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La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1281

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1296

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

Lan honen helburua Juan Arin Dorronsororen «Material toponímico» argitaragabeare 25. paper-zorroan dagoen edukiaren berri ematea da, 1940. urtean hark egindako krokisean Enirio-Aralarko toponimiaz biltzen den informazioa osatzeko.

The Green Paper on the modernization of public procurement policy of the European Union launched a reflection on how such EU rules can contribute to fulfill the objectives proposed in the Europe 2020 strategy. This paper analyzes its proposals and identifies its inconsistencies. In particular, it is stressed how European integration has subverted the order of priorities in public procurement rules, upgrading the promotion of the free market to the top of the list. An economistic approach to the legal issue of public procurement seems to be the reason behind such reorganization of priorities. The conflict between political and economic rationalities, which underlies the Green Paper, gives rise to a number of questions, such as how targets other than free competition –mainly the social and environmental ones– shall be taken into account in public procurement; as well as to some proposals, for instance concerning the joint procurement by different administrations (in both the vertical and horizontal sense, and even encouraging a cross-border component), which seems to point to a reorganization of bureaucracy according to economic rationality. The paper, in a final step, aims at describing the (European) social model that implicitly underlies these proposals. El Libro Verde sobre la modernización de la política de contratación pública de la Unión Europea propone una reflexión acerca de qué modo las normas comunitarias sobre la materia pueden contribuir a hacer realidad los objetivos propuestos en la estrategia Europa 2020. En este trabajo se analizan las propuestas recogidas en el Libro Verde y se identifican sus incoherencias. En particular se hace hincapié en cómo el proceso de integración europea ha alterado el orden de prioridades de las normas de contratación pública, elevando la promoción del libre mercado a la cúspide de las mismas. La razón de esa reorganización de prioridades parece radicar en la aplicación de un enfoque economicista a la cuestión jurídica de la contratación pública. El conflicto entre las racionalidades económica y política, que también subyace en el Libro Verde, da lugar a una serie de preguntas tales como cómo deben ser tenidos en cuenta objetivos distintos a la libre competencia (fundamentalmente los sociales y medioambientales) en los procedimientos de contratación pública, así como a algunas propuestas, por ejemplo referidas a la contratación conjunta por varias administraciones (tanto en sentido horizontal como vertical, e incluso fomentándose el componente transfronterizo), lo que parece apuntar a la reorganización del aparato administrativo conforme a la racionalidad económica. El trabajo, en último término, pretende describir el modelo social (europeo) que tácitamente implican estas propuestas.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2009257

Lan honen helburua Juan Arin Dorronsororen «Material toponímico» argitaragabearen 25. paper-zorroan dagoen edukiaren berri ematea da, 1940. urtean hark egindako krokisean Enirio-Aralarko toponimiaz biltzen den informazioa osatzeko. The aim of this paper is to give out the contents of the 25th folder of the Juan Arin Dorronsoro’s unpublished «Toponymy Material(s)», in order to complete the information that said author gathered in a map about the toponymy of Enirio-Aralar.

The Green Paper on the modernization of public procurement policy of the European Union launched a reflection on how such EU rules can contribute to fulfill the objectives proposed in the Europe 2020 strategy. This paper analyzes its proposals and identifies its inconsistencies. In particular, it is stressed how European integration has subverted the order of priorities in public procurement rules, upgrading the promotion of the free market to the top of the list. An economistic approach to the legal issue of public procurement seems to be the reason behind such reorganization of priorities. The conflict between political and economic rationalities, which underlies the Green Paper, gives rise to a number of questions, such as how targets other than free competition –mainly the social and environmental ones– shall be taken into account in public procurement; as well as to some proposals, for instance concerning the joint procurement by different administrations (in both the vertical and horizontal sense, and even encouraging a cross-border component), which seems to point to a reorganization of bureaucracy according to economic rationality. The paper, in a final step, aims at describing the (European) social model that implicitly underlies these proposals. El Libro Verde sobre la modernización de la política de contratación pública de la Unión Europea propone una reflexión acerca de qué modo las normas comunitarias sobre la materia pueden contribuir a hacer realidad los objetivos propuestos en la estrategia Europa 2020. En este trabajo se analizan las propuestas recogidas en el Libro Verde y se identifican sus incoherencias. En particular se hace hincapié en cómo el proceso de integración europea ha alterado el orden de prioridades de las normas de contratación pública, elevando la promoción del libre mercado a la cúspide de las mismas. La razón de esa reorganización de prioridades parece radicar en la aplicación de un enfoque economicista a la cuestión jurídica de la contratación pública. El conflicto entre las racionalidades económica y política, que también subyace en el Libro Verde, da lugar a una serie de preguntas tales como cómo deben ser tenidos en cuenta objetivos distintos a la libre competencia (fundamentalmente los sociales y medioambientales) en los procedimientos de contratación pública, así como a algunas propuestas, por ejemplo referidas a la contratación conjunta por varias administraciones (tanto en sentido horizontal como vertical, e incluso fomentándose el componente transfronterizo), lo que parece apuntar a la reorganización del aparato administrativo conforme a la racionalidad económica. El trabajo, en último término, pretende describir el modelo social (europeo) que tácitamente implican estas propuestas. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2009257

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

There is no doubt whatsoever that the papers presented in this volume cover a very wide, even extensive range of topics. This is of course logical, given the multi-disciplinary nature of this scientifical project. Nevertheless, it is a pleasure to present no less than eight papers devoted to new results and ideas in fields as diverse as psychology, philosophy, political science and law, dealing with matters such as electoral behavior, globalization, the concept of democracy, the role of experts or the relevance of thinkers such as Plato and Hobbes for the current discussion on the EU constitution. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1837316

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Access to information is a fundamental human right that contributes to freedom of expression and self-determination. However, information availability alone is not enough: the way in which information is expressed and presented on paper or in digital format can be extremely complicated to understand and act upon for a highly diverse set of people with varying ranges of reading, writing and understanding abilities. For a long time, artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) have dedicated research efforts in the field of automatic text simplification to the development of methods to automate the production of easy-to-read texts. However, in spite of AI hype, the problem persists. Current NLP models such as large language models (LLMs) are still not well understood, and their use in the development of text simplification needs careful assessment. In this paper, having identified the need for easy-to-read, accessible texts, we provide a light overview of current methods in NLP and provide a lay explanation of several techniques applied to lexically and syntactically modified texts to make them simpler to read and understand. We conclude by raising awareness on the use of general tools to address this very challenging problem that can affect contemporary lives.

This paper’s main objective is to show how the return to democracy by Portugal (1974) and Brazil (1985) accounts for the outstanding development of the Portuguese language over the past fifty years, supporting the idea that the development of a language is closely related to politics, and democratic regimes in particular. To fulfil this objective, the paper presents significant factors that I consider to have been crucial to this dramatic change in the status of the Portuguese language: geopolitical changes, the post-colonial geolinguistic panorama, the growth of education and literacy, the use of Portuguese in international organisations, and economic growth. A further aim is to increase and update general information on the Portuguese language and portray its current global status. The perspective adopted is mainly descriptive; nevertheless, a critical interpretation of the facts will also be present throughout the paper.

This paper briefly discusses the presence of gender stereotypes in the treatment of adolescent girls deprived of their liberty in Chile. The paper begins by presenting the concept of gender stereotypes and reviewing the main recommendations from the international human rights framework regarding the need to eliminate stereotypes in the justice system in general and in the treatment of adolescent girls deprived of their liberty in particular. It then uses interviews with professionals who work directly with adolescent girls deprived of their liberty to explain, through their words, the main gender stereotypes present in relation to them, which are mainly related to characteristics such as the emotionality, intensity and complexity of adolescent girls. In addition, the analysis of the interviews conducted with the adolescent girls who were in the centres at the time of the visits and who agreed to participate in the study is also included. Finally, a brief reflection is presented on the presence of these stereotypes and how they have their origin in the gender order, the socialisation that the girls receive, and also the violence to which they are exposed, to conclude by reflecting on the State's inability, to date, to provide the conditions and tools for the treatment of adolescent girls deprived of liberty free of gender stereotypes, thus complying with human rights recommendations.

There is no doubt whatsoever that the papers presented in this volume cover a very wide, even extensive range of topics. This is of course logical, given the multi-disciplinary nature of this scientifical project. Nevertheless, it is a pleasure to present no less than eight papers devoted to new results and ideas in fields as diverse as psychology, philosophy, political science and law, dealing with matters such as electoral behavior, globalization, the concept of democracy, the role of experts or the relevance of thinkers such as Plato and Hobbes for the current discussion on the EU constitution. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1837316

The adopted’s right to know their origins constitutes an essential manifestation of the right to identity and free development of the personality of adopted persons, regulated by the articles 180, 5 and 6 of the Spanish CC and the articles 12 and 5, 1, i) of Law 54/2007, of December 28, on International Adoption. The adoptee can not only request data on his or her biological origin but also information on the identity of his or her parents and their biogenetic data. This right may conflict with the right to privacy and data protection of biological parents and family. This paper presents the double public/private aspect of the right to know the origins of adopted people. On the one hand, its extension and limits are analyzed in confrontation with the rights to privacy, intimate family and personal life and data protection of the family of origin and, on the other, we analyze the actions of Public Entities and the administration to guarantee its exercise and effectiveness. This paper is completed with the most recent jurisprudential analysis.

This paper analyses two 18th century texts and focuses on hypercorrections found in the spelling of sibilants, i.e. examples where an etymological apical fricative is represented with spelling elsewhere used for laminal fricatives. The texts used are Lubieta’s dictionary (written in the central variety of Donostia/San Sebastián) and sermons composed by Bizente Sarria (written in the western variety of Etxebarri). As for Lubieta’s text, in previous research hypercorrections have been interpreted to be related to an ongoing merger in which the apico-alveolar fricative merges with the apico-laminal, and the remaining sound is the laminal. In Sarria’s speech, however, another merger pattern was present, in which laminal and apical fricatives merge in favour of the latter. Because of that, hypercorrections found in that text are hypothesised to be purely graphical. Using quantitative methods, the paper compares the patterns found in spellings found in the two texts in order to better understand merger processes involved (and especially hypercorrections), but also to reflect on the methodology which can be used to analyse such issues.

Se cumple el 75 aniversario (1949-2024) del lanzamiento del primer volumen de la revista Munibe por parte de los fundadores de la Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi. Aprovechando la celebración de esta efeméride, en este trabajo se hace un breve repaso histórico de los acontecimientos más relevantes acaecidos durante este periodo, y las circunstancias que dieron lugar a la fundación en 1984 de la revista filial de Munibe donde se publican estas páginas: Munibe Ciencias Naturales. Durante los pasados 40 años, Munibe Ciencias Naturales ha publicado 484 artículos en 37 volúmenes, y aquí se analizan algunos datos bibliométricos generales de dichos trabajos. Este análisis revela la gran diversidad de contenidos que la revista ha acogido, aunque se observa que los trabajos zoológicos se están haciendo progresivamente más frecuentes en detrimento de los trabajos botánicos y, sobre todo, de los geológicos. Finalmente, se hacen algunas reflexiones sobre el alcance y propósitos de la revista, así como de las perspectivas de cara a su futuro. ABSTRACT: This year marks the 75th anniversary (1949-2024) of the publication of the first volume of the journal Munibe by the founders of the Aranzadi Scientific Society. On the occasion of this anniversary, this article offers a brief summary of the most relevant events that have occured during this period and the circumstances that led to the founding in 1984 of the sister publication in which this article is published: Munibe Natural Sciences. Over the last 40 years, Munibe Natural Sciences has published 484 papers in 37 volumes and this article analyses some of their general bibliometric data. It highlights the great diversity of the subject matter covered in this journal, although it may be observed that zoological papers are gradually becoming more frequent to the detriment of articles on botany and, especially, geology. Finally, this article concludes with a number of thoughts on the aims and scope of the journal, as well as some predictions about its future.

Se presenta en este trabajo una revisión del conjunto material procedente del yacimiento de Cercado de Galera (Liétor, Albacete), un yacimiento en el valle del medio río Mundo conocido desde el año 1971 gracias al hallazgo casual de esculturas y sillares. El objeto de este es actualizar la base material del sitio, a luz de nuevos descubrimientos, y presentar algunas nuevas posibilidades interpretativas emanadas del estado actual de las investigaciones en Protohistoria peninsular; líneas de trabajo que tanto han cambiado desde que el yacimiento cayó en el olvido en los años 90. ABSTRACT: This paper presents a revision of the corpus from the site of Cercado de Galera (Liétor, Albacete), a site in the valley of the middle Mundo River, known since 1971 thanks to the casual discovery of sculptures and ashlars. The purpose of this paper is to uptade the material base of the site, in the light of new discoveries, and to present some new interpretative possibilities derived from the current state of research in Peninsular Protohistory. These lines of work have changed a lot since this site fell into oblivion in the 1990s.

The Congress and Senate¿s Inaugural Sessions for the XIII, XIV and XV terms were controversial due to the way some parliamentarians took the oath to uphold the Constitution, by adding to the usual format very diverse statements. The Constitutional Court has a well-established doctrine on the matter, which is analysed in this paper. However, very recently, it has occurred that a group of representatives appealed to the Court after considering that the acceptance of specific ways of taking the oath by the Presidency violated his ius in officium. The paper analyses the ruling of the Court (65/2023) from a critical point of view, and it concludes that it would be desirable to ensure flexibility or remove the requirement to take the oath in order to achieve the status of representative.

Structural judgments regarding socioeconomic rights and the judicial oversight of their enforcement are two phenomena that have recently characterized Latin American public law. This paper examines how these phenomena of judicial behaviour respond to certain deficiencies in legislation (e.g., incomplete law and legislative stalemate). Suboptimal legislation usually indicates that political actors cannot impose their preferences or reach satisfactory agreements due to high transaction costs, thus presenting an opportunity for judicial intervention. However, the same suboptimal legislation can also expose a degree of political reluctance or lack of state institutional capacity to implement appropriate policies. Without aiming to establish a comprehensive theory, this paper explores how structural judgments and the creation of judicial monitoring systems deal with these different aspects of imperfect legislation. The paper briefly provides an analytical framework and takes a new approach to examining three well-known case studies from Colombia, Argentina, and Peru.

This paper draws on analysis by social historians ranging from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance in France to recent administrative history in Poland to illustrate basic contradictions in Western thought about sexuality. These have resulted over time in policies which range from prohibition of sex work to tolerance of the need to meet physical needs accompanied by an appreciation of the financial profits to be obtained by the state as well as the individual, combined with abhorrence of female adultery. The paper closes with original data on current public attitudes towards the impact on reputation of a range of behaviours in Poland, including sexual activities, and finds a high level of agreement about the damaging impact on reputation of not sexwork itself but of living off the proceeds of sexwork.

Climate change is a wicked problem, a framework not often used in sociolegal studies. The problem is complex, not readily named, and not limited to one jurisdiction. Therefore, the places of law are multiple: human rights instruments, supranational tribunals, regional courts, and local governments and NGOS. Litigation concerning responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions has largely not resulted in favorable judgments, and the papers in this collection turn to other ways of conceptualizing law and courts in responding to climate change. Relevant legal strategies include environmental legal enforcement, but also changes in investment, and response to the many disasters that are related to climate change. The papers in this collection travel across jurisdictions, actors and problems to assess legal strategies concerning climate change.

From an institutional approach, the paper analyzes why it was necessary to reform the Constitution of Cuba, and the challenges that had to be taken into account to ensure the protection of rights of the Cuban people, as well as the implementation by the Government of Cuba of the main socio-economic transformations to guarantee the continuation of the Cuban socialist system and reinforce the bilateral rapport with the European Union (EU). In fact, the signature and implementation of the first EU-Cuba Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement, in 2016, prompted a new political model in the relationship between the EU and Cuba. For this reason, in the three sections of the paper, we prove how the reform of the Constitution of Cuba offers support and continuity to the process of modernization of the social, economic and political structure of Cuba, in order to ensure the provisional implementation of the Agreement with the EU from 2017 to 2019.

This paper examines how diversity is mobilized and deployed as a form of hate crime response in the York Regional Police Service, and how commitments to racial and cultural diversity embedded in the framework of hate crime policy are interpreted by police officers engaged in the frontline policing of hate crimes. Hate crime policies and specialized training programs in Ontario were developed around two central foci: 1) traditional policing concerns involving proper investigative techniques, evidence collection, documentation, and officer roles and responsibilities; and 2) emerging concerns regarding victim care, community relations, and commitments to racial and cultural diversity. Drawing on interviews with officers stationed at all five of the Service’s divisional locations, this paper shows how commitments to diversity embedded in the Service’s approach to hate crime exist along-side, and in conflict with, officer perceptions that see diversity as a source of the problem of hate.

The paper analyses the topic to understand how the legal and judicial practices in two Amazonian municipalities (Apuí and Lábrea) respond to the dynamics of environmental crimes in the region. The research project is a based in a qualitative and quantitative methodology. This paper discusses the initial results from interviews gathered in the city of Manaus with a Judge from the Amazonas State, a Prosecutor from Public Ministry, a Federal Police Commissar, and a member of the Environmental Agency of Amazonas. Thus, it is possible to understand: a) the context of environmental crimes in the cities of Apuí and Lábrea, b) the responses of criminal justice institutions to the occurrence of environmental crimes in the region. El artículo analiza el tema para comprender cómo las prácticas legales y judiciales en dos municipios amazónicos (Apuí y Lábrea) responden a la dinámica de los delitos ambientales en la región. El proyecto de investigación se basa en una metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa. Las entrevistas fueran realizadas en la ciudad de Manaus con un juez del estado de Amazonas, un fiscal del Ministerio Público, un comisario de la Policía Federal y un miembro de la Agencia Ambiental de Amazonas. Así, es posible comprender: a) el contexto de los delitos ambientales en las ciudades de Apuí y Lábrea, b) las respuestas de las instituciones de justicia penal ante la ocurrencia de delitos ambientales en la región.

The paper deepens the right to health in COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing itsimpact in terms of social inequalities. The first section introduces concepts drawn fromthe global risk society approach, pointing out some of its limitations for an effectiveanalysis of the forms of social exclusion during the pandemic. The main statement is thatthe logic of inequalities emerged in COVID-19 pandemic can be interpreted moreeffectively in the light of postcolonial and decolonial sociology, with reference to theconcepts of coloniality of power (Quijano) and – specifically – colonial sociability(Santos). The way proposed is bringing into dialogue these concepts along with those ofadvanced marginality and territorial stigmatization (Wacquant). These approaches areuseful in understanding some data on the spread of contagion and deaths due toCOVID-19 in the contexts of Brazil and the United States of America, contagion and deaths that have particularly critically affected specific territories of advancedmarginality and exposed to stigmatization processes. Analyzing specific pathways forterritorial de-stigmatization – the paper also discusses the emancipatory task of asociological analysis of inequalities in COVID-19 pandemic era.

This paper engages in a sociolegal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation enacted by the Puerto Rican Government in the aftermath of Maria (2017). The paper pays particular attention to the implementation and sociolegal impact of Act 2 of January 4, 2018, entitled, “The Anti-Corruption Code for the New Puerto Rico” and the creation of a Registry of Persons Convicted of Corruption. The rationale behind the Act and the Registry is to enforce transparency, open governance, and help the Puerto Rican government in its efforts to eradicate public corruption. Conversely, this paper argues that these reforms have introduce a punitive approach to anti-corruption in PR. Approach that I have termed, punitive governance. The paper suggests Act 2 and the Registry had have a dual outcome: 1) a punitive approach to corruption that harm people in precarious positions, and 2) normalize the structural dynamic enabling corruption the powerful. Thus, this paper intends to illustrate the contradictions in anti-corruption as punitive governance, and the way in which a specific image of corruption is reproduced through governmental actions, legal practices, and discourses. Este artículo realiza un análisis socio-jurídico de la legislación anticorrupción promulgada por el Gobierno de Puerto Rico tras el paso del huracán María (2017). El articulo presta especial atención a la implementación e impacto socio-jurídico de la Ley 2 de 4 de enero de 2018, titulada “El Código Anticorrupción para el Nuevo Puerto Rico” y la creación de un Registro de Personas Convictas por Actos de Corrupción. La razón fundamental detrás de la Ley y el Registro es hacer cumplir políticas de transparencia, la gobernabilidad y ayudar al gobierno de Puerto Rico en sus esfuerzos por erradicar la corrupción en el sector público. Por el contrario, este artículo argumenta que estas reformas han introducido un enfoque punitivo para combatir la corrupción en PR. El artículo sugiere que la Ley 2 y el Registro tuvieron un doble resultado: 1) un enfoque punitivo de la corrupción que perjudica a las personas en posiciones precarias, y 2) normalizar la dinámica estructural que permite la corrupción de los poderosos. Así, este artículo pretende ilustrar las contradicciones de la anticorrupción como gobernanza punitiva, y la forma en que se reproduce una imagen específica de corrupción a través de acciones gubernamentales, prácticas jurídicas y discursos legales.

In this paper we want to address the need to take on board the advantages of artificial intelligence in the administrative procedure, while adopting the necessary precautions for the protection of the rights of the persons involved in the procedure and the public interest. Specifically, we start with some brief preliminary considerations on the subject of AI, and after a reference to the current legal regime, we will look at the administrative procedure: the need to articulate the necessary guarantees, in particular, human supervision, in order to minimize the risks that the use of algorithms and AI may entail, and the possibility of using them in the administrative procedure. The ultimate control of the respect of these safeguards will be a matter for the courts.

Sports federations exercise delegated public functions and are governed by rules that must be ratified by the supervising administration: CSD or Autonomous Communities. This paper analyses some problematic issues, such as the nature of these rules. This work is drafted in line with the judgement 626/2024, issued the 15 April by the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court, which deals with these questions in depth and establishes a relevant and peculiar doctrine, not only with regard to sports law, but also to general administrative law, in relation to the nature of the rules, administrative procedures or administrative silence.

The proposal to declassify urban development sectors is a thorny issue when land becomes undevelopable, and the possibility of the urban development administration being liable for damages arises. This paper presents the experience of the Vitoria-Gasteiz City Council of including the declassification of twenty-five sectors in the initial approval agreement of the revision of its General Urban Development Plan, a reasoned decision founded in law, based on the detailed and individualised reports on each of the sectors, and an external legal opinion of contrast.

Aquest article aborda els llenguatges entenedors, des del llenguatge fàcil fins al llenguatge planer, tant en textos escrits com en textos orals. Dona compte de la variació denominativa a l’entorn d’aquests conceptes i presenta un seguit de pràctiques i recomanacions amb una atenció especial a la situació a Catalunya. Es mostra el panorama legislatiu català i algunes experiències en diversos àmbits. L’article també discuteix tres reptes: la necessitat d’investigacions empíriques sobre les pautes existents, el paper de la tecnologia i la necessitat d’anar més enllà del text escrit.

Durant els anys 80 el llenguatge administratiu i jurídic català va experimentar un procés de modernització inspirat en els principis del llenguatge planer. La Revista de Llengua i Dret (RLD) va tenir un paper clau com a espai acadèmic que va impulsar, especialment des de les ciències del llenguatge, la reflexió i l’anàlisi sobre com s’havia de dur a terme aquest procés amb rigor. Ara, després de 40 anys, el llenguatge planer ha evolucionat cap a la comunicació clara, un àmbit amb un caràcter marcadament interdisciplinari, que aporta noves solucions per a la comunicació planera entre les administracions públiques i la ciutadania. Amb la voluntat d’apropar aquestes novetats a les administracions dels territoris de parla catalana, l’RLD publica aquesta secció monogràfica que recull les últimes recerques fetes en l’àmbit, així com un conjunt d’experiències extrapolables a diverses administracions. En aquesta introducció, delimitem els conceptes clau com llenguatge planer i comunicació clara; expliquem com el moviment internacional del llenguatge planer ens va afectar i va evolucionar cap a la comunicació clara, i donem compte succintament de les iniciatives que s’estan duent a terme en els àmbits públics catalanoparlants i hispanoparlants.

The paper starts with the trajectory of ancient graffiti study since the 19th century. This study was well inserted in the scholarly context, paying particular attention to the differences of language use in relation to standard learned Latin (or Greek). In the 20th century, beyond scholarship, there was an overwhelming normative and historical perception that graffiti represented most of all unlearned people, those who were unable to have access to learned culture. This improved the knowledge about graffiti, but it continued to focus on distance from the rule. In the late 20th century there was a growing critical approach, considering that graffiti may produce evidence about people's daily lives. In this context, the edge has been able to produce a plethora of innovative interpretation. Brazil produced a critical approach, centring on a couple of subjects: popular culture and female agency. Popular culture means highlighting the originality of ordinary people culture. Then, within this approach, female agency. The authors then discuss some graffiti, enabling to discuss popular culture and female agency. The paper concludes by stressing how graffiti may be a way of promoting life, fostering living together, against hatred and destruction.

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research.

As in other dictatorships in the Southern Cone, during the last military dictatorships in Argentina (1976-1983) and Uruguay (1973-1985), women prisoners were victims of different forms of sexual violence. In Argentina, only in recent years, after the reopening of trials for crimes against humanity and with considerable resistance, the possibility of trying sexual violence as a crime distinct from torture began to be considered, and in 2010 the first conviction for this crime was handed down. In 2011, a criminal complaint was filed for the first time for rape and sexual abuse committed during the period of the Uruguayan military dictatorship made collectively by 28 former female political prisoners. In this paper we will describe the paths taken by the justice system in each of the countries and the changing moments of memory in order to finally analyze the process of shaping and organizing these complaints and to report on the main legal debates about the possibility of prosecuting these crimes in both countries. Studying the Argentine and Uruguayan cases together will allow us to address the specific characteristics of each national historical development but, at the same time, will seek to account for a process that exceeds national boundaries.

One of the most significant institutional developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the last war (1992-1995) was the establishment of the state-level Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its relevance increased when, as part of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’s exit strategy, it was decided that a War Crimes Chamber would be established in the Court to continue the trial process. It should be noted that the very existence of an integral state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (one of the reasons for the war) is still in question today. Thus the creation of the Court was interpreted as a bid to strengthen state capacities. For this reason, since its very establishment, and even more so for its task of judging the war, it has been resented by the political leadership of one of the country's entities, the Republika Srpska, which has even tried to eliminate it. Against this background, the aim of this paper is to analyze how the Court itself perceives its actions (through statements of its presidency and official publications), especially the adjudication of war crimes, in the context of the debates on what the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina should be. The focus is on the period 2004-2017, when the presidency of the Court was held by Meddžida Kreso, particularly active in promoting her institution and in helping to identify it as an expression of the state.

The cultural diversity of today's society must be reflected in the didactic proposals to be carried out in the classroom, also with regard to music education. This paper presents the results of a collaborative musical experience in which different fields related to music education have taken part. The study, which has been carried out from a qualitative approach, seeks to deepen the understanding of educational and social phenomena that can contribute to the transformation of teaching practice. The main results show the relevance of this type of projects to facilitate knowledge and reflection on the different educational and social problems from music education.

This paper presents an innovative intervention proposal to teach the unit "Biomechanical: structures implicated in movement" in the Higher Technician Grade in Physical Conditioning Certificate. The main goal of this proposal is to provide students with a practical teaching experience that will allow them to understand comprehensively the basis of biomechanical and body movement. This proposal includes seven activities in which several didactic methodologies and resources are employed. They address real cases to explore the key biomechanical mechanisms, like joints and musculoskeletal and fascial systems, to learn how they work and affect physical performance and conditioning. This way, the proposal aims to train students to face the challenges of the Physical Conditioning field, providing them with tools and fostering skills for their future professional labor.

The gradual implementation of new information technologies and its almost consolidation with the promulgation of the LPAC in administrative relations, brought with it important innovations in the field of electronic Administration and, in particular, in the electronic administrative procedure. From the so-called ¿Paper Administration¿ we have moved on to the ¿Digital Administration¿. One of the consequences was the implementation of the general system of electronic relations between legal entities and the Administration, which from the outset was not exempt from debate. After more than five years, its effective implementation brings to the fore issues of great importance, in light of the very casuistry that takes place in its application. In this context, the work addresses a key issue within the procedure for the sake of its effectiveness, such as the validity of the notifications made to legal persons, but singled out in a specific fact: when they, instead of taking place electronically, in accordance with the general rule, they are carried out on paper, as well as their legal consequences and the very recent judicial pronouncements on the subject.

According to Article 23 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) States Parties shall ensure the rights and responsibilities of such persons with regard to adoption of children. This article has a limited application in practice due to a traditional prejudice towards sexuality and motherhood/parenthood of these people, even proposing the adoption of their biological children. This contribution focuses on the analysis of the configuration of adoption in the aforementioned Article 23.2 CRPD, based on significant examples of Comparative Law. First, it studies the health and financial requirements for adopters, which often hide direct or indirect discrimination against the people with disabilities. Second, this paper explores the meaning of the concept of `supportˊ, which is aimed at ensuring that persons with disabilities can adopt on an equal basis with others. Third, it analyzes the scope of the expression ˊin all cases the best interests of the child shall be paramountˊ, with a view to examining whether it jeopardises the effectiveness of Article 23.2 CRPD in practice.

Intercountry adoption is a young institution that, after experiencing a boom at the beginning of the 21st century is currently immersed in a period of decline. The years 2020 to 2023 have been especially notable in this matter in Spain, as a consequence of the jurisdiction conflict, resolved by STC 36/2021, as well as the COVID-19 crisis, causing China to restrict international adoption. This paper analyzes the features that have characterized intercountry adoption in its different stages and the factors that have led to its evolution, focusing on the study of the successive regulatory swings that have occurred in Spain. As a result of this study, it is observed that, beyond the current circumstances brought about by the COVID-19 crisis, this institution currently has a residual weight that is increasingly in line with the principle of subsidiarity, recognized by the Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption.

This paper investigates a topic that is booming in Argentine jurisprudence: the declaration of the adoptability situation of children based on the informed, thoughtful, and autonomous decision of their parents -generally women who decide not to exercise their maternity– to give their child for adoption considering the obligatory gender perspective, in line with the rights of children. With this objective as a goal, the regulation of the judicial declaration of the situation of adoptability and the autonomous decision to give a daughter or son for adoption is synthesized, the exception being that the declaration in a situation of adoptability is not appropriate if a referent of the family of origin or extended family is able to take care of the child and its complementarity with the best interest of the child. At the same time, the paths taken in Argentine jurisprudence regarding the birth of children after hindering the legal interruption of pregnancy are critically analyzed.

The contrast between apical and laminal articulations in Basque dento-alveolar sibilant consonants has traditionally attracted linguists’ attention. This distributedness distinction, as it has come to be known in the literature, was assumed to be very uncommon, a sort of typological oddity (perhaps the only one) of Basque consonantism, which, in all other respects, is not particularly remarkable in terms of its phonological characteristics. Many studies have been devoted to the articulatory and acoustic properties of sibilants in Standard Basque and several dialectal varieties. In this paper, written as a contribution to this well-deserved Festschrift in honor of José Ignacio Hualde, I compare the Basque system of sibilants and its features with other structurally more or less analogous systems, drawing on recent typological research, in order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the alleged uniqueness of the Basque sibilants.

This paper reports on the development of L2 English vowel pair perception by adult L1 Spanish/Basque speakers of differing levels of English instruction. This study focuses on vowel pairs /i-ɪ/, /u-ʊ/ and /ʌ-ɔ/, with differing levels of proximity to native categories. Results of two perceptual tasks show that learners are influenced by their native categories, but that regardless of level, they can still modify their representations. However, the success in categorization varies by sound based on acoustic distance and multiple category competition.

In this paper I present an unusual Bantu tonal phenomenon where certain “cells” in the verb paradigm require a tonal agreement between the first syllable (the subject prefix) and the last syllable (an inflectional ending). Such a long-distance dependency raises the question of whether it is tone alone that can do this. I first provide an overview of the phenomenon in Ekegusii (Kenya), and then show that a relative construction in geographically and genetically distant Grassfields Bantu languages of Cameroon can help us understand both the nature and history of the more evolved situation seen in Ekegusii. I conclude that although initially surprising, initial/final tone agreement has a natural diachronic source and is not so crazy—even from a synchronic point of view.

In Chilean Spanish (Bros̀ 2018, 2019), s-aspiration is an opaque process in which [h], coda realization of /s/, surfaces morpheme internally as expected, but it overapplies in word-final prevocalic position; in absolute word-final position and in word-final preconsonantal position, deletion takes place instead. Bros̀ argues that a Stratal OT account is necessary to explain the data. Although the verdict is out on whether some degree of serialism is unavoidable in OT, this paper contends that a simpler, non-serial account of the Chilean data is preferrable to a Stratal OT one, due to greater simplicity and strict parallelism, which is more closely aligned with the spirit of OT. Additionally, the analysis presented shows that the Chilean data do not offer evidence in favor of a Stratal OT account, as a parallel explanation is possible. The proposed analysis contributes to our understanding of the Chilean data, to our knowledge of aspiration and other opaque phenomena in Spanish, and to the debate on parallelism in OT.

El propósito del paper consiste en analizar las representaciones mediáticas, el contexto de producción y las prácticas sociales que legitimaron los discursos que circularon sobre la naturaleza colombiana entre 1903 y 1952 en National Geographic Magazine. Las teorías que guiaron nuestra investigación se inscriben en la Teoría de la Representaciones de Stuart Hall, las Teorías Críticas y el giro decolonial. El diseño metodológico trabajó el Modelo tridimensional de Fairclough teniendo como unidad de análisis 9 reportajes sobre Colombia. La investigación encontró las siguientes representaciones mediáticas: espectáculo sublime, tierra de oportunidades económicas, lugar deseable para la recolección de “datos” científicos, tierra de aventura y consumo, tierra de futuro, un laboratorio, aventura. Las prácticas sociales que crearon e institucionalizaron este discurso particular sobre la naturaleza fueron el positivismo, el panamericanismo y el destino manifiesto en el contexto de la aparición del periodismo de masas, el desarrollo de la tecnología de fotograbado, el surgimiento e institucionalización de nuevas disciplinas académicas orientadas por el positivismo.

In this paper I explore sluicing in Basque, the elliptical phenomenon whereby the interrogative clause is elided, but the wh-remnant is pronounced. Specifically, I address the long-debated question of whether sluicing involves a full-fledged syntactic structure or not. By employing diverse cross-linguistic tests (case matching, binding, and adposition (non-)stranding), I show that there is structure therein. In short, I entertain the hypothesis that this phenomenon involves independently available wh-movement and subsequent deletion of the ellipsis site, which consists of silent structure; namely, I propose a move-and-delete account for sluicing in Basque.