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An organelle-selective vision provides insights into the physiological response of plants and crops to environmental stresses in sustainable agriculture ecosystems. Biological applications often require two-photon excited fluorophores with low phototoxicity, high brightness, deep penetration, and tuneable cell entry. We obtained three aniline-based squaraines (SQs) tuned from hydrophobic to hydrophilic characteristics by modifying terminal pendant groups and substituents, and investigated their steady-state absorption and far-red-emitting fluorescence properties. The SQs exhibited two-photon absorption (2PA) ranging from 750 to 870 nm within the first biological spectral window; their structure–property relationships, corresponding to the 2PA cross sections (δ2PA), and structure differences were demonstrated. The maximum δ2PA value was ∼1220 GM at 800 nm for hydrophilic SQ3. Distinct biological staining efficiency and selective SQ bioimaging were evaluated utilizing the onion epidermal cell model. Contrary to the hydrophobic SQ1 results in the onion epidermal cell wall, amphiphilic SQ2 tagged the vacuole and nucleus and SQ3 tagged the vacuole. Distinguishable staining profiles in the roots and leaves were achieved. We believe that this study is the first to demonstrate distinct visualisation efficiency induced by the structure differences of two-photon excited SQs. Our results can help establish the versatile roles of novel near-infrared-emitting SQs in biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Endosperm is the main storage organ in cereal grain and determines grain yield and quality. The molecular mechanisms of heat shock proteins in regulating starch biosynthesis and endosperm development remain obscure.Here, we report a rice floury endosperm mutant flo24 that develops abnormal starch grains in the central starchy endosperm cells. Map‐based cloning and complementation test showed that FLO24 encodes a heat shock protein HSP101, which is localized in plastids. The mutated protein FLO24T296I dramatically lost its ability to hydrolyze ATP and to rescue the thermotolerance defects of the yeast hsp104 mutant.The flo24 mutant develops more severe floury endosperm when grown under high‐temperature conditions than normal conditions. And the FLO24 protein was dramatically induced at high temperature. FLO24 physically interacts with several key enzymes required for starch biosynthesis, including AGPL1, AGPL3 and PHO1. Combined biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that FLO24 acts cooperatively with HSP70cp‐2 to regulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development in rice.Our results reveal that FLO24 acts as an important regulator of endosperm development, which might function in maintaining the activities of enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although both protein arginine methylation (PRMT) and jasmonate (JA) signaling are crucial for regulating plant development, the relationship between these processes in the control of spikelet development remains unclear. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate two OsPRMT6a loss-of-function mutants that exhibit various abnormal spikelet structures. Interestingly, we found that OsPRMT6a can methylate arginine residues in JA signal repressors OsJAZ1 and OsJAZ7. We showed that arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 enhances the binding affinity of OsJAZ1 with the JA receptors OsCOI1a and OsCOI1b in the presence of JAs, thereby promoting the ubiquitination of OsJAZ1 by the SCFOsCOI1a/OsCOI1b complex and degradation via the 26S proteasome. This process ultimately releases OsMYC2, a core transcriptional regulator in the JA signaling pathway, to activate or repress JA-responsive genes, thereby maintaining normal plant (spikelet) development. However, in the osprmt6a-1 mutant, reduced arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 impaires the interaction between OsJAZ1 and OsCOI1a/OsCOI1b in the presence of JAs. As a result, OsJAZ1 proteins become more stable, repressing JA responses, thus causing the formation of abnormal spikelet structures. Moreover, we discovered that JA signaling reduces the OsPRMT6a mRNA level in an OsMYC2-dependent manner, thereby establishing a negative feedback loop to balance JA signaling. We further found that OsPRMT6a-mediated arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 likely serves as a switch to tune JA signaling to maintain normal spikelet development under harsh environmental conditions such as high temperatures. Collectively, our study establishes a direct molecular link between arginine methylation and JA signaling in rice. This study shows that arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 by OsPRMT6a enhances its binding affinity with OsCOI1a/OsCOI1b, thus promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of OsJAZ1 and, ultimately, jasmonate (JA) responses. In the osprmt6a-1 mutant, the absence of OsJAZ1 arginine methylation results in stabilization of OsJAZ1 proteins, thus repressing JA responses and ultimately leading to abnormal spikelet structures. In addition, JA signaling reduces the OsPRMT6a mRNA level, establishing a negative feedback loop to balance JA signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorogenic dyes with high brightness, large turn‐on ratios, excellent photostability, favorable specificity, low cytotoxicity, and high membrane permeability are essential for high‐resolution fluorescence imaging in live cells. In this study, we endowed these desirable properties to a rhodamine derivative by simply replacing the N, N‐diethyl group with a pyrrole substituent. The resulting dye, Rh‐NH, exhibited doubled Stokes shifts (54 nm) and a red‐shift of more than 50 nm in fluorescence spectra compared to Rhodamine B. Rh‐NH preferentially exists in a non‐emissive but highly permeable spirolactone form. Upon binding to lysosomes, the collective effects of low pH, low polarity, and high viscosity endow Rh‐NH with significant fluorescence turn‐on, making it a suitable candidate for wash‐free, high‐contrast lysosome tracking. Consequently, Rh‐NH enabled us to successfully explore stimulated emission depletion (STED) super‐resolution imaging of lysosome dynamics, as well as fluorescence lifetime imaging of lysosomes in live cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bright and colorful fluorescent polymers are ideal materials for a variety of applications. Although polymers could be made fluorescent by physical doping or chemical binding of fluorescent units, it is a great challenge to get colorful and highly emissive polymers with a single fluorophore. Here the development of a general and facile method to synthesize ultrabright and colorful polymers using a single twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) probe is reported. By incorporating polymerizable, highly fluorescent, and environmental sensitive TICT probe, a series of colorful acrylic polymers (emission from 481 to 543 nm) with almost 100% fluorescence quantum yields are prepared. Like the solvatochromic effect, functional groups within side chains of acrylic polymers (including alkyl chain, tetrahydrofurfuryl group, and hydroxyl group) provide varied environmental polarity for the incorporated fluorophore, resulting in a series of colorful polymeric materials. Benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties, the polymers show great potential in encryption, cultural relics protection, white light‐emitting diode bulb making, and fingerprint identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cone holography is a codimension-n doubly holographic model, which can be interpreted as the holographic dual of edge modes on defects. The initial model of cone holography is based on mixed boundary conditions. This paper formulates cone holography with Neumann boundary conditions, where the brane-localized gauge fields play an essential role. Firstly, we illustrate the main ideas in an AdS4/CFT1 toy model. We show that the U(1) gauge field on the end-of-the-world brane can make the typical solution consistent with Neumann boundary conditions. Then, we generalize the discussions to general codimension-n cone holography by employing brane-localized p-form gauge fields. We also investigate perturbative solutions and prove the mass spectrum of Kaluza-Klein gravitons is non-negative. Furthermore, we prove that cone holography obeys holographic c-theorem. Finally, inspired by the recently proposed chiral model in AdS/BCFT, we construct another type of cone holography with Neumann boundary conditions by applying massive vector (Proca) fields on the end-of-the-world brane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of sensitive fluorescent chromophores with integrated aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) properties are attractive due to the tunable emission properties and increased intensity. However, this type of chromophore has yet to be exemplified mechanistically. In this study, a strategy is presented for manipulating the formation of TICT and the AIE effect through molecular engineering. The feasibility of TICT properties is validated by theoretical calculations and ultrafast spectroscopies. By precisely adjusting the hydrophobicity of the donor group, the fluorescence is significantly enhanced through the addition of poor solvent. These findings not only provide mechanistic elucidation for chromophores exhibiting integrated TICT and AIE properties in various environmental conditions but also underscore the critical factors for the systematic design of chromophores with high tunability and strong emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalimide derivatives composed of donor–acceptor type structures hold significant promise across a wide range of applications. Here, the solvent polarity and viscosity controlled excited-state dynamics of a naphthalimide derivative with a donor–acceptor structure were studied using multiple spectroscopic techniques. From the stationary spectroscopic investigations, large Stokes shift and low fluorescence quantum yield were observed with increasing the solvent polarity, suggesting a more polar excited state relative to the ground state, which is evidenced by the Lippert–Mataga relationship. We also observe an enhanced fluorescence with a prolonged lifetime in a more viscous solution due to the restriction of excited-state molecular rearrangement. These observations result from the emerged twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. The ultrafast spectroscopy studies further unravel a solvent polarity dependent excited state evolution from the intramolecular charge transfer state to the TICT state, revealing that the TICT state can be populated only in strong polar solvents. Control experiments by tuning the solvent viscosity in ultrafast experiments were employed to verify the excited state molecular rearrangement subsequently. These observations collectively emphasize how fine-tuning the photophysical properties of naphthalimide derivatives can be achieved through strategic manipulation of solvent polarity and viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entanglement islands play an essential role in the recent breakthrough in addressing the black hole information paradox. Inspired by double holography, it is conjectured that the entanglement islands can exist only in massive gravity. There are many pieces of evidence but also debates for this conjecture. This paper recovers the massless entanglement island in wedge holography with negative DGP gravity on the brane. However, the spectrum of negative DGP gravity includes a massive ghost, implying the model is unstable. Our work supports the view that there is no entanglement island in a well-defined braneworld model of massless gravity if one divides the radiation and black hole regions by minimizing entanglement entropy. However, such a partition results in a zero radiation region containing no information. Whether there are other physical non-trivial partitions of the radiation region is an open question and deserves further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are vulnerable to many abiotic stresses, resulting in reduced plant productivity. Its adaptation to unfavorable environments relies on transmitting external stress signals into internal signaling pathways. A series of stress response mechanisms have been developed. Among them, brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are widely involved in plant growth, development, and stress response. Via genetics, proteomics, and genomics studies, the major components of signaling and signaling pathways through a series of phosphorylation cascade reactions have been identified in model plants such as Arabidopsis. Numerous studies have shown that BRs play important roles in plant responses to drought, temperature, salt, heavy metals, and other environmental stresses. The application of BRs to improve plant stress resistance has become the focus of research in recent years, especially the regulation of stress via endogenous BRs. Therefore, this paper systematically summarizes the research progress related to endogenous BR levels and provides an overview of BR biosynthesis and the signaling pathway, as well as the function of endogenous BRs in the response to abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Page curves on the branes with higher codimensions and charges. We study two kinds of doubly holographic modes, the AdS/dCFT and cone holography. In AdS/dCFT, the gravitations on the brane are massive, and the black hole on the codim-m brane is coupled with the non-gravitational bath on the AdS boundary. Following the standard approach, we derive the Page curve for eternal black holes. On the other hand, cone holography includes massless graviton on the brane, and the bath becomes gravitating. By adding suitable DGP gravity on the end-of-the-world brane, we recover non-trivial entanglement islands and Page curves, which strongly support that the island is consistent with massless gravity. Finally, we analyze the effects of charges and find that, as the charges increase, the Page time increases, and the parameter space for non-trivial Page curves widens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins function in post‐transcriptional regulation of organellar gene expression. Although several PPR proteins are known to function in chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa), the detailed molecular functions of many PPR proteins remain unclear. Here, we characterized a rice young leaf white stripe (ylws) mutant, which has defective chloroplast development during early seedling growth. Map‐based cloning revealed that YLWS encodes a novel P‐type chloroplast‐targeted PPR protein with 11 PPR motifs. Further expression analyses showed that many nuclear‐ and plastid‐encoded genes in the ylws mutant were significantly changed at the RNA and protein levels. The ylws mutant was impaired in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and chloroplast development under low‐temperature conditions. The ylws mutation causes defects in the splicing of atpF, ndhA, rpl2, and rps12, and editing of ndhA, ndhB, and rps14 transcripts. YLWS directly binds to specific sites in the atpF, ndhA, and rpl2 pre‐mRNAs. Our results suggest that YLWS participates in chloroplast RNA group II intron splicing and plays an important role in chloroplast development during early leaf development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is controversial whether entanglement islands can exist in massless gravity theories. Recently, it is found that the massless entanglement island appears in wedge holography with DGP gravity on the branes. In this paper, we generalize the discussions to the codim-n holography named cone holography. For simplicity, we focus on the case with a codim-2 E brane and a codim-1 Q brane. We discuss the effective action, mass spectrum and holographic entanglement entropy for cone holography with DGP terms. We verify that there is massless gravity on the branes, and recover non-trivial entanglement islands and Page curves. Besides, we work out the parameter space which allows entanglement islands and Page curves. Compared with wedge holography, there are several new features. First, one can not add DGP gravity on the codim-2 E brane. That is because the energy density has to be a constant on codim-2 branes for Einstein gravity in bulk. Second, the Hartman- Maldacena surface ends only on the codim-1 Q brane. Third, the Hartman-Maldacena surface can be defined only in a finite time. We notice that this unusual situation also appears in AdS/dCFT and even in AdS/CFT. Fortunately, it does not affect the Page curve since it happens after Page time. Our results provide more support that the entanglement island is consistent with massless gravity theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the changes of programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and evaluate their association with organ failure and mortality during early sepsis. METHODS: In total, 40 healthy controls and 198 patients with sepsis were included in this study. Peripheral blood was collected within the first 24 h after the diagnosis of sepsis. The expression of PDL1 and PD-1 was determined on APCs, such as B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), by flow cytometry. Cytokines in plasma, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were determined by Luminex assay. RESULTS: PD-1 expression decreased significantly on B cells, monocytes, myeloid DCs (mDCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) as the severity of sepsis increased. PD-1 expression was also markedly decreased in non-survivors compared with survivors. In contrast, PD-L1 expression was markedly higher on mDCs, pDCs, and monocytes in patients with sepsis than in healthy controls and in non-survivors than in survivors. The PD-L1 expression on APCs (monocytes and DCs) was weakly related to organ dysfunction and inflammation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the PD-1 percentage of monocytes (monocyte PD-1%)+APACHE II model (0.823) and monocyte PD-1%+SOFA model (0.816) had higher prognostic value than other parameters alone. Monocyte PD-1% was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality. CONCLUSION: The severity of sepsis was correlated with PD-L1 or PD-1 over-expression on APCs. PD-L1 in monocytes and DCs was weakly correlated with inflammation and organ dysfunction during early sepsis. The combination of SOFA or APACHE II scores with monocyte PD-1% could improve the prediction ability for mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of topical sialogogue spray containing malic acid 1% for treating xerostomia. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science databases. Literature search, screening, study selection, data collection, data extraction and assessment of bias risk were independently conducted by two reviewers. The study appraisal was performed by Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing bias risk. The systematic review registration number was PROSPERO‐CRD42021241322. All statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager version 5.4. Results: Five original articles involving 244 patients with xerostomia who received topical sialogogue spray (malic acid 1%) or placebo for two weeks were included in this review. Based on the questionnaire survey, the topical sialogogue spray (malic acid 1%) improved the symptoms of dry mouth significantly better than the placebo, which was reflected in the Dry Mouth Questionnaire (DMQ), Xerostomia Inventory (XI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores. Regarding the increase in unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates, the intervention group was also better than the placebo group after a two‐week course of treatment. Conclusions: Although the included studies are limited, our results show that topical sialogogue spray (malic acid 1%) is an effective method for the treatment of xerostomia. Additional randomised controlled trials in the future are needed to provide high‐quality evidence of this therapy and to improve clinical practice guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: There are no epidemiological reports focused on the oral and maxillofacial surgery emergency department in the West China Hospital of Stomatology. The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of emergency patients admitted for Trauma and Plastic Surgery Department of the West China Hospital of Stomatology from 2016–2019. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 5220 patients with complete medical records were evaluated. The following data were collected: gender, age, etiology, disease type distribution, anatomic injury site and treatment modality. Results: There were 3046 males and 2174 females (ratio 1.40:1), with an average age of 16.2 years. The largest group was children aged between 3 and 6 years old (28.3%). Maxillofacial injuries were the most common condition (87.3%), which mostly occurred on the forehead (29.7%), followed by the lips (27.8%). A fall was the leading cause of injury (59.9%), especially in patients younger than 6 years old. There were 327 cases of maxillofacial space infections (MSI), and the mandibular third molars were the most common tooth associated with odontogenic infections (36.2%). Univariable analysis identified that multiple‐space infection, visit time and systemic conditions were the risk factors for being admitted to the hospital for treatment. There were 116 patients (2.2%) with bleeding as the main complaint, and most of the maxillofacial bleeding patients could be stopped by compression (52.6%). Conclusion: Males and children aged younger than 6 years were the highest risk populations. Trauma accounted for the majority of emergency patients in maxillofacial surgery. Most maxillofacial injuries involved the forehead and were mainly caused by accidental falls. The proportion of MSI was not high, but serious cases may be life‐threatening. The causes of bleeding were diverse, and the bleeding was easy to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entanglement islands play an essential role in the recent breakthrough in resolving the black hole information paradox. However, whether entanglement islands can exist in massless gravity theories is controversial. It is found that entanglement islands disappear in the initial model of wedge holography with massless gravity on the brane. As a result, the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation becomes a time-independent constant, and there is no Page curve. In this paper, we recover massless entanglement islands in wedge holography with suitable DGP gravity or higher derivative gravity on the branes. We study two typical cases. In the first case, we consider a black hole on the strong-gravity brane and a bath on the weak-gravity brane. It is similar to the usual double holography with non-gravitational baths. In the second case, we discuss two black holes on the two branes with the same gravitational strength. We recover massless entanglement islands and non-trivial Page curves in both cases. We also argue that the entanglement island is consistent with massless gravity. Our results strongly support that entanglement islands can exist in long-range theories of gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable soybean, popularly known as edamame in Japan and mao dou in China is a specialty soybean. Green pods with physiologically mature beans are harvested, and whole pods or shelled beans are used as a fresh or frozen vegetable. Vegetable soybeans are prepared in diverse ways, and they are highly nutritious, with excellent taste properties. Unlike grain soybeans, it is perishable. In this review, the chronological progression of area, production, export, import, and expansion of vegetable soybeans and potential for further expansion is discussed. Available information on current ongoing research and development activities in various countries around the world are presented, and their relevance is discussed. At present, the production and consumption of vegetable soybeans are mainly in East and Southeast Asia, with Japan as the largest importing country that dictates the global market. However, interest and trend in cultivation of this crop in other regions has increased significantly. Lack of germplasm or suitable varieties is a major constraint in vegetable soybean production and expansion in countries outside East and Southeast Asia. Most of the vegetable soybean varieties are genetically related and are susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Extensive research and breeding of vegetable soybeans are still restricted in a few countries such as China, Japan, Taiwan and the USA. The need for focused research and development activities with concern for the environment, farmers' and processors' profit, consumers' preference, quality, and nutrition are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) epidemic matures, understanding how metabolic changes in NAFLD development vary over the age distribution is important to guide precise prevention. We aimed to clarify metabolic trends in age-specific NAFLD incidence. Methods: We conducted a 4-year longitudinal retrospective cohort study enrolling 10,240 consecutive healthy individuals who received annual physical examination during 2012–2019. Baseline and dynamic changes in metabolism and hepatic steatosis determined with ultrasound were collected and analyzed stratified by age into the following groups: 20–34, 35–49, 50–64, and over 65 years. Results: Overall, 1701 incident NAFLD participants (16.6%) were identified. Adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that the baseline and increased body mass index were the main risk factors for NAFLD in people ≤ 65 years old. Baseline high-density lipoprotein (HR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.39–0.78) was a protective factor for newly onset NAFLD in the 50-to-64-year-old group, while baseline SBP (HR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.01–1.05), baseline uric acid (HR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.07), triglyceride increase (HR = 4.76; 95% CI 3.69–6.14), fasting blood glucose increase (HR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.06–1.65) were independently associated with incident NAFLD in over-65-year-old group. Conclusions: NAFLD incidence attributable to potentially metabolic risk factors varied substantially across age groups in a cohort of Chinese people. The adoption of age targeted metabolic prevention strategies might reduce the burden of NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The previous studies of the island and double holography mainly focus on codimension-one branes. This paper explores the island on the codimension-two brane in AdS/dCFT. The codimension-two brane is closely related to conical singularity, which is very different from the codimension-one brane. We analyze the mass spectrum of gravitons on the codimension-two brane and find that the larger the brane tension is, the smaller the gravitational mass is. The massless mode is forbidden by either the boundary or normalization conditions. We prove that the first massive gravitational mode is located on the codimension-two brane; the larger the tension, the better the localization. It is similar to the case of codimension-one brane and builds an excellent physical foundation for the study of black hole evolution on codimension-two branes. We find that the Page curve of eternal black holes can be recovered due to the island ending on the codimension-two brane. The new feature is that the extremal surface passing the horizon cannot be defined after some finite time in the no-island phase. Fortunately, this unusual situation does not affect the Page curve since it happens after Page time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaborately designed π‐stacked molecular aggregates are significant for modulation of photophysical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Herein, a double hydrogen‐bonds trussed di(pyridyl)pyrrole‐perylene bisimide (HDPP‐PBI) was designed and its dimerization behavior was studied. HDPP‐PBI tends to form a quadruple PBI stack with a dimerization constant of ∼5.56×106 M−1. The dimerization was ascribed to synergistic intramolecular double hydrogen‐bonds formation and intermolecular π‐π stacking. Addition of CF3COOH, a hydrogen bond blocker, promotes the dimer to monomer transition. Accordingly, two distinct fluorescent films were prepared by drop‐casting of the dimerized or the monomeric HDPP‐PBI onto a substrate surface. Interestingly, the less‐emissive PBI quadruple stack‐based film showed a turn on response to acetone vapor, while the highly emissive HDPP‐PBI‐based film exhibited fluorescence quenching upon exposure to triethylamine vapor. We believe that the discovered synergistic effect in the PBI aggregates would enlighten the design of new PAHs aggregates with defined structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain size is a key agronomic trait that determines the yield in plants. Regulation of grain size by brassinosteroids (BRs) in rice has been widely reported. However, the relationship between the BR signaling pathway and grain size still requires further study. Here, we isolated a rice mutant, named small grain2 (sg2), which displayed smaller grain and a semi‐dwarf phenotype. The decreased grain size was caused by repressed cell expansion in spikelet hulls of the sg2 mutant. Using map‐based cloning combined with a MutMap approach, we cloned SG2, which encodes a plant‐specific protein with a ribonuclease H‐like domain. SG2 is a positive regulator downstream of GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE2 (GSK2) in response to BR signaling, and its mutation causes insensitivity to exogenous BR treatment. Genetical and biochemical analysis showed that GSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates SG2. We further found that BRs enhance the accumulation of SG2 in the nucleus, and subcellular distribution of SG2 is regulated by GSK2 kinase activity. In addition, Oryza sativa OVATE family protein 19 (OsOFP19), a negative regulator of grain shape, interacts with SG2 and plays an antagonistic role with SG2 in controlling gene expression and grain size. Our results indicated that SG2 is a new component of GSK2‐related BR signaling response and regulates grain size by interacting with OsOFP19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate AdS/BCFT for curvature-squared gravity. To warm up, we start with Gauss-Bonnet gravity. We derive the one point function of stress tensor and show that the central charge related to the norm of displacement operator is positive for the couplings obeying causality constraints. Furthermore, by imposing the null energy condition on the end-of-the-world brane, we prove the holographic g-theorem for Gauss-Bonnet gravity. This corrects a wrong point of view in the literature, which claims that the holographic g-theorem is violated for Gauss-Bonnet gravity. As a by-product, we obtain the boundary entropy and A-type boundary central charges in general dimensions. We also study AdS/BCFT for general curvature-squared gravity. We find that it is too restrictive for the shape of the brane and the dual BCFT is trivial if one imposes Neumann boundary conditions for all of the gravitational modes. Instead, we propose to impose Dirichlet boundary condition for the massive graviton, while imposing Neumann boundary condition for the massless graviton. In this way, we obtain non-trivial shape dependence of stress tensor and well-defined central charges. In particular, the holographic g-theorem is satisfied by general curvature-squared gravity. Finally, we discuss the island and show that the Page curve can be recovered for Gauss-Bonnet gravity. Interestingly, there are zeroth-order phase transitions for the Page curve within one range of couplings obeying causality constraints. Generalizing the discussions to holographic entanglement entropy and holographic complexity in AdS/CFT, we get new constraints for the Gauss-Bonnet coupling, which is stronger than the causality constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Apriori algorithm in association rules is the main algorithm used in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases in data mining, and the algorithm in the current stage of China's medical field of association between chronic diseases has some problems, such as the need to scan the transaction database of cases several times, producing a large data set and more redundant rules. To address the above problems, a data mining algorithm of association rules combining clustering matrix and pruning strategy is proposed, which improves the algorithm by using the clustering matrix method to compress the stored transaction database and introducing the prepruning and postpruning strategy methods on the basis of adding constraint conditions. The experimental results show that the optimization algorithm has unique advantages in reducing the number of database scans and the number of candidate item sets generated and ultimately greatly reduces the running time and I/O load of the algorithm, and the running efficiency of the algorithm is greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ferroptosis has attracted increasing interest in cancer therapy. Emerging evidences suggest that naturally occurring naphthoquinones exhibit potent anti-glioma effects via various mechanisms.Methods: The anti-glioma effects of plumbagin were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Anti-glioma mechanism of plumbagin was studied by proteomics, flow cytometry, MDA assay, western blot, and RT-PCR. Gene knockdown/overexpression, molecular docking, PharmMappper database, and coimmunoprecipitation were used to study the targets of plumbagin.Results: Plumbagin showed higher blood-brain barrier penetration ability than that of lapachol and shikonin and elicited significant growth inhibitory effects in vitro and in vivo. Ferroptosis was the main mechanism of plumbagin-induced cell death. Mechanistically, plumbagin significantly downregulated the protein and mRNA levels of xCT and decreased GPX4 protein levels. NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) was revealed as a plumbagin predictive target using PharmMappper database and molecular docking. Plumbagin enhanced NQO1 activity and decreased xCT expression, resulting in NQO1-dependent cell death. It also induced GPX4 degradation via the lysosome pathway and caused GPX4-dependent cell death.Conclusions: Plumbagin inhibited in vitro and in vivo glioma growth via targeting NQO1/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis, which might be developed as a novel ferroptosis inducer or anti-glioma candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) with cardiac arrest (CA) Is characterized by high mortality in emergency due to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This study aims to determine whether early pulmonary artery remodeling occurs in PAH caused by massive APE with CA and the protective effects of increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2-angiotensin (Ang) (1-7)-Mas receptor axis and ACE-Ang Il-Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1) axis (ACE2/ACE axes) ratio on pulmonary artery lesion after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). METHODS: To establish a porcine massive APE with CA model, autologous thrombus was injected into the external jugular vein until mean arterial pressure dropped below 30 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and thrombolysis were delivered to regain spontaneous circulation. Pigs were divided into four groups of five pigs each: control group, APE-CA group, ROSC-saline group, and ROSC-captopril group, to examine the endothelial pathological changes and expression of ACE2/ACE axes in pulmonary artery with or without captopril. RESULTS: Histological analysis of samples from the APE-CA and ROSC-saline groups showed that pulmonary arterioles were almost completely occluded by accumulated endothelial cells. Western blotting analysis revealed a decrease in the pulmonary arterial ACE2/ACE axes ratio and increases in angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 ratio and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the APE-CA group compared with the control group. Captopril significantly suppressed the activation of angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 and VEGF in plexiform lesions formed by proliferative endothelial cells after ROSC. Captopril also alleviated endothelial cell apoptosis by increasing the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) ratio and decreasing cleaved caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSION: Increasing the ACE2/ACE axes ratio may ameliorate pulmonary arterial remodeling by inhibiting the apoptosis and proliferation of endothelial cells after ROSC induced by APE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although doping can induce room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in heavy‐atom free organic systems, it is often challenging to match the host and guest components to achieve efficient intersystem crossing for activating RTP. In this work, we developed a simple descriptor ΔE to predict host molecules for matching the guest RTP emitters, based on the intersystem crossing via higher excited states (ISCHES) mechanism. This descriptor successfully predicted five commercially available host components to pair with naphthalimide (NA) and naphtho[2,3‐c]furan‐1,3‐dione (2,3‐NA) emitters with a high accuracy of 83 %. The yielded pairs exhibited bright yellow and green RTP with the quantum efficiency up to 0.4 and lifetime up to 1.67 s, respectively. Using these RTP pairs, we successfully achieved multi‐layer message encryption. The ΔE descriptor could provide an efficient way for developing doping‐induced RTP materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although doping can induce room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in heavy‐atom free organic systems, it is often challenging to match the host and guest components to achieve efficient intersystem crossing for activating RTP. In this work, we developed a simple descriptor ΔE to predict host molecules for matching the guest RTP emitters, based on the intersystem crossing via higher excited states (ISCHES) mechanism. This descriptor successfully predicted five commercially available host components to pair with naphthalimide (NA) and naphtho[2,3‐c]furan‐1,3‐dione (2,3‐NA) emitters with a high accuracy of 83 %. The yielded pairs exhibited bright yellow and green RTP with the quantum efficiency up to 0.4 and lifetime up to 1.67 s, respectively. Using these RTP pairs, we successfully achieved multi‐layer message encryption. The ΔE descriptor could provide an efficient way for developing doping‐induced RTP materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the effective action, the mass spectrum and the first law of entanglement entropy for a novel doubly holographic model called wedge holography. We work out the effective action of quantum gravity on the branes. In the perturbative formulation, it is given by an infinite sum of Pauli-Fierz actions. In the non-perturbative formulation, the effective action is composed of a higher derivative gravity and a matter action. Usually, a higher derivative gravity can be renormalizable but suffers the ghost problem. For our case, since the effective theory on the brane is equivalent to Einstein gravity in the bulk, it must be ghost-free. We notice that the matter action plays an important role in eliminating the ghost. We also provide evidences that the higher derivative gravity on the brane is equivalent to a ghost-free multi-gravity. Besides, we prove that the effective action yields the correct Weyl anomaly. Interestingly, although the effective action on the brane is an infinite tower of higher derivative gravity, the holographic Weyl anomaly is exactly the same as that of Einstein gravity. We also analyze the mass spectrum of wedge holography. Remarkably, there is always a massless mode of gravitons on the end-of-the-world branes in wedge holography. This happens because one imposes Neumann boundary condition on both branes. On the other hand, the massless mode disappears if one imposes Dirichlet boundary condition on one of the branes as in brane world theory and AdS/BCFT. Finally, we verify the first law of entanglement entropy for wedge holography. Interestingly, the massive fluctuations are irrelevant to the first order perturbation of the holographic entanglement entropy. Thus, in many aspects, the effective theory on the brane behaves like massless Einstein gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes (including AIEgens) play pivotal roles in numerous biological studies. Many of these functional materials are developed based on the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism. However, the TICT tendency of dialkylated amino groups in biocompatible main‐stream fluorophores (i.e., coumarins and rhodamines) is weak, limiting their sensitivities. Herein, by replacing dialkylated amino donors with an N‐methylpyrrole group to enhance TICT, a simple and general method to engineer highly environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes is reported. This method yields a platter of colorful fluorescent probes that demonstrates outstanding polarity and viscosity sensitivity with large turn‐on ratios (up to 191 times for polarity and 14 times for viscosity), as well as distinct aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. The utilities of these probes in both wash‐free bioimaging and protein detections are also successfully demonstrated. It is expected that this molecular design strategy will inspire the creation of many environmentally sensitive probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes (including AIEgens) play pivotal roles in numerous biological studies. Many of these functional materials are developed based on the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism. However, the TICT tendency of dialkylated amino groups in biocompatible main‐stream fluorophores (i.e., coumarins and rhodamines) is weak, limiting their sensitivities. Herein, by replacing dialkylated amino donors with an N‐methylpyrrole group to enhance TICT, a simple and general method to engineer highly environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes is reported. This method yields a platter of colorful fluorescent probes that demonstrates outstanding polarity and viscosity sensitivity with large turn‐on ratios (up to 191 times for polarity and 14 times for viscosity), as well as distinct aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. The utilities of these probes in both wash‐free bioimaging and protein detections are also successfully demonstrated. It is expected that this molecular design strategy will inspire the creation of many environmentally sensitive probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main observation and conclusion: Film‐based fluorescent sensors have been adapted into portable devices for the vapor phase detection. The satisfactory sensing performance (e.g., sensitivity, selectivity, reusability) largely benefits from fluorophores. Here we report a new nonplanar perylene monoimide derivative (PMI‐CB) and demonstrate its application in a miniaturized film‐based fluorescent sensor for BTX (i.e., benzene, toluene, xylene) detection. The fluorophore of PMI‐CB is obtained through incorporating a three‐dimensional o‐carborane with the perylene monoimide (PMI). Compared to a planar PMI derivative (PMIA), the nonplanar PMI‐CB with reduced intermolecular aggregation exhibits enhanced fluorescence intensities in both solvents and film state. The PMI‐CB film exhibited fluorescence enhancements for BTX, while fluorescence quenching for commonly interfering compounds like ethanol, triethylamine, and acetone. Such opposite response behavior endows the PMI‐CB‐based sensor with the ability for selective detection of BTX. Importantly, our PMI‐CB film is not sensitive to water. The sensitivity test shows that the PMI‐CB film can detect benzene vapor at a concentration of as low as 3.3 mg/m3 without any preconcentration procedures, and exhibits a good linear relationship from 3.3 to 425.9 mg/m3. On the basis of this work, a portable detector with high selectivity, sensitivity, reusability, and low power consumption can be adapted for the on‐site BTX detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable and nondestructive monitoring of food quality is of great importance in sustaining life and promoting good health. Herein, we developed sensitive, fast, reversible, and nanometer-thick fluorescent films for the nondestructive evaluation of fish freshness. The nanofilms were prepared via the dynamic condensation of tetraphenylethylene derivative (TPEBA) with Calix[4]-pyrrole derivative (CPTH) at the humid air/DMSO interface. The amorphous nanofilm is uniform with the thickness in the range of 12∼58 nm. Owing to the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property of TPEBA, the nanofilm is highly emissive with a Stokes shift of ∼175 nm. The typically designed chemical composition and nanostructure endow the film-preferable affinity to amine vapors, and the networked structure allows fast mass transfer, which lays foundation for high-performance sensing. With an optimized nanofilm-based sensor, biogenetic amines were sensitively, selectively, and reversibly detected. The detection limit (DL) for trimethylamine (TMA) is 0.89 ppm. Typically, interference from water can be neglected; thus, the nondestructive evaluation of fish freshness was realized. Moreover, a portable seafood freshness detector was conceptually built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol is extremely toxic to humans if ingested or if vapors are inhaled. Facile and reliable detection of methanol is an efficient way to reduce the risk of methanol poisoning. A great challenge in methanol detection lies in distinguishing methanol under high ethanol background. In this work, a nanofilm‐based fluorescent sensor for direct distinguishing methanol from pure ethanol or liquor is presented, where no sample pretreatment or sensor array is needed. The flexible, uniform, and amorphous nanofilm is synthesized via dynamic covalent binding‐driven self‐assembly of BTN and CB‐CHO at air/DMSO interface. The nanofilm shows a large Stokes shift (≈175 nm) and excellent photostability. Different from sensing films based on drip‐permeance or drop cast of organic fluorophores, sensing performance of the nanofilm shows little dependence on substrate. With the film, an optical sensor for methanol vapor detection is built and it can distinguish methanol not only from the mixture of methanol and ethanol (with ethanol content up to 90%), but also from the liquor (45% vol). The sensor shows excellent reusability and high selectivity over many commonly used organic solvent vapors. Moreover, the sensor can be used to discriminate industrial alcohol from medical alcohol and detect methanol gas leak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a codimension two holography called wedge holography is proposed as a generalization of AdS/CFT. It is conjectured that a gravitational theory in d + 1 dimensional wedge spacetime is dual to a d − 1 dimensional CFT on the corner of the wedge. In this paper, we give an exact construction of the gravitational solutions for wedge holography from the ones in AdS/CFT. By applying this construction, we prove the equivalence between wedge holography and AdS/CFT for vacuum Einstein gravity, by showing that the classical gravitational action and thus the CFT partition function in large N limit are the same for the two theories. The equivalence to AdS/CFT can be regarded as a “proof” of wedge holography in a certain sense. As an application of this powerful equivalence, we derive easily the holographic Weyl anomaly, holographic Entanglement/Rényi entropy and correlation functions for wedge holography. Besides, we discuss the general solutions of wedge holography and argue that they correspond to the AdS/CFT with suitable matter fields. Interestingly, we notice that the intrinsic Ricci scalar on the brane is always a constant, which depends on the tension. Finally, we generalize the discussions to dS/CFT and flat space holography. Remarkably, we find that AdS/CFT, dS/CFT and flat space holography can be unified in the framework of codimension two holography in asymptotically AdS. Different dualities are distinguished by different types of spacetimes on the brane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: OsWRKY36 represses plant height and grain size by inhibiting gibberellin signaling. Plant height and grain size are important agronomic traits affecting yield in cereals, including rice. Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that promote plant growth and developmental processions such as stem elongation and grain size. WRKYs are transcription factors that regulate stress tolerance and plant development including height and grain size. However, the relationship between GA signaling and WRKY genes is still poorly understood. Here, we characterized a small grain and semi-dwarf 3 (sgsd3) mutant in rice cv. Hwayoung (WT). A T-DNA insertion in the 5′-UTR of OsWRKY36 induced overexpression of OsWRKY36 in the sgsd3 mutant, likely leading to the mutant phenotype. This was confirmed by the finding that overexpression of OsWRKY36 caused a similar small grain and semi-dwarf phenotype to the sgsd3 mutant whereas knock down and knock out caused larger grain phenotypes. The sgsd3 mutant was also hyposensitive to GA and accumulated higher mRNA and protein levels of SLR1 (a GA signaling DELLA-like inhibitor) compared with the WT. Further assays showed that OsWRKY36 enhanced SLR1 transcription by directly binding to its promoter. In addition, we found that OsWRKY36 can protect SLR1 from GA-mediated degradation. We thus identified a new GA signaling repressor OsWRKY36 that represses GA signaling through stabilizing the expression of SLR1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: M10 is a derivative of Myricetin by adding a hydrophilic glycosylation group. Our previous study revealed that M10 by oral administration prevented colitis-associated colonic cancer (CAC) through attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. In current study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of M10 on ulcerative colitis in mice model, the mechanism of M10 in preventing colitis was further investigated. Methods: Mice model of ulcerative colitis was induced by continuous oral dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). M10 was given gavage once a day for 12 consecutive weeks. Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded by analyzing the symptoms of colitis. Intestinal barrier was analyzed by the Immunofluorescence staining assay. The structure of microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells was analyzed under Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM assay was also performed to determine the formation of necroptosis in the colonic epithelium with ulcerative colitis. We performed Western blotting assay to analyze the IL-6 and NF-κB pathways, as well as the cytokine cascades related to TNF-α signaling pathway during necroptosis. Results: M10 by oral administration demonstrated a prevention of ulcerative colitis, showing a significant decrease of DAI as compared to the model mice. Pathological analysis indicated that M10 attenuated the degree of colonic inflammation in colonic tissues. M10 restored the structures of intestinal barrier damaged by DSS. M10 prevented the activation of the IL-6 and NF-κB signaling pathways in the inflamed colonic epithelium. Further, M10 prevented necroptosis in the inflamed colonic mucosal cells through down-regulating the TNF-α pathway. Importantly, M10 demonstrated higher activities in preventing ulcerative colitis than Myricetin and control drug Mesalazine. Conclusions: Myricetin derivative M10 prevents chronic ulcerative colitis through inhibiting necroptosis. M10 could be developed as a promising drug for the treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For efficient plant reproduction, seed dormancy delays seed germination until the environment is suitable for the next generation growth and development. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important role in the induction and maintenance of seed dormancy. Previous studies have identified that WRKY transcription factors can regulate ABA signaling pathway. Here, we identified an Oswrky29 mutant with enhanced dormancy in a screen of T-DNA insertion population. OsWRKY29 is a member of WRKY transcription factor family which located in the nuclear. The genetic analyses showed that both knockout and RNAi lines of OsWRKY29 had enhanced seed dormancy whereas its overexpression lines displayed reduced seed dormancy. When treated with ABA, OsWRKY29 knockout and RNAi lines showed greater sensitivity than its overexpression lines. In addition, the expression levels of ABA positive response factors OsVP1 and OsABF1 were higher in the OsWRKY29 mutants but were lower in its overexpression lines. Further assays showed that OsWRKY29 could bind to the promoters of OsABF1 and OsVP1 to inhibit their expression. In summary, we identified a new ABA signaling repressor OsWRKY29 that represses seed dormancy by directly downregulating the expression of OsABF1 and OsVP1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo-involving aryl halide activation plays a pivotal role in organic synthesis and materials science. Revealing the mechanism and understanding the photophysical and photochemical processes in the activation is of great importance. Here, we found that aryl halides could be directly activated to form aryl radicals via halogen bonding under visible light irradiation without using photocatalysts or high power light. The interaction between the aryl halide and Lewis base (Et3N), as well as the triplet state formation, play crucial roles. Halogen bonding between aryl halide and Et3N facilitates intersystem crossing (ISC) and leads to an abundance of the triplet aryl halide/Et3N complex, where the carbon–halogen bond is much lengthened and prone to fracture. Therefore, visible light-driven photoredox catalyst-free C–C coupling reaction and radical-initiated polymerization were achieved. Avoiding the use of a catalyst not only brings convenience for low-cost operation, but also facilitates further purification. Meanwhile, the wide scope of aryl halide tolerance provides opportunities for chemical synthesis and polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes acidic and hypoxic conditions, severely impedes the therapeutic efficacy of antitumor agents. Herein, MnO2‐loaded, bovine serum albumin, and PEG co‐modified mesoporous CaSiO3 nanoparticles (CaM‐PB NPs) are developed as a nanoplatform with sequential theranostic functions for the engineering of TME. The MnO2 NPs generate O2 in situ by reacting with endogenous H2O2, relieving the hypoxic state of the TME that further modulates the cancer cell cycle status to S phase, which improves the potency of co‐loaded S phase‐sensitive chemotherapeutic drugs. After the hypoxia relief, CaM‐PB can sustainably release drugs due to the enlarged pores of mesoporous CaSiO3 in the acidic TME, preventing the drug pre‐leakage into the blood circulation and insufficient drug accumulation at tumor sites. Moreover, the Mn2+ released from the MnO2 NPs at tumor sites can potentially serve as a diagnostic agent, enabling the identification of tumor regions by T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging during therapy. In vivo pharmacodynamics results demonstrate that these synergetic effects caused by CaM‐PB NPs significantly contribute to the inhibition of tumor progression. Therefore, the CaM‐PB NPs with sequential theranostic functions are a promising system for effective cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of water cannot be overstated. It is the most important natural resource for our survival and development. The development of suitable materials for efficient water purification will provide a critical contribution for sustainable water use. In this context, a gel–emulsion‐templated synthesis of a polymeric aerogel has been developed for water treatment. Owing to its hydrophobic nature, the aerogel shows high sorption (nearly 20 times its weight) for organic liquids, such as toluene, phenol, and nitrobenzene, and can be used to remove them from water. The aerogel shows low thermal conductivity (0.032 W m−1 K−1) and excellent light absorption efficiency (>92 %) after carbonization, which provides the possibility for the construction of an interfacial solar vapor generation system. The as‐prepared materials are used to develop a two‐step approach to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants (salts) from water. Importantly, the aerogel shows excellent reusability and high efficiency both for oil sorption and for solar vapor generation. Moreover, the low cost and easy scale‐up of the preparation process lay a solid foundation for practical application. It is anticipated that the prepared aerogels would contribute not only to water purification but also to other related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the observation data from the automatic rainfall station and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, circulation analysis and diagnosis analysis of potential vorticity in a heavy rainfall process in September 2017 in Qujing were conducted. The results show that the heavy rainfall was mainly affected by the convergence zone between the two high pressures and shear line system, the precipitation area developed from the west to the southeast of Qujing, and the heavy rainfall area was concentrated in the central area. The southerly airflow in the middle and lower layers of the troposphere provided favorable water vapor conditions for heavy precipitation. The precipitation was characterized by high intensity, strong suddenness and small time scale. The heavy precipitation was concentrated from 04:00 to 06:00 on September 6. The high- and low-value centers of dry potential vorticity PV at 500 hPa were indicative of the activities of cold and warm air in the process of heavy rainfall, and representative of the development of the convergence zone and the activities of shear line. That is to say, the high-value zone of dry potential vorticity PV at 500 hPa was strengthened to penetrate into the center of Yunnan, leading the northerly airflow to the convergence zone. The deep southerly airflow in the relatively low-value zone of PV was uplifted to the north, converging the cold and warm air at the front of the convergence zone, resulting in heavy precipitation in Qujing. The high-value zone of wet potential vorticity MPV at 700 hPa can also indicate the characteristics of unstable warm and humid air flow activity. MPV1 <0, and MPV2 >0, which easily caused the unstable energy release of wet convection and formed heavy precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reliable and sensitive detection of biogenic amines (BAs) is essential to ensure food safety and maintain public health. In this study, two naphthyl end‐capped terthiophene derivatives, namely, 5‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐2,2′:5′,2′′‐terthiophene (NA‐3T) and 5,5′′‐di(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐2,2′:5′,2′′‐terthiophene (NA‐3T‐NA), were employed to develop chemiresistive sensors for detecting gaseous BAs. In contrast to NA‐3T, the NA‐3T‐NA‐based sensor showed a higher sensitivity for trimethylamine (TMA) with an experimental detection limit lower than 22 ppm, and for aromatic BAs, including dopamine, histamine, tryptamine, and tyramine. Additionally, the recovery time for TMA was found to be shorter than 23 s. In addition, both sensors were successfully used for an in situ evaluation of meat freshness by monitoring the concentration of relevant volatile BAs. The difference in the sensing performances of the two chemiresistive sensors was tentatively ascribed to different packing structures of the derivatives and the adlayer structures of the films developed with the compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic covalent ionic liquid (IL) gels have been proved to be promising materials for soft optical devices which possess the advantages of other dynamic gels but avoid shrinking. The focal length of the planoconvex lens made from the gels is tunable and the prism from them shows an excellent beam splitting property. Damaged devices could be re-covered via self-healing or re-molding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]