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Objective: The study aimed to examine postural stability changes in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Methods: Fifty patients who recovered from the COVID-19 infection and 50 healthy controls were compared using the dizziness handicap inventory (DHI), a modified clinical test of sensory interaction balance (mCTSIB), limits of stability (LOS), rhythmic weight shift (RWS), and Romberg and fall risk (FR) tests. Results: Regarding mCTSIB, regardless of gender patients, female patients, or male patients, there were no significant differences from controls (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in LOS between the patients and controls regarding (p < 0.05) in some parameters. There was a significant difference between the patients and controls concerning RWS (p < 0.05) for some parameters. There was a significant difference between the patients and controls regarding the Romberg test in some parameters (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the patients and control groups regarding FR. Conclusion: Studies in which the effects of COVID-19 infection sequels have been evaluated on the vestibular system in the literature are subjective. The main concern is the prevalence of dizziness or vertigo in subjective studies. There may be a decrease in postural reflexes in female individuals who recovered from the COVID-19 infection in this study, thanks to the objective test measurement. Increased oscillations with eyes closed on regular ground and soft ground in the Romberg test may likely indicate vestibular problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Instability is one of the main symptoms in patients with vestibular and neurological disorders and therapeutic exercise interventions are increasing in popularity as a form of treatment. Additionally, the limits of stability measurement are known to be a good tool for balance evaluation and monitoring of these interventions. The aim of this work is to better understand how a specific protocol provokes changes on this variable and to study the characteristics of those who do and do not respond to it. Methods: A retrospective study was developed with the data of 40 patients treated in the Otorhinolaryngology department in Clínica Universidad de Navarra (Madrid, Spain). They had an initial reduction in limits of stability, completed the proposed protocol with home-based and hospital-based exercises and with frequent limits of stability remeasurement, and were assisted to a follow-up retest after 1–2 months. Results: A progressive improvement in limits of stability measure was developed through the intervention and was partially retained at follow-up visit. Several differences were found between those patients who improved with the treatment (responders) and those who did not improve (non-responders). More specifically an initial measure of the limits of stability was able to differentiate those groups with a cut-off data of 56 cm2. Conclusions: The proposed protocol was able to induce motor learning in patients included in this study with good retention after 1–2 months. Furthermore, there is some variability in how patients respond to the treatment. Age and diagnosis should be considered and an interesting cut-off data for clinal decision making was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The "SEBT group," which includes the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), its modified version (mSEBT), and the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ), is used to assess the limits of stability. Interestingly, the testing protocol allows users a considerable degree of flexibility, which can affect the obtained results. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to analyze the impact of different protocol variants within the "SEBT group" on outcomes. Methods: Data were acquired by searching 4 databases (MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer Link) focusing on studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals, empirical in nature, conducted on healthy individuals, and examining the effects of various protocol variants on test outcomes. Study quality was assessed with the NHLBI quality assessment tool for pre-post studies with no control group. Results: The calculation method based on the maximum repetition yields statistically significantly higher results compared to other calculation methods. Allowing unrestricted arm movements during the test results in statistically significantly higher scores compared to the procedure that restricts arm movements. The impact of a warm-up, wearing footwear during testing, and using a dedicated kit remains ambiguous. To obtain reliable results, 4-6 familiarization trials are necessary, though fewer may suffice for athletes experienced in performing the test. Conclusion: This systematic review highlights the significant impact of the calculation method and arm movement restrictions on the outcomes of the "SEBT group." The effects of wearing footwear during testing, warm-up, and using a dedicated test kit remain unclear. The required number of familiarization repetitions may varies depending on biological maturity level of the person being tested. Future research should develop a warm-up protocol tailored to the needs of the "SEBT group," and investigate the impact of heel elevation during testing on outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limits of Stability protocols are typically target-oriented, leaving volitional aspects of control unobservable. A novel unconstrained protocol, volitional Limits of Stability (vLOS), shows high test-retest-reliability. We tested if verbal encouragement impacts this protocol. Forty healthy young adults (age 20.1 ±.9 years) performed three trials of vLoS with instructions that were agnostic to strategy or vigor, except trial three included verbal encouragement. Total sway area was used to metric the maximum volitional dynamic sway during each 1-min trial. One-way, repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differences (F(2,117) = 41.56, p < 0.0001, η p 2 = 0.52) due to encouragement. Specifically, follow-up paired t-tests showed no difference in sway area between the first two trials (p = 0.61), while trial three was much larger than trials one and two (p < 0.0001). Significant, large increases in sway area with verbal encouragement indicate that top-down mechanisms should be considered in theories of postural control. As well, clinical utilization of novel vLOS should be careful with word selection and delivery of protocol instructions. Limits of Stability balance tests typically include a goal directed instruction and metrics. Dynamic postural sway should be tested in a task affording participant volitional control. A novel volitional Limits of Stability protocol has been developed. Maximal dynamic postural sway responds to motivating instructions. Psychological factors of postural sway control deserve further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The significance of studying Kinesiophobia, Limits of Stability (LOS), and functional balance in geriatric patients with CLBP and osteoporosis lies in their profound impact on rehabilitation outcomes and fall risk, ultimately affecting patients’ quality of life. This study aimed to examine LOS and functional balance in the geriatric population concurrently experiencing Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) and osteoporosis, in comparison to age-matched healthy controls; to assess the correlations between Kinesiophobia, LOS, and functional balance assessments; and to evaluate the mediating influence of Kinesiophobia on the association between LOS and functional balance tests. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 86 participants in each group. Kinesiophobia was assessed using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK). LOS variables were evaluated with a computerized Iso-free platform in eight different directions. Functional balance was measured using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Results: Patients with CLBP and osteoporosis showed significantly lower LOS percentages (45.78  ±  6.92) and impaired Functional Balance, reflected in a TUG Score (10.45  ±  2.23), compared to asymptomatic controls (LOS: 76.95  ±  8.21; TUG: 8.73  ±  1.90). Kinesiophobia showed a significant moderate negative correlation with LOS, indicated by r  = −0.362 (p <  0.01). Additionally, Kinesiophobia was found to correlate with functional balance tests. Specifically, there was a moderate positive correlation with the TUG Score (r  =  0.322, p <  0.01), indicating that higher Kinesiophobia is associated with slower TUG performance. Conversely, a stronger moderate negative correlation was observed with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Score (r  = −0.436, p <  0.001), suggesting that increased Kinesiophobia is associated with lower BBS scores, indicating poorer balance performance. Mediation analysis revealed that Kinesiophobia significantly influences LOS and Functional Balance. For LOS and the TUG score, Kinesiophobia showed a direct effect (B =  0.24), an indirect effect (B =  0.09), and a total effect (B =  0.13). Similarly, for LOS and the BBS score, the direct effect of Kinesiophobia was B =  0.38, with an indirect effect of B =  0.10 and a total effect of B =  0.20. Conclusion: This study underscores the substantial impact of Kinesiophobia on both stability and functional balance in individuals coping with CLBP and osteoporosis. The findings emphasize the clinical relevance of addressing Kinesiophobia as a potential target for interventions aimed at improving LOS and functional balance in this specific patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical proprioception and postural stability play crucial roles in maintaining optimal head and neck positioning, yet their relationship and implications in cervical spondylosis (CS) remain underexplored. This study aims to investigate cervical proprioceptive reposition errors, limits of stability, and their association in individuals with CS while considering the mediating effects of pain and kinesiophobia. The primary objectives are to compare cervical proprioceptive reposition errors and limits of stability variables between individuals with CS and age-matched healthy controls, explore their associations within the CS group, and determine the mediating roles of pain and kinesiophobia. A cross-sectional study recruited 60 individuals with CS and 60 healthy controls. Cervical joint reposition errors (JREs) were assessed using a cervical range-of-motion device, while limits of stability were evaluated using a computerized dynamic posturography system. Pain, kinesiophobia, and demographic data were collected. Parametric tests, correlation analyses, and multiple regression were employed for data analysis. Individuals with CS exhibited significantly higher cervical JREs in flexion, extension, and rotation compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). Within the CS group, correlations revealed associations between JREs and limits-of-stability variables (p < 0.05). Mediation analysis demonstrated significant direct and indirect effects of pain and kinesiophobia on the relationship between JREs and limits-of-stability variables in the CS group (p < 0.005). CS is associated with impaired cervical proprioception, increased reposition errors, and compromised postural stability. This study highlights the interplay between proprioception, stability, pain, and psychological factors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive interventions in individuals with CS to enhance functional outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-stroke individuals are observed to have reduced limits of stability (LOS) in all directions. Functional activities are rarely performed in pure cardinal planes; instead, they are most likely to be performed in an oblique direction. Existing tools are either expensive or sophisticated to assess the LOS in an oblique direction. Therefore, this study's primary objective is to evaluate the intra-rater, inter-rater reliability, and validity of the oblique direction reach test (ODRT) among stroke subjects. Materials & Methods: A total of 96 first-time stroke patients with age, gender, height, and weight-matched healthy controls aged 18-80 years were recruited for the study. Oblique, forward, and lateral reach distances were assessed using the standard procedure of ODRT, Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Lateral Reach Test (LRT), respectively. Validity was tested by correlating the ODRT distance with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Score using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland Altman analysis were used to establish inter-rater reliability. ICCs were used to find intra-rater reliability. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to establish the mean difference of the FRT, LRT, and ODRT. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to correlate the distance of FRT and LRT with ODRT. Results: A high concurrent validity was found between BBS and ODRT with an r-value of 0.905 (p < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability was high with an ICC of 0.997 (95% CI [0.996-0.998]), and intra-rater reliability was highly significant with an ICC of 0.996 (95% CI [0.994-0.998]). The stroke subjects reached a significantly shorter distance than healthy individuals in FRT, ODRT, and LRT. ODRT was highly correlated with FRT (r = 0.985) and LRT (r = 0.978) (p < 0.001) and had an R² = 0.987. Conclusion: ODRT is a highly valid and reliable tool that can be used to evaluate balance in stroke patients. Individuals who reached less in the forward and lateral directions showed reduced reach distance in the oblique direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of backpack load carriage on quiet standing postural control and limits of stability (LOS) of older adults. Fourteen older adults (65 [6] y) performed quiet standing and a forward, right, and left LOS test in 3 conditions, unloaded, stable, and unstable backpack loads while activity of 4 leg muscles was recorded. Stable and unstable loads decreased postural sway (main effect ηp² = .84, stable P < .001, unstable P < .001), mediolateral (main effect ηp² = .49, stable P = .002, unstable P = .018) and anterior--posterior (main effect ηp² = .64, stable P < .001, unstable P = .001) fractal dimension, and LOS distance (main effect ηp² = .18, stable P = .011, unstable P = .046) compared with unloaded. Rectus femoris (main effect ηp² = .39, stable P = .001, unstable P = .010) and gastrocnemius (main effect ηp² = .30, unstable P = .027) activity increased in loaded conditions during LOS and quiet standing. Gastrocnemius--tibialis anterior coactivation was greater in unstable load than stable loaded quiet standing (main effect ηp² = .24, P = .040). These findings suggest older adults adopt conservative postural control strategies minimizing the need for postural corrections in loaded conditions. Reduced LOS may also increase fall risk when carrying a load. However, there was no difference between unstable and stable loads for postural control variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar spondylosis, characterized by degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, often leads to pain, reduced spinal stability, and musculoskeletal dysfunction. Understanding the impact of lumbar spondylosis on musculoskeletal function, particularly lumbar extensor endurance, functional balance, and limits of stability, is crucial for improving the management and well-being of affected individuals. This study aimed to assess lumbar extensor endurance, functional balance, and limits of stability in individuals with lumbar spondylosis compared to age-matched healthy individuals and explore the correlations among these parameters within the lumbar spondylosis group. The lumbar spondylosis group consisted of 60 individuals initially screened by an orthopedician and referred to physical therapy. Age-matched healthy controls (n = 60) were recruited. Inclusion criteria encompassed adults aged 45–70 years for both groups. Lumbar extensor endurance was assessed using the Sorensen test, functional balance with the Berg Balance Scale, and limits of stability using a computerized stabilometric force platform. Lumbar extensor endurance was significantly lower in individuals with lumbar spondylosis compared to healthy controls (23.06 s vs. 52.45 s, p < 0.001). Functional balance, as assessed by the Berg Balance Scale, demonstrated a significant decrement in the lumbar spondylosis group (48.36 vs. 53.34, p < 0.001). Additionally, limits of stability variables, under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, exhibited marked impairments in the lumbar spondylosis group (p < 0.001 for all variables). Within the lumbar spondylosis group, lumbar extensor endurance exhibited significant positive correlations with functional balance (0.46, p < 0.001) and negative correlations with limits of stability variables (r ranging from −0.38 to −0.49, p < 0.01 for all variables). This study underscores the significance of addressing lumbar extensor endurance, functional balance, and stability impairments in the comprehensive management of lumbar spondylosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Human balance and equilibrium-maintaining abilities have been widely researched up to this day. Numerous publications have investigated the possibilities of enhancing these abilities, bringing the patient back to their original capabilities post-disease or accident, and training for fall prevention. Virtual reality technology (VR) is becoming a progressively more renowned technique for performing or enhancing rehabilitation or training. We aimed to explore whether the introduction of scenery oscillation can influence a person's limits of stability. (2) Methods: Sixteen healthy adults participated in measurements. Each of them underwent 10 trials, during which subjects were supposed to, on acoustic cue, lean as far forward and back as possible, without raising their heels or toes. Two trials were conducted without the use of VR, four with oscillating scenery, one with stationary scenery, one with displayed darkness, and two trials were performed for reference, which did not require leaning nor used VR technology. (3) Results: For the total as well as for each foot separately, COP displacements and velocities were calculated and analyzed. A post-hoc Wilcoxon pairwise test with Holm's correction was performed, resulting in 420 returned p-values, 4 of which indicated significant differences between medians when comparing trials with 0.2 Hz oscillating scenery with trials with eyes open and closed. (4) Conclusions: No statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 between reached maximums in trials using VR and trials without it were found, only trials using 0.2 Hz oscillations displayed statistically significant differences when comparing velocities of leaning. The authors believe that such oscillations resemble naturally occurring tinnitus; additionally, low-frequency oscillations are believed to influence postural balance more than high-frequency ones, therefore affecting the velocity and displacements of COP the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical proprioception and its implications on postural stability are crucial in older adults. Understanding their relationship is important in understanding and preventing falls in older adults. This research aims to evaluate the proprioceptive, functional mobility, and limits of stability (LOS) variables among two age groups: individuals aged 65 and above and those below 65. A secondary goal of the study is to analyze the relationship between cervical proprioception, functional mobility, and the LOS. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 participants each were included in the older and younger groups. Researchers employed the target reposition technique to assess cervical proprioception and measured the joint position error (JPE) in degrees. Functional mobility was estimated using the Berg balance scale (BBS) and timed up-and-go test (TUG). In addition, dynamic posturography was utilized to evaluate variables related to the LOS, including reaction time, maximum excursion, and directional control. Results: The magnitudes of the mean cervical JPE are larger (p < 0.001), and functional mobility (p < 0.001) and the LOS (p < 0.001) are impaired in older individuals compared to the younger ones. The cervical proprioception is significantly associated with functional mobility (p < 0.001), and the LOS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In older adults aged above 65 years, cervical proprioception, functional mobility, and the LOS are impaired. Older adults with greater cervical JPE had more impaired functional mobility and LOS parameters. When evaluating or treating older adults with problems with their balance or falls, these factors should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) may experience proprioceptive and balance impairments. Kinesiophobia is a factor that can mediate the relationship between cervical joint position sense (JPS) and limits of stability. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the cervical JPS and limits of stability between FMS and asymptomatic individuals, (2) assess the relationship between cervical JPS and limits of stability, and (3) assess the mediation effect of kinesiophobia on the relationship between cervical JPS and limits of stability in FMS individuals. (2) Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, 100 individuals with FMS and 100 asymptomatic individuals were recruited. Cervical JPS was assessed using a cervical range of motion device, limits of stability (reaction time, maximum excursion, and direction control) were assessed using dynamic posturography, and FMS individuals' kinesiophobia was assessed using the Tampa scale of kinesiophobia (TSK). Comparison, correlation, and mediation analyses were performed. (3) Results: The magnitude of the mean cervical joint position error (JPE) was significantly larger in FMS individuals (p < 0.001) compared to the asymptomatic individuals. The limits of the stability test showed that FMS individuals had a longer reaction time (F = 128.74) and reduced maximum excursion (F = 976.75) and direction control (F = 396.49) compared to the asymptomatic individuals. Cervical JPE showed statistically significant moderate-to-strong correlations with reaction time (r = 0.56 to 0.64, p < 0.001), maximum excursion (r = −0.71 to −0.74, p < 0.001), and direction control (r = −0.66 to −0.68, p < 0.001) parameters of the limits of the stability test. (4) Conclusions: Cervical JPS and limits of stability were impaired in FMS individuals, and the cervical JPS showed a strong relationship with limits of stability variables. Moreover, kinesiophobia mediated the relationship between JPS and limits of stability. These factors may be taken into consideration when evaluating and developing treatment strategies for FMS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Proprioception and limits of stability can significantly impact static and dynamic balance. Knee proprioception and limits of stability may be impaired in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Impaired knee proprioception may impact the limits of stability, and understanding the associations between these factors is important for formulating treatment strategies in this population. The objectives of this study are to (a) compare the knee joint position error (JPE) and limits of stability between KOA and asymptomatic individuals and (b) assess the correlation between knee JPE and the limits of stability in KOA individuals. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study included 50 individuals diagnosed with bilateral KOA and 50 asymptomatic individuals. Knee JPE was measured using a dual digital inclinometer at 25° and 45° of knee flexion (in the dominant and nondominant legs). The limits of stability variables, including reaction time (s), maximum excursion (%), and direction control (%), were evaluated using computerized dynamic posturography. (3) Results: The magnitude of the mean knee JPE is significantly larger in KOA individuals (p < 0.001) compared to asymptomatic individuals assessed at 25° and 45° of knee flexion in both the dominant and nondominant legs. The limits of stability test showed that KOA group individuals had a longer reaction time (1.64 ± 0.30 s) and reduced maximum excursion (4.37 ± 0.45) and direction control (78.42 ± 5.47) percentages compared to the asymptomatic group (reaction time = 0.89 ± 0.29, maximum excursion = 5.25 ± 1.34, direction control = 87.50 ± 4.49). Knee JPE showed moderate to strong correlations with the reaction time (r = 0.60 to 0.68, p < 0.001), maximum excursion (r = −0.28 to −0.38, p < 0.001) and direction control (r = −0.59 to −0.65, p < 0.001) parameters in the limits of stability test. (4) Conclusions: Knee proprioception and limits of stability are impaired in KOA individuals compared to asymptomatic individuals, and knee JPE showed significant relationships with the limits of stability variables. These factors and correlations may be considered when evaluating and developing treatment strategies for KOA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A variety of sensory-motor changes are reported in both the traumatic and non-traumatic neck pain. However, it is still unclear whether there is a significant difference between individuals with traumatic neck pain and those with non-traumatic in terms of postural control. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether there was a difference between individuals with traumatic pain and nontraumatic neck pain in terms of postural control and disability. Material and Methods: Ninety-two patients with chronic neck pain were grouped according to the onset of pain. Clinical test of sensory interaction balance (CTSIB) and limits of stability (LOS) test were used for postural control assessment. The Numeric Rating Scale and Neck Pain Disability Index (NPDI) were used to measure pain intensity and disability, respectively. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in terms of LOS, CTSIB and NPDI scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that postural control and disability do not differ between patients with traumatic and non-traumatic neck pain. Therefore, from a clinical perspective, postural control and disability should be evaluated without considering trauma history in patients with neck pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine if a foam testing condition and/or nonlinear analysis methods can be used to identify differences between age stratified subgroups of older adults when conducting the Limits of Stability assessment. Ninety older adults participated in this study. A force plate was used to record center of pressure data during Limits of Stability testing on a firm and foam surface. Participants were grouped into age-stratified subgroups: young-old (60-69 years), middle-old (70-79 years), and old-old (80+ years). Anterior-posterior (A/P) and medial-lateral (M/L) sway ranges and sample entropy values were calculated. The young-old group had significantly larger A/P and M/L sway ranges than the old-old group on both surfaces. A/P sample entropy increased significantly with age. M/L sample entropy increased significantly with age between the young-old and old-old and the middle-old and old-old groups. Sample entropy values between surfaces significantly differed for all groups. These results indicate Limits of Stability differences occur between older adults of different age groups and should be taken into consideration for clinical and research testing. Nonlinear analysis may help further identify differences in Limits of Stability performance while use of a foam surface is of limited additional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare elderly non-fallers and fallers for differences in the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (CTSIB) and Limits of Stability (LOS). Six hundred forty-six older women volunteers (69.5 ± 6.1 yr) participated in the study. Static and dynamic balance were assessed. The static balance (SB) indices in CTSIB were analyzed for four sway velocity conditions: a flat surface with eyes open (SV1); a flat surface with eyes closed (SV2); thick foam with eyes open (SV3); and thick foam with eyes closed (SV4), and composite scores (SVcomp) calculated based on all of conditions. The LOS components (endpoint excursion (EPE), maximum excursion (MXE), directional control (DCL), reaction time (RT), and movement mean velocity (MVL)) as a dynamic balance index were analyzed based on movements toward all eight targets, and composite scores. The fall incidence within the past 1 year was studied via questionnaire survey (faller = 172, non-faller = 474). There were significant differences in mean age and height between faller and non-faller groups. No significant differences were found in all balance indices between groups compared by age-adjusted ANCOVA. From the CTSIB and LOS measurement adopted in this study, no difference was observed between older fallers and non-fallers. However, in order to evaluate the presence or absence of falls based only on the balance ability, further measures such as examination by combining indicators are required. It is necessary to perform prospective studies to track the occurrence of falls after the balance ability assessment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balance can be defined as keeping the center of gravity of the body within the surface of the support and has crucial role in sport. However, there are insufficient knowledge regarding balance field testing. The main aim of this study was to determine association between Biodex laboratory balance test and Y balance field test. The participants in this study were 12 students (6 males, 6 females) of Faculty of Kinesiology in Split, Croatia. The set of variables included anthropometric measures (body height, body weight, body mass index), two laboratory balance tests conducted on Biodex (Postural stability test, Limits of stability test) and field balance test (Y balance test). The correlations between observed variables were calculated by Pearson's product moment correlation. No significant correlations were found between Y balance test and both Postural stability test (r=-0.06 and 0.02 respectively for left and right leg) and Limits of stability test (r=-0.06 and 0.02). The results of this study indicate that Y balance test is not a precise measure of balance ability in well-trained individuals. Authors hypothesize that Y balance test performance is greatly influenced by lower extremity strength and mobility. There is an obvious need for the construction and validation of new field tests to assess the level of balance in amateur and professional athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this experimental study were to check the effectiveness of Frenkel's exercises using timed up and go test and Limits of stability component of Balance Master and to compare the effects of conventional exercises with Frenkel's exercises on randomly selected 30 elderly people, age varying from 60 years to 70 years of both the sexes. The subjects of the study were randomly allocated into two groups; the control and experimental group. Both the groups were pre-assessed and the control group was explained home-based exercises and the experimental group was given Frenkel's exercises for four weeks and four days in a week and were assessed after four weeks of intervention by TUG and LOS. It was found that the experimental group showed statistically significant improvement in balance using TUG where p<0.05 but not much difference was found between the control and experimental group in LOS. Based on the present findings, it may be concluded that Frenkel's exercises were effective in improving balance using the Timed Up and Go test. It helped in increasing reaction time and improving gait speed in the elderly population thereby preventing falls whereas Frenkel's can be clinically useful in improving limits of stability but not much difference was seen. Conventional exercises did not show satisfactory results in both TUG and LOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine whether young adolescent female artistic gymnasts demonstrate better functional stability than age- and sex-matched non-athletes. Different characteristics of the gymnasts' postural control were expected to be observed. Twenty-two 10- to 13-year-old healthy females (ten national-level artistic gymnasts and twelve non-athletes) participated in the study. To assess their forward functional stability, the 30-s limit of stability test was performed on a force plate. The test consisted of three phases: quiet standing, transition to maximal forward leaning, and standing in the maximal forward leaning position. Between-group comparisons of the directional subcomponents of the root mean squares and mean velocities of the center of pressure and rambling-trembling displacements in two phases (quiet standing and standing in maximal leaning) were conducted. Moreover, anterior stability limits were compared. During standing in maximal forward leaning, there were no differences in the center of pressure and rambling measures between gymnasts and non-athletes (p > 0.05). The values of trembling measures in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were significantly lower in gymnasts (p < 0.05). Both groups presented similar values for anterior stability limits (p > 0.05). The comparisons of rambling components may suggest a similar supraspinal control of standing in the maximal leaning position between gymnasts and healthy non-athletes. However, decreased trembling in gymnasts may indicate reduced noise in their postural control system possibly due to superior control processes at the spinal level. The anterior stability limit was not influenced by gymnastics training in female adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ability to react quickly to changing external stimuli, to move the body rapidly and precisely in any direction and to maintain the center of gravity above the support base, all contribute to maintaining balance in dynamic conditions. The Limits of Stability Test (LOS) provides information on the state of dynamic balance in a standing position. Aim: Assessment of dynamic postural control in developmental age. Material: 127 healthy children (65 girls and 62 boys) aged 6-17 years. Methods: All children underwent LOS test (NeuroCom posturograph) with registration of: reaction time (RT), movement velocity (MVL), directional control (DCL), maximum excursion (MXE), and endpoint excursion (EPE). Results: At the age of 6-7 years, we observed not fully developed jumping strategy and visual feedback mechanism in the control of movement. All tested parameters were significantly worse in children aged 6-9 years. After this period, a significant improvement in TR and MVL was noted, with no significant changes in subsequent age groups while significant improvement in MXE up to 12 years of age, and EPE and DCL up to 13 years of age was found. No significant gender differences were found in the LOS test parameters. Conclusions: (1) LOS test showed significantly lower dynamic balance development in children aged 6-7 years; (2) The study showed a significant improvement in all parameters of the LOS test up to 13 years of age, which supports the termination of the function at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6-wk group balance-training program was conducted with physically active older adults (based on American College of Sports Medicine requirements) to investigate the effect of dose-related static and dynamic balance-specific training. All participants, age 60-87 yr, continued their regular exercise program while adding balance training in 1 of 3 doses: three 20-min sessions/wk (n = 20), one 20-min session/wk (n = 21), or no balance training (n = 19). Static balance (singleleg- stance, tandem), dynamic balance (alternate stepping, limits of stability), and balance confidence (ABC) were assessed pre- and posttraining. Significant interactions were observed for time in single-leg stance, excursion in limits of stability, and balance confidence, with the greatest increase observed in the group that completed 3 training sessions/wk. The results demonstrate a dose-response relationship indicating that those who are already physically active can improve balance performance with the addition of balance-specific training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine exercise efficacy in improving dynamic balance in community-dwelling elderly with a fall history. Methods: Thirty-five participants were randomly assigned to a treatment (TG; n = 19, 77 ± 7 yr) or control group (CG; n = 16, 75 ± 8 yr). The TG received an individualized home exercise program, and the CG received phone calls twice per week for 12 weeks. Participants' dynamic-balance abilities- directional control (DC), endpoint excursion (EE), maximum excursion (ME), reaction time (RT), and movement velocity (MV)-were measured using the Balance Master at 75% limits of stability. Functional reach (FR) was also measured. Results: At 12 weeks the TG demonstrated significant improvements in DC (p < .0025), EE (p < .0005), and ME (p < .0005), but the CG did not. No significant group differences were found for MV, RT, or FR. Conclusions: Excursion distances and directional control improved but not reaction time, suggesting that exercises requiring quick responses may be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background sufficient research has not been conducted to determine the role of core and lower limb muscles in providing balance in older people. Objective to investigate the relationships between the thickness of core/lower limb muscles and static/dynamic balance in older people. Methods the study included a total of 68 older people (≥ 65 years) and 68 gender-matched young subjects, aged 20–40 years. Balance, knee proprioception sense, regional and total muscle measurements and grip strength were assessed using a force platform system, isokinetic dynamometer, ultrasound imaging, bioelectrical impedance analysis and Jamar dynamometer, respectively. Results all the static (postural sway) parameters were higher and all the dynamic (limits of stability) parameters were lower in the older adults compared to the young adults (all P <0.05). The diaphragm was thicker and all the other muscles (except for multifidus and tibialis anterior) were thinner in the older group (all P <0.05). A higher error of knee proprioception sense was determined at 45 and 70 degrees in the older subjects (both P <0.001). According to the multivariate analyses, significant predictors for balance were age, gender, height, and rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and diaphragm muscle thicknesses in the older group, and age, gender, height, grip strength, and rectus abdominis, internal oblique, longissimus, tibialis anterior and soleus muscle thicknesses in the young group (all P <0.05). Conclusions the thickness of core/lower limb muscles are important determinants of balance in both older and young adults. These findings could provide a strong rationale for strengthening specific (abdominal and quadriceps) muscles to prevent falls and regional sarcopenia, and to improve posture/balance in the older population. Clinical trial registration number NCT03791047 Ethics committee approval Hacettepe University Non-interventional Clinical Research Ethics Board. Decision number:GO 18/506-39 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the performance of balance and walking tests in relation to self-reported fall history in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).Methods: Twenty-two (13 male) participants with DM1 completed, a 6-month fall history questionnaire, the modified Dynamic Gait Index (mDGI), limits of stability (LoS) testing, and 10-m walking tests.Results: Mean (SD) falls in 6 months was 3.7 (3.1), and 19 (86%) participants reported at least 1 fall. Significant differences in mDGI scores (P = 0.006) and 10-m fast walking gait velocity (P = 0.02) were found between those who had been classified as "fallers" and those who had been classified as "nonfallers." Significant correlations were found between mDGI scores and 10-m walking time.Discussion: Falls are common in DM1, and the mDGI may have potential to distinguish fallers from nonfallers, whereas the LoS failed to detect such impairment. Future studies should further explore use of the mDGI in DM1. Muscle Nerve 58: 694-699, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Balance deficits underlie a number of disorders and can exacerbate the primary condition if not addressed. Limits of stability, usually evaluated via force plates, can provide valuable information about balance and associated insufficiencies. A portable instrumented mat used clinically to measure gait characteristics has recently shown potential for limits of stability assessment. The mat also affords the ability to measure proactive control of limits of stability and quantitative information specific to stepping when limits of stability are exceeded. This study examined concurrent validity between the Bertec BalanceCheck Force Plate, an established instrument for measuring limits of stability, and the ProtoKinetics Zeno Walkway. Methods: A total of 51 adults (mean age 25.5 [standard deviation: 7.5] years; 72.5% female) without known disabilities leaned as far as possible in anterior, posterior, rightward and leftward directions while standing in narrow and natural stances on the force plate and walkway. Results: Pearson correlations for the force plate and walkway showed significant positive agreement for all directions tested in the narrow (r range = 0.657–0.878) and natural stances (r range: 0.928–0.936). Conclusions: Findings lend evidence of instrument interchangeability when measuring limits of stability. The results demonstrate evidence of concurrent and construct validity in support of the use of the Zeno Walkway as a measure of limits of stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Oto-Laryngologica is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose:To validate outcome variables from the limits of stability protocol that are derived from the center of pressure with those same variables derived from the center of mass during rapid, volitional responses in transtibial prosthesis users. Method:Prosthesis users (n = 21) and matched controls (n = 21) executed movements while force and motion data were collected. Correlation coefficients were used to investigate relationships between center of pressure and center of mass for: x/y coordinates positions, limits of stability outcome variables and muscular reaction times. Results:Significant differences were seen in correlation between x/y coordinate positions toward the intact limb (mean effect size of differences:r = .38). Limits of stability variables were positively correlated (reaction time and maximum excursion rangers: .585–.846; directional control and mean velocity rangers: .307–.472). Muscular reaction times correlated weakly with those from center of pressure (meanrsprosthesis users: .186 and controls: .101). Conclusions:Forceplate measures are valid in describing rapid, volitional movements in unilateral transtibial prosthesis users. Limits of stability outcomes extracted from center of pressure and center of mass are highly correlated, but can be sensitive to direction. Muscular reaction time correlates very little with reaction times extracted from the other variables. Implications for rehabilitationRehabilitation programs utilizing limits of stability are valid measures of postural control in transtibial prosthesis users.Clinicians interpreting the outcomes from limits of stability need to be aware of their varying validity.Muscular reaction times correlate weakly with other measures of reaction time, highlighting the complexity of rapidly coordinating volitional movements in prosthesis users. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background & Aims Cognitive dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy ( MHE) is associated with falls. Alterations in postural control and stability could contribute to increase falls risk in these patients. We aimed to assess whether postural control and direction-specific limits of stability are altered in cirrhotic patients with MHE compared to patients without MHE and controls. We also assessed if alterations in postural control correlate with neurological impairment and/or blood biomarkers. Methods Posturography analysis, attention Stroop test and bimanual and visuo-motor coordination tests were performed in 18 controls, 19 patients with cirrhosis without MHE and 17 with MHE, diagnosed by PHES. Posturography was assessed by Ned SVE®/ IBV system under four sensory conditions. Limits of stability and rhythmic weight-shifting tests were also performed. Blood ammonia and serum interleukins were also measured. Falls were assessed after 12-24 months follow-up. Results MHE patients show impaired balance, mainly on unstable surface with eyes open, with longer reaction and confinement times and lower success in Limits of Stability test compared to patients without MHE. Performance in attention and motor coordination tests correlated with most posturography parameters alterations. Logistic regression analysis shows that posturography parameters and bimanual coordination test are good predictors of falls. Conclusion Balance patterns and limits of stability in MHE patients are impaired compared to patients without MHE and controls. This seems to contribute to a higher falls risk. Attention and motor coordination deficits could contribute to balance impairment in patients with MHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusions: There was a difference in average score of the sensory organization test (SOT) of the case group (elderly instability) compared to the control group (healthy subjects). Cases had worse scores on the limits of stability (LOS) than controls, but were only able to confirm statistically significant differences in the movement velocity. Objective: To study the LOS of elderly patients with instability vs healthy subjects of the same age to try to explain the increased risk of falls in elderly patients with instability. Methods: Fifty individuals ≥65 years, 30 cases (at least one of the next inclusion criteria: ≥1 fall in the last 12 months, >15 s or some support in the timed up and go test, composite <68 in SOT, ≥1 fall during production of the SOT) compared to 20 controls. Postural study: SOT and LOS, Smart Equitest Neurocom® platform. Statistical analysis: t-Student test (p < 0.05). Result: Mean value of overall balance: patients with instability =56% vs controls =77.1% (p < 0.001). Movement velocity: cases =2243°/s vs controls =2860°/s (p = 0.029). The reaction time (cases =1217 s vs controls =1.077 s), excursion (56.95% vs 59.35%) and directional control (56.95% vs 59.35%) differences were not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusions:There was a difference in average score of thesensory organization test(SOT) of the case group (elderly instability) compared to the control group (healthy subjects). Cases had worse scores on thelimits of stability(LOS) than controls, but were only able to confirm statistically significant differences in the movement velocity. Objective:To study the LOS of elderly patients with instability vs healthy subjects of the same age to try to explain the increased risk of falls in elderly patients with instability. Methods:Fifty individuals ≥65 years, 30 cases (at least one of the next inclusion criteria: ≥1 fall in the last 12 months, >15 s or some support in thetimed up and go test, composite <68 in SOT, ≥1 fall during production of the SOT) compared to 20 controls. Postural study: SOT and LOS, Smart Equitest Neurocom®platform. Statistical analysis:t-Student test (p < 0.05). Result:Mean value of overall balance: patients with instability =56% vs controls =77.1% (p< 0.001). Movement velocity: cases =2243°/s vs controls =2860°/s (p = 0.029). The reaction time (cases =1217 s vs controls =1.077 s), excursion (56.95% vs 59.35%) and directional control (56.95% vs 59.35%) differences were not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gymnastics is a sport where there always exists a real and present danger of physical injury. Athletic injury, whether temporary or permanent, is a painfully disruptive and uncontrollable interruption in a gymnast's career. Injuries can have profound negative consequences on a gymnast's balance, with lower limbs injuries constituting the majority of these injuries. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in postural stability between high level male and female artistic gymnasts who suffered ankle sprain injuries (ASI) on either or both legs in the past. Ten female (age = 16.66 ± 3.20 years, mass = 47.30 ± 8.00 kg, height = 158.00 ± 5.75 cm) and ten male gymnasts (age = 22.30 ± 1.77 years, mass = 62.00 ± 3.33 kg, height = 168.50 ± 3.03 cm) volunteered to participate in this single visit study. Participants were measured for Limits of Stability variables (Reaction Time [RT]; Center of Gravity Velocity [MVL]; Directional Control [DCL]; End Point Excursion [EPE]; Maximum Excursion [MXE]) to examine the effect of ASI on postural stability. Limits of Stability (LOS) test were used to examine postural stability of gymnasts using the EquiTest Computerized Dynamic Posturography system. Results indicated that females had significantly less ASI than male gymnasts and recorded significantly lower values in Reaction Time and higher values in Movement Velocity during LOS test. In conclusion, the number of past ASI influence postural control as the musculo-tendinous changes around the ankle lead to a reduction of proprioceptive information and may contribute to the deficient postural control mechanisms after injury. Furthermore, postural control may be affected even after acute ASI resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Denervation of the paraspinal muscles may impair posture and displace the center of gravity. Therefore, we assessed balance impairment in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) with and without paraspinal denervation.Methods: Thirty-two women with LSS (15 symptomatic, 17 asymptomatic), aged 42-78 years, were assessed for disability, pain, and mobility, and underwent masked mini-paraspinal mapping (mPSM). Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and device-assisted balance (DAB) tests were used for balance assessment.Results: The symptomatic group had worse balance and higher mPSM scores than the asymptomatic group. Among DAB tests, limit of stability (LOS) had the highest correlations with BBS and mPSM in the symptomatic group.Conclusions: Paraspinal denervation correlated highly with static and dynamic balance in symptomatic patients. We recommend paraspinal mapping, balance assessment, rehabilitation, and follow-up with the LOS test for symptomatic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falls represent a major public health problem for older adults, and loss of balance (LOS) abilities is one of the primary causes of falls. Previous studies have shown that balance training is effective in improving physical function and decreasing risk of falls. However, little attention has been given specifically to balance training in older adults with very poor balance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 12-week customized balance exercise program on LOS for community-dwelling older women with poor balance ability. Twenty-four older women with poor balance (composite maximum excursion [MXEcomp] score of less than 70% based on Limits of Stability) were divided into an exercise group and control group. After 12 weeks of balance exercises, mean MXEcomp improved (p < .05) from 58.6% to 79.0% in the exercise group. EPEcomp (composite endpoint excursion), RTcomp (composite reaction time), SVcomp3 (composite sway velocity on thick foam with the eyes open), UG (up and go) also improved, but the functional reach and other static balance indexes did not change. These results indicated that balance training allows older adults with poor balance to improve dynamic balance ability and potentially reduce risk for falls. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Patients with Parkinson's disease display impairments of postural control most particularly in active, challenging conditions. The objective of the present study was to analyze early signs of disease-related and also age-related impairments in mediolateral body extension and postural control. Fifty-five participants (18 Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 patients in the off-drug condition, 18 healthy elderly control subjects, and 19 young adults) were included in the study. The participants performed a quiet stance task and two active tasks that analyzed the performance in mediolateral body motion: a limit of stability and a rhythmic weight shift task. As expected, the patients displayed significantly lower and slower body displacement (head, neck, lower back, center of pressure) than elderly control subjects when performing the two body excursion tasks. However, the behavioral variability in both tasks was similar between the groups. Under these active conditions, the patients showed significantly lower contribution of the hip postural control mechanisms compared with the elderly control subjects. Overall, the patients seemed to lower their performance in order to prevent a mediolateral postural instability. However, these patients, at an early stage of their disease, were not unstable in quiet stance. Complementarily, elderly control subjects displayed slower body performance than young adults, which therefore showed an additional age-related impairment in mediolateral postural control. Overall, the study illustrated markers of age-related and Parkinson's disease impairments in mediolateral postural control that may constrain everyday activities in elderly adults and even more in patients with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study determined and correlated injury incidence and balance in rugby players. Methods: A prospective survey with balance testing was conducted on first year rugby academy players (N=114). Injury incidence, static and dynamic balance were tested pre and post-season using a Biosway portable balance system. The data was analysed using paired and independent samples t-tests at p<0.05, Odds ratios, and Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results: 75.50% participated, 71.40% were 18 years old, and 71.40% were White. Injury was sustained by 83% of players with the knee (25%) most commonly injured. Injury incidence was 1.52 per player with an injury rate of 5.95 injuries per 1000 match playing hours. The Stability Index increased significantly (p=0.03) by 15% in the medial/lateral direction post-season compared to pre-season. Significant differences in posttest anterior posterior and overall static and front and front right dynamic stability between injured and uninjured players were noted. Risk factors for injury included the scrum-half (14.80%) playing position, injuries in the 2nd half of the match (57%), and during contact (67%). Conclusion: Injury incidence was related to static and dynamic balance in forward right direction only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Falling is the leading cause of injury-related deaths in older adults, and a loss of balance is often the precursor to a fall. However, little is known about the rate at which balance declines with age. The objective of the present study was to determine whether there is an age-associated decline in static ( SB) and/or dynamic ( DB) balance in community-dwelling older women. Method SB and DB were determined in 971 older women. Intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC) were used to determine test-retest reliability. Sway velocity was used to measure SB standing on a platform and foam with eyes open and closed. DB was characterized by limits of stability ( LOS) that measured end-point excursion ( EXE) and maximum excursion ( MXE) of the body's center of pressure. Results ICC for EXE and MXE for the LOS test were excellent ( EPE = 0.96, MXE = 0.96). ICC for SB tests, except for the eyes open firm surface condition ( ICC = 0.10), showed a high level of reproducibility ( ICC = 0.88 and 0.90). Relationships existed between age and SB ( r = 0.31, P < 0.001), and between age and DB ( r = −0.46-−0.48, P < 0.001). The rate of decline for both DB and SB was approximately 1% per year. Age was significantly associated with all balance measures. DB got significantly lower with advancing age until 80 years, and then plateaued. SB did not decline with age until 80 years, and then decreased significantly thereafter. Conclusion Although large individual variation was found with balance ability, an age-related decline was found with both dynamic and static balance for Japanese older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 556-560. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Falls are important health issues among the elderly people. Most falls in elderly result from abnormal balance control mechanisms. Balance and muscle force generation are directly related, and are associated with age related muscular changes. Studies addressing fall prevention have focused on various group and individualised strength training. However, evidence on strengthening of key muscles necessary for maintaining balance and postural control is lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of individualised progressive resistance strength training (PRT) programme in improving balance for forward limits of stability in elderly with balance impairment, compared to traditional balance exercise (TBE), and combination of both (COMBI). Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled trial included three groups; 18 subjects in each aged ⩾ 65 years, from the elderly care centres of Mangalore city in Southern India (between June 2008 and December 2012). Block randomisation technique was used and allocation concealment was done using sequentially arranged sealed opaque envelopes. The TBE group received 8 component traditional balance exercise; 4 times a week for 6 months. The PRT group received resistance training for the key muscles of lower extremities, using DeLormes and Watkins protocol. The COMBI group received PRT and TBE alternately (2 days of PRT and 2 days of TBE per week). Functional reach test (FRT) was used for measurement of forward limits of stability. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15. Results: For functional reach, PRT group had steady progression from baseline to 6 months (p<0.001). The TBE and COMBI groups showed considerable initial improvement; beyond 3 months, moderate improvement was seen. The changes in scores of FRT were significantly better for PRT than TBE. Conclusion: Individualised PRT intervention targeting the key muscles of lower limbs is more effective than TBE in improving forward limits of stability among non-frail elderly aged ⩾65 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with neuronal death in basal ganglia circuits important for postural control. Despite evidence of postural instability associated with HD, postural control at the limits of stability has not been investigated in this disease. Objective: To use computerized dynamic posturography to measure postural control at the limits of stability during the premanifest and manifest stages of HD. Methods: Patients with manifest HD, premanifest gene carriers, and matched controls stood on mechanically locked force plates while viewing a computer screen. The participant's estimated center of gravity was represented on the screen as a cursor along with eight target icons arranged in a circular pattern at the theoretical edge of limits of stability. On each trial, one of the eight targets was highlighted and the participant was instructed to control the cursor by rapidly shifting his/her weight in the direction of the target. Measures included reaction time, movement velocity, endpoint excursion, maximum excursion, and directional control. Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant impairment on endpoint excursion, maximum excursion, and directional control (p ≤ 0.001) in the Huntington's disease group, but not in the premanifest gene carrier group as compared to controls. No differences were found on reaction time or movement velocity measures. Group signal to noise ratios also were examined for the measures. Conclusions: HD patients, but not premanifest gene carriers, showed impaired postural control at the limits of stability. Impaired performance in HD patients has potential functional consequences including increased risk of falling during weight-shifting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Good postural stability is required for the integrated functions of visual, somatosensory and vestibular system. But there is a less evidence related to limits of stability variations under different sensory conditions in young adult women by using sway metre. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the variations in limits of stability under different sensory conditions among young adult women. Methods: A total of 15 female subjects of age group between18-22 were selected based on convenient sampling. All participants were exposed to different sensory conditions for assessing the steadiness and maximum balance range by using sway metre. These parameters were measured both in A-P and M-L directions. The study was conducted in PSG Evidence-based Neuro Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Neurological Physical Therapy, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore. Mean difference of steadiness and maximum balance range was used as statistical stool. Results: The values obtained as mean differences of steadiness and maximum balance range with eyes open and eyes closed in A-P and M-L directions on flat and foam surfaces were real data. Obtained values of steadiness and maximum balance range were mentioned. The mean differences of steadiness with eyes open in A-P and M-L directions on flat and foam surfaces were 13.54mm & 14.60mm and with eyes closed are 49.07mm & 55.33mm respectively. The mean differences of maximum balance range with eyes open in A-P and M-L directions on flat and foam surfaces were 31.06 & 54mm and with eyes closed are 2.13mm and 49.53mm respectively. The mean differences of steadiness in A-P and M-L directions on flat surface with eyes open and eyes closed were 2.6mm and 2.14mm and on foam surface with eyes open and eyes closed were 38.13mm and 42.93mm respectively. The mean differences of maximum balance range in A-P and M-L directions on flat surface with eyes open and eyes closed were 20.06mm & 10.5mm and on foam surface with eyes open and eyes closed were 10.13mm and 6mm respectively. Conclusion: Vision, Proprioception and Vestibular system play a major role in maintaining the postural stability under different sensory conditions. This study recommends the obtained values for the limits of stability under different sensory conditions for women using sway metre can be used as a baseline value for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research on the recovery time of dynamic balance or stability after exertion by division II college athletes. The recovery time for limits of stability (LOS) from athletic exertion is examined to determine an LOS recovery timelime for functional fatigue that is based on the Borg 15-point scale for rating perceived exertion (RPE).

This study was designed to find out if local leg cooling affects muscle function and trajectories of the upper limb during repetitive light work as well as capability to maintain dynamic balance. Nine healthy female subjects performed repetitive lifting task with right hand for 60 min while standing in front of a table with six target angles (30 degrees -220 degrees ) and with the legs inside a container with 15 degrees C cold water (Cold condition, C) or without water (Normal condition, N). Muscle temperature of the medial aspect of the gastrocnemius, rectal, and skin temperatures were measured continuously. The trajectories of the right upper limb were recorded with a 3D motion analysis system. Muscular strain (averaged EMG, a-EMG) and EMG gaps in eight muscles of the right upper limb were measured. End point excursion depicting the ability to maintain dynamic balance was measured before and after each experiment. Leg cooling decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the muscle and the mean skin temperature in C compared with N (6.7 and 2.2 degrees C, respectively). No marked changes in the trajectories or EMG activity were observed between the different environmental conditions. The end point excursion was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in C compared with N and a positive correlation between excursion and muscle temperature was found at the end of the working period in C. In conclusion, local leg cooling did not affect upper limb muscle function or trajectories, but ability to maintain dynamic balance was reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric resonance in regular waves is discussed. A set of non-linear equations is employed to describe the coupling between heave-roll-pitch modes. Limits of stability are the main area of interest of the paper. The present paper explores the influence of third order nonlinearities as well as the relevance of coupling between the vertical modes and the roll motion in the limits of stability. The influence of initial conditions on the development of roll amplifications is investigated and the effect of coupled or uncoupled modelling of the roll motion is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Tai Chi Inspired Exercise (TCIE) as compared to Strength training on dynamic standing balance, static standing balance, and fall efficacy in a well elderly population. Method: The study included two pre-existing groups of elderly retired community dwellers. One group of 10 std2iccls (mean age = 78 years) participated in Strength Training, and the other group of 12 subjects (mean age = 80.3 years) participated in TCIE. The Limits of Stability (LOS) was used as a pro-lest and post-test measure for both groups. The Berg Balance Scale, Single Leg Stance (SLSL and tile Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE) were administered post-test for both groups. These assessments quantified differences between the two groups based on static and dynamic standing balance, movement characteristics, fear of falling, and activity restriction. Results: Subjects of the TCIE group scored significantly higher in the post-test scores of the SLS with eyes open. TCIE and Strength Training pre-test and post-test scores of the LOS indicated significant differences in reaction time, velocity, endpoint excursion, maximum excursion, and directional control. Conclusion: Both Strength Training and TCIE positively impact balance. The Strength Training Group demonstrated greater balance daring repetitive movements in one direction. The TCIE group demonstrated greater balance during functional tasks, showing generalization of fall prevention strategies into activities of daily living [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the identification of specific risk factors for falls in community-dwelling elderly persons is required to identify older people at risk of falling. Objective: the aim of the study was to determine the ability of various biomechanical measures of postural stability to identify fallers in the elderly population. Method: 19 subjects (78.4 ± 1.3 years old) who reported having fallen unexpectedly at least twice in the last 6 months, and 124 non-fallers (77.8 ± 0.53 years old) participated in the study. Balance measurements were made in the upright position in six different conditions using a force platform, and the Limits of Stability Test was carried out. Static two-point discrimination (TPD) testing to the underside of the first roe was made to evaluate the innervation density of the slowly adapting receptors. Finally, maximal isometric lower limb strength was measured in major muscle groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance tests were performed to assess the mean differences between the two groups (fallers and non-fallers). The level of significance was set to 0.05. Results and discussion: results suggest that control of balance in narrow base stance may be an important tool in identifying elderly fallers. The findings show an increase in mediolateral sway in narrow base stance in older people who experienced recurrent falls. Also, TPD appears to be impaired in elderly fallers (14.93 ± 1.1 mm versus 12.98 ± 0.3 mm). Conclusions: simple and sale laboratory quantitative tests were able to differentiate between elderly fallers and elderly individuals who did not fall, suggesting a possible clinical application as a preliminary screening tool for predicting future risk of falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine if Tai Chi Inspired Exercise (TCIE) positively impacts balance and confidence level during performance of activities of daily living (ADL) for well elderly. Method. Thirty-five independent elderly volunteers, 18 in the experimental group and 17 in the control group, participated in this study. The experimental group (mean age = 72.76) participated in a minimum often TCIE sessions over a six-week period. Pre-testing and post-testing occurred for both groups. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, Berg Balance Scale and Limits of Stability Assessment (LOS) established the baseline scores. These assessments quantified changes in the relationship between balance and confidence upon completion of the TCIE sessions. Results. Participants of the TCIE group scored significantly higher in the post scores of the ABC, Berg Balance Scale, and the LOS measures of Maximal Endpoint Excursion (MXE) and Forward. Conclusion. Tai Chi Inspired Exercise positively impacts balance and confidence levels during ADL performance for well elderly. This relationship may have future implications for balance training intervention with the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized, experimental-control group, multiple-observation study examined the ability of older adults to use center of pressure feedback to up-train the vertical loading response (LR) and the impact that such training had on changes in clinical tests of balance. Eleven community ambulators, aged at least 65 years, with no recent history of falls were recruited by convenience sampling. Each group received 6 baseline sessions and 6 control/training sessions, followed by 1 posttest session. All sessions included visual cueing about stance equilibrium followed by 30 randomly timed dynamic, toes-up perturbations (8 degrees, 66 degrees per second). Training consisted of verbal instructions with visual and auditory feedback of a 225 msec response window to shape an increase in total LR following perturbations. Subjects in the experimental group demonstrated a tendency to decrease vertical loading relative to baseline regardless of visual and verbal feedback encouraging strategies to increase it. Specifically, the T3 or 150–225 msec component of the response window showed a decline from session 7 to session 12. Up-training, however, appears to cause a faster rate of rise to the maintenance window, but this event probably occurs too late to correct for a loss of balance. No correlation was found between change in load values and change in performance on clinical balance tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Background: Surgery is effective in reducing pain intensity in patients with cervical disc disease. However, functional measurements demonstrated that the results have been not satisfactory enough. Thus, rehabilitation programs combined with the supplementation of vitamin D could play an essential role. Methods. The study recruited 30 patients, aged 20 to 70 years, selected for anterior cervical interbody fusion (ACIF). The patients were randomly divided into the placebo (Pl) and vitamin D (3200 IU D3/day) supplemented groups. The functional tests limits of stability (LOS), risk of falls (RFT), postural stability (PST), Romberg test, and foot pressure distribution were performed before supplementation (BS—week 0), five weeks after supplementation (AS—week 5), four weeks after surgery (BSVR—week 9), and 10 weeks after supervising rehabilitation (ASVR—week 19). Results. The concentration of 25(OH)D3 in the serum, after five weeks of supplementation, was significantly increased, while the Pl group maintained the same. The RFT was significantly reduced after five weeks of vitamin D supplementation. Moreover, a further significant decrease was observed following rehabilitation. In the Pl group, no changes in the RFT were observed. The overall postural stability index (OSI), LOS, and the outcomes of the Romberg test significantly improved in both groups; however, the effects on the OSI were more pronounced in the D3 group at the end of the rehabilitation program. Conclusions. Our data suggest that vitamin D supplementation positively affected the rehabilitation program in patients implemented four weeks after ACIF by reducing the risk of falls and improving postural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Exercise Therapy & Rehabilitation is the property of Yavuz Yakut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)