the personal to the cultural and attempt to describe and analyse my story of becoming and being a critical scholar of sport, in a neoliberal context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Netball is commonly cited as being the national game for females in Australia. Yet the game’s popularity is not reflected in the field of sport history in the breadth or depth of analysis compared to other sports. There are only two major published academic articles pertaining to the origins and development of netball in Australia. In this paper, these articles are critically analyzed. The analysis reveals gaps, limitations, and inconsistencies in the history of netball in Australia. Despite what is said to be known about the history and historical significance of netball in Australia, many important questions remain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The tridentate diglycolamide ligandN,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) shows many interesting properties and is a very good extractant for the minor actinides (MAs) and lanthanides but, due to its low loading capacity, requires a phase modifier when used in a solvent extraction process. Consequently, applications of TODGA in conjunction with tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) in novel DIAMEX and SANEX processes for recovering MAs have been reported. However, TODGA and TBP also extract nitric acid and this has a significant influence on process performance. Here new distribution data for the extraction of nitric acid into solvent phases containing TODGA and TBP have been collected and modeled using an equilibrium-based approach accounting for nitric acid activities in the aqueous phase. Models for the extraction of nitric acid using the individual extractants were obtained using a variety of complexes and these were then combined to give the extraction of the mixed TODGA and TBP solvent. Using this approach, the nitric acid extraction of the mixed TODGA/TBP system can be reliably reproduced indicating that no significant synergistic or antagonistic complexes are formed in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sexism is an ongoing problem within the Olympic Games, and in broader society. Historians are well placed to analyze social change over time and have a role to play in transforming gendered meanings that contribute to cultural sexism. However, to have real political effects, historians need to pay greater attention to the contradictory, discontinuous, and complex aspects of gender history, and contextualize women’s experiences within the whole field of gender relations. In this paper, a critical historical approach inspired by Michel Foucault and Joan W. Scott is proposed as a means to achieve this goal. The case of road cycling is used as an example to illustrate how Olympic historians might approach a topic from this critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with physical form, spatial articulation, and the expression of materiality, colour is an essential medium though which buildings are experienced, and its application can mediate the perception of other elements. A number of well-developed colour theories exist, yet their traction in the practice of architectural design appears minimal. This paper considers colour theory in the context of architectural practice, specifically though examples elicited from interviews with a number of practitioners. It reviews particular colour theories and suggests that for such thinking to become more widely integrated into practice, a transactional approach is needed, with both aspects drawing on, and informing, the other. Research that seeks to enhance the understanding of the strategic use of colour within architectural design practice could identify diverse, individual, and empirically based approaches, which may inform the development of post-positivist theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author creates an example of a fragmented swimming history to demonstrate the practice of queer engagement. The author argues that history can be simultaneously deconstructive and creative. The author briefly discusses the concept of deconstruction and the work of the late philosopher Jacques Derrida. The author also discusses the theory and process of queer engagement in history and argues that queer engagement is a method by which historians can move beyond deconstruction. The article discusses scholarship on the history of swimming.

The Grouped Actinide Extraction (GANEX) process is being developed for actinide recycling within future nuclear fuel cycles. Interactions between potential solvents and macro-concentrations of plutonium are one of the most important issues in defining the GANEX process. Surprisingly, plutonium loading of diglycolamide (DGA) based solvents such as tetra-octyl DGA (TODGA) causes precipitation rather than a conventional third phase, in direct contrast to results with U(VI), Th(IV) or lanthanide ions. Various DGA based solvent systems have been screened for their plutonium loading capacity and 0.2 M TODGA with 0.5 M DMDOHEMA in a kerosene diluent is selected as the optimum solvent formulation of those tested. Plutonium can be relatively easily stripped from this solvent using aqueous acetohydroxamic acid but this is very acid dependent in the low acidity region. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper draws on a recent research project 'Design at the Heart of Housebuilding', commissioned by the Scottish Government and undertaken in 2006-7; subsequently published in early 2008. This research focused on the conceptions and practice of design within private sector house developers in Scotland, which is used here as a basis for speculatively exploring opposing values between private sector housing developers and architects in housing design. Drawing initially on reviews of this relationship in the initial mass private sector housing provision in the inter-war period in the UK the paper then compares this with the more recent position as evidenced in the research, two generations later. It identifies and analyses the basis for a perpetuated mutual wariness as a way to understand the potential for change in current trends, and ends by highlighting some examples of alternative collaborations, where the skills and values of architects are more fully articulated with those of developers and manufacturers in innovative housing provision, including forms of mass customisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the biographical sporting narratives produced about a selection of New Zealand's most successful women swimmers are interrogated and analyzed. It is argued that biographical narratives, ironically, pay insufficient attention to the complexity and fluidity of 'character'. As such, it is suggested that the interrogation of fictional characters is a useful way of exploring the cultural conditions of possibility which shape the (re)production of sporting heroines. To this end, the narrative of a fictional swimmer, Alex, is compared and contrasted to the biographical sports narratives of New Zealand women swimmers, and the untapped political possibilities of a fictional sports heroine are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the architectural trend started by the Arts and Crafts movement in the middle of the 19th century where the buildings design openly react to context through additive compositions that are irregular and cumulative facades. Examples of recent buildings that comply with this style are David Chipperfield's social housing plan in Madrid, Spain, and Eric Parry's design for Scottish Windows in London, England.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience in taking part in the construction of the Southfield Project in England.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the history of women's rugby union in New Zealand, women's football rules in Australia in the late 1800s, and England women's hockey team 1914 tour of Australia and New Zealand.

De novo heterozygous missense mutations in the gene encoding translation elongation factor eEF1A2 have recently been found to give rise to neurodevelopmental disorders. Children with mutations in this gene have developmental delay, epilepsy, intellectual disability and often autism; the most frequently occurring mutation is G70S. It has been known for many years that complete loss of eEF1A2 in mice causes motor neuron degeneration and early death; on the other hand heterozygous null mice are apparently normal. We have used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the mouse to mutate the gene encoding eEF1A2, obtaining a high frequency of biallelic mutations. Whilst many of the resulting founder (F0) mice developed motor neuron degeneration, others displayed phenotypes consistent with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, including sudden unexplained deaths and audiogenic seizures. The presence of G70S protein was not sufficient to protect mice from neurodegeneration in G70S/− mice, showing that the mutant protein is essentially non-functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no life in Afghanistan. Everyone has died. Even in 100 years I could not regain the life I had before. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]