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Abstract Climate change is currently one of humanity’s greatest threats. To help scholars understand the psychology of climate change, we conducted an online quasi-experimental survey on 59,508 participants from 63 countries (collected between July 2022 and July 2023). In a between-subjects design, we tested 11 interventions designed to promote climate change mitigation across four outcomes: climate change belief, support for climate policies, willingness to share information on social media, and performance on an effortful pro-environmental behavioural task. Participants also reported their demographic information (e.g., age, gender) and several other independent variables (e.g., political orientation, perceptions about the scientific consensus). In the no-intervention control group, we also measured important additional variables, such as environmentalist identity and trust in climate science. We report the collaboration procedure, study design, raw and cleaned data, all survey materials, relevant analysis scripts, and data visualisations. This dataset can be used to further the understanding of psychological, demographic, and national-level factors related to individual-level climate action and how these differ across countries.

Abstract This paper describes an approach for developing strategic cycle network planning tools. Based on our experience developing and deploying the Cycle Route Uptake and Scenario Estimation (CRUSE) Tool for Ireland, we outline the underlying methods, including disaggregation of origin–destination data with the open source ‘odjitter’ software, incorporation of additional trip purposes, routing, scenario generation, and development of an intuitive user interface that is tested and used by practitioners. Commissioned by the national infrastructure agency Transport Infrastructure Ireland, CRUSE provides estimates of current and potential future cycling levels under ‘snapshot’ scenarios to inform investment decisions. The publicly available results at https://cruse.bike/ enable planners, engineers, and other stakeholders to make more evidence-based decisions. CRUSE goes beyond previous work by: modeling networks at high spatial resolution; simulating multiple trip purposes (social, shopping, personal utility, recreational, and cycle touring), supplementing official origin–destination datasets on travel for work and education; and providing estimates of ‘quietness’ (a proxy for cyclist comfort and route preference) at the route segment level. Three network types—‘Fastest’, ‘Balanced’, and ‘Quietest’—help plan both arterial and residential cycle networks. Workshops with stakeholders were used to inform the development of the tool. Feedback shows that the tool has a wide range of uses and is already being used in practice to inform urban, inter-urban, and rural cycle network designs. The approach is flexible and open source, allowing the underlying ideas and code to be adapted, supporting more evidence-based and effective cycling policies and interventions internationally.

There is a growing movement in Canada towards youth homelessness prevention. One such response, called shelter diversion aims to move young people into safe and supportive housing as quickly as possible. The objective of this project is to assess how, and in what ways, shelter diversion operates and whether this intervention permanently or temporarily diverts youth from homelessness. Our project is grounded in principles of community-based participatory research including community/university partnerships and an advisory committee of lived-experience experts. Our team is utilizing mixed methods to capture the outcomes of diversion programs. Data collection began in September 2022 and ended in May 2024. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis is underway. Preliminary results show differences in how diversion is defined and implemented across organizations. There are also differences in staffing models and program budgets. The findings from this study will contribute to a recommendation for a national definition and adaptable program model for shelter diversion, easily accessible to support the expansion of diversion programs into youth-serving organizations across Canada. This study is the first in Canada to examine the effectiveness of shelter diversion as an early intervention strategy to prevent youth homelessness on a national scale.

Abstract Background Incorporating genomic data into risk prediction has become an increasingly popular approach for rapid identification of individuals most at risk for complex disorders such as PTSD. Our goal was to develop and validate Methylation Risk Scores (MRS) using machine learning to distinguish individuals who have PTSD from those who do not. Methods Elastic Net was used to develop three risk score models using a discovery dataset (n = 1226; 314 cases, 912 controls) comprised of 5 diverse cohorts with available blood-derived DNA methylation (DNAm) measured on the Illumina Epic BeadChip. The first risk score, exposure and methylation risk score (eMRS) used cumulative and childhood trauma exposure and DNAm variables; the second, methylation-only risk score (MoRS) was based solely on DNAm data; the third, methylation-only risk scores with adjusted exposure variables (MoRSAE) utilized DNAm data adjusted for the two exposure variables. The potential of these risk scores to predict future PTSD based on pre-deployment data was also assessed. External validation of risk scores was conducted in four independent cohorts. Results The eMRS model showed the highest accuracy (92%), precision (91%), recall (87%), and f1-score (89%) in classifying PTSD using 3730 features. While still highly accurate, the MoRS (accuracy = 89%) using 3728 features and MoRSAE (accuracy = 84%) using 4150 features showed a decline in classification power. eMRS significantly predicted PTSD in one of the four independent cohorts, the BEAR cohort (beta = 0.6839, p=0.006), but not in the remaining three cohorts. Pre-deployment risk scores from all models (eMRS, beta = 1.92; MoRS, beta = 1.99 and MoRSAE, beta = 1.77) displayed a significant (p

Abstract Background Despite continuing advancements in treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD), continued high rates of relapse indicate the need for more effective approaches, including novel pharmacological interventions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) provide a promising avenue as a non-opioid medication for the treatment of OUD. Whereas GLP-1RAs have shown promise as a treatment for alcohol and nicotine use disorders, to date, no controlled clinical trials have been conducted to determine if a GLP-1RA can reduce craving in individuals with OUD. The purpose of the current protocol was to evaluate the potential for a GLP-1RA, liraglutide, to safely and effectively reduce craving in an OUD population in residential treatment. Method This preliminary study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of the GLP-1RA, liraglutide, in 40 participants in residential treatment for OUD. Along with taking a range of safety measures, efficacy for cue-induced craving was evaluated prior to (Day 1) and following (Day 19) treatment using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in response to a cue reactivity task during functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and for craving. Efficacy of treatment for ambient craving was assessed using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) prior to (Study Day 1), across (Study Days 2–19), and following (Study Days 20–21) residential treatment. Discussion This manuscript describes a protocol to collect clinical data on the safety and efficacy of a GLP-1RA, liraglutide, during residential treatment of persons with OUD, laying the groundwork for further evaluation in a larger, outpatient OUD population. Improved understanding of innovative, non-opioid based treatments for OUD will have the potential to inform community-based interventions and health policy, assist physicians and health care professionals in the treatment of persons with OUD, and to support individuals with OUD in their effort to live a healthy life. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04199728. Registered 16 December 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04199728?term=NCT04199728 . Protocol Version 10 May 2023

Abstract Importance Large-scale estimates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are warranted for adequate prevention and treatment. However, systematic approaches to ascertain rates of BPD are lacking. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of BPD in very low birth weight (≤ 1,500 g) or very low gestational age (

Abstract Background Despite wide scale assessments, it remains unclear how large-scale severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination affected the wastewater concentration of the virus or the overall disease burden as measured by hospitalization rates. Methods We used weekly SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentration with a stratified random sampling of seroprevalence, and linked vaccination and hospitalization data, from April 2021–August 2021 in Jefferson County, Kentucky (USA). Our susceptible ( $$S$$ S ), vaccinated ( $$V$$ V ), variant-specific infected ( $${I}_{1}$$ I 1 and $${I}_{2}$$ I 2 ), recovered ( $$R$$ R ), and seropositive ( $$T$$ T ) model ( $${SV}{I}_{2}{RT}$$ S V I 2 R T ) tracked prevalence longitudinally. This was related to wastewater concentration. Results Here we show the 64% county vaccination rate translate into about a 61% decrease in SARS-CoV-2 incidence. The estimated effect of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant emergence is a 24-fold increase of infection counts, which correspond to an over 9-fold increase in wastewater concentration. Hospitalization burden and wastewater concentration have the strongest correlation (r = 0.95) at 1 week lag. Conclusions Our study underscores the importance of continuing environmental surveillance post-vaccine and provides a proof-of-concept for environmental epidemiology monitoring of infectious disease for future pandemic preparedness.

This pilot randomized controlled trial protocol aims to (1) assess the impact on the wellbeing of Syrian refugee young adults (18–24 years) of being a community mental health worker (CMHW) implementing WHO's evidence-based psychosocial intervention - Problem Management Plus (PM+) - with adults in their community, and (2) identify the mechanisms associated with the outcomes of enhanced wellbeing and coping, and reduced stress among these CMHWs. Over 108 million people have been forcibly displaced as of the end of 2022. Mental health consequences of these displacements are significant, yet human resources for health are not sufficient to meet the needs. A large proportion of refugee populations are youth and young adults (YA). Evidence indicates their engagement in supporting their communities leads to their own enhanced wellbeing and that of their community. This trial trains Syrian refugees to serve their communities as CMHW (n=19) or tutors (n=19) and compare wellbeing, stress and coping outcomes between these two groups and a control group (n = 40). We will also assess 7 mechanisms as potential pathways for the interventions to influence outcomes. Surveys will assess outcomes and mechanisms, hair samples will measure stress cortisol. The primary analysis will use a Bayesian Hierarchical Model approach to model the trajectories of the mechanisms and primary study endpoints over time for individuals in each of the arms. Our results will elucidate critical mechanisms in which engagement of young adults to support their community enhances their own wellbeing. Trial registration: National Institutes of Mental Health, NCT05265611, Registered prospectively in 2021. Lebanon clinical trials registry #: LBCTR2023015206, Registered in 2023.

A educação digital tem se feito presente de forma cada vez mais diversa e consistente, desde o ensino formal até a produção de conteúdos educacionais em redes sociais. Nessas práticas, ganham destaque materiais de ensino-aprendizagem, dentre os quais destacamos os recursos educacionais digitais – ou recursos educacionais abertos (REAs). Por outro lado, a discussão acerca dos gêneros do discurso tem ganhado cada vez mais relevância e experimentado novos desdobramentos. Assim, considerando a importância que os REAs têm contemporaneamente na educação e a sua complexidade textual e discursiva, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral discutir a sua caracterização no quadro dos gêneros do discurso, mais especificamente sua constituição como gênero ou como hipergênero. Para isso, são mobilizados conceitos teóricos acerca do campo da educação e tecnologia, a exemplo de Castro Filho et al (2008), Santos (2013) Santana, Rossini e Pretto (2012), e dos estudos do texto e do discurso, como Marcuschi (2008), Távora (2008), Bonini (2011) e Bakhtin (2011). Os exemplares usados para análise são REAs produzidos no âmbito do Projeto EPTrilhas, desenvolvido pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em parceria com a Secretaria de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (SETEC) do Ministério da Educação. Essa análise evidenciou, pelas características do gênero, mídia e suporte, que os REAs multimodais em suporte virtual possuem características que os identificam como hipergêneros.

IntroductionVolunteering in the community is thought to provide unique benefits to people who experience limited engagement in society. In the global South, volunteer programs are often framed as empowering women and benefiting the poor, without empirical evidence or systematic investigation of what this means from a local perspective. For this reason, it is critical to represent stakeholder knowledge, understand how change happens systemically, and reduce cultural bias in scientific inquiry and public policy. As such, efforts to respect diverse narratives and problem-solving approaches are key to science diplomacy – they help us understand cultural relevance, program efficacy, and for whom a program is considered transformative.Methods and resultsThis study shows how Syrian refugee and Jordanian women, living in resource-poor families, articulated (i) concepts of empowerment and life satisfaction and (ii) the benefits of engaging in community-based volunteering programs. Through engaging in a participatory methodology known as Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, women generated visual representations of these constructs and cause-and-effect reasoning. They identified several dimensions of empowerment (e.g., cultural, financial, and psychological empowerment) and several meanings of life satisfaction (e.g. adaptation, acceptance, and contentment). They also mapped connections between variables, identifying those that might catalyze change. We were specifically interested in evaluating understandings of We Love Reading, a program that trains volunteers to become changemakers in their local community. In simulations, we modelled how employment, education, money, and volunteering would drive system change, with notable results on cultural empowerment.DiscussionThrough visual maps and scenarios of change, the study demonstrates a participatory approach to localizing knowledge and evaluating programs. This is key to improving scientific enquiry and public policy.

The 2019 London Extinction Rebellion was the first attempt by environmental protesters to create prolonged large-scale disruption in a Western capital city. The effects on public opinion were difficult to predict because protests seen as extreme can reduce support, but protests seen as justified can increase support. We studied longitudinal opinion changes in a nationally representative sample (n = 832) before, during, and after the rebellion, in conjunction with experimental analysis of the causal effects of media reports (n = 1441). The rebellion was longitudinally associated with national increases in environmental concern, and activist media increased dissatisfaction with current government action. Reports from different media sources caused activism intentions and support to move in different directions, contributing to longitudinally increased polarisation in attitudes to activism. The rebellion had minimal effects on belief in whether ordinary people can produce relevant change (based on collective efficacy and support for a Citizens’ Assembly). The rebellion thus apparently succeeded in strengthening general environmental attitudes without polarising them, and probably somewhat grew the pool of engaged activists, but did not lead to major growth in collective mobilisation or improved environmental policy.

Abstract Background and Aim C‐reactive protein (CRP)‐to‐albumin ratio (CAR) is a novel score with prognostic value in inflammatory conditions. This study assessed the performance of CAR as an objective marker of disease activity and prediction of subtherapeutic infliximab trough levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods A retrospective study was conducted on three different patient cohorts with IBD: patients who had (i) fecal calprotectin (FC) measurements; (ii) Mayo Endoscopic Scores; and (iii) infliximab trough levels available. The relative performances of CAR, albumin, and CRP were compared in predicting disease activity (based on FC or Mayo Endoscopic Score) and infliximab trough levels. Results In both the FC (n = 289) and endoscopy (n = 65) cohorts, albumin and CAR correlated with objective disease activity. CAR (area under the curve [AUC] 0.70) was only marginally better at detecting active disease, measured by FC, compared to CRP (AUC 0.68). A CAR >0.15 was able to detect Mayo 3 disease (AUC 0.83, sensitivity 81%, specificity 89%). Albumin (r = 0.38) and CAR (r = −0.42) correlated with infliximab trough levels (n = 204). The optimal CAR for detecting subtherapeutic infliximab trough levels was >0.08 (AUC 0.70, sensitivity 66%, specificity 64%). Both albumin and CAR were independent predictors of subtherapeutic infliximab trough levels but correlated poorly with infliximab trough levels longitudinally in the same patient. Conclusion CAR was only a modest discriminator of subtherapeutic infliximab levels and offers little more than CRP in detecting active disease. CAR has potential to detect severe Mayo 3 disease and could be calculated in patients admitted with suspected acute severe ulcerative colitis.

In psychological science, replicability—repeating a study with a new sample achieving consistent results (Parsons et al., 2022)—is critical for affirming the validity of scientific findings. Despite its importance, replication efforts are few and far between in psychological science with many attempts failing to corroborate past findings. This scarcity, compounded by the difficulty in accessing replication data, jeopardizes the efficient allocation of research resources and impedes scientific advancement. Addressing this crucial gap, we present the Replication Database (https://forrt-replications.shinyapps.io/fred_explorer), a novel platform hosting 1,239 original findings paired with replication findings. The infrastructure of this database allows researchers to submit, access, and engage with replication findings. The database makes replications visible, easily findable via a graphical user interface, and tracks replication rates across various factors, such as publication year or journal. This will facilitate future efforts to evaluate the robustness of psychological research.

Abstract Background Critically unwell babies in intensive care units may develop acute renal failure. Options for renal replacement therapy are limited by their small size and available technology. Objectives To determine the clinical efficacy, outcomes and safety profile of the NIDUS® (a novel infant haemodialysis device) for babies under 8 kg, compared with current renal replacement therapy. Design A clinical investigation using a non-blinded cluster stepped wedge design with paediatric intensive care units randomised to sequences. Setting Paediatric intensive care units in six UK hospitals. Participants Children under 8 kg who required renal replacement therapy for fluid overload or biochemical disturbance. Interventions Continuous renal replacement therapy was provided by the usual methods: peritoneal dialysis and continuous haemofiltration (during control periods) and by the NIDUS (during intervention periods), a novel device designed for babies with a smaller circuit and filter and volumetric control of ultrafiltration. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was precision of ultrafiltration compared with prescription; secondary outcomes included biochemical clearances, accuracy of reported ultrafiltration and mortality. Data sources Bedside study data collected by weighing bags of fluid entering and leaving the device were entered into the study database along with case descriptors. Some secondary outcome data was collected via the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network. Results Ninety-seven participants were recruited by study closure, 62 to control and 35 to intervention. The primary outcome was obtained from 62 control but only 21 intervention patients, largely because of technical difficulties using NIDUS. The analysis comparing the available primary outcomes showed that ultrafiltration with NIDUS was closer to that prescribed than with control: standard deviations controls 18.75, intervention 2.95 (ml/hour), adjusted ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval (0.03 to 0.71); p = 0.018. The mean clearances for creatinine, urea and phosphate were lower on peritoneal dialysis than NIDUS, which were in turn lower than continuous veno-venous haemofiltration. The variability in the clearances was in the same order. Of the 62 control patients, 10 died (2/62 on peritoneal dialysis; 7/13 on continuous haemofiltration) before discharge from paediatric intensive care unit (16%), compared with 12 out of 35 (34%) in the NIDUS group: p = 0.04, 95% confidence interval for difference (0 to 36%). Harms No important adverse events occurred and the NIDUS has an acceptable safety profile compared with other renal replacement therapies in this critically ill population with multi-organ failure. Mortality was lowest for Peritoneal Dialysis, highest for continuous haemofiltration, with the NIDUS in-between. Only one serious adverse device event which was reported to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Conclusions NIDUS works effectively, delivering appropriate blood clearances and accurate, controllable fluid removal (ultrafiltration), indicating that it has an important place alongside other dialysis modalities for infant renal replacement therapy. Future work Findings from this study indicate some modifications are required to NIDUS to improve usability. Further studies on use of the NIDUS device in other populations of babies for example those with chronic renal failure, and long-term outcomes are required. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN 13787486. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR award ref: 14/23/26) and is published in full in Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation; Vol. 11, No. 1. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary Why do this study? Some children in intensive care are so poorly that their kidneys do not work well, and they need help, called dialysis, to get rid of fluid and chemicals from their blood. For babies, we currently use peritoneal dialysis, where fluid is cycled in and out of the tummy, or adapted machines designed for bigger children (continuous veno-venous haemofiltration). A new machine, the NIDUS® (Allmed, www.allmedgroup.com), was developed specifically for babies weighing under 8 kg with much smaller tubing. NIDUS worked well when studied in Newcastle but needed testing elsewhere. What was the question? How well does NIDUS work compared to other dialysis methods? What are the problems? What did we do? The study was done in six paediatric intensive care units who used their usual dialysis methods (=control) in the first part of the study and then later swapped to using the NIDUS (=intervention). What did we find? We recruited 97 participants, 62 to control (49 peritoneal dialysis, 13 continuous veno-venous haemofiltration) and 35 intervention (NIDUS). We found NIDUS provided much better control of fluid removal. The CVVH machines were more efficient at blood cleaning than NIDUS, which was better than peritoneal dialysis. What does this mean? We learnt a lot about babies needing kidney support in paediatric intensive care units and that all methods have advantages and disadvantages. We showed that NIDUS could be very useful for some participants because it cleans blood effectively and gives accurate, controllable fluid removal. We have gathered important information to help us improve NIDUS to make it easier to use and run. Many parents responded to our questionnaire and most told us they felt it was acceptable to be approached about taking part in research despite the circumstances. This is very important for future research studies. We are very grateful to families for their generosity in becoming involved in this study. Scientific summary Background Critically unwell babies in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) may develop acute renal failure and require management with renal replacement therapy. Although mortality and morbidity vary and are related to the underlying diagnosis, survival of babies in paediatric intensive care is worse for those with fluid overload. Babies requiring renal replacement treatment present specific therapeutic challenges because of their small size and the current technology available. Difficulties with vascular access and blood flows, fluid balance, loss of circuits, filter clotting and hypotensive episodes at initiation are all described in the literature. The need for new solutions and improved technology is well recognised. Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) machines in use in the UK at the time of this study are not approved for use in babies weighing 80%) were similar. The median (IQR) age in controls 10.5 (7, 38) days was similar to that in the intervention group 11 (7, 61) days; the range of age of participants was between 1 and 477 days (approximately 15 months). The median (IQR) weights 3.2 (2.9, 3.9) and 3.7 (3.1, 5.6) kg were similar between control and intervention. Availability of primary outcome The primary outcome was available on all 62 control patients but only 21 of the 35 intervention patients. This was due to a range of reasons including difficulties in obtaining the information needed to compute the UF rate (accurate timing and weighing data) and technical difficulties using the NIDUS: full details are in the report. Precision of UF Analysis comparing the 62 control patients with the 21 intervention patients with a primary outcome showed that UF with the NIDUS was closer to that prescribed than with control: standard deviations (SDs) controls 18.75, intervention 2.95 (ml/hour), adjusted ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval (0.03 to 0.71); p = 0.018. For the NIDUS and CVVH devices, an important measure was to compare the difference between the actual fluid removal measured and that reported by the device. This had a mean closer to zero for the NIDUS than CVVH (means −0.44 vs. 11.6 ml/hour, respectively), with less variation in NIDUS than CVVH (SDs 3.2 vs. 28.4 ml/hour). Biochemical clearances The initial intention was to compare clearance rate on NIDUS with the control group. However, for these variables combining PD and CVVH in this way proved to be misleading because NIDUS clearances rates were intermediate between those of PD and CVVH. The clearance for creatinine on PD was smaller and less variable (mean 0.08, SD 0.03 ml/min/kg) than on the NIDUS (mean 0.46, SD 0.30 ml/min/kg), which was in turn smaller and less variable than for CVVH (mean 1.20, SD 0.72 ml/min/kg). The pattern was repeated for urea: PD (0.12, 0.06), NIDUS (0.48, 0.30) and CVVH (1.15, 0.67), all in ml/min/kg, and also for phosphate: PD (0.07, 0.04), NIDUS (0.44, 0.27) and CVVH (1.16, 0.71), all in ml/min/kg. All pairwise treatment comparisons of means and of SDs gave p

The venom-containing barb attached to their ‘whip-like’ tail provides stingrays a defensive mechanism for evading predators such as sharks. From human encounters, dermal stingray envenomation is characterized by intense pain often followed by tissue necrosis occurring over several days to weeks. The bioactive components in stingray venoms (SRVs) and their molecular targets and mechanisms that mediate these complex responses are not well understood. Given the utility of venom-derived proteins from other venomous species for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, we set out to characterize the bioactivity of SRV extracts from three local species that belong to the Dasyatoidea ‘whiptail’ superfamily. Multiple cell-based assays were used to quantify and compare the in vitro effects of these SRVs on different cell lines. All three SRVs demonstrated concentration-dependent growth-inhibitory effects on three different human cell lines tested. In contrast, a mouse fibrosarcoma cell line was markedly resistant to all three SRVs, indicating the molecular target(s) for mediating the SRV effects are not expressed on these cells. The multifunctional SRV responses were characterized by an acute disruption of cell adhesion leading to apoptosis. These findings aim to guide future investigations of individual SRV proteins and their molecular targets for potential use in biomedical applications.

BackgroundThe recent growth of eHealth is unprecedented, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Within eHealth, wearable technology is increasingly being adopted because it can offer the remote monitoring of chronic and acute conditions in daily life environments. Wearable technology may be used to monitor and track key indicators of physical and psychological stress in daily life settings, providing helpful information for clinicians. One of the key challenges is to present extensive wearable data to clinicians in an easily interpretable manner to make informed decisions. ObjectiveThe purpose of this research was to design a wearable data dashboard, named CarePortal, to present analytic visualizations of wearable data that are meaningful to clinicians. The study was divided into 2 main research objectives: to understand the needs of clinicians regarding wearable data interpretation and visualization and to develop a system architecture for a web application to visualize wearable data and related analytics. MethodsWe used a wearable data set collected from 116 adolescent participants who experienced trauma. For 2 weeks, participants wore a Microsoft Band that logged physiological sensor data such as heart rate (HR). A total of 834 days of HR data were collected. To design the CarePortal dashboard, we used a participatory design approach that interacted directly with clinicians (stakeholders) with backgrounds in clinical psychology and neuropsychology. A total of 8 clinicians were recruited from the Rhode Island Hospital and the University of Massachusetts Memorial Health. The study involved 5 stages of participatory workshops and began with an understanding of the needs of clinicians. A User Experience Questionnaire was used at the end of the study to quantitatively evaluate user experience. Physiological metrics such as daily and hourly maximum, minimum, average, and SD of HR and HR variability, along with HR-based activity levels, were identified. This study investigated various data visualization graphing methods for wearable data, including radar charts, stacked bar plots, scatter plots combined with line plots, simple bar plots, and box plots. ResultsWe created a CarePortal dashboard after understanding the clinicians’ needs. Results from our workshops indicate that overall clinicians preferred aggregate information such as daily HR instead of continuous HR and want to see trends in wearable sensor data over a period (eg, days). In the User Experience Questionnaire, a score of 1.4 was received, which indicated that CarePortal was exciting to use (question 5), and a similar score was received, indicating that CarePortal was the leading edge (question 8). On average, clinicians reported that CarePortal was supportive and can be useful in making informed decisions. ConclusionsWe concluded that the CarePortal dashboard integrated with wearable sensor data visualization techniques would be an acceptable tool for clinicians to use in the future.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine system- and patient-level factors associated with the number of healthcare disciplines involved in delivery of patient education among hospitalized older cancer survivors. Methods: We used electronic health record (EHR) data from a single institution documenting patient education among hospitalized older patients (≥65 years) with a history of cancer between 9/1/2018 and 10/1/2019. We used parametric ordinal logistic regression to assess the number of healthcare disciplines involved in documented education activities. Results: The sample (n = 446) was predominantly male, White, and on average 74 years old. Adjusting for patient and system-level variables, men and larger department units had higher odds of receiving education from fewer healthcare disciplines. Patients with a history of breast or prostate cancer and longer lenths of stay had lower odds of receiving patient education from fewer healthcare disciplines. Conclusion: Hospital size, severity of illness, and cancer type are associated with delivery of multidisciplinary education in this sample. Innovation: EHR provides an opportunity to identify patterns in patient education among cancer survivors. Future research should investigate provider perspectives of the findings to inform provider- and system-level strategies to improve patient education.

Summary: Native pollinators are crucial to local ecosystems but are under threat with the introduction of managed pollinators, e.g., honeybees (Apis mellifera). We explored the feasibility of employing the entomological lidar technique in native pollinator abundance studies. This study included individuals of both genders of three common solitary bee species, Osmia californica, Osmia lignaria, and Osmia ribifloris, native to North America. Properties including optical cross-section, degree of linear polarization, and wingbeat power spectra at all three wavelengths have been extracted from the insect signals collected by a compact stand-off sensing system. These properties are then used in the classification analysis. For species with temporal and spatial overlapping, the highest accuracies of our method exceed 96% (O. ribifloris & O. lignaria) and 93% (O. lignaria & O. californica). The benefit of employing the seasonal activity and foraging preference information in enhancing identification accuracy has been emphasized.

Background Higher social support protects people from developing mental disorders. Limited evidence is available on the mechanism through which social support plays this protective role.Objective To investigate the stress-buffering process of social support on depressive symptoms using a novel longitudinal dynamic symptom network approach.Methods A total of 4242 adult participants who completed the first two waves (from May to October 2020) of the International Covid Mental Health Survey were included in the study. Cross-lagged panel network modelling was used to estimate a longitudinal network of self-reported social support, loneliness and depressive symptoms. Standardised regression coefficients from regularised cross-lagged regressions were estimated as edge weights of the network.Findings The results support a unidirectional protective effect of social support on key depressive symptoms, partly mediated through loneliness: A higher number of close confidants and accessible practical help was associated with decreased anhedonia (weight=−0.033) and negative self-appraisal symptoms (weight=−0.038). Support from others was also negatively associated with loneliness, which in turn associated with decreased depressed mood (weight=0.086) and negative self-appraisal (weight=0.077). We identified a greater number of direct relationships from social support to depressive symptoms among men compared with women. Also, the edge weights from social support to depression were generally stronger in the men’s network.Conclusions Reductions in negative self-appraisal might function as a bridge between social support and other depressive symptoms, and, thus, it may have amplified the protective effect of social support. Men appear to benefit more from social support than women.Clinical implications Building community-based support networks to deliver practical support, and loneliness reduction components are critical for depression prevention interventions after stressful experiences.

Abstract Backgrounds Individuals with chronic medical conditions are considered highly exposed to COVID-19 pandemic stress, but emerging evidence is demonstrating that resilience is common even among them. We aimed at identifying sustained resilient outcomes and their predictors in chronically ill people during the first year of the pandemic. Methods This international 4-wave 1-year longitudinal online survey included items on socio-demographic characteristics, economic and living situation, lifestyle and habits, pandemic-related issues, and history of mental disorders. Adherence to and approval of imposed restrictions, trust in governments and in scientific community during the pandemic were also investigated. The following tools were administered: the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the PTSD Checklist DSM-5, the Oslo Social Support Scale, the Padua Inventory, and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Results One thousand fifty-two individuals reporting a chronic condition out of 8011 total participants from 13 countries were included in the study, and 965 had data available for the final model. The estimated probability of being “sustained-resilient” was 34%. Older male individuals, participants employed before and during the pandemic or with perceived social support were more likely to belong to the sustained-resilience group. Loneliness, a previous mental disorder, high hedonism, fear of COVID-19 contamination, concern for the health of loved ones, and non-approving pandemic restrictions were predictors of not-resilient outcomes in our sample. Conclusions We found similarities and differences from established predictors of resilience and identified some new ones specific to pandemics. Further investigation is warranted and could inform the design of resilience-building interventions in people with chronic diseases.

Abstract Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), indigenous to the arid climates of northern Mexico and the Southwest United States, diverged from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), approximately 2 million years ago and exhibits a wide range of resistance to biotic stressors. The tepary genome is highly syntenic to the common bean genome providing a foundation for discovery and breeding of agronomic traits between these two crop species. Although a limited number of adaptive traits from tepary bean have been introgressed into common bean, hybridization barriers between these two species required the development of bridging lines to alleviate this barrier. Thus, to fully utilize the extant tepary bean germplasm as both a crop and as a donor of adaptive traits, we developed a diversity panel of 422 cultivated, weedy, and wild tepary bean accessions which were then genotyped and phenotyped to enable population genetic analyses and genome‐wide association studies for their response to a range of biotic stressors. Population structure analyses of the panel revealed eight subpopulations and the differentiation of botanical varieties within P. acutifolius. Genome‐wide association studies revealed loci and candidate genes underlying biotic stress resistance including quantitative trait loci for resistance to weevils, common bacterial blight, Fusarium wilt, and bean common mosaic necrosis virus that can be harnessed not only for tepary bean but also common bean improvement.

Na perspectiva ético-crítica (DUSSEL, 2012), acredita-se que, ao reconhecerem-se como “vítimas” do sistema vigente, as pessoas podem estabelecer formas de se libertar das injustiças que enfrentam. Essa ideia inspira-se na prática de Freire (2019), defensor de uma educação humanizadora, para a qual criou um processo teórico-metodológico denominado Investigação Temática. Este trabalho se propõe engajado com o processo de humanização da comunidade de Vidal Ramos, um município agrícola do interior de Santa Catarina, a fim de transformar as situações de injustiça ali presentes (ainda que muitas não sejam facilmente reconhecidas pela comunidade), a partir de um planejamento didático inspirado na educação ético-crítica e na Investigação Temática. O planejamento foi realizado em encontros no formato de uma oficina, com o grupo Prosa no qual integra uma pessoa com vínculo na comunidade, o qual realizou análise de falas significativas, identificou as contradições, o tema gerador e o contratema, bem como movimento de estudo crítico da situação com a identificação de conhecimentos demandados. Por fim, também se realizou um movimento de planejamento dialógico-problematizador em diferentes áreas curriculares, abordando as contradições discutidas. A partir do desenvolvimento de tais atividades foi possível perceber a factibilidade da perspectiva etico-crítica em um movimento de práxis curricular que parte da escuta da comunidade, da problematização dos limites desumanizadoras identificados nessa escuta e do movimento de identificação dos conhecimentos demandados pela análise crítica dessas situações. Em contrapartida, ficou evidente a exigência de um coletivo diverso e do envolvimento de membros da comunidade local no processo de Investigação Temática Freireana.

IntroductionObservational coding of eating behaviors (e.g., bites, eating rate) captures behavioral characteristics but is limited in its ability to capture dynamic patterns (e.g., temporal changes) across a meal. While the Universal Eating Monitor captures dynamic patterns of eating through cumulative intake curves, it is not commonly used in children due to strict behavioral protocols. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the ability of computational models to characterize cumulative intake curves from video-coded meals without the use of continuous meal weight measurement.MethodsCumulative intake curves were estimated using Kisslieff’s Quadratic model and Thomas’s logistic ordinary differential equation (LODE) model. To test if cumulative intake curves could be characterized from video-coded meals, three different types of data were simulated: (1) Constant Bite: simplified cumulative intake data; (2) Variable Bite: continuously measured meal weight data; and (3) Bite Measurement Error: video-coded meals that require the use of average bite size rather than measured bite size.ResultsPerformance did not differ by condition, which was assessed by examining model parameter recovery, goodness of fit, and prediction error. Therefore, the additional error incurred by using average bite size as one would with video-coded meals did not impact the ability to accurately estimate cumulative intake curves. While the Quadratic and LODE models were comparable in their ability to characterize cumulative intake curves, the LODE model parameters were more distinct than the Quadradic model. Greater distinctness suggests the LODE model may be more sensitive to individual differences in cumulative intake curves.DiscussionCharacterizing cumulative intake curves from video-coded meals expands our ability to capture dynamic patterns of eating behaviors in populations that are less amenable to strict protocols such as children and individuals with disordered eating. This will improve our ability to identify patterns of eating behavior associated with overconsumption and provide new opportunities for treatment.

Background Four decades of war, political upheaval, economic deprivation and forced displacement have profoundly affected both in-country and refugee Afghan populations. Aims We reviewed literature on mental health and psychosocial well-being, to assess the current evidence and describe mental healthcare systems, including government programmes and community-based interventions. Method In 2022, we conducted a systematic search in Google Scholar, PTSDpubs, PubMed and PsycINFO, and a hand search of grey literature (N = 214 papers). We identified the main factors driving the epidemiology of mental health problems, culturally salient understandings of psychological distress, coping strategies and help-seeking behaviours, and interventions for mental health and psychosocial support. Results Mental health problems and psychological distress show higher risks for women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities and youth. Issues of suicidality and drug use are emerging problems that are understudied. Afghans use specific vocabulary to convey psychological distress, drawing on culturally relevant concepts of body–mind relationships. Coping strategies are largely embedded in one's faith and family. Over the past two decades, concerted efforts were made to integrate mental health into the nation's healthcare system, train cadres of psychosocial counsellors, and develop community-based psychosocial initiatives with the help of non-governmental organisations. A small but growing body of research is emerging around psychological interventions adapted to Afghan contexts and culture. Conclusions We make four recommendations to promote health equity and sustainable systems of care. Interventions must build cultural relevance, invest in community-based psychosocial support and evidence-based psychological interventions, maintain core mental health services at logical points of access and foster integrated systems of care.

Se realizó un diagnóstico del sistema de agronegocios del camu camu en la provincia de Alto Amazonas- Región Loreto enmarcado desde el ambiente institucional, organizacional y tecnológico, además de analizar las transacciones y nivel de coordinación; complementando con la descripción del entorno interno y externo del SAG. La investigación se realizó en la provincia de Alto Amazonas, departamento de Loreto, aplicando el estudio en los distritos de Jeberos, Lagunas, Santa Cruz y Yurimaguas. Se utilizó el Análisis Estructural Discreto (AED), como metodología para contextualizar de forma sistémica el ambiente institucional (evaluación de los principales hitos e importancia para el sistema), tecnológico (descripción de rendimientos, producción y nivel tecnológico utilizado) y organizacional (identificación y descripción de los principales actores) en donde se desarrolla el SAG del camu camu. Asimismo, se realizó una evaluación del entorno interno y externo SAG de camu camu mediante el Diamante de Porter que describió a los protagonistas y evaluó su posición competitiva. Se concluyó que a nivel organizacional y de coordinación, los actores cuentan con transacciones no alineadas y mal aprovechamiento de ventajas básicas y avanzadas que perjudican el desempeño del SAG camu camu en la región.

Subterranean estuaries are connective zones between inland aquifers and the open sea where terrestrial freshwater and circulating seawater mix and undergo major biogeochemical changes. They are biogeochemical reactors that modify groundwater chemistry prior to discharge into the sea. We propose that subterranean estuaries of high-energy beaches are particularly dynamic environments, where the effect of the dynamic boundary conditions propagates tens of meters into the subsurface, leading to strong spatio-temporal variability of geochemical conditions. We hypothesize that they form a unique habitat with an adapted microbial community unlike other typically more stable subsurface environments. So far, however, studies concerning subterranean estuaries of high-energy beaches have been rare and therefore their functioning, and their importance for coastal ecosystems, as well as for carbon, nutrient and trace element cycling, is little understood. We are addressing this knowledge gap within the interdisciplinary research project DynaDeep by studying the combined effect of surface (hydro- and morphodynamics) on subsurface processes (groundwater flow and transport, biogeochemical reactions, microbiology). A unique subterranean estuary observatory was established on the northern beach of the island of Spiekeroog facing the North Sea, serving as an exemplary high-energy research site and model system. It consists of fixed and permanent infrastructure such as a pole with measuring devices, multi-level groundwater wells and an electrode chain. This forms the base for autonomous measurements, regular repeated sampling, interdisciplinary field campaigns and experimental work, all of which are integrated via mathematical modelling to understand and quantify the functioning of the biogeochemical reactor. First results show that the DynaDeep observatory is collecting the intended spatially and temporally resolved morphological, sedimentological and biogeochemical data. Samples and data are further processed ex-situ and combined with experiments and modelling. Ultimately, DynaDeep aims at elucidating the global relevance of these common but overlooked environments.

Consumer food choices are often focused on protein intake, but the chosen sources are frequently either animal-based protein that has high fat content or plant-based protein that is low in other nutrients. In either case, these protein sources often lack dietary fiber, which is a nutrient of concern in the 2020–2025 Dietary Guide for Americans. Pulse crops, such as dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), are a rich source of dietary protein and contain approximately equal amounts of dietary fiber per 100 kcal edible portion; yet the consumer's attention has not been directed to this important fact. If product labeling were used to draw attention to the similar ratio of dietary protein to dietary fiber in dry bean and other pulses, measures of carbohydrate quality could also be highlighted. Dietary fiber is categorized into three fractions, namely, soluble (SDF), insoluble (IDF), and oligosaccharides (OLIGO), yet nutrient composition databases, as well as food labels, usually report only crude fiber. The objectives of this research were to measure the content of SDF, IDF, and OLIGO in a large genetically diverse panel of bean cultivars and improved germplasm (n = 275) and determine the impact of growing environment on the content of DF. Dietary fiber was evaluated using the American Association of Analytical Chemist 2011.25 method on bean seed grown at two locations. Dry bean cultivars differed for all DF components (P ≤ 0.05). Insoluble dietary fiber constituted the highest portion of total DF (54.0%), followed by SDF (29.1%) and OLIGO (16.8%). Mean total DF and all components did not differ among genotypes grown in two field environments. These results indicate that value could be added to dry bean by cultivar-specific food labeling for protein and components of dietary fiber.

Abstract In a viral pandemic, a few important tests are required for successful containment of the virus and reduction in severity of the infection. Among those tests, a test for the neutralizing ability of an antibody is crucial for assessment of population immunity gained through vaccination, and to test therapeutic value of antibodies made to counter the infections. Here, we report a sensitive technique to detect the relative neutralizing strength of various antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We used bright, photostable, background-free, fluorescent upconversion nanoparticles conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain as a phantom virion. A glass bottom plate coated with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) protein imitates the target cells. When no neutralizing IgG antibody was present in the sample, the particles would bind to the ACE-2 with high affinity. In contrast, a neutralizing antibody can prevent particle attachment to the ACE-2-coated substrate. A prototype system consisting of a custom-made confocal microscope was used to quantify particle attachment to the substrate. The sensitivity of this assay can reach 4.0 ng/ml and the dynamic range is from 1.0 ng/ml to 3.2 $$\upmu$$ μ g/ml. This is to be compared to 19 ng/ml sensitivity of commercially available kits.

Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, people with mental disorders were exposed to a common and prolonged source of stress. Studies focusing on the consequences of the pandemic on individuals with a history of mental disorder are scarce, but they suggest a higher vulnerability as compared to the general population. Objectives We aimed at identifying predictors of stress resilience maintained over time among these people during the first two years of the pandemic. Methods The presented study is part of a larger 2-year, 5-wave international longitudinal online survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale and the PTSD Checklist DSM-5 were used as latent class indicators for a proxy measure of distress. Specifically, a Latent-Class Analysis was performed to identify a group that showed resilient outcomes across all waves. We investigated socio-demographic characteristics, economic and housing status, lifestyle and habits, pandemic-related issues, and chronic disease. Adherence to and approval of the restrictions imposed, trust in governments and the scientific community during the pandemic were also assessed. Social support, fear of contamination and personal values were investigated respectively through the Oslo Social Support Scale, the Padua Inventory, and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. The aforementioned characteristics were used to predict sustained resilience through a logistic regression. Results A total of 1711 participants out of the total sample (8011 participants from 13 different countries) reported a diagnosis of mental disorder before the pandemic. Nine hundred forty-three participants completed at least three of the five versions of the survey and were included in the analysis. A latent class of participants with resilience maintained over time (sustained resilience) was identified, with an estimated probability of 24.8%. The demographic and clinical variables associated with a higher chance of sustained resilience were older age, maintaining a job during the pandemic, and having a larger number of people in the household. In contrast, female gender, losing job during the pandemic, having difficulty meeting basic needs, greater fear of contamination, a stronger focus on hedonism, less social support and feeling lonely resulted in a lower likelihood of being sustained resilient. Conclusions This study identified a number of factors that may help predict resilient outcomes maintained over time in people with mental disorders. COVID-19 related predictors of sustained resilience are new findings which might inform resilience-building interventions during pandemics. Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Introduction Substance use disorders (SUDs) take an enormous toll on US Veterans and civilians alike. Existing empirically supported interventions vary by substance and demonstrate only moderate efficacy. Non-invasive brain stimulation represents an innovative treatment for SUDs, yet aspects of traditional neurostimulation may hinder its implementation in SUD populations. Synchronised transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) uses rotating rare earth magnets to deliver low-field stimulation synchronised to an individual’s alpha peak frequency that is safe for at-home administration. The current trial aims to assess the acceptability and feasibility of sTMS, as well as the safety of at-home sTMS administration for substance-disordered Veterans.Methods and analysis Sixty Veterans in substance treatment at the Providence Veterans Affairs will be randomised to receive 6 weeks of active or sham sTMS treatment. Eligibility will be confirmed by meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria for an alcohol, cocaine or opioid use disorder. Daily supervised sTMS treatment will occur either in clinic or at home through video monitoring. Clinical and self-report assessments will be completed at baseline, end of treatment and 1-month follow-up. Urine drug screening will occur once per week during the treatment phase. Primary outcomes include treatment adherence/retention and satisfaction to evaluate sTMS feasibility and acceptability in Veterans with SUDs. The safety of at-home sTMS administration will be assessed via adverse event monitoring.Ethics and dissemination The sTMS device received a significant risk determination for at-home use by the Food and Drug Administration in July 2021. Ethics approval was obtained in August 2021 from the Providence Veterans Affairs institutional review board and research and development committee. Data collection began in September 2021 and is planned to continue through December 2023. Findings will be disseminated at national conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. Results will serve to inform the development of large-scale clinical trials of sTMS efficacy for substance-disordered Veterans.Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04336293).

BackgroundA minority of children in the United Kingdom meet the recommended physical activity guidelines. One initiative which has been introduced to try and increase the physical activity levels of school children is The Daily Mile™ (TDM). The aim of this review was to determine the effect of TDM on children's physical activity levels, physical health, mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function.MethodsSix databases were systematically searched from TDM's inception (2012) to 30th June 2022. Studies were included if they involved school-aged children (aged 4-12 years), taking part in TDM and measured at least one pre-defined outcome.ResultsThirteen studies were included from the 123 studies retrieved. Longer-term participation in TDM was found to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical fitness. None of the studies reported a significant change in Body Mass Index or academic performance. An acute bout of TDM was not found to improve cognitive function, however one good-quality study reported that longer-term participation in TDM increased visual spatial working memory. There was evidence from one fair-quality design study that TDM can improve mental health in the short term. There were no significant effects on wellbeing, however scores on self-perceptions improved mainly for children with low baseline self-perceptions.ConclusionThere is evidence to show that TDM can increase physical activity and physical fitness. However, higher-quality research, with adequate participant randomisation and longer-term, post-intervention follow-up is needed to ensure that any changes accurately reflect the components of TDM and are sustained beyond an intervention time frame. Policy recommendations of TDM increasing PA levels in the short term are supported by the evidence in this review. However, long-term improvement on mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function requires further good-to excellent quality research. Promisingly, several protocol articles that include randomised controlled trials with long term follow-up have been published. These higher-quality design studies may provide a stronger evidence-base on the effects of TDM on children's health and should underpin future recommendations in public health policy.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42022340303.

Background A minority of children in the United Kingdom meet the recommended physical activity guidelines. One initiative which has been introduced to try and increase the physical activity levels of school children is The Daily Mile™ (TDM). The aim of this review was to determine the effect of TDM on children’s physical activity levels, physical health, mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function. Methods Six databases were systematically searched from TDM’s inception (2012) to 30th June 2022. Studies were included if they involved school-aged children (aged 4–12 years), taking part in TDM and measured at least one pre-defined outcome. Results Thirteen studies were included from the 123 studies retrieved. Longer-term participation in TDM was found to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical fitness. None of the studies reported a significant change in Body Mass Index or academic performance. An acute bout of TDM was not found to improve cognitive function, however one good-quality study reported that longer-term participation in TDM increased visual spatial working memory. There was evidence from one fair-quality design study that TDM can improve mental health in the short term. There were no significant effects on wellbeing, however scores on self-perceptions improved mainly for children with low baseline self-perceptions. Conclusion There is evidence to show that TDM can increase physical activity and physical fitness. However, higher-quality research, with adequate participant randomisation and longer-term, post-intervention follow-up is needed to ensure that any changes accurately reflect the components of TDM and are sustained beyond an intervention time frame. Policy recommendations of TDM increasing PA levels in the short term are supported by the evidence in this review. However, long-term improvement on mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function requires further good-to excellent quality research. Promisingly, several protocol articles that include randomised controlled trials with long term follow-up have been published. These higher-quality design studies may provide a stronger evidence-base on the effects of TDM on children’s health and should underpin future recommendations in public health policy. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42022340303.

Research on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) informs social policies and interventions, so the quality of PEB measurement is critical. Self-reported PEB measures in surveys often contain non-negligible measurement error that can bias estimates and lead to incorrect findings. Given the potential presence of error, we hypothesize that changes to the way self-reported PEB is measured might lead to systematic measurement errors that affect the validity of results. Study 1 (N = 951) showed that priming participants with related scales like environmentalist identity did not substantively change reported behavior (all ds ≤ 0.12). To investigate the possibility of overreporting without priming, Study 2 (N = 385) measured littering prevention behavior using the Unmatched Count Technique. A standard questionnaire format led to much higher reported behavior compared to the more anonymous covert condition, d = 0.53, and this effect appeared driven by participants who reported a stronger environmentalist identity. These results may help to explain some of the observed error in PEB measures. We suggest that researchers could reduce measurement bias with indirect questioning techniques.

Abstract The shapes of electoral districts determine how votes translate into seats. When districts favor certain political parties, electoral results can be disproportionate and the public may lose faith in the political process. Disagreement about appropriate district shapes is subjective, rarely resolved, and often leads to lawsuits. Previously, many authors have called for objective districting criteria. We offer a novel synthesis of models that enables the proactive comparison of district maps, by relating a planar graph partition, the single-member plurality rule, the maximin decision rule, and any agreed measure of partisan bias with a territorial map and historical vote results. Historical vote totals avoid the complexity and uncertainty associated with counterfactual models of vote swing. Districting plans could be objectively compared on such criteria as party proportionality or compact shape to reject plans with worse bias. Objective tools to reduce partisan bias in district maps could boost collaborative participation, increase perceptions of fairness and justice, and reduce costs.

Societal biosecurity – measures built into everyday society to minimize risks from pests and diseases – is an important aspect of managing epidemics and pandemics. We aimed to identify societal options for reducing the transmission and spread of respiratory viruses. We used SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) as a case study to meet the immediate need to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and eventually transition to more normal societal conditions, and to catalog options for managing similar pandemics in the future. We used a ‘solution scanning’ approach. We read the literature; consulted psychology, public health, medical, and solution scanning experts; crowd-sourced options using social media; and collated comments on a preprint. Here, we present a list of 519 possible measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and spread. We provide a long list of options for policymakers and businesses to consider when designing biosecurity plans to combat SARS-CoV-2 and similar pathogens in the future. We also developed an online application to help with this process. We encourage testing of actions, documentation of outcomes, revisions to the current list, and the addition of further options.

Objectives The present research examines genomics and in vivo dynamics of family context and experienced affect following discharge from psychiatric hospitalisation for suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of a new model, description of model-guided integration of multiple methods, documentation of feasibility of recruitment and retention and a description of baseline sample characteristics.Design The research involved a longitudinal, multimethod observational investigation.Setting Participants were recruited from an inpatient child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. 194 participants ages 13–18 were recruited following hospitalisation for STB.Primary and secondary outcome measures Participants underwent a battery of clinical interviews, self-report assessments and venipuncture. On discharge, participants were provided with a phone with (1) the electronically activated recorder (EAR), permitting acoustic capture later coded for social context, and (2) ecological momentary assessment, permitting assessment of in vivo experienced affect and STB. Participants agreed to follow-ups at 3 weeks and 6 months.Results A total of 71.1% of approached patients consented to participation. Participants reported diversity in gender identity (11.6% reported transgender or other gender identity) and sexual orientation (47.6% reported heterosexual or straight sexual orientation). Clinical interviews supported a range of diagnoses with the largest proportion of participants meeting criteria for major depressive disorder (76.9%). History of trauma/maltreatment was prevalent. Enrolment rates and participant characteristics were similar to other observational studies.Conclusions The research protocol characterises in vivo, real-world experienced affect and observed family context as associated with STB in adolescents during the high-risk weeks post discharge, merging multiple fields of study.

Online digital mental health communities can contribute to users' mental health positively and negatively. Yet the measurement of experience, outcomes and impact mechanisms relating to digital mental health communities is difficult to capture. In this paper we demonstrate the development of an online experience measure for a specific children and young people's community forum inside a digital mental health service. The development of the Peer Online Community Experience Measure (POCEM) is informed by a multi-phased design: (i) item reduction through Estimate-Talk-Estimate modified Delphi methods, (ii) user testing with think-aloud protocols and (iii) a pilot study within the digital service community to explore observational data within the platform. Experts in the field were consulted to help reduce the items in the pool and to check their theoretical coherence. User testing workshops helped to inform the usability appearance, wording, and purpose of the measure. Finally, the pilot results highlight completion rates, differences in scores for age and roles and “relate to others”, as the most frequent domain mechanism of support for this community. Outcomes frequently selected show the importance of certain aspects of the community, such as safety, connection, and non-judgment previously highlighted in the literature. Experience measures like this one could be used as indicators of active therapeutic engagement within the forum community and its content but further research is required to ascertain its acceptability and validity. Multi-phased approaches involving stakeholders and user-centred design activities enhances the development of digitally enabled measurement tools.

Agroforestry can be defined as an agroecosystem whereby soil is used holistically and synergistically by various stakeholders including farmers, livestock, and plants. As such, agroforestry offers numerous benefits that include conservation of biodiversity, regulation of pests and diseases, increased quality of soil, air and water, efficient cycling of nutrients, and resilience to climate change. Review of published studies in agroforestry shows however that research in this area could benefit from increased real-time, spatial and temporal measurements. This situation is to be contrasted with that of precision agriculture in monocultures and precision livestock farming where progress made in sensor systems has attracted considerable research interest. It is advocated in this review article that wireless sensor networks could also significantly impact agroforestry through the monitoring of the local real-time interactions that occur between the various components constituting agroforestry systems. This review article proposes therefore the new field of data-driven agroforestry which lies at the intersection of precision agriculture, precision livestock farming, permaculture, and agroforestry. Data-driven agroforestry has the potential to not only help farmers harness the interactions between the different components of an agroforestry system to their advantage but also shine light on fundamental interactions between soil, plants, trees, and livestock while offering a sustainable agricultural method beneficial to all agroforestry stakeholders.

Precise, reliable, and speedy contamination detection and disinfection is an ongoing challenge for the food-service industry. Contamination in food-related services can cause foodborne illness, endangering customers and jeopardizing provider reputations. Fluorescence imaging has been shown to be capable of identifying organic residues and biofilms that can host pathogens. We use new fluorescence imaging technology, applying Xception and DeepLabv3+ deep learning algorithms to identify and segment contaminated areas in images of equipment and surfaces. Deep learning models demonstrated a 98.78% accuracy for differentiation between clean and contaminated frames on various surfaces and resulted in an intersection over union (IoU) score of 95.13% for the segmentation of contamination. The portable imaging system’s intrinsic disinfection capability was evaluated on S. enterica, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, resulting in up to 8-log reductions in under 5 s. Results showed that fluorescence imaging with deep learning algorithms could help assure safety and cleanliness in the food-service industry.

Abstract Background Vertebrate meiotic recombination events are concentrated in regions (hotspots) that display open chromatin marks, such as trimethylation of lysines 4 and 36 of histone 3 (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3). Mouse and human PRDM9 proteins catalyze H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 and determine hotspot positions, whereas other vertebrates lacking PRDM9 recombine in regions with chromatin already opened for another function, such as gene promoters. While these other vertebrate species lacking PRDM9 remain fertile, inactivation of the mouse Prdm9 gene, which shifts the hotspots to the functional regions (including promoters), typically causes gross fertility reduction; and the reasons for these species differences are not clear. Results We introduced Prdm9 deletions into the Rattus norvegicus genome and generated the first rat genome-wide maps of recombination-initiating double-strand break hotspots. Rat strains carrying the same wild-type Prdm9 allele shared 88% hotspots but strains with different Prdm9 alleles only 3%. After Prdm9 deletion, rat hotspots relocated to functional regions, about 40% to positions corresponding to Prdm9-independent mouse hotspots, including promoters. Despite the hotspot relocation and decreased fertility, Prdm9-deficient rats of the SHR/OlaIpcv strain produced healthy offspring. The percentage of normal pachytene spermatocytes in SHR-Prdm9 mutants was almost double than in the PWD male mouse oligospermic sterile mutants. We previously found a correlation between the crossover rate and sperm presence in mouse Prdm9 mutants. The crossover rate of SHR is more similar to sperm-carrying mutant mice, but it did not fully explain the fertility of the SHR mutants. Besides mild meiotic arrests at rat tubular stages IV (mid-pachytene) and XIV (metaphase), we also detected postmeiotic apoptosis of round spermatids. We found delayed meiosis and age-dependent fertility in both sexes of the SHR mutants. Conclusions We hypothesize that the relative increased fertility of rat versus mouse Prdm9 mutants could be ascribed to extended duration of meiotic prophase I. While rat PRDM9 shapes meiotic recombination landscapes, it is unnecessary for recombination. We suggest that PRDM9 has additional roles in spermatogenesis and speciation—spermatid development and reproductive age—that may help to explain male-specific hybrid sterility.

Abstract Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare genetic condition characterized by significant T cell lymphopenia and impaired T cell function. Many jurisdictions use the quantitation of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) to screen for SCID in newborns, but false positives may be seen in several conditions. We report 3 newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome who presented with decreased TREC copy number.

BackgroundUS suicide rates have risen steadily in the past decade, and suicide risk is especially high in the months after discharge from inpatient psychiatric treatment. However, suicide research has lagged in examining dynamic within-person processes that contribute to risk over time among individuals known to be at high risk of suicide. Almost no research has examined how affective, cognitive, and physiological processes change over minutes, hours, or days to confer risk of suicidal behavior in daily life. ObjectiveThis protocol describes a longitudinal study designed to examine real-world changes in risk of suicide across multiple assessment domains. Specifically, the study involves following adults known to be at high risk of suicide after discharge from inpatient psychiatric care using self-report, interview, actigraphy, and behavioral methods to identify proximal contributors to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. First, we hypothesize that negative affective experiences, which are featured in most major suicide theories, will comprise a latent factor indicative of psychache (emotional pain), which will predict increases in suicidal thinking over time. Second, we hypothesize that poor inhibitory control in the context of negative affective stimuli, as well as emotion-related impulsivity, will predict the transition from suicidal thinking to suicidal behavior over time. Third, we hypothesize that short sleep duration will precede within-person increases in suicidal ideation as well as increased odds of suicidal behavior among those reporting suicidal thoughts. MethodsThe desired sample size is 130 adults with past-week suicidal thoughts or behaviors who are receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment. Participants will complete a battery of measures while on the inpatient unit to assess negative affective experiences, emotion-related impulsivity, inhibitory control, typical sleep patterns, and relevant covariates. After discharge from inpatient care, participants will complete 4 weeks of signal-contingent ecological momentary assessment surveys, as well as mobile behavioral measures of inhibitory control, while wearing an actigraphy device that will gather objective data on sleep. Participants will complete interviews regarding suicidal thoughts and behaviors at 4 and 8 weeks after discharge. ResultsThe study was funded by the National Institutes of Health in November 2020. Recruitment began in April 2021. Data analysis will begin after completion of data collection. ConclusionsThis study will elucidate how affective, cognitive, and physiological risk factors contribute (or do not contribute) to within-person fluctuations in suicide risk in daily life, with important implications for extant theories of suicide. Of import, the examined risk factors are all modifiable; thus, the results will inform identification of key targets for just-in-time, flexible, personalized, digital interventions that can be used to decrease emotional distress and prevent suicide among those at highest risk. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/38582

Researchers interested in blockchains are increasingly attuned to questions of governance, including how blockchains relate to government, the ways blockchains are governed, and ways blockchains can improve prospects for successful self-governance. Our paper joins this research by exploring the implications of the Governing Knowledge Commons (GKC) framework to analyze governance of blockchains. Our novel contributions are making the case that blockchain networks represent knowledge commons governance, in the sense that they rely on collectively-managed technologies to pool and manage distributed information, illustrating the usefulness and novelty of the GCK methodology with an empirical case study of the evolution of Bitcoin, and laying the foundation for a research program using the GKC approach.

Studies of blockchain governance can be divided into analyses of the governance of blockchains (such as rules and power dynamics within a given network) and governance by blockchains (such as how blockchains can be implemented to improve self-governance of community-based peer production networks). Less emphasis has been placed on applications of distributed ledgers to public sector governance. Our review clarifies that the decentralization and distributive features that enable blockchains to link up loosely connected private organizations and public agencies to improve efficiency and transparency of government transactions. However, most blockchain applications lack clear advantages over the conventional digital recording of information. In addition, our review highlights that blockchain applications in public sector governance are potentially vast, though in most instances, the existing applications have not extended much beyond limited-scale pilots. We conclude with a call for the construction of indexes of public sector implementations of blockchains, as none yet exist, as well as for additional research to understand why governments have not deployed blockchains more widely.

We are in a climate emergency. Because governments are reacting too slowly, grassroots collective action is key. Understanding the psychological factors underpinning engagement can facilitate the growth of such collective action. Yet, previous research in psychology rarely provided causal evidence for which factors trigger action, lacked focus on the climate crisis, was mostly self-reported behaviour or intentions rather than objective measures, and was mostly cross-sectional rather than longitudinal. Here we conducted a longitudinal study on the effectiveness of a 12-week video intervention designed to increase psychological predictors of collective action. The intervention boosted affective engagement, collective efficacy, and self-efficacy, but did not increase observed attendance of activism events. Interviews suggested that Zoom fatigue and the online study design undercut the social interaction participants wanted in order to join events. However, a smaller in-person replication did not increase activism either. Debriefings suggested that the replication participants were primarily motivated by payment and lacked time or resources for more engagement. These results highlight the crucial importance of going beyond measures of self-reported attitudes or intentions to objectively measuring activism behaviours and showing the difficulty of fostering event attendance.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the major legume crops cultivated worldwide. Bacterial wilt (BW) of common bean (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens), being a seed-borne disease, has been a challenge in common bean producing regions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify SNP markers associated with BW resistance in the USDA common bean core collection. A total of 168 accessions were evaluated for resistance against three different isolates of BW. Our study identified a total of 14 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with the resistance to BW isolates 528, 557, and 597 using mixed linear models (MLMs) in BLINK, FarmCPU, GAPIT, and TASSEL 5. These SNPs were located on chromosomes Phaseolus vulgaris [Pv]02, Pv04, Pv08, and Pv09 for isolate 528; Pv07, Pv10, and Pv11 for isolate 557; and Pv04, Pv08, and Pv10 for isolate 597. The genomic prediction accuracy was assessed by utilizing seven GP models with 1) all the 4,568 SNPs and 2) the 14 SNP markers. The overall prediction accuracy (PA) ranged from 0.30 to 0.56 for resistance against the three BW isolates. A total of 14 candidate genes were discovered for BW resistance located on chromosomes Pv02, Pv04, Pv07, Pv08, and Pv09. This study revealed vital information for developing genetic resistance against the BW pathogen in common bean. Accordingly, the identified SNP markers and candidate genes can be utilized in common bean molecular breeding programs to develop novel resistant cultivars.

Abstract Many types of guidance documents inform conservation by providing practical recommendations for the management of species and habitats. To ensure effective decisions are made, such guidance should be based upon relevant and up‐to‐date evidence. We reviewed conservation guidance for mitigation and management of species and habitats in the United Kingdom and Ireland, identifying 301 examples produced by over 50 organizations. Of these, only 29% provided a reference list, of which only 32% provided reference(s) relevant to justify the recommended actions (9% of the total). Furthermore, even this guidance was often outdated, lacked a methodology for production, or did not highlight uncertainty in the key evidence that supported the recommendations. These deficiencies can lead to misguided and ineffective conservation practices, policies, and decisions, and a waste of resources. Based on this review and co‐design by experts from 14 organizations, we present a set of principles for ensuring sufficient and relevant evidence is transparently incorporated into future conservation guidance. Producing evidence‐based guidance in line with these principles would enable more effective conservation outcomes.

The research presented in this paper focusses on the underwater blast resilience of a hybrid composite sandwich panel, consisting of both glass-fibre and carbon-fibre. The hybrid fibres were selected to optimise strength and stiffness during blast loading by promoting fibre interactions. In the blast experiment, the aim was to capture full-field panel deflection during large-scale underwater blast using high-speed 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The composite sandwich panel was partially submerged and subjected to a 1 kg PE7 charge at 1 m stand-off. The charge was aligned with the centre of the panel at a depth of 275 mm and mimicked the effect of a near-field subsurface mine. The DIC deflection data shows that the horizontal cross-section of the panel deforms in a parabolic shape until excessive deflection causes core shear cracking. The panel then forms the commonly observed “bathtub” deformation shape. DIC data highlighted the expected differences in initial conditions compared to air-blast experiments, including the pre-strains caused by the mass of water (hydrostatic pressure). Furthermore, water depth was shown to significantly influence panel deflection, strain and hence damage sustained under these conditions. Panel deformations and damage after blast was progressively more severe in regions deeper underwater, as pressures were higher and decayed slower compared to regions near the free surface.An identical hybrid composite sandwich panel was subjected to air blast; one panel underwent two 8 kg PE7 charges in succession at 8 m stand-off. DIC was also implemented to record the panel deformations during air blast. The air and underwater blast tests represent two different regimes of blast loading: one far-field in air and one near-field underwater. The difference in deflection development, caused by the differing fluid mediums and stand-off distances, is apparent from the full-field results. During underwater blast the panel underwent peak pressure loading of approximately 52.6 MPa whilst during air blast the panel was subjected to 67.7 kPa followed by 68.9 kPa peak pressure loads in succession. The two experiments demonstrate the response of the same hybrid composite sandwich panel under two differing blast regimes.The post-blast damage and strength of the hybrid panels following air and underwater blasts were evaluated. Post-blast testing revealed that the underwater blast causes significantly more damage compared to air blast, particularly debonding between the skins and core. The air blast panel sustains no visible rear skin/core debonding, whereas 13 regions of rear-face debonds are identified on the underwater blast panel. Sustaining no front-skin breakage was advantageous for retaining a high proportion of the compressive modulus for this hybrid layup following underwater blast. Damage mechanisms were interrelated. Determining the most detrimental type is not straightforward in real explosive and non-idealised experiments, however debonding was understandably shown to be significant. A further study to isolate failure modes and improve in situ instrumentation is ongoing.