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The aim of this investigation is to contribute to clarify whether zygomatic unilateral implants are a feasible alternative for the rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla. Six consecutive, unilaterally edentulous patients who received zygomatic implants gave their consent to enter this retrospective observational study. Fixtures were inserted according to the Zygomatic Anatomy‐Guided Approach and loaded with functional screwed restorations. All patients were compliant with their scheduled follow‐up appointments. Six tapered implants were considered, mostly (80%) 4.4 mm diameter 40–50 mm long. These fixtures had been in place for an average of 4.1 years (range: 5–144 months). No implant failures were observed, and continuous fixed‐prosthesis function was achieved throughout the follow‐up period with no loosening or fracture of prosthetic screws. Patients were satisfied with the treatment and experienced only minor complications. Unilateral zygomatic implants seem to be a feasible alternative that diminishes morbidity and treatment times with high‐survival rates for patients with atrophic posterior maxilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To undertake a meta‐analysis of the association of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) with diabetes, two diseases with an important impact on public health and the economy, but the evidence of which about their association is inconsistent. Methods: Relevant studies were localized by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Conference Proceedings, and other databases from inception to October 2020, without restrictions. The reference lists of included studies and of related reviews were also inspected. Global pooled odds ratios were calculated, and predefined subgroup analyses were performed. The heterogeneity between studies and publication bias was assessed and sensitivity analysis was carried out. Results: Thirty‐two studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Pooled ORs showed a moderate association between diabetes and OLP [OR: 1.87 (95%CI: 1.57, 2.34)]. The association is limited to studies carried out on adults only [OR: 2.12 (95%CI: 1.75, 2.57)] and is observed in all study designs. Globally, the heterogeneity was low to moderate. Studies carried out in European populations show a stronger association of diabetes and OLP than Asiatic studies [OR: 2.49 (95%CI: 1.87, 3.32) and 1.60 (95%CI: 1.25, 2.03), respectively]. Conclusions: Diabetes and OLP are moderately associated. Systematic diagnosis of diabetes in OLP patients could prove useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify the immunohistochemical pattern of non‐tumoral epithelium adjacent to lip cancer (ANTE) to unveil molecular alterations and potential biomarkers in lip cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A systematic search at MEDLINE, EMBASE and proceedings Web of Science, OpenGrey and WorldCat. The PICOS outline (Population: lip cancer patients; Intervention: immunostaining with biomarkers in surgical specimens; Comparisons: ANTE versus LC; Outcomes: primary—to identify the immunohistochemical pattern of peritumoral epithelium and secondary—to assess the immunoreactivity of LC epithelium; and Study design: cross‐sectional, case‐control and cohort studies). Results: A total of 339 records were identified. Seven studies reporting on ANTE and LCs were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 4 of them (p53 immunostaining) were selected for meta‐analysis. In the ANTE group, the pooled prevalence of p53 was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.66 – 0.82), while in the lip squamous cell carcinoma group this prevalence was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75 – 0.89). Conclusions: Similar immunoexpression was found in lip epithelium adjacent to lip carcinoma, even in epithelia with normal appearance or mild histological alterations. The role of biomarkers in the follow‐up of actinic cheilitis patients deserves additional clinical assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To discuss the terminology to define and classify actinic cheilitis (AC) and to build a consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to AC. Methods: Two‐round Delphi study using a questionnaire including 34 closed sentences (9 on terminology and taxonomy, 5 on potential for malignant transformation, 12 on diagnostic aspects, 8 on treatment) and 8 open questions. Experts' agreement was rated using a Likert scale (1–7). Results: A consensus was reached on 24 out 34 statements (73.5%) and on 5 out of 8 (62.5%) close‐ended questions. The response rate was identical in both rounds (attrition of 0%). AC is the term with the highest agreement (median of 7 (strongly agree; IQR: 6–7)) and the lowest dispersion (VC = 21.33). 'Potentially malignant disorder' was the preferred classification group for AC (median of 7) and 85.6% of participants showing some level of agreement (CV < 50). Experts (66.75%) consider AC a clinical term (median: 7; IQR: 4–7) and believe definitive diagnosis can be made clinically (median: 6; IQR: 5–7), particularly by inspection and palpation (median: 5; IQR: 4–6). Histopathological confirmation is mandatory for the management of AC (median: 5; IQR: 2.5–7), even for homogeneous lesions (median: 5; IQR: 3.5–6). Consensus was reached on all treatment statements (VC < 50). Conclusions: AC is a potentially malignant disorder with a significant lack of agreement on diagnostic criteria, procedures, biopsy indications and the importance of techniques to assist in biopsy. A consensus was reached on nomenclature and management of this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of alveolar antral artery (AAA) detection by CBCT, its related variables, and at describing explanatory models useful in surgical planning, by retrospective evaluation of CBCT explorations. The modelling of the probability for detecting AAA was undertaken using logistic generalized additive models (GAM). The capacity for discriminating detection/no detection was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves. A total of 466 sinuses were studied. Univariate models showed detection probability was linked to sinus width and thickness of the lateral bony wall, together with the shape and height of the osseous crest. AAA detection probability increased steadily until the thickness of the bony wall reached 6 mm. Multivariate models resulted good discriminators for AAA detection, particularly for females, showing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85. Models considering patients altogether, and those including only males offered slightly lower values (AUC = 0.79). The probability of AAA detection by CBCT was influenced by gender (higher in males and for narrow sinuses) and increases with the thickness of the sinus lateral bony wall and the height of the residual alveolar ridge. Besides, and particularly for women, the thickness of the ridge at the basal level seems to improve the explanatory model for AAA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore dental clinics' performance on periodontal education by comparing knowledge about periodontal health of regular and inconsistent dental attenders. Subjects and Methods: A population‐based study with a cross‐sectional design was performed in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Participants were randomly selected from 16 different areas and a questionnaire applied face‐to‐face. The survey included items on socio‐demographic features, habits and routines, periodontal status and periodontal health knowledge. Participants were grouped according to the median of overall knowledge, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between good periodontal knowledge and frequency of dental visits. Results: A total of 8,206 individuals were invited to enter the study, and 3,553 of them accepted the invitation (43.3%). Most participants (59.3%; n = 1,945) fit within the regular dental attenders' group. Younger women holding a university degree and visiting their dentist regularly elicited higher knowledge about periodontal health. Regular use of dental services increased the chances of being in the higher knowledge group (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.40–2.00). Conclusions: Reported regular dental attendance is related to periodontal health knowledge. Specific interventions for promoting tailored patient education on periodontal topics during routine dental visits may have a positive effect on laypersons' knowledge about periodontal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early diagnosis may improve patients' quality of life and reduce the lifelong social and financial burden inherent to treatment. Growing evidence supports the importance of a healthy periodontium in systemic health. Diagnosis depends on the patient and the healthcare professional. As many patients seek physicians' advice first, this study aims at assessing periodontal knowledge in a general population and their primary care physicians and nurses.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire applied to randomly selected laypersons (March to June 2016), and to physicians and nurses at their workplaces (October to December 2016) in Ourense, Spain. Sample size for the general population was determined by quota sampling.Results: A total of 1,469 people entered the study. All healthcare workers and 624 (47.1%) laypersons were familiar with periodontitis. Bacterial etiology of periodontitis was recognized by 25 (4%) laypersons, 23 (34.3%) physicians, and 11 (16.6%) nurses. The following periodontal problems were experienced: 1) gingival redness: laypersons 14.4%, physicians 16.4%, and nurses 21.2%; 2) gingival bleeding: laypersons 22.2%, physicians 50.7%, and nurses 50%; 3) tooth mobility: laypersons 34.9%, physicians 7.4%, and nurses 6%; and 4) bleeding while toothbrushing: laypersons 44.3%, physicians 8.9%, and nurses 15.1%. More than a third of laypersons (37%) think periodontitis is related to other health problems, together with 53% of physicians and 47% of nurses.Conclusions: Our results show a low degree of periodontal knowledge both amongst the public and their primary care physicians and nurses and unveil unreliable targets (primary healthcare workers) for educational interventions to improve early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Training on impression disinfection is often limited to brief explanations in the clinic. This investigation assessed knowledge on this topic amongst clinical students in our university, produced a pill of knowledge to suit their needs, and evaluated its impact and acceptance. Material and Methods: A pre‐post study was designed to identify knowledge gaps using an anonymous, voluntary self‐applied questionnaire before and after watching an audio‐visual clip (pill of knowledge). All 136 students in the school were invited to enter the study (estimated sample size: 116). Results: Participants: 109 (26.6% in 3rd year; 37.6% in 4th year and 39.4% in 5th year). Participation dropped 10.29% (n = 95) in the post‐intervention survey. Knowledge improvement was higher for those impression materials included in the pill. Most students (68.4%) reported to know more about impression disinfection after the pill and 70.5% felt more able to achieve correct disinfection. The pill was particularly well received (86.3%). All students would recommend it to their peers, and 93.5% are willing to receive pills on other topics. Discussion: Our results disclosed an important gap in knowledge, which can be filled by a single, brief and concise pill adapted to the intended audience. Once made readily available through digital repositories, it may help solve this problem, given the ubiquitous presence of mobile devices. Conclusions: Our results found pills of knowledge as a useful approach to facilitating undergraduates' learning process. This method, using suitable information and communication technologies, has the potential to improve the performance on certain clinical tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early diagnosis studies on symptomatic cancer, survival was the most recommended outcome. The magnitude and impact of the patient interval and primary care interval is well-known in oral cancer; however, the hospital interval and its influence on surviving this neoplasia are not well known. To quantify the interval between the first contact with the specialist and the start of treatment for patients with oral cancer and to evaluate whether there was a link between this interval and disease survival. We designed a hospital-based study that included 228 patients diagnosed with oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 1998 and 2008 at A Coruña University Hospital (Spain) who were followed up until 2016. The data were extracted retrospectively from hospital medical charts. The study interval was defined in the context of the "pathways to treatment" model as the interval from the first specialist visit (start point) to the start of treatment (end point). We calculated the total interval (from first symptom to treatment) to evaluate the relative length of the hospital interval, and we considered the variables age, sex, location, comorbidity and tumour classification stage. Survival time was defined as the interval from the first treatment to death or censoring. The median hospital interval was 20 days, with an interquartile range of 15–29.1 days. The most relevant prognostic variable was the tumour stage (III-IV: Exp. ß = 2.8, p = 0.001). The hospital interval was part of the multivariate model, and its association with mortality showed a V-shaped association, where patients with short hospital intervals (3–18 days) and those with long hospital intervals (26–55 days) had significantly higher mortality than those with medium hospital intervals (19–25 days). The hospital interval represents a relevant interval for the patient's path towards treatment, has prognostic implications and is subject to a severity bias (waiting time paradox) that should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess periodontal awareness among laypersons, to characterize the very aware of periodontitis and to disclose whether high awareness implies sufficient periodontal knowledge. Subjects and methods: Cross‐sectional study on laypersons randomly selected by quota sampling from March 2015 to June 2016. The questionnaire of periodontal awareness included aspects of aetiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, related risks, prevention, treatment and related attitudes. It was applied by 12 interviewers in the community in each four province capitals, in a sort of pathfinder survey method. Results: A 43.3% response rate was obtained, and 3,553 people entered the study. "Very aware": 19.4%. "Aware": 42.7%. "Not aware": 37.9%. Age, oral self‐care and educational achievements characterized those "very aware." Any additional degree beyond compulsory education halves the chances for being "not periodontally aware." Very aware people likely to have periodontitis were elder, less educated, with a smoking history and less knowledge of the disease. Gaps of knowledge among the "very aware" were identified in all aspects except for "prevention" and "treatment.". Conclusions: Very periodontally aware people were in their late 40–60 s, followed sound oral care routines and held a degree but elicited insufficient knowledge about aetiology, signs‐symptoms, related risks or periodontal risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In this study, the authors assessed the readability of online endodontic information in English and Spanish. Methods. The authors performed a systematic search in Google in May 2016. Search queries were "root canal treatment" and "¿Qué es una endodoncia?" without limits or filters. The authors assessed English readability by using Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease Score, Gunning Fog Index, Coleman-Liau index, automated readability index, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index. The authors calculated readability for Spanish by using the Fernández-Huerta index and INFLESZ (Ines-Barrio). Results. The authors assessed the first 100 consecutive sites identified with each search strategy and selected 117 sites. Readability scores for English-language sites were in the category of normal to read, easily understood by 13- through 15-year-old students (Flesch Reading Ease Score, 63, interquartile range (IQR) [53.9-66.2]; Gunning Fog Index, 10.4, IQR [8.8-12]; Coleman-Liau index, 12.5, IQR [U.6-13.3]; and automated readability index, 8.6, IQR [6.7-9.8]). SMOG results led to the estimation that only 7 years of education would be needed to understand these contents (SMOG, 7.6, IQR [6.5-8.8]). Spanish-language sites had a readability index normal for an adult, equivalent to a seventh or eighth school year (Fernandez-Huerta, 62.3, IQR [59.7-66.6]; INFLESZ, 57.5, IQR [55.1-62.1]). The authors found that 36.6% of English-language sites had some degree of difficulty for readers to understand their contents, whereas 23% of Spanish-language sites had some degree of difficulty (14.46; 95% confidence interval, -3.16 to 30.08). Conclusions. Spanish- and English-language electronic health information about endodontic treatment is acceptable to read, but--particularly for English-language sites--there is an important proportion of sites scoring difficulty levels well above the recommendations. Practical Implications. The internet is a useful tool for communicating with patients, but available endodontic information is difficult for laypeople to understand. Endodontists should produce relevant materials in plain language to overcome this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Mortality is linked to diagnostic intervals in certain cancers. As symptom perception is conditioned by tumor site, a specific study on oral cancer is needed. Methods This study's inclusion criteria were original data, symptomatic primary oral squamous cell carcinoma, and exposure of interest, diagnostic interval, or diagnostic delay. The outcome of interest was survival and disease stage. A meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the relationship between intervals to diagnosis, TNM classification, and survival in oral cancer. Results Regarding referral delay, the results present no heterogeneity and showed a risk increase in mortality of 2.48 (range = 1.39-4.42). The larger the diagnostic delay, the more advanced the stage at diagnosis. High quality studies reveal a higher risk increase than low quality studies (odds ratio [OR] = 2.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-4.36 vs OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.26-1.86). Conclusion A longer time interval from first symptom to referral for diagnosis is a risk factor for advanced stage and mortality of oral cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2182-E2189, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor awareness of periodontal diseases and their consequences has been reported as the most frequent reason for periodontal treatment failure on a community basis. This study aims to identify the most relevant gaps of knowledge about periodontal diseases among the general public and to disclose whether these gaps are culturally consistent.Methods: Systematic searches were conducted of the EMBASE, PubMed, and SciELO databases (1998 to November 2014). The search strategy was "periodontitis OR periodontal disease" and "knowledge OR awareness" as keywords and free text. Papers were included if they reported on community-based, quantitative studies undertaken on adult individuals.Results: A total of 2,330 references were identified (1,567 single papers), and six papers were finally selected. Raw data were grouped into nine dimensions of periodontal knowledge: 1) awareness; 2) etiology; 3) associated risks; 4) signs and symptoms; 5) risk factors; 6) treatment; 7) general knowledge; 8) prevention; and 9) attitudes. This classification recognized disease awareness (80%), etiology (75%), and periodontal-related risks (71.43%) as the most important knowledge deficits among the general public. These findings were confirmed by weighted data analysis.Conclusions: The number of available community-based investigations on periodontal knowledge is scarce and restricted to areas with a very high level of human development. Gaps of knowledge exist in every geographic area, with the most relevant issues of low awareness and poor knowledge about the etiology of periodontal diseases and their relation with systemic disorders. These results highlight the need for local, community-based investigations about periodontal knowledge and barriers hampering early diagnosis, as well as for adequate educational interventions focused on these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Massive use of the Internet for health issues has raised concerns about the quality of the information available and about consumers' ability to tell 'good' from 'bad' information. Purpose To assess the quality of patient-addressed, dental implants-related websites in terms of reliability, accessibility, usability and readability. Materials and Methods Two search engines (Google and Yahoo) were used in this study. The first 100 sites, as listed by each engine, were considered for the study. Each site was categorised and analysed for quality using the DISCERN and the LIDA instruments. The Flesch-Kinkaid Reading Grade Level ( FKRGL) and the Flesh Reading Ease Score ( FRES) were used to assess legibility. Results After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 single websites entered the study. The median score for the DISCERN instrument (3 [2-3]) indicated serious or potentially important shortcoming in the quality of the information obtained. LIDA scores showed modest percentages for accessibility (79.36 [74.60-85.31]) and intermediate for usability (59.20 (50.46-68.51)) and reliability (55.55 [45.37-66.66]). Legibility indices reached scores within the range of difficult to read ( FRES = 51.72 [38.70-55.27]); FKRGL = 12.76 [10.07-14.87]). Conclusions Available e-health information on dental implants in English language is difficult to read for the average patient and poor in terms of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of neurological complications related to lip biopsy for SS diagnosis using conventional vs minimally invasive techniques.Methods. We performed a systematic review and prevalence meta-analysis using the search strategy [(salivary gland biopsy OR labial biopsy OR lip biopsy) AND (Sjögren)] in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index databases. Studies were selected if they included original data for minor salivary gland biopsy, sample size, exposure of interest (technique description), number of complications and number of affected patients. The prevalence of total and permanent neurological adverse effects was calculated. Both fixed-effects and random-effects pooled estimates were assessed. Heterogeneity was calculated using an adaptation of the DerSimonian and Laird Q test.Results. Sixteen articles were selected for the study. In the minimally invasive group (n = 3), the pooled prevalence of total adverse events is almost four times higher than that in the linear incision group (n = 12) (4.73% vs 1.20%). In contrast, the pooled prevalence of the permanent or potentially permanent neurological adverse events is 8.5 times lower in the minimally invasive technique group than in the studies using linear incisions (0.17% vs 1.45%).Conclusion. With the limitations intrinsic to the potential biases in the studies included in this meta-analysis, we conclude that the minimally invasive lip biopsy technique for SS diagnosis induces fewer permanent neurological complications than conventional approaches with large linear incisions in the lower lip. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: Sinus membrane perforation is the most common intraoperative complication of maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) procedures and frequently causes postoperative problems. Piezoelectric devices have been claimed to reduce the frequency of membrane perforations although no clear evidence supports this view. Materials and Methods: Ten surgeons with different expertise levels performed 80 MSFEs in selected lamb heads, with rotary and piezoelectric instruments following standard protocols. After the procedures, specimens were coded and perforations or tears determined through a microscope. Results: No significant differences in terms of thickness either of the sinus lateral wall ( xi- xj = 73.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 45.3-191.8) or the membrane ( xi- xj = 24.2; 95% CI = −29.4 to 77.9) were identified between the specimens allocated to each group. Nine membrane perforations (11.2%) occurred during the study, all within the lower expertise group. Membrane elevation by hand instruments caused five perforations (40%) in the rotary instrument group and one in the piezoelectric group. Expert surgeons produced no membrane perforations, the size of the antrostomy that was smaller in the piezoelectric group being the only significant difference between the rotary and piezoelectric groups. Conclusions: The use of piezoelectric material for MSFE reduces the frequency of membrane perforation among surgeons with a limited experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on chance to learn on oral cancer on Spanish experience. Topics include the most important preventive actions implemented so far to contain the virus have been social distancing and barrier and hygiene measures, and the combination of these three factors resulted in dentists treating only medical and dental emergencies has selected under rigorous ethical and technical criteria.

Continuing education (CE) can have a large impact on dentists' oral cancer attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Reading scientific journals is a key component of CE. The objective of this study was to assess preventive and clinical attitudes of the participants in an educational intervention on oral cancer in Spain based on scientific journals. Members of the Spanish Board of Dentists and Stomatologists participated in an online, cross-sectional study, using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. There were 791 general dental practitioners (GDPs) invited to participate in the study. The large majority reported that they deliver tobacco-cessation counseling (93.6 percent) as well as advice on alcohol consumption (66.6 percent), but advice on vegetable intake was less frequently provided (42.4 percent). Alcohol intake advice, routine mucosa exploration, and biopsy perfomiance on lesions suspicious of malignancy are preventive attitudes related to training. Compared with those who did not benefit from CE courses or did so only once, the GDPs who took four or more CE courses showed a doubling in the odds of giving alcohol advice to their patients and a tenfold increased odds of performing mucosa check on a routine basis; they were 3.5 times as likely to take biopsies of suspicious lesions. A longer experience as a GDP did not increase the probability of adopting preventive attitudes. In addition to presenting the results of this study, the article also discusses the general usefulness of other preventive measures in oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many models have been suggested for surgical training in sinus floor elevation (SFE), but information on key features that provide feedback to the trainee is scarce. The aim of this study is to compare the thickness of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus (TLWMS) and the thickness of the Schneiderian membrane (TSM) between an animal model and the human standard. Methods: The observational study used 20 fresh lamb heads. Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) was performed for recording the following: TLWMS, sinus lateral floor width, distance from the lateral border of the anteroposterior bone crest to the sinus wall, and height of lateral maxillary sinus. Thirty human radiologic exploration cone-beam CTs were used for comparisons. The sinus membrane thickness was measured at three points per section and compared to those of 10 formalin-preserved human membranes. Results: TLWMS in the animal model scored 2.25 ± 0.3 mm and was thicker than that of humans with subsinusal edentulism (Xi - Xj = 0.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.4), although this difference was not considered clinically relevant. The average thickness of the sinus membrane was 485.5 ± 137.1 µm with no significant differences between sides (P = 0.12) or between the thickness of human and lamb Schneiderian membranes. Conclusions: The model based on lambs is potentially useful for training in SFE techniques because of the similarities in the TLWMS and particularly the TSM. Additional studies are needed to validate this model within a teaching environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tumor stage may relate to the chronology of neoplasm growth and has been used as an outcome variable when studying diagnostic delay in oral cancer. However, tumor growth rate may act as a confounding factor. Methods We reviewed a total of 63 incident cases of oral cancer. The variables considered for the study included age, sex, smoking history, tumor site, TNM stage, Ki-67 score, and diagnostic delay. Results Significant differences between survivors and exitus were found in terms of tumor stage at diagnosis (I-II vs III-IV), sex, and Ki-67 scores. When the analysis was adjusted for tumor stage at diagnosis (I-II vs III-IV), proliferative activity resulted to be an independent prognostic factor for survival, whereas diagnostic delay did not influence survival. Conclusion These results seem to suggest that survival from oral cancer is affected more by the biology of the cancer (rapid tumor growth) than by diagnostic delay. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A 47-year-old male non-smoker with a history of psoriasis sought a consultation because of a painless, hard-on-palpation, 1-cm exophytic lesion with a smooth and speckled surface located on the hard palate adjacent to tooth #12. The radiologic examination revealed no bone destruction. The lesion was clinically diagnosed as a fibrous hyperplasia or chronic pyogenic granuloma. Methods: The lesion was surgically removed, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours, and, following common practice, embedded in paraffin. Sections, 4 µm thick, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and alcian blue, pH 2.5. An immunohistochemical study was also performed. Results: A definitive diagnosis of a mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC), a very rare, high-grade malignancy tumor that more frequently appears in the elderly, was made. With the definitive diagnosis of an MAC of the palate, the upper-left premolars were extracted using a box osteotomy, and the surgical wound was reconstructed with a Bichat fat-pad flap. After a 6-month follow-up, no recurrence or cervical metastases were identified. Conclusions: An MAC of a minor salivary gland may arise as a gingival exophytic lesion with a clinical appearance similar to a pyogenic granuloma. The existence of a light speckled pattern on the surface of the lesion indicates that an incisional biopsy is needed before surgical treatment to make possible a definitive diagnosis. To avoid delays in diagnosis and erroneous clinical approaches to exophytic gingival lesions, periodontists and practitioners should routinely perform a pathologic analysis to confirm the diagnosis when dealing with these kinds of lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic delay in oropharyngeal cancer may be associated with poor prognosis. As controversy exists on this topic because of contradictory results, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the relationship between total diagnostic delay and advanced disease stages. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI proceedings was made to identify observational studies that provided relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for patients with confirmed pathological diagnosis. The outcome of interest was disease stage (TNM classification), while the exposure of interest was the total diagnostic delay. The study-specific adjusted log RRs for cohort studies were weighted by the inverse of their variance to compute a pooled RR and its 95% CI. The fixed-effects pooled RR of advanced stages of oropharyngeal cancer when diagnostic delay is present was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.07–1.62). This association was stronger when the analysis was restricted to oral cancer (pooled RR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.09–1.99) and when delay was longer than 1 month (pooled RR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.26–2.77). The probability for patients with delayed diagnosis to present an advanced-stage tumour at diagnosis was significantly higher than that of patients with no delay in diagnosis. However, new prospective studies with strict methodology are needed to shed more light on this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the implant stability in osseodistraction-generated (ODG) bone after a 2-month consolidation period, assessed by resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Material and methods: Twenty healthy, non-smoker female patients received 71 dental implants, 39 placed in native bone and 32 in ODG bone, after an 8-week consolidation period. Primary and secondary stability of the implants was assessed by means of the Osstell® mentor device. The average value of six measurements was considered for the statistical analysis at each time point. Results: The age of the patients who received implants in ODG was not significantly different from that of those receiving implants in pristine bone (48.0±10.9); [ X=1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI)=−7.7–10.9]. Although implants placed in both bone types indicated good primary stability, a statistically significant difference in favour of implants placed in pristine bone could be identified in terms of osteogenic distraction (OD) ( Xi− Xj=3.4; 95% CI=1.7–5.8). After a 1.5-month integration period, none of the implants failed, but implant stability still recorded higher values for implants located in the pristine bone ( Xi− Xj=2.5; 95% CI=0.5–4.4). A positive linear correlation could be established between the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values at implant placement (primary stability) and the post-integration ISQ score (secondary stability) for both bone types, but only 16% of the post-integration ISQ in the ODG bone could be attributed to the primary stability. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, OD bone offers – after a 2-month consolidation period – high primary and secondary stabilities after implant placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To describe survival from oral metastases, particularly gingival metastases, and to identify clinical prognostic variables. Materials and Methods: A series of 39 patients were studied, analysing age, gender, primary tumour site, oral metastases site and histological type. Results: Mean age: 62.3±9.2 years, with similar prevalence by gender. The most frequent sites for primary tumours were the kidney (20.5%), lung (20.5%) and breast (20.5%). Gingival metastases represented 63.6% of all oral soft tissue metastases (7/11). The average time between primary tumour diagnosis and appearance of the gingival metastases was 9.7±13.4 months. The median survival time since gingival metastases appearance was 5.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI)=0–13.6]; no statistically significant difference with other oral locations was found by the Kaplan–Meier curves (log rank: 0.29; p>0.05). Oral metastases involving the gingiva were more frequently found in the maxilla (85.7% versus 14.3%), whereas intra-osseous metastatic tumours were more frequent in the mandible (77.8% versus 22.2%; p<0.05; odds ratio=21; 95% CI=2.0–210.1). None of the variables considered had a prognostic value as indicated by the Kaplan–Meier test. Practical implications: The data in this paper show that 25% (and in other studies up to 37%) of oral metastases came from unknown primary tumours; thus a biopsy with histopathologic analysis is mandatory for every patient with a gingival mass. Conclusions: This study reinforces the significance of gingival metastases as a poor prognosis indicator. Dental practitioners should suspect that gingival masses mimicking benign or inflammatory lesions may represent a sign of underlying malignant tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The similarity between gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) and more common periodontal lesions may lead to a delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Neoplastic lesions of gingival tissues are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage. Methods: To assess the relative time from when patients first become aware of the problem to histopathologic diagnosis (total diagnostic time), 59 consecutive oral cancer cases were examined in this study. The following variables were considered: age, gender, smoking habits, tumor stage at diagnosis, and total diagnostic time. The median of the patients' total diagnostic time (1.5 months) was used as a cutoff point to distinguish between delayed and non-delayed cases. Analysis of the variables was undertaken using the Student t test and χ² test, with a 95% confidence interval (Cl). Results: The total diagnostic time was <1.5 months for 75% of gingival carcinomas, 50% of tongue carcinomas, and 78% of floor-of-the-mouth carcinomas. It was >1.5 months for 25% of gingival carcinomas, 50% of tongue carcinomas, and 21% of floor-of-the-mouth carcinomas. No significant differences in time before diagnosis were found when gingival cancers were compared to other oral tumors (χ² = 0.21; 95% Cl =-0.40 to 0.26). However, by the time of diagnosis, gingival cancers had invaded adjacent structures more frequently than other oral cancers (χ² = 13.51; 95% Cl = 0.18 to 0.85). Conclusions: The gingival location of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was associated with advanced stages at the time of diagnosis, due to early invasion of contiguous bone tissue (T4-primary tumor). This would indicate that even earlier referral and diagnosis are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Information about the relative length of patient stays, primary care, and prereferral intervals (from symptom onset to specialist referral) is very scarce, and how the presenting symptoms influence these intervals and referral routes remains unknown. This study assesses the impact of presenting symptoms on time intervals, number of visits at the primary care level, and referral pattern of patients with symptomatic oral cancer. This approach will allow targets to be identified for future interventions and the optimization of the treatment pathway for symptomatic oral cancer patients. This investigation was aimed at determining the time intervals from the presenting symptoms until the beginning of oral cancer treatment and their relative contribution to the total time, and to assess the impact of the presenting symptom on diagnostic timelines and patient referral routes. A cross-sectional, ambispective study was designed to investigate symptomatic incident cases. The Aarhus statement was used as a conceptual framework. Strategies for minimizing potential recall biases were implemented. A sample of 181 patients was recruited (power: 99.5%; α = 0.05). The patient interval reached 58.2 days (95% CI, 40.3–76.2), which accounted for 74% of the whole prereferral interval and for more than one third of the total time interval. The presenting symptom (trigger for consultation) influenced both the number of primary care consultations and the length of time to diagnosis. General dental practitioners generated longer intervals to diagnosis (p < 0.005) and needed more consultations before referring a patient (RR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61–0.93), than general medical practitioners. The current study identifies the patient as the main target for interventions to improve awareness and reinforces the need for increased alertness amongst healthcare professionals about presenting symptoms of oral cancer and to diminish the number of prereferral consultations in order to optimize the primary care interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Stage of the disease at diagnosis has been recognized as one of the most important prognostic markers for oral cancer. Unfortunately, still two thirds of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease with a 5-year survival rate of 50% or less. Although the detection of oral cancer at an early stage is the most effective means to improve survival and reduce morbidity, in the past years, there has been little change in the diagnosis of oral cancer at early stages, which is believed to be a result of delays in diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer, among other independent factors. Following the Aarhus statement, developed in effort to standardize the design, methods and reporting of studies concerning time-intervals in early diagnosis research, the review assessed the causes that influence the patient, diagnosis and pre-treatment intervals in the pathway of time-to-treatment in oral cancer and its impact on survival. The purpose of this review was to identify and describe the causes that influence the time-intervals in the pathway of diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer and to assess its impact on prognosis and survival. The review was structured according to the recommendations of the Aarhus statement, considering original data from individual studies and systematic reviews that reported outcomes related to the patient, diagnostic and pre-treatment intervals. The patient interval is the major contributor to the total time-interval. Unawareness of signs and/or symptoms, denial and lack of knowledge about oral cancer are the major contributors to the process of seeking medical attention. The diagnostic interval is influenced by tumor factors, delays in referral due to higher number of consultations and previous treatment with different medicines or dental procedures and by professional factors such as experience and lack of knowledge related to the disease and diagnostic procedures. Patients with advanced stage disease, primary treatment with radiotherapy, treatment at an academic facility and transitions in care are associated with prolonged pre-treatment intervals. An emerging body of evidence supports the impact of prolonged pre-treatment and treatment intervals with poorer survival from oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the gingival incisional biopsy, which is one of the most common techniques to treat the lesions in the gingiva. It informs that the gingiva is a common site for reactive, non-neoplastic, and neoplastic lesions with unspecific clinical features. It further informs that the gingival biopsies may be also useful in the diagnosis of amyloidosis and syndromic entities.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article “A Stab-and-Roll Biopsy Technique to Maintain Gingival Epithelium for Desquamative Gingivitis” by Rees Endo et al. in the 2014 issue.