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In the present work, α-MnO2 thin films are deposited on a stainless steel substrate using the hydrothermal method by varying hydrothermal temperature. The impact of different hydrothermal temperatures on the structural, morphological and electrochemical performance of prepared thin films is investigated. The XRD studies confirm the tetragonal crystal structure of prepared MnO2 thin films. The electrochemical behaviour was studied using three-electrode system in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The high electrochemical performance with a maximum specific capacitance of 442 F g−1 at a scan rate 5 mV s−1 and energy density of 62 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 5.2 kW kg−1 has been obtained. The specific capacitance shows 90% capacitance retention after 2000 GCD cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The esteemed Alphonso mango, cherished in India for its taste, saffron color, texture, and extended shelf life, holds global commercial appeal. Unfortunately, the prevalent spongy tissue disorder in Alphonso mangoes results in a soft and corky texture, with up to 30% of mangoes within a single batch affected. This issue leads to outright rejection during export due to delayed disorder identification. The current assessment method involves destructive sampling, causing substantial fruit loss, and lacks assurance for overall batch quality. In light of the mentioned challenges, this current study focuses on utilizing visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy as a non-invasive method to assess the internal quality of mangoes. It also enables innovative classification models for automated binary categorization (healthy vs spongy tissue-affected). Through preprocessing and principal component analysis of spectral reflectance data, wavelength ranges of 670–750 nm, 900–970 nm, and 1100–1170 nm were identified for distinguishing healthy and damaged mangoes. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) modelling is a novel approach that can be used to classify mango into healthy and spongy tissue-affected categories for better postharvest management. The accuracy of SIMCA models for classifying mangoes into healthy and spongy tissue-affected classes was highest in the wavelength regions of 670–750 nm and 900–970 nm, being 94.4% and 96.7%, respectively. The spectral reflectance between wavelength region 650–970 nm gave significant and visible differentiation between all stages of spongy tissue, that is, mild, medium, and severe. Furthermore, the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy alongside SIMCA modelling offers a viable avenue for examining internal abnormalities resulting from diseases or injuries in fruits, broadening its utility for diverse inspection needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the mitigation of copper (Cu) toxicity with copper tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains in marigold plant growth. The study discusses the in vitro testing of Cu-tolerant Providentia, Paenibacillus and Lysinibacillus PGPR strains and their effect on Cu accumulation by marigold. It measures plant growth promoting activities including production of siderophores, indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide and phosphate solubilization.

Totally 300 demonstrations were initiated in four districts (Dharwad, Belagavi, Bagalkot and Vijayapur) of northern Karnataka, but 50 farmers terminated the demonstrations half way due to use of the produce for consumption or marketing of produce. Hence, the inferences were drawn from 250 successful demonstrations. Immediately after the harvest, the seeds should be dried properly and stored. For cereals, as a preventive measure, to reduce the pest infestation, mix sweet flag rhizome powder @ 1 per cent (100 g/q) or neem seed powder @ 2 per cent (200 g/q) in case of cereals such as sorghum, maize, wheat and paddy. For pulses, as a preventive measure, to reduce the pest infestation, mix sweet flag rhizome powder @ 1 per cent (100 g/q) or smear groundnut oil @ 5 per cent (500 ml/q) in case of pulses such as bengal gram, red gram, cowpea and green gram. For oilseeds, as a preventive measure, to reduce the pest infestation, mix sweet flag rhizome powder @ 1 per cent (100 g/q) in oilseeds such as groundnut, sunflower and soybean. These give protection against storage pests for a period of six months. As curative measure, in the infested seeds/grains of cereals or pulses, place Aluminium Phosphide tablets (@ 3 tablets per tonne tied in the muslin cloth) in the middle of the stack in the storage structures under airtight conditions for seven days. After this, open the gunny bags and air dry for 48 hours and sieve the produce to remove dead insects and store/use further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the influence of temperature on the performance of Cadmium Selenium (CdSe) semiconductor-sensitized solar cells (SSSCs) with tin oxide (SnO2) deposition. CdSe thin films were synthesized at different temperatures (room temperature, 55 and 70 °C) and characterized for their optical and structural properties. The results reveal temperature-dependent variations in the bandgap energy and crystal structure of CdSe, with higher temperatures leading to a red shift in absorption spectra and increased crystallinity. The CdSe-coated SnO2 films showed enhanced nanoparticle density at higher bath temperatures, indicating improved particle binding and aggregation. Moreover, the elemental analysis confirmed the successful loading of CdSe onto SnO2 substrates without impurities. Solar cells constructed with these materials exhibited temperature-dependent efficiency, with maximum efficiency achieved at room temperature due to optimal bandgap characteristics and reduced recombination rates. The solar cell with the optimal SnO2:(FTO)/SnO2/CdSe/CuS nanostructure array electrode produced a short-circuit current density of 4.155 mA/cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 0.26% when exposed to one sun's rays. These findings suggest that temperature control during CdSe synthesis plays a crucial role in optimizing the performance of SSSCs, highlighting the importance of understanding temperature effects in semiconductor-based solar cell technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel hybrid deep neural network (DNN) with the White Shark optimization (WSO) algorithm to predict and optimize the gas sensing performance of Ni0.6−xMgxCo0.4Fe2O4 nanoparticles at different sizes (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5). In order to create Ni0.6−xMgxCo0.4Fe2O4, the sol–gel process was employed, with x varying from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm. This study utilized precursors such as Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O. Response–recovery curves were analyzed, and a hybrid DNN-WSO model was created to predict gas sensing properties for Ni0.6−xMgxCo0.4Fe2O4 ferrite materials with different Mg levels. Fit statistics like the sum of squares (SSE), R-squared (R2), degrees of freedom (DFE), adjusted R2, and RMSE were calculated. In XRD analysis, the (311) peak shifted from 35.6561° to 35.5614° for Ni0.6−xMgxCo0.4Fe2O4. At 200 °C, the sensor is more responsive to NO2 gas than NH3 gas, with Ni0.6−xMgxCo0.4Fe2O4(x = 0.5) showing the highest response due to increased oxygen adsorption sites for gas oxidation. Smaller particle sizes (x = 0.1) in SEM analysis exhibited well-defined nanocrystalline structures with high crystallinity and smooth surfaces, enhancing sensitivity. The TGA results confirm the stability and functionality of the proposed materials up to the operating temperature of 250 °C. The Ni0.6−xMgxCo0.4Fe2O4(x=0.2) concentration exhibited the best predictive accuracy with high R2, high adjusted R2, enhanced DFE, and low RMSE. The hybrid DNN-WSO algorithm effectively predicts and optimizes gas sensing performance, which is significant for advancing efficient gas sensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A need for meat is rising day by day and the production of poultry, cows, pigs and fisheries is reduced as there is no good commercial production. Wider livestock production is becoming unavailable on a global scale in requisites of welfare of animals, ecological sustenance and human health conditions. Choices for cultured meat are being explored using innovative techniques like stem cells, embryonic stem cells, Induced pluri potent stem cells [(iPSC) derived from skin or blood cells of an animal that have been reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent], Totipotent stem cells [immature cells capable of giving rise to any cell type or (of a blastomere) a complete embryo], pluripotent stem cells (immature cells capable of giving rise to several different cell types), satellite cells or myoblasts, etc. In these methods, animal tissue is grown in a controlled surroundings using culture cell technology. Several attempts are made to develop different types of media and techniques like the self-organizing techniques and scaffold-based techniques to advance the growth of the cell. Cultured meat is also called in various names like 'clean meat', 'in-vitro meat', or 'artificial meat'. The concept is in the budding stage of commercialization. Therefore, along with the improvement in technical phase there is a lot of work is being carried on in the developmental aspects of biological, commercial, social, economic and ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) nanostructured thin films doped with 2 mol% of nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) ions were deposited by a simple electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural, optical, and morphological studies of these doped thin films were compared with pure Mn3O4 thin films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the tetragonal Hausmannite spinel structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided information about the molecular composition of the thin films and the presence of specific chemical bonds. The optical study and band gap energy values of all thin films were evaluated by the UV-visible spectroscopy technique. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the morphological modifications of the Mn3O4 thin films due to doping of the nickel and molybdenum ions. The Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method has confirmed the mesoporous nanostructure and nanopores of the thin films. The supercapacitive performance of the thin films was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) techniques using the threeelectrode arrangement. An aqueous 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte was used for the electrochemical study. The 2 mol% Ni-doped Mn3O4 thin film has shown maximum specific capacitance than pure and Mo-doped Mn3O4 thin films. Hence, this study proved the validity of the strategy - metal ion doping of Mn3O4 thin films to develop it as a potential candidate for electrode material in futuristic energy storage and transportation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has been an important health concern for over a decade, causing serious health issues worldwide. Treatments available for obesity include FDA-approved drugs such as Lorcaserin, Orlistat, Bupropion, combinations of Phentermine and Topiramate, and Sibutramine; however, these have adverse effects on health. To address the said issue, the current study was conducted to evaluate the anti-obesity potential of Phyllanthus fraternus leaves. These leaves are a rich source of different phytochemicals (e.g., alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins), and the plant has been shown to exhibit medicinal properties; therefore, it can be used for treating obesity disorders. The crude extract of plants was prepared in three different solvents (e.g., methanol, hydro alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol). Lipid inhibition was determined using lipase inhibition assay, and amylase assay was carried out to determine if the plant extract had anti-diabetic properties. An oil red staining was carried out to determine lipid accumulation in which the cells were incubated with plant extract for 48 h. To determine if the plant extract was toxic to 3T3 cells, an MTT assay was carried out to assess cell viability. Through lipase inhibition assay, we depicted potent anti-obesity properties, isopropyl alcohol extract exhibited 67.45% inhibition at the concentration of 500µg/ml. Methanol extract showed the highest percent of a amylase inhibition i.e., 90.03% at a concentration of 1,000 µg/ml. The MTT assay concluded that the plant extracts were not cytotoxic to the cells at a concentration range between 20µg/ml to 100µg/ml, and the percentage of viable cells was 98-63%. The results obtained from the current study revealed that the plant exhibits potent anti-obesity properties. Thus, this plant extract is a potential source as an alternative treatment to treat obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the effect of nickel (Ni) ion doping on the structure, morphology, and supercapacitive performance of Mn3O4 thin film electrodes, deposited by a simple electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural and compositional studies of these thin films were conducted by x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphological and optical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. These studies confirmed the nanoflake-type surface morphology of nickel-doped thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided information about various valence states and surface composition of the thin films. Cyclic voltammetry study confirmed the surface redox pseudocapacitive behavior of all thin films. The 2 mol.% nickel ion-doped thin film electrode displayed the highest specific capacitance of 816 F g−1 and was evaluated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge curve. It also exhibited outstanding cyclic stability, with 93% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed the improved supercapacitive performance of the nickel-doped Mn3O4 thin film electrodes, attributed to improved conductivity and charge transport for surface redox reactions. Thus, the present study suggests that the nickel-doped Mn3O4 thin film is a promising candidate as electrode material in supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to investigate the presence of parasitic infection in a poultry flock during an outbreak. A total of 32 Kadaknath birds died out of 600 birds. The succumbed birds had a history of anorexia, loose feces, and sudden death. During the necropsy, the birds were examined externally and internally, which revealed creamish-white colored multifocal necrotic foci on the liver parenchyma with diffusely congested hepatic tissue and a severe, diffuse condition of the lungs. The examination of the intestines of the affected birds showed severe and diffuse catarrhal enteritis resulting from roundworms present in the small intestine and the caecum of the birds, eventually causing buttonshaped round lesions on the mucosal surface. The birds were found to be infected with Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of this study is based on an analysis of the impact of ChatGPT on academic performance and the student's insight of using the tool. In this research, the effectiveness of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence language model, was evaluated in supporting students in their education. The study determines that, ChatGPT can positively and negatively affect student's academic performance and learning experience, but it should not replace human knowledge and skills. It should be used as an extension to the existing resources. However, there are also risks related to academic issues, unfair learning assessment, inaccurate information, thinking skills and overreliance on AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the absence of comparative information on hypoglycaemic drug prices, it is difficult for physicians to prescribe most economical treatment. Hence, this study is designed to analyse the percentage variation of cost among different brands of oral hypoglycaemic drugs available in Indian market. Study data was collected from the current index of medical specialities of October 2020 to January 2021. The difference between the maximum and minimum costs was calculated. Then cost ratio and percentage of cost variation were calculated for each drug. In single drug therapy Glimepiride 1 mg tablet showed highest and Vildagliptin 50 mg showed lowest cost variation. In two drugs combination therapy Glimepiride+Metformin (2 mg+500 mg) showed highest and Gliclazide+Metformin (40 mg+500 mg) showed lowest cost variation. In three drugs combination Glimepiride+Metformin+Pioglitazone (2 mg+500 mg+15 mg) showed highest and Glimepiride+Metformin+Pioglitazone (2 mg+500 mg+7.5 mg) showed lowest cost variation. This study showed a wide variation in the prices, cost ratio and in cost variation of oral hypoglycemic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol–gel autocombustion method was used to make Ni0.7−xZnxMg0.3Fe2O4 with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 nanoparticles. The novel Zn-substituted Ni–Mg ferrite cubic spinel nanoparticles are synthesized in this study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of the all ferrite samples exhibits a cubic spinel type structure. The lattice constant of all the ferrites was found to be increased with increase in Zn+2 content. The cubic spinel structure in the synthesized samples is further supported by two well-known absorption bands in the frequency range 390–590 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy data. The microstructure of these ferrites was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that all ferrite samples were formed without any impurity with proper stoichiometry. From vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies it was observed that saturation magnetization and magnetic moment increase with zinc concentration up to x = 0.2 and for further compositions it decreases except x = 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the influence of cooling spout positioning on pressure container blueprints, particularly emphasizing strain features. Sprayers are crucial for ingress and egress objectives in force containers, and although maximum positioning upholds container uniformity, operation necessities occasionally necessitate circumferential positioning, resulting in uniformity disturbance. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed to examine the distribution of strain, while pressure container prototypes fluctuate in the number of spouts and inclinations. By means of an all-inclusive examination, it was discovered that the strain measurements for every circumstance were under the security limit of 50 megapascals. Remarkably, the arrangement with four spouts at 90-degree intervals displayed negligible distortion and sustained strain levels within satisfactory boundaries, imparting valuable perceptions for enhancing the pressure container blueprint with cooling spouts on the circumference, guaranteeing structural soundness and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, using simple and inexpensive novel reflux method, Cadmium Oxide (CdO) thin films were successfully deposited on glass substrate. Here to deposit CdO on glass substrate, Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) was used as a source of Cd+ ions, while ammonia was taken as complexing agent. Structural analysis and surface morphology of prepared CdO thin film was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively, Also wettability test was done by using goniometer which showed hydrophilic nature of deposited CdO thin film. Optical properties of CdO thin film was completed by using UV-Visible spectroscopy which revealed that deposited CdO thin film has direct band gap about 2.01 eV. NO2 gas sensing properties like sensitivity, response recovery & response time of prepared CdO sensor was determined by using Keithley gas sensing unit. In present work effect of concentration of NO2 gas on response of CdO sensor was studied and it was cleared that as NO2 gas concentration increases (25 ppm – 100 ppm), the response of CdO sensor was also increases & it becomes maximum i.e. (57 %) for 100 ppm of NO2 with optimized temperature of 200°C. Variation of response and recovery time with NO2 gas concentration was studied and it was concluded that as concentration of NO2 gas increases, response time increases while recovery time decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which evaluated the effect of conservation tillage and agricultural land management practices on soil physical properties in different sequence cropping systems under rainfed conditions. The plot field experiment examined soil physical properties including aggregate stability, bulk density, total porosity, maximum water holding capacity and penetration resistance at plough depth. It compared the effectiveness of conventional tillage with and without crop residues.

Trazodone is a triazolopyridine analogue from the antidepressant class of serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). In the API and finished product of Trazodone impurity A, B and C are observed regularly. The present work discloses the first synthesis of these impurities with good to excellent yield and purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greengram is one of the major protein rich grain legumes predominately cultivated in North Interior Karnataka (NIK). Due to erratic nature of monsoon which has increased with climate change greengram crop is suffering from moisture stress and hence the large variability in yield levels is noticed. The study aimed at determining the water requirement of greengram variety DGGV-2 using CROPWAT model that helps the farmers of NIK consisting of 12 districts in tapping the potential yields of this crop through proper irrigation management. The results revealed that average crop evapotranspiration (ETc), effective rainfall (ER) and irrigation requirement (IR) under past climates (1991-2020) for NIK were 246, 269.3 and 37.4 mm, respectively. An increase of 26.8 mm in ETc, 21.6 mm in ER and decrease of 0.3 mm in IR were simulated under projected climates. Among the four dates of sowing (7, 14, 21 and 28th June) for greengram delayed sowing i.e., on 28th June under projected climate (2021-2050) simulated the lowest water requirement and irrigation requirement for all the 12 districts of NIK. This study proved that the CROPWAT model is useful to foresee crop water demand under projected climates and calculate the crop irrigation needs in supplement to projected rainfall for proper management of water resources and maintain crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with deformed external noses and deviated nasal septum also have lateral wall deformities compromising the osteomeatal complex leading on to sinusitis. These patients will need septorhinoplasty along with functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) to facilitate proper drainage of sinuses. The two main risks of combined procedure are firstly the risk of infection if done in infected sinusitis and secondly, the fear of collapse of nasal bone and the frontal process of the maxilla if medial and lateral osteotomies are done after extensive ethmoidectomy for extensive sinus disease. Our objective was to study the outcomes of combined septorhinoplasty with functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients having sinusitis along with nasal deformity. In this retrospective study we describe the outcomes of patients who have undergone combined FESS + Rhinoplasty. We controlled the sinus infection and avoided extensive polyposis for combined procedure. We found that nasal block, facial pain, anosmia, rhinorrhea improved in all the patients There was a complete resolution of symptoms in the group. Thus, in combined surgery, we could simultaneously get a good functional airway, solve the sinus complaints and improve the nasal aesthetics satisfactorily. The patients were subjected to SNOT scale in 2023 and average score of SNOT score was found as 11 at an average postop followup period of 14 Years post op. We found that combined Rhinoplasty and Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for patients having nasal deformity with chronic Rhinosinusitis can be performed safely and effectively. Simultaneously harvested septal cartilage could be used judiciously for meticulous reconstruction. It, avoided the extra cost and patient's time of two staged partial surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured CuO has been successfully synthesized via Thermal decomposition method at 700∘C. Prepared CuO was characterized using IR spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IR spectra confirm the metal–oxygen bonding in these nanoparticles. The XRD pattern confirms a single-phase crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The synthesized CuO was demonstrated as an efficient catalyst in degradation of Rhodamine B in the presence of light through oxidation. More than 93% of the Rhodamine B dye was degraded after 150 min. It was observed that photocatalytic degradation of dyes follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. A tentative mechanism has also been proposed for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes in the presence of copper oxide semiconductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the effect of incremental rise of tyre pyrolysis oil in the blend is analyzed to explore the performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder VCR diesel engine. During experimentation proportion of TPO were 10, 25, 35, 50, 60, 75 and 90 % with diesel fuel. Tests were conducted using four different loading conditions. The experiments were performed using an analytical tool known as Design of Experiments on the basis of Response Surface Methodology. The conclusive models of the RSM prepared to predict the response criterion such as BSFC, BTE, CO, nitrogen oxides, smoke and Mechanical efficiency. The results depicted that with rise in the load, BSFC decrease while it increases with rise in TPO proportion and found lower at 50% TPO and increases again above 50% TPO. BTE increased with increase in the load and found to be highest at higher TPO. For all blends, an increase in Nitrogen oxides found with increase in load and TPO proportion. Parameter optimization executed using the desirability approach method of the RSM for improved conduct and reduced emissions. A load of 4.57 kg (61.7567%) and 40.94% TPO in the blend are suggested as the optimal criterion for the test engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram based cropping sequences are followed in semi-arid parts of Karnataka, India. But, due to increasingly erratic and changing monsoon patterns under current climates the sustainability and profitability of these sequences are becoming more uncertain. Hence, a modeling study using seasonal analysis tool of DSSAT model was taken up to identify the most reliable sequence. Methods: Field experiments were carried out from 2015-2018 to calibrate and validate DSSAT model for four crop cultivars (greengram, chickpea, wheat and sorghum) under rainfed condition on deep black soils and then Sequential Analysis Tool of DSSAT model was run for 32 years (1985-2016) for three cropping sequences i.e., greengram-sorghum, greengram-wheat and greengram-chickpea. The simulated output analysis was done using yield, number of years crop failed during different seasons and the B:C ratio of each sequence. Result: Out of 32 years greengram crop, grown during kharif, failed only once whereas, during rabi season wheat, sorghum and chickpea failed seven, six and five years, respectively. Greengram-chickpea sequence recorded the highest B:C ratio (2.38) followed by greengram-sorghum (2.25) and greengram-wheat (1.76). Considering chances of crop failure and B:C ratio greengram-chickpea sequence was found to be the most reliable and remunerative system under rainfed condition of Karnataka during current climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the extended isogeometric analysis (XIGA) is presented for the analysis of cracks in elastic material subjected to thermal, mechanical, and thermo-mechanical loading. The comparative study on the effect of mechanical and combined thermo-mechanical load on stress intensity factors (SIFs) is performed. Two types of cracks, i.e., isothermal and adiabatic crack, is considered for the simulation. The crack is modeled using suitable enrichment functions. A modified domain-based interaction integral approach is used to extract the SIFs. Several simulations are performed to validate the accuracy of the results. Moreover, the effect of discontinuities (e.g., voids) on SIFs is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the traditional dairy products, burfi is the most popular khoa based confection in Indian subcontinent. Burfi has special importance in different functions like birthday, anniversary, wedding, etc. Consumers in India are becoming more health conscious and demand for healthier food because of rise in disposable income, educational level and awareness of nutrition. In wedding ceremony, now a days, besan burfi is famous instead of laddoos because of nutrition in pulses. Therefore, black gram can be also used in burfi due to it is rich in protein and having best results against many diseases in humans. Methods: Burfi was prepared from milk with constant level of sugar (30 per cent by weight of khoa) and different levels of black gram flour (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent by weight of khoa). Properly blending khoa and sugar with black gram flour on low flame and then cut into pieces after setting. Result: The overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 8.27, 8.38, 8.51, 8.03 and 7.64 respectively. Burfi sample was evaluated for storage study conducted at room (30±2°C) temperature and refrigerated (7±2°C) temperature conditions. The cost of production of burfi with black gram powder was Rs. 255.38, Rs. 252.45, Rs. 249.62, Rs. 246.90 and Rs. 244.28 per kg for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Background: Among the traditional dairy products, burfi is the most popular khoa based confection in Indian subcontinent. Burfi has special importance in different functions like birthday, anniversary, wedding, etc. Consumers in India are becoming more health conscious and demand for healthier food because of rise in disposable income, educational level and awareness of nutrition. In wedding ceremony, now a days, besan burfi is famous instead of laddoos because of nutrition in pulses. Therefore, black gram can be also used in burfi due to it is rich in protein and having best results against many diseases in humans. Methods: Burfi was prepared from milk with constant level of sugar (30 per cent by weight of khoa) and different levels of black gram flour (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent by weight of khoa). Properly blending khoa and sugar with black gram flour on low flame and then cut into pieces after setting. Result: The overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 8.27, 8.38, 8.51, 8.03 and 7.64 respectively. Burfi sample was evaluated for storage study conducted at room (30±2°C) temperature and refrigerated (7±2°C) temperature conditions. The cost of production of burfi with black gram powder was Rs. 255.38, Rs. 252.45, Rs. 249.62, Rs. 246.90 and Rs. 244.28 per kg for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During rabi / summer irrigation water is a scarce resource, but crop needs more water due to non-rainy season and warmer climate. Hence, a field experiment was conducted during rabi / summer season of 2016-17 to study the effect of irrigation water regimes on water use efficiency (WUE) of groundnut genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka. Methods: This field study comprised of four main plots as water regimes viz. I1: (control) seven irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS, I2: Stress at pegging stage; withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS, I3: Stress at pegging and pod filling stage; withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS, I4: Stress at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage; withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS and four genotypes as sub plots viz. G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52. Treatments were replicated thrice and laid out in split plot design. Result: Among the water regime, I2 recorded significantly higher WUE (6.2 kg ha-1 mm-1) followed by I1 (control; 5.5 kg ha-1 mm-1). Water regime I2 also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,857 kg ha-1; 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively) along with other yield attributes, but was found at par with control (I1). This study showed that WUE as well as yield of rabi / summer groundnut can be enhanced if crop was exposed only to mild stress by skipping an irrigation at pegging stage out of total seven irrigations. Among the genotypes, Dh-86 with 2,375 kg ha-1 of pod yield performed significantly better over others like Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1), K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1) and G2-52 (1,880 kg ha-1) suggesting differential response to moisture stress, thus choice of moisture stress tolerant genotypes is equally important to enhance WUE. Interaction between irrigation regime and genotypes showed that Dh-86 (G1) with I2 irrigation regime recorded significantly higher WUE (6.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), pod yield (3,168 kg ha-1) and net return (Rs. 95,655 ha-1) and was found at par with full irrigation regime (I1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different acid doped polyaniline (PANI) materials were prepared in situ using mineral acids like HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 and HClO4 of different concentrations in presence of 0.2 M aniline solution and 0.25 M ammonium persulfate as oxidising agent by the chemical oxidation method. The synthesized materials were studied for their physico-chemical characterizations like XRD, IR and SEM. IR studies revealed the formation of emeraldine salt in all the acid doped PANI samples. XRD of samples exhibited the partly crystalline structure of which HClO4 doped showed good crystallinity over other samples. SEM images displayed the formation of nanorods like structural agglomerates. The effect of acid dopants on their electrical conductivity was investigated by using the four probe set up technique. It was found that HClO4 doped PANI exhibited good electrical conductivity over the other acid doped samples whereas the lowest electrical conductivity was recorded for HNO3 doped PANI samples. The electrical conductivity of 1 M HClO4 doped PANI was the highest i.e. 9.1 S cm-1 among all PANI samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This framework presents another battery charger incorporated with the drive arrangement of an electric vehicle. This work proposes an incorporated charger in light of the double inverter to empower fast electric vehicle charging from the AC or DC lattice without extra DC/DC converters. Reproduction studies exhibit usefulness of consistent current - steady voltage control and energy adjusting of double Li-particle battery packs. Or on the other hand the control arrangement of the battery charger, we propose the utilization of the immediate power hypothesis and a sliding mode regulator for the charger input flows. At long last, to check the way of behaving and attributes of the proposed coordinated battery charger and control framework, a few tests are be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- Ayurveda is the Science of life which denotes healthy living way of life, through obtaining & maintaining of 4 Purusharthas, out of these kama Purushartha is related with many types of desires, but the main important desire of every animal is reproduction. Nature has given this precious gift to the woman. Female reproductive system is described as Artava vaha srotas in Ayurved. Sushruta mentioned Garbhashaya is Mulasthana of it & is one of the Ashayas. Garbhashaya again described as a part of Tryavarta yoni, which is situated in 3rd avarta. Sushruta explained 20 yonivyapad, Prastramsini Yonivyapad is one of them. Sransan means displacement. According to Madhav nidan signs & Symptoms of Prastramsini Yonivyapad are related to Garbhashay Sransa (Uterine Prolapse) Aim - Critical review of Garbhashaya with Special reference to Pratramsini Yonivyapad Objective- To Review Garbhashaya & Prastramsini yonivyapad in Both Ayurvedic and Modern text & to find out most probable co-relation of causes of Prastramsini Yoni-vyapad with Garbhashaya by Statistical Analysis. Material & Method- The present study was an observational study regarding Garbhashaya and Prastramsini Yonivyapad through literature review (Modern &Ayurved), dissection & 60 patients of Prastramsini yonivyapad. Discussion - The review of Garbhashaya & 60 patients of Prastramsini Yonivyapad from the purview of modern Aspect will be discussed. Conclusion- The Proper conclusion related to critical review of Garbhashaya with Special reference to Pratramsini Yonivyapad has been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, there has been a proliferation in commercial wireless services such as mobile, Wi-Fi, TV, etc. This has raised a demand for radio spectrum. As per the reports of spectrum occupancy and spectrum policy task force, most of the allocated spectrums are underutilized. Cognitive radio is an emerging technology, which can improve the spectrum utilization efficiency. Reliable spectrum sensing decision-making is a strenuous task in multi-user cognitive radio network (CRN). For enhancing spectrum utilization of such a network and obtaining a faster collaborative decision from honest secondary users, this paper proposes a reliable intra-coalition and inter-coalition decision-making technique (DMT). In this technique, the investigation of Pareto optimal coalitions is performed. Spectrum/channels have been allocated based on Pareto optimality of coalitions. Further, the performance of multi-user CRN has been evaluated using the proposed and traditional DMTs (i.e. OR/AND/maximum voting/half voting rules). It has been noticed that the proposed DMT outperforms DMTs. The performance parameters such as fusion decision processing time and the end-to-end communication delay to obtain a reliable collaborative decision have been reduced by approximately 50% using the proposed DMT compared to the traditional DMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BaSO4:Eu is a highly sensitive high Z thermoluminescence (TL) phosphor. The conventional synthesis of BaSO4:Eu yields very good TL sensitivity but weak optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity. Earlier, we have reported novel synthesis method for the preparation of europium-doped BaSO4 having good OSL sensitivity. This work reports OSL in nano- and microcrystalline phases of BaSO4:Eu. The study showed that the BaSO4:Eu sample in submicron size shows high TL as well as OSL sensitivity and its OSL sensitivity is 17% compared to the commercial alumina-doped carbon (Al2O3:C, Landauer Inc.). The TL peak at 200 °C gets depleted by 77% after the BSL readout. The dose response of the sample is linear in the 10 mGy–1 Gy dose range with MDD of ~ 10 μGy. For first ten days, practically no fading is observed and the phosphor shows excellent reusable property. High sensitivity, good reusability and low fading of the phosphor will make it suitable in radiation dosimetry applications, particularly for X-ray dosimetry using OSL technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CNT/Graphene reinforced composites due to their exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical characteristics that have attracted the scientific community working in the area of material development. In protraction, this review work on fracture analysis of CNT/Graphene reinforced composites is summarized from an exponentially growing literature inclusive of fabrication methods and present and potential applications. Owing to these composites' enormous structural applications, the number of literature works on the fracture of the structures using various models is summarized here. The literature contains several techniques to model the CNT/graphene composites that include: Halpin Tsai model, modified Halpin Tsai model, Mori–Tanaka model, homogenization approach, etc. which are discussed in detail. Various combined analysis for fracture toughness and crack growth analysis based on fracture mechanics are cited here using different computational formulations like finite element method (FEM), element free Galerkin method, reproducing kernel particle method, meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method, extended finite element method (XFEM), isogeometric analysis (IGA), etc. In particular, the authors have reported the work done in the area of fracture analysis of these novel composites since its inception that is inclusive of its structure, fabrication, properties, mathematical modeling, applications, and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rise in temperature and expected changes in erratic rainfall patterns projected under future climates are going to affect the performance and productivity of most crops, especially under rainfed condition. But, extent of adverse effect would vary from location to location and crop to crop. Greengram is an important Kharif season crop of Northern Transition Zone (NTZ) of Karnataka mainly grown under rainfed conditions. Methods: Calibrated and validated DSSAT-CROPGRO model was used to study response of greengram to climate change in NTZ of Karnataka. A combination of three temperature (control, +1°C and +2°C) and three rainfall (control, -10% and -20%) scenarios resulting nine combinations were used to simulate phenology, yield and total biomass using weather data for the period of 32 years (1985-2016). Result: Model based seasonal analysis showed that the greengram is more sensitive to change in rainfall than temperature. Rise in temperature by 1-2°C, reduced days to physiological maturity by 2 to 3 days and yield by 1.7 to 3.5%. On the contrary, reduction in 20% rainfall alone reduced grain yield and total biomass by 9.5% and 10.48%, respectively. Combined effect of reduced rainfall (-20%) and elevated temperature (2°C) resulted in 16.36 and 21.16% reduction in grain yield and total biomass, respectively. This indicates that, rainfall plays greater role on kharif greengram yield in NTZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) was synthesized by economical sol–gel auto-combustion method. XRD pattern confirms existence of cubic spinel phase with average crystallite size of 28.37 nm. The magnetic and morphological properties of the sample were studied by using vibratory sample magnetometer (VSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The prepared samples were used to study photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye solution. The effect of UV light irradiation time, metal doping and kinetic parameters of photocatalysis with nickel ferrite catalyst was studied in detail. The catalyst was also utilized for a two-element coupling system of phenyl halide and phenyl boronic acid. The influence of solvent, temperature and metal loading of the catalyst was conjointly mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture produce is subjected to various risks, which are not only confined to production risk pertaining to weather, pest but also the demand and supply of various countries, other policy and economic factors. With restricted knowledge to understand and comprehend the information, farmers can incur huge losses by selling their produce in distress. Farmers no longer have to contend with just local markets. They also have to account for competition from the world over. Harda, Betul and Hoshangabad district of Narmadapuram division was chosen for the present study. The districts were selected as per stratified random sampling. The above said districts were selected because Soyabean and Wheat crop are cultivated at large while comparing with other districts. The study pertaining about the commodity market covers the period of 3 years (2014-2016). In the present study the age and gender of 300 respondent were recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Groundnut crop grown during Rabi / summer experiences moisture stress, thus irrigation is must. However, water for irrigation gets scarce during summer month hence it becomes important to choose stress tolerant varieties and optimize irrigation schedule without compromising the yield. Methods: A field experiment with four rabi / summer groundnut genotypes (G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52) exposed to four irrigation regimes (I1: 7 irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS as control, I2: withdrawal of one irrigation between 45-60 DAS i.e., pegging stage, I3: withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS i.e., at pegging and pod filling stage, I4: withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS i.e., at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage) was carried out from December to April of 2016-17 on black cotton soils at AICRP on Groundnut UAS, Dharwad. Result: Among the genotypes tested, Dh-86 recorded significantly higher pod yield (2,376 kg ha-1) followed by Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1) and K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1), whereas G2-52 gave the lowest yield (1,880 kg ha-1) and all of them performed well at I1 and I2 irrigation regimes. Among different water regimes, I1 (i.e., control) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, more branches and higher dry matter at harvest as compared to other irrigation regimes, hence it also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,870 and 4,691 kg ha-1, respectively), but was found at par with I2, i.e., crop stressed only at pegging stage (2,858 and 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively). This suggests that, at the most, one irrigation can be skipped at pegging stage without compromising on yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was described for the determination of micro amount of lead (II) with Poly 3-(Aza-18-crown-6) Silica bonded phase employed as an ion-pair forming a neutral complex from Sodium succinate medium (0.01 to 3.0 M). The adsorbed ion-pair complex was back eluted with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid and determined spectrophotometrically with PAR. The various parameters like concentration of acid, equilibrium time, back eluting agents, loading capacity were optimized for quantitative adsorption of lead (II). The applicability of the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of diverse ions, binary mixture of associated metal ions, ternary mixtures, alloys, ayurvedic samples and water samples and lead (II) was determined with the PAR and results of analysis were confirmed by AAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Food Processing sector in India has a quintessential role in networking Indian farmers to consumers in the domestic and international markets. Demand for processed food items is set to increase in India in the coming years providing opportunities for greater value addition, lower wastages and alternative employment opportunities. Various analysis have reported that outcome from food processing firms have been lucrative, but the value addition component needs to increase significantly. Organizations like Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is making concrete efforts to encourage investments across various value chain. Selection of right process, effective package of equipment with trained manpower coupled with effective strategy and initiatives is the key to promote food processing sector. Under National Agricultural Research System many such technologies have been developed which enables setting up micro and small food processing industries in production catchment. Some of these technologies which could be adopted for doubling the farmer's income in briefed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]