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BackgroundThousands of Rohingya refugee mothers at the world’s largest refugee camp located in Bangladesh are at risk of poor mental health. Accordingly, their children are also vulnerable to delayed cognitive and physical development. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated care package in reducing the prevalence of developmental delays among children aged 1 year and improving their mothers’ mental health status. MethodsThis is a parallel, two-arm, single-blind, cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT). A total of 704 mother-child dyads residing at the Kutupalong refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, will be recruited from 22 clusters with 32 mother-child dyads per cluster. In the intervention arm, an integrated early childhood development and maternal mental health package will be delivered every quarter to mothers of newborns by trained community health workers until the child is 1 year old. Our primary outcome is a reduction in the prevalence of two or more childhood developmental delays of infants aged 1 year compared to the usual treatment. The secondary outcomes include reduced stunting among children and the prevalence of maternal depression. We will also assess the cost-effectiveness of the integrated intervention, and will further explore the intervention’s acceptability and feasibility. ResultsAt the time of submission, the study was at the stage of endpoint assessment. The data analysis started in December 2020, and the results are expected to be published after the first quarter of 2021. ConclusionsThis study will address the burden of childhood developmental delays and poor maternal mental health in a low-resource setting. If proven effective, the delivery of the intervention through community health workers will ensure the proposed intervention’s sustainability. Trial RegistrationISRCTN Registry ISRCTN10892553; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10892553 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/25047

In this paper, we present two collocation methods utilizing subdivision schemes and Bernstein polynomials as their basis functions to solve Caputo-type fractional differential equations. These methods transform fractional differential equations into systems of linear equations, which can be solved using various suitable techniques. Notably, these methods are versatile, making them applicable to both boundary value problems and initial value problems. To demonstrate their effectiveness, we applied these methods to three test problems of fractional differential equations, including the Bagley-Torvik equation and fractional oscillation equation. Our results reveal that both methods provide a more accurate approximation to the exact solution when compared to various algorithms found in the existing literature, showcasing their efficiency, accuracy, and consistency.

Background: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has experienced rapid economic growth in the last few decades, resulting in swift urbanization and an influx of foreign labor. This has facilitated an advanced, yet sedentary lifestyle characterized by increased reliance on technology, unhealthy dietary habits, and a reduction in physical activity levels. These factors significantly contributed to the rise in the prevalence of obesity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of obesity, it’s associated factors, and complications among adults presenting to the primary care clinic at Hatta Hospital, located in the Hatta area UAE. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled adult Emirati patients aged between 18-55 year. The study duration was from January 2022 to August 2022 Body Mass Index (BMI) was categorized based on the World Health Organization’s threshold. Patients’ socio-demographic and clinical data was obtained and recorded. Results: A total of 600 Emirati patients were included in this study, with a median age of 33 (IQR=25-45) years. Gender distribution was kept almost equal with 50.5% male and 49.5% female participants. The median BMI among the participants was 28.2 (IQR=24.3- 32.5) kg/m2 . The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity was found as 4.3%, 23.5%, 33.7% and 38.5% respectively. After adjusting the co-variants in the multivariable model, lower education levels were found to be significantly associated with higher odds of obesity. Conversely, being single and adhering to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower odds of obesity in the multivariable model. Conclusion: The present study identified that 38.5% of the adult population attending Hatta Hospital family medicine clinics were obese and 33.7% were overweight. Conclusively, 72.2% of the adult population of the Hatta area have a BMI above normal, indicating a very high prevalence of obesity and overweight cases. Furthermore, a significant association of obesity was found with lower education levels, being married, having unhealthy dietary habits, and insufficient physical activity

Abstract Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the deadliest form of hemorrhagic stroke; however, effective therapies are still lacking. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are lipid emulsion particles with great flexibility and their much smaller size as compared to red blood cells (RBCs) allows them to flow more efficiently within the blood circulation. Due to their ability to carry oxygen, a specific PFC-based emulsion, PFC-Oxygent, has been used as a blood substitute; however, its role in cerebral blood flow regulation is unknown. Adult C57BL/6 wildtype male mice were subjected to an endovascular perforation model of SAH followed by an intravenous (i.v.) injection of 9 ml/kg PFC-Oxygent or no treatment at 5 h after SAH. At 48 h after SAH, functional and anatomical outcomes were assessed. We found that SAH resulted in significant neurologic and motor deficits which were prevented by PFC-Oxygent treatment. We found that SAH-induced vasospasm, reduced RBC deformability, and augmented endothelial dysfunction were also restricted by PFC-Oxygent treatment. Moreover, mitochondrial activity and fusion proteins were also markedly decreased as assessed by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) after SAH. Interestingly, PFC-Oxygent treatment brought the mitochondrial activity close to the basal level. Moreover, SAH attenuated the level of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK), whereas PFC treatment improved pAMPK levels. These data show the beneficial effects of PFC-Oxygent in limiting the severity of SAH. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanism through which PFC-Oxygent exerts its beneficial effects in limiting SAH severity.

There has been an increase in ethical misconduct among employees of service organizations which has fostered the need for awareness about such ethical practices that may promote employees’ constructive behaviors. The current study aims to extend the work on Islamic work ethics by studying its impact on influencing employee voice behavior through the underlying link of employee felt obligation for constructive change. It is proposed that employee sanctification may further serve as a boundary condition and enhance the positive relationship between Islamic work ethics and felt obligation for constructive change. Data (n = 343) felt obligation for constructive change, and both dimensions of voice behavior were collected from employees working in the health sector of Pakistan in three-time lags through questionnaires. Results of the study supported the mediation of felt obligation for constructive change between Islamic work ethics and employee voice behavior. Employee sanctification moderates the relationship between Islamic work ethics and felt obligation for constructive change. The findings of the study provide theoretical and practical implications. Limitations of the research and future directions have also been discussed.

This study delves into the exploration of the dynamics of (3+1)-dimensional Painlevé integrable generalized model from different perspectives, which delineates the evolution of nonlinear phenomena in three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension, displaying the remarkable Painlevé integrability property. The ϕ6-expansion technique is applied to extract traveling wave solutions in the form of Jacobi elliptic functions. To give physical insights of obtained solutions, we present these solutions through graphs such as 2D, 3D and contour plots. Further, to understand the planar dynamical system, we employ the concepts of bifurcation, chaos theory and sensitivity analysis. Bifurcation analysis reveals the dependence on the solution of a planar dynamical system at critical points. Additionally, the detection of chaotic movements in the perturbed dynamical system is achieved by detecting tools. Also the sensitivity analysis of the model is investigate by three distinct initial conditions. The findings are innovative, valuable and captivating for the readers in exploring this model.

Abstract Aim Dengue fever (DF), carried by Aedes mosquitoes, affects millions worldwide. Platelet-inducing human IL-11 analogues may be effective in treating DF-associated thrombocytopenia. Methodology A prospective study was done at Dr. Ziauddin Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, from September 2023 to April 30, 2024. Results This study recruited 300 DF patients characterized by thrombocytopenia (platelet count

Abstract This paper presents a subdivision collocation algorithm for numerically solving the heat conduction equation with non-uniform thermal diffusivity, considering both initial and boundary conditions. The algorithm involves transforming the differential form of the heat conduction equation into a system of equations and discretizing the time variable using the finite difference formula. The numerical solution of the system of heat conduction equations is then obtained. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified through theoretical and numerical analyses. Additionally, numerical and graphical representations of the obtained numerical solutions are provided, along with a comparison to existing methods. The results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the existing methods in terms of accuracy.

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) toxicity significantly threatens agricultural productivity and food safety. Developing effective strategies to enhance plant tolerance to Cd stress is essential. This study investigates the synergistic effects of biochar (BC) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on mitigating Cd toxicity in maize (Zea mays), focusing on their impact on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities. Soil samples were collected from the Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS) and analyzed for trace metal ions and other properties. Biochar was produced from fruit and vegetable waste, washed, washed, deashed, and mixed with 10 ppm GA3. FH-1036 hybrid maize seeds were sterilized and planted in pots containing soil with varying Cd levels (0, 8, and 16 mg Cd/kg soil). Twelve treatments were established, including control, GA3, BC, and their combinations under different Cd stress levels. Plants were irrigated to maintain 60% field capacity and harvested at the V10 growth stage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were measured in roots, stems, and leaves. Statistical analysis was performed using OriginPro 2021, with ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test used to determine significant differences. GA3 and BC treatments significantly reduced H2O2 levels in maize roots, stems and leaves under Cd stress. The combined treatment of GA3 + BC showed the most significant reduction in H2O2 levels across all plant parts, reducing root H2O2 by 50%, stem H2O2 by 55%, and leaf H2O2 by 53% under severe Cd stress (16 mg Cd/kg). SOD activity increased under non-stress conditions but decreased under Cd stress, with the highest activity observed in the combined treatment. POD activity followed a similar pattern, with GA3 + BC treatment resulting in the most significant increases under non-stress conditions and the least reductions under Cd stress. CAT activity showed substantial increases with GA3 + BC treatment, particularly under severe Cd stress, with a notable rise over the control. APX activity also exhibited enhancements with GA3 and BC treatments, especially in the combined treatment under various Cd stress levels. This study highlights the potential of combined BC and GA3 treatments in improving Cd stress tolerance in maize. Future research should focus on field trials and the long-term impacts of these treatments on crop productivity and soil health.

Aim: Hypertension, a prevalent chronic condition, significantly contributes to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Effective management of hypertension is highly dependent on patient adherence to prescribed medications, as the correct dose at the right time can lead to desirable therapeutic results. This study aims to analyze medication adherence among hypertensive patients in Islamabad and Rawalpindi through an open survey. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 17th March 2024 to 30th May 2024, targeting hypertensive populations in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. 246 patients were recruited using a sample size formula, and a General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) questionnaire was used to collect data. All the tests were conducted as two-sided, with a significance level of P < 0.05 using Python. Results: Among 246 participants (mean age 57.1 years), most were married, literate, and living with families, 63% were from Islamabad, and 78.9% were employed. The study found high adherence in behavior-related areas but low adherence due to costs. Gender showed a statistically significant correlation (P = 0.03) by independent t-test. At the same time, ANOVA tests revealed that educational level (P = 0.02), monthly income (P = 0.001), family support (P = 0.04), and medication costs (P = 0.001) significantly impacted adherence, while factors like social status, employment status, and smoking did not have a considerable influence. Conclusions: 72.4% of patients adhered to their prescribed therapy, and 27.6% did not highlight a critical issue that requires urgent intervention. Variables like gender, educational status, social status, occupation, and living with family are strongly associated with adherence. Common problems include taking multiple medications, lack of awareness about the importance of adherence, and financial constraints.

Abstract Determining the genetic contributions to Parkinson’s disease (PD) across diverse ancestries is a high priority as this work can guide therapeutic development in a global setting. The genetics of PD spans the etiological risk spectrum, from rare, highly deleterious variants linked to monogenic forms with Mendelian patterns of inheritance, to common variation involved in sporadic disease. A major limitation in PD genomics research is lack of racial and ethnic diversity. Enrollment disparities have detrimental consequences on the generalizability of results and exacerbate existing inequities in care. The Black and African American Connections to Parkinson’s Disease (BLAAC PD) study is part of the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program, supported by the Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s initiative. The goal of the study is to investigate the genetic architecture underlying PD risk and progression in the Black and/or African American populations. This cross-sectional multicenter study in the United States has a recruitment target of up to 2,000 individuals with PD and up to 2,000 controls, all of Black and/or African American ancestry. The study design incorporates several strategies to reduce barriers to research participation. The multifaceted recruitment strategy aims to involve individuals with and without PD in various settings, emphasizing community outreach and engagement. The BLAAC PD study is an important first step toward informing understanding of the genetics of PD in a more diverse population.

The human microbiome is a complex ecosystem of bacteria residing in the body. It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the overall well-being of individuals while also making them more vulnerable to various diseases. The human microbiota, genetics, and health have a complex connection, which is significant for maintaining health and preventing infections. The microbiome has a role in several gastrointestinal, skin, dental, and systemic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Genetic variation and lifestyle and dietary choices modify the microbiome composition, thereby influencing the risk of developing severe infections. The microbiome impacts host gene expression and acts as a biomarker for several diseases. The gut microbiome and genes are linked in the pathogenesis of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, this review focuses on the relationship between the microbiome and genetics and elucidation of the complexity of this connection. Future research-based microbiome interventions to prevent diseases could lead to strategies for personalized medicine that enhance treatment efficacy and health outcomes.

Background and Aim: The dearth of new antibiotics necessitates alternative approaches for managing infections caused by resistant superbugs. This study aimed to evaluate the lytic potential of the purified bacteriophage PKp-V1 against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) harboring hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp)-K1 recovered from veterinary specimens. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 samples were collected from various veterinary specimens to isolate K. pneumoniae, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular detection of various virulence and ESBL genes. Multilocus sequence typing of the isolates was performed to identify prevalent sequence types. The bacteriophages were isolated using the double-agar overlay method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, spot tests, plaque assays, stability tests, and one-step growth curve assays. Results: Among 17 (34%) confirmed K. pneumoniae isolates, 6 (35%) were hvKp, whereas 13 (76%) isolates belonging to the K1 type were positive for the wzy (K1) virulence gene. All (100%) hvKp isolates exhibited the allelic profile of ST258. Overall, PKp-V1 exhibited an 88 % (15/17; (p ≤ 0.05) host range, among which all (100 %; p ≤ 0.01) hvKp isolates were susceptible to PKp-V1. PKp-V1 exhibited a lytic phage titer of 2.4 × 108 plaque forming unit (PFU)/mL at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 37°C. The lytic phage titers of PKp-V1 at pH = 8 and 0.5% chloroform were 2.1 × 108 PFU/mL and 7.2 × 109 PFU/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Although the incidence of ESBL-infected K. pneumoniae in veterinary settings is worrisome, PKp-V1 phages showed considerable lytic action against the host bacterium, indicating the potential of PKp-V1 as a possible alternative therapeutic option against MDR K. pneumoniae.

Abstract Background Despite calls for regionalizing pancreatic cancer (PC) care to high-volume centers (HVCs), many patients with PC elect to receive therapy closer to their home or at multiple institutions. In the context of cross-institutional PC care, the challenges associated with coordinating care are poorly understood. Methods In this qualitative study we conducted semi-structured interviews with oncology clinicians from a HVC (n = 9) and community-based hospitals (n = 11) to assess their perspectives related to coordinating the care of and treating PC patients across their respective institutions. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using deductive and inductive approaches to identify themes related to cross-institutional coordination challenges and to note improvement opportunities. Results Clinicians identified challenges associated with closed-loop communication due, in part, to not having access to a shared electronic health record. Challenges with patient co-management were attributed to patients receiving inconsistent recommendations from different clinicians. To address these challenges, participants suggested several improvement opportunities such as building rapport with clinicians across institutions and updating tumor board processes. The opportunity to update tumor board processes was reportedly multi-dimensional and could involve: (1) designating a tumor board coordinator; (2) documenting and disseminating tumor board recommendations; and (3) using teleconferencing to facilitate community-based clinician engagement during tumor board meetings. Conclusions In light of communication barriers and challenges associated with patient co-management, enabling the development of relationships among PC clinicians and improving the practices of multidisciplinary tumor boards could potentially foster cross-institutional coordination. Research examining how multidisciplinary tumor board coordinators and teleconferencing platforms could enhance cross-institutional communication and thereby improve patient outcomes is warranted.

Abstract Due to the global impact of COVID-19, businesses and supply chains worldwide have been disrupted, leading to challenges for manufacturing firms and customers. Social media usage (SMU) is a vital and valuable tool that builds customer-centric supply chains by effectively communicating large volumes of valuable data. This study examines the influence of social media usage on the development of dynamic capabilities, including supply chain sensing capabilities (SCSC), knowledge sharing capability (KSC), and social capital (SC), which are crucial for constructing agile and resilient supply chains that can effectively respond to dynamic and turbulent environments, ultimately enhancing sustainable business performance. To assess the proposed investigation model, data was gathered through a structured questionnaire administered to supply chain members currently engaged with manufacturing firms. The evaluation of the proposed hypotheses is carried out through the application of structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of this study offer empirical evidence supporting the proposition that SMU within manufacturing firms promotes the development of sensing capabilities, knowledge-sharing capability, and social capital. Furthermore, this study tests the moderation role of environmental dynamism in the relationship between social media use and sustainable business performance. This underscores the pivotal role played by SMU in facilitating the adaptation and responsiveness of the supply chain to dynamic and uncertain environments, thereby contributing to the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of organizations.

Abstract This study focused on sustainable and novel development of concrete through treated and untreated plastic waste aggregates. In this study, the surface of Elec-waste coarse aggregates was treated with sulfuric acid, marble dust coating, silica fume coating, and alkaline bleach. Elec-waste aggregates were used in concrete by replacing natural coarse aggregates in amounts of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The 10%, 20%, and 30% Elec-waste replacement ratios resulted in the compressive strength reduction of 8.97%, 27.99%, and 42.01%, respectively. The same percentage of Elec-waste aggregates reduced the splitting tensile strength by 21.77%, 35.89%, and 47.89%, respectively. However, the slump was observed to increase by 41.4%, 52.1%, and 68.8%, respectively. All the considered treatments enhanced the performance of Elec-waste aggregate concrete (E-WAC). Overall, the best improvement in the performance of E-WAC was imparted by silica fume coating, irrespective of the quantity of Elec-waste aggregates. The present study proposed an expression to estimate the reduction of the compressive strength of E-WAC. It was demonstrated that the equation by JCI-08 predicted splitting tensile strength of E-WAC close to experimental results.

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in females of childbearing age. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Virology Department, tertiary care hospital, Rawalpindi, from August 2022 to December 2022. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 females, aged 15-49 years, were included in the study. Data of the participants regarding age, socioeconomic status, marital status, and previous history of VZV infection was collected by a predesigned questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for the detection of VZV IgG by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) of Ratio Diagnostic, Germany. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Results: Out of total 200 samples, 163 (81.5%) were positive for VZV IgG and 37 (18.5%) were negative. The positivity of VZV IgG was highest in age group 2 (20-29 years) with 87 (43.5%) positive cases, followed by 54 (27%) in age group 3 (30-39 years) and 11 (5.5%) in both age group 1 (< 20 years) and age group 4 (40-49 years). Out of 200 participants, 158 (79.0%) were married and 42 (21.0%) were unmarried. Among total, 107 (53.5%) had history of previous VZV infection while 93 (46.5%) had no significant history. Conclusions: This study showed significant exposure of VZV in females of childbearing age and subsequent development of immunity. However, a substantial proportion of females were susceptible to VZV infection. This susceptibility in females could potentially pose a future risk of infection during pregnancy, resulting in severe complications and congenital abnormalities.

The research deals with the isoflavone genistein production, followed by the β-glucosidase production from Aspergillus oryzae. The Cajanus cajan leaf extract was prepared and the optimized extraction parameters were leaf powder weight (1 g), agitation time (75 min), and temperature (60°C). The optimal conditions for β-glucosidase production by submerged fermentation were 0.4% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source, 0.05% (w/v) MgSO4 as magnesium source, 2 ml (v/v) size of inoculum, and 60 min incubation time. The Al2O3 nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized by optimal volume of leaf extract (25 ml) and procurement period (50 min) along with Al2NO3 and NaOH. The β-glucosidase immobilization on Al2O3 NCs improved the specific activity from 2.38 ± 0.002 to 5.64 ± 0.07 U·mg−1. The maximum genistein production was achieved with the rate of biotransformation (48 h) and enzyme concentration (1% (v/v)) along with the substrate level. In fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the difference between both β-glucosidases free and Al2O3 immobilized was obtained with peaks at 1,120 and 2,150 cm−1. The X-ray diffraction analysis for the NCs was obtained from 10° to 80° with several intensities. and zeta potential size distribution was recorded at 16.2% of intensity with 206.4 d nm. After immobilization, the stability of the β-glucosidase was increased, thereby increasing its potential in the pharmaceutical, biofuel, food, and beverage industries.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to analyze the bifurcation, chaotic behaviors, and solitary wave solutions of the fractional Twin-Core couplers with Kerr law non-linearity by using the planar dynamical system method. This equation has profound physical significance and application value in the areas of optics and optical communication. Firstly, the traveling wave transformation is applied to convert the beta-derivative Twin-Core couplers with Kerr law non-linearity into the ordinary differential equations. Secondly, phase portraits and Poincaré sections of two-dimensional dynamical system and its perturbation system are plotted by using mathematical software. For different initial values, the planar phase diagram and three-dimensional phase diagram in red and blue are plotted, respectively. Finally, the solitary wave solutions of the fractional Twin-Core couplers with Kerr law non-linearity are obtained by using theory of planar dynamical system. In addition, three-dimensional graphs, two-dimensional graphs, and the contour graphs of the solitary wave solutions are drawn.

Objective: To determine whether COVID-19 causes an increase in spleen dimensions in individuals with a recent history of COVID-19 infection. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Radiology Department of the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital and Sehat Medical Complex, both in Lahore. The study sample comprised 384 individuals, selected using a convenience sampling technique. Participants included individuals of all age groups and both genders; however, those under 18 were excluded due to the potential for incomplete spleen maturation. Other exclusion criteria included a history of splenectomy, the presence of traumatic or non-traumatic splenic lesions, or any other splenic abnormalities. Data collection commenced after obtaining approval from the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Lahore. The Siemens Sonovista c3000 Grey Scale Ultrasound Machine was used, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: In a study involving 384 participants, the mean age was 35.7 ± 6.14, ranging from 22 to 50 years. Of these, 296 (71.1%) were female, and 88 (22.9%) were male. Echogenicity varied, with 29 participants (7.6%) exhibiting heterogeneous echogenicity and 355 (92.4%) showing homogeneous echogenicity. Spleen margins were irregular in 67 participants (17.4%) and smooth in 317 participants (82.6%). Regarding the history of Covid-19, 188 participants (49%) tested negative, while 196 participants (51%) tested positive. Conclusion: Patients with a history of COVID-19 exhibited a significant increase in spleen length, volume, and thickness.

Abstract This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of community pharmacy (CP)-based medication therapy management (MTM) program on clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. An open label, parallel-group randomised controlled trial was undertaken at a community pharmacy in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patients with a diagnosis of uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c of ≥ 8%) meeting the eligibility criteria were randomised to receive either the MTM programme provided by pharmacists or standard care. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c over 6 months. Secondary outcomes included: changes in clinical parameters (blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, serum creatinine (SCr) and albumin-to- creatinine ratio (ACR)), types of drug-related problems (DRPs), health service utilization (HSU), adherence, diabetes distress and overall patient satisfaction with the service at 6-month. A sufficiently powered sample of 160 participants with a mean age was 50 years (SD ± 11.9) was recruited. The majority of the patients (68.1%) were male and had diabetes for more than eight years [IQR 3, 14]. After adjusting for baseline HbA1c, compared to the control group, the mean HbA1c level was 0.02% (p = 0.929) and 0.2% (p = 0.47) lower in the intervention arm at 3-month and 6-month respectively. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Nonetheless, within each arm, there was a significant improvement in HbA1c from baseline. Furthermore, the intervention arm demonstrated improvement in BP control (SBP lowered by 3.2 mmHg (p = 0.05) and DBP lowered by 3.8 mmHg (p = 0.008)). During the study period, none of the participants in the intervention group reported hospitalization or ER visits compared to 14 patients in the control group [OR 0.069 (95% CI 0.004, 1.3)]. Patient satisfaction as measured by Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire 2.0 (PSPSQ 2.0) was significantly higher among MTM program participants compared to standard care (p = 0.00001). Patients in the MTM program were eight times more likely to be adherent compared to the patients in the standard care [OR 7.89 (95% CI 3.6, 17.4)]. MTM program metrics showed that per patient, the pharmacists spent a median of 35 [IQR 30, 44.5] minutes at the initial visit and 20 [IQR 10, 25] minutes during the 6-month visit. The number of DRPs had significantly dropped in the intervention arm at 3 and 6-month (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, CP-based MTM program can improve health outcomes and prevent hospitalisations in patients with diabetes. These findings support the implementation of CP-based MTM services for patients with diabetes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

In this study, we introduce a novel tri-trophic food chain model that integrates cannibalism among basal prey and harvesting behaviors in the top predator, aiming to understand ecosystem dynamics comprehensively. Objectives encompass assessing system boundedness, computing fixed points, and determining stability characteristics using mathematical frameworks. The Routh-Hurwitz criteria and Lyapunov function are employed for local and global stability analyses of coexistence equilibrium points. Graphical interpretations elucidate relationships among pivotal parameters: prey growth rate, cannibalism intensity, and predator predation rate. Phase portraits and time series solutions illustrate parameter impacts. To enhance analytical depth and predictive capabilities, we utilize artificial neural networks (ANNs). Methods include connecting ANNs to computational proficiency for insights into the model's behavior over time. Findings demonstrate system boundedness, computed fixed points, and stability characteristics. Graphical interpretations reveal parameter impacts on system dynamics. ANNs offer predictive insights into model behavior. This study's novelty lies in integrating cannibalism and harvesting behaviors into a tri-trophic food chain model, employing mathematical analyses and ANNs to understand ecosystem dynamics comprehensively. Improvements include predictive capabilities and deeper analytical insights. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-04-02 Full Text: PDF

Abstract This study explores the fractional form of modified Korteweg-de Vries-Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. This equation offers the physical description of how waves propagate and explains how nonlinearity and dispersion may lead to complex and fascinating wave phenomena arising in the diversity of fields like optical fibers, fluid dynamics, plasma waves, and shallow water waves. A variety of solutions in different shapes like bright, dark, singular, and combo solitary wave solutions have been extracted. Two recently developed integration tools known as generalized Arnous method and enhanced modified extended tanh-expansion method have been applied to secure the wave structures. Moreover, the physical significance of obtained solutions is meticulously analyzed by presenting a variety of graphs that illustrate the behaviour of the solutions for specific parameter values and a comprehensive investigation into the influence of the nonlinear parameter on the propagation of the solitary wave have been observed. Further, the governing equation is discussed for the qualitative analysis by the assistance of the Galilean transformation. Chaotic behavior is investigated by introducing a perturbed term in the dynamical system and presenting various analyses, including Poincare maps, time series, 2-dimensional 3-dimensional phase portraits. Moreover, chaotic attractor and sensitivity analysis are also observed. Our findings affirm the reliability of the applied techniques and suggest its potential application in future endeavours to uncover diverse and novel soliton solutions for other nonlinear evolution equations encountered in the realms of mathematical physics and engineering.

Cinnamon is a plant with significant medicinal value and used extensively as a spice, flavoring, and fragrance ingredient. Phytochemical characterization via HPLC, antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, anti-diabetic activity via α-amylase and α-glucosidase assessment, antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, total antioxidant capacity and Ferric reducing Antioxidant Power methods, besides anticancer activity against MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) and WI-38 cells (human fetal lung fibroblast cells) of cinnamon bark extract were detected. A promising antimicrobial action towards Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Mucor circinelloides with inhibition zones of 25, 23, 18, 19, 29, and 16 mm, respectively was recorded. Cinnamon bark has IC50 of 5.01 and 2.58 µg/mL compared to standard acrobose with their IC50 values 4.32 and 1.99 µg/mL, for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, respectively. Cinnamon bark extract have IC50 of 77.39 ± 0.84 and 162.67 ± 0.28 μg/mL against MCF-7, and WI-38 cell lines, respectively. The protective effect of cinnamon in accelerating the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells has been verified by flow cytometric evaluation employing Annexin-V and cell cycle kits, besides increasing the amounts of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide with decreasing glutathione and catalase levels.

Cooperative communication through energy harvested relays in Cognitive Internet of Things (CIoT) has been envisioned as a promising solution to support massive connectivity of Cognitive Radio (CR) based IoT devices and to achieve maximal energy and spectral efficiency in upcoming wireless systems. In this work, a cooperative CIoT system is contemplated, in which a source acts as a satellite, communicating with multiple CIoT devices over numerous relays. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used as relays, which are equipped with onboard Energy Harvesting (EH) facility. We adopted a Power Splitting (PS) method for EH at relays, which are harvested from the Radio frequency (RF) signals. In conjunction with this, the Decode and Forward (DF) relaying strategy is used at UAV relays to transmit the messages from the satellite source to the CIoT devices. We developed a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) framework for joint optimization of source power allocation, CIoT device selection, UAV relay assignment, and PS ratio determination. We formulated three objectives: maximizing the sum rate and the number of admitted CIoT in the network and minimizing the carbon dioxide emission. The MOO formulation is a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) problem, which is challenging to solve. To address the joint optimization problem for an epsilon optimal solution, an Outer Approximation Algorithm (OAA) is proposed with reduced complexity. The simulation results show that the proposed OAA is superior in terms of CIoT device selection and network utility maximization when compared to those obtained using the Nonlinear Optimization with Mesh Adaptive Direct-search (NOMAD) algorithm.

AbstractThe current study seeks to examine how mentoring functions foster the well-being of employees working in the Pakistani financial sector. In line with this, the model explores the indirect path of career self-efficacy through which mentoring enhances employee well-being. The mentoring functions (traditional and relational) were explored as predictors of employee well-being and career self-efficacy. Four dimensions of employee well-being were investigated, including purpose in life, job wellness, work-life balance and physical health. Data (N = 384) were collected through a survey-based questionnaire from staff employed in all twenty-five domestic private and public sector commercial banks, including Islamic banks. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to analyze the collected data. The findings suggest that mentoring functions not only enhance employee well-being in a direct relationship but also enhance employee well-being via increased career self-efficacy. Additionally, the results suggest that traditional mentoring has a significant and direct impact on employee well-being when compared to relational mentoring. Moreover, in terms of mediation through career self-efficacy, relational mentoring exhibits a stronger influence on employee well-being than traditional mentoring. The present study advances our knowledge of mentoring concepts by investigating both traditional and relational mentoring functions in the Eastern context. The last of the study presented the practical and theoretical implications and recommendations for future studies.

While coaching has been employed as a success strategy in many areas such as athletics and business for decades, its use is relatively new in the medical field despite evidence of its benefits. Implementation and engagement regarding coaching in graduate medical education (GME) for residents and fellows is particularly scarce. We report our three-year experience of a GME success coaching program that aims to help trainees reach their full potential by addressing various areas of medical knowledge, clinical skills, efficiency, interpersonal skills and communication, professionalism, and mental health and well-being. The majority of participants (87%) were identified by themselves, their program director, and/or the GME coaches to have more than one area of need. The majority (79%) of referrals were identified by the coaches to have additional needs to the reasons for referral. We provide a framework for implementation of a GME coaching program and propose that coaching in GME may provide an additional safe environment for learners to reveal areas of concerns or difficulty that otherwise would not be disclosed and/or addressed.

The advent of COVID-19 triggered widespread disruptions globally, adversely affecting businesses and resulting in financial challenges and a decline in overall performance. This unparalleled public health emergency has resulted in significant disturbances within the sustainable supply chain and posed a risk to human survival. In view of these considerations, this investigation aims to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on Sustainable Supply Chain Performance (SSCP) along with its influence on leadership capability (LC), knowledge sharing capability (KSC), strategic management capability (SMC), and moderating organizational commitment (OC) in Pakistan. To examine the proposed hypotheses, data were collected from Pakistani enterprises actively involved in the supply chain and supply chain departments of manufacturing firms. Subsequently, comprehensive analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling to derive meaningful insights. According to the empirical outcomes, the pandemic had a negative influence on SSCP in Pakistan, but LC, KSC, and SMC helped mitigate these disruptions. In addition, LC, KSC, and SMC successfully mediated the relationship between COVID-19 and SSCP, moderating the role of OC. This study contributes significantly to the literature by incorporating resource-based view (RBV), dynamic capability view (DCV), and knowledge-based view (KBV) theories to analyze and understand LC, KSC, and SMC. Moreover, to mitigate the interruptions resulting from pandemic in Supply Chain (SC) operations and enhance profitability amidst such unprecedented circumstances, the model explained in this study can be a valuable tool for SC and logistics management specialists.

Recent research have highlighted the potential of hybrid confinement, combining high tensile strength fiber-reinforced polymers with large rupture strain confinement. This study presents experimental findings on 64 cylindrical and square-shaped specimens tested under axial compression, introducing a novel hybrid confinement method utilizing low-cost fiberglass chopped strand mat sheets and cotton ropes (COFS confinement). The experimental and analytical results yielded several key conclusions. Firstly, circular specimens exhibited significant peak strength increases in various subgroups, with enhancements ranging from 97.5 % to 285.5 %, and ultimate strain improvements ranging from 588.6 % to 1650.0 %. Similarly, square specimens under COFS confinement also demonstrated notable enhancements in ultimate strength and strain, with increases up to 244.7 % and 1083.0 %, respectively, particularly evident with higher levels of confinement. The influence of cross-sectional shape on compressive strength, strain, and energy dissipation was noted, with COFS confinement notably improving these factors for circular sections. Additionally, the study found that as the unconfined compressive strength increased, the enhancement in compressive strength, ultimate strain, and energy dissipation decreased. Moreover, the confinement ratio positively affected axial behavior improvement, with a proportional enhancement observed. However, the efficacy of the confinement ratio was influenced by cross-section type and plain concrete strength, emphasizing the need for considering these factors in COFS-based confinement design. Lastly, an analytical design-oriented model proposed for approximating stress vs. strain curves of COFS-confined concrete showed close agreement with experimental results, providing valuable insights for future design considerations.

The growing focus on the active student engagement in learning and education has generated interest in exploring and adopting innovative teaching approaches. One such approach is the flipped classroom model. This quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess the impact of flipped classroom teaching pedagogy on the academic performance of 5th semester pharmacy students as well as measure their level of satisfaction with this learning strategy. A Two-tailed paired t test was used to explore the difference in Mean class score pre and post flipped classroom teaching. A participant satisfaction survey was conducted to gather participants’ feedback about their experience of flipped classroom learning. A total of 92 participants (51 female, 41 male) enrolled in the 5th semester of the Doctor of Pharmacy program were included in the study. There was a statistically significant improvement in Mean class score after flipped classroom (8.62) when compared to before flipped classroom teaching (8.03) observed as P value = 0.039. The participants expressed satisfaction with their overall experience of flipped classroom in the participants’ satisfaction survey. 38 (68%) of the 56 participants who completed the satisfaction survey strongly agreed that the teaching methods used by the facilitator were appropriate. Similarly, 38 (68%) strongly agreed that they were encouraged to interact and participate in the flipped classroom sessions. The significant improvement in the participants’ academic performance reported in the study coupled with their satisfaction with flipped classroom pedagogy has highlighted the potential contribution of this learning approach in promoting effective learning among students.

Background and aims Dwell time is a critical component of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) prescription, the stage at which transmembrane mass and fluid transfer occur. Loss of prescribed dwell time (LDT) can negatively influence the efficiency of APD. We investigated the incidence of LDT and related causes using APD in the acute care setting at a tertiary care center.Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted of all inpatients receiving APD treatments from 1 December 2021 to 1 June 2023. Patient demographics, comorbidities, laboratory, and treatment data were extracted from electronic medical records and a propriety database.Results N = 235 cycler treatments completed by 32 patients were included for analysis. The total LDT per treatment exceeding 30 minutes and 60 minutes occurred in 27% and 20% of all treatments. LDT of more than 10 minutes per each cycle exchange occurred in 26%. Session disruptions were caused by slow out-flow (55%), inadequate drain volumes (32%), patient line occlusions (20%), and priming errors (23%). The slow flow alarm requiring user intervention was reported to occur in about one-third of all treatments (31%).Conclusion There was significant LDT and inadequate drain volume seen in about one-quarter and one-third of all inpatient APD treatments respectively. This can impact solute clearance and ultrafiltration. Slow flow alarms were the most prevalent and the leading cause of LDT followed by inadequate drain volume. Future studies are required to investigate measures to reduce slow drain and improve drain volume in the hospital setting.

The hybrid confinement system combines various fiber types within a single matrix, allowing for the adjustment of volumetric ratios to optimize confinement performance. Synthetic FRPs are more expensive and have a higher carbon footprint due to significant CO2 emissions during production. In response, this study presents an innovative hybrid confinement approach using two natural materials: cotton ropes and FSMS (CFS) to improve concrete strength and ductility. Specimens, standardized at 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter with longitudinal steel bars and stirrups, were divided into two groups based on CFS configurations. The stress-strain response of CFS-confined concrete displayed distinctive behavior: an initial parabolic phase leading to peak compressive stress (ultimate strength), followed by a linearly degrading phase. Across all subgroups, CFS confinement significantly enhanced ultimate strength and corresponding compressive strains, with Subgroup 2A achieving the highest improvements of 246 % in ultimate strength and 1477 % in strain. Moreover, the ductility gain was reported as high as 20 for CFS-confined concrete. A non-proportional enhancement in the compressive behavior was observed with the increase in confinement ratio. Predictive models were developed for the idealized two-branch response of CFS-confined concrete, encompassing expressions based on nonlinear regression for ultimate strength, corresponding strain, ultimate strain, and elastic modulus. Two existing models were modified to trach each branch of the response. Integrating these two adjusted models closely replicated the experimental compressive curves.

Objective: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), has traditionally been used for various renal diseases including urolithiasis. Considering the therapeutic and nutritional values, the present study was designed to investigate the antiurolithiatic potential of M. oleifera leaves through in-vitro , in-silico and in-vivo approaches. Methods: Methanolic aqueous extract of M. oleifera . leaves (MoL.Cr) was prepared and screened for phytoconstituents through FTIR and HPLC analysis, while antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH assay. Crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth assays were carried out to ascertain the in-vitro inhibitory effects of MoL.Cr. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the interactions between phytoconstituents and targeted proteins (Glycolate oxidase, Albumin and Tamm-Horsfall). Whereas, ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model (1% ammonium chloride +0.75% ethylene glycol) was used for in-vivo study. Presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides and flavonoids was confirmed by FTIR and HPLC analysis. Results: MoL.Cr significantly inhibited the CaOx crystal nucleation, aggregation as well as growth and normalized urinary and serum parameters. Histological studies showed that MoL.Cr significantly restored hyperoxaluria-induced irregular epithelial lining, interstitial inflammation and dilated proximal tubules. Conclusions: Thus, M. oleifera demonstrated marked stone inhibiting potential which can be due to its antioxidant, lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents and anti-crystallization effects.

The Islamic rule of Umar bin Abdul Aziz stands as an exemplary model of a Welfare State. During his leadership, he introduced significant economic reforms, eliminating corruption from the public treasury (Bait-ul-Mal) and holding corrupt officials accountable. He safeguarded the rights of dhimmis (non-Muslim citizens under Islamic rule) and relieved citizens from the burden of unnecessary taxes. Financial support, including scholarships, was provided to assist disadvantaged citizens, ensuring that the needs of both Muslims and non-Muslims were met with fairness. Justice was upheld for every social class, creating a period of remarkable economic prosperity. Despite his brief rule of just two and a half years, such was the societal well-being that there were no recipients for zakat; while people gave zakat, no one required it. This research paper seeks to underscore the importance of the welfare measures implemented by Umar bin Abdul Aziz in establishing a just and prosperous society, utilizing a narrative and analytical approach.

OBJECTIVE: To compare patient satisfaction level and vision-related quality of life after Trifocal and EDOF implants to treat cataracts among the population of Southern Punjab. METHODOLOGY: This comparative practice-based study was conducted at the Sight Centre of Bahawalpur City of Southern Punjab from August 2022 to July 2023. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects. A total of n=120 eyes were operated in two EDOF and Trifocal treatment cohorts. VR-QOL was assessed for near, intermediate, and distant vision. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 27. The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There were n=29 (48.3%) males and n=31 (51.6%) females. The majority n=21 (35%) of subjects were aged 40-49. It was revealed that trifocal IOL demonstrated improved mean rank for near and intermediate vision. Statistically, a significant difference was found between putting thread into the needle and the mobile phone's utility at p-values of 0.047 and 0.040, respectively. Trifocal IOLs frequently generated the halo photic effect for light scattering at a P-value of 0.0001. Significant improvement was revealed in the VA of both eyes. The vision improved (100%) with Trifocal and EDOF group treatment options. Both treatment cohorts were satisfied with the final surgical outcome. CONCLUSION: VA was improved after implanting Trifocal and EDOF IOLs. Trifocal IOL demonstrated better performance at near & distant vision. The halo photic effect was generated more frequently by the trifocal IOLs. Patients were equally satisfied with the surgical outcome of both treatment options.

Abstract Task-specific dystonia leads to loss of sensorimotor control for a particular motor skill. Although focal in nature, it is hugely disabling and can terminate professional careers in musicians. Biomarkers for underlying mechanism and severity are much needed. In this study, we designed a keyboard device that measured the forces generated at all fingertips during individual finger presses. By reliably quantifying overflow to other fingers in the instructed (enslaving) and contralateral hand (mirroring) we explored whether this task could differentiate between musicians with and without dystonia. 20 right-handed professional musicians (11 with dystonia) generated isometric flexion forces with the instructed finger to match 25%, 50% or 75% of maximal voluntary contraction for that finger. Enslaving was estimated as a linear slope of the forces applied across all instructed/uninstructed finger combinations. Musicians with dystonia had a small but robust loss of finger dexterity. There was increased enslaving and mirroring, primarily during use of the symptomatic hand (enslaving p = 0.003; mirroring p = 0.016), and to a lesser extent with the asymptomatic hand (enslaving p = 0.052; mirroring p = 0.062). Increased enslaving and mirroring were seen across all combinations of finger pairs. In addition, enslaving was exaggerated across symptomatic fingers when more than one finger was clinically affected. Task-specific dystonia therefore appears to express along a gradient, most severe in the affected skill with subtle and general motor control dysfunction in the background. Recognition of this provides a more nuanced understanding of the sensorimotor control deficits at play and can inform therapeutic options for this highly disabling disorder.

Abstract Drought stress is a major abiotic stress affecting the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The current study evaluated the effects of drought on wheat phenology, physiology, and biochemistry; and assessed the effectiveness of foliar-applied sulfhydryl thiourea to mitigate drought-induced oxidative stress. The treatments were: wheat varieties; V1 = Punjab-2011, V2 = Galaxy-2013, V3 = Ujala-2016, and V4 = Anaaj-2017, drought stress; D1 = control (80% field capacity [FC]) and D2 = drought stress (40% FC), at the reproductive stage, and sulfhydryl thiourea (S) applications; S0 = control-no thiourea and S1 = foliar thiourea application @ 500 mg L−1. Results of this study indicated that growth parameters, including height, dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) were decreased under drought stress-40% FC, as compared to control-80% FC. Drought stress reduced the photosynthetic efficiency, water potential, transpiration rates, stomatal conductances, and relative water contents by 18, 17, 26, 29, and 55% in wheat varieties as compared to control. In addition, foliar chlorophyll a, and b contents were also lowered under drought stress in all wheat varieties due to an increase in malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage. Interestingly, thiourea applications restored wheat growth and yield attributes by improving the production and activities of proline, antioxidants, and osmolytes under normal and drought stress as compared to control. Thiourea applications improved the osmolyte defense in wheat varieties as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, proline, glycine betaine, and total phenolic were increased by 13, 20, 12, 17, 23, and 52%; while reducing the electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content by 49 and 32% as compared to control. Among the wheat varieties, Anaaj-2017 showed better resilience towards drought stress and also gave better response towards thiourea application based on morpho-physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes as compared to Punjab-2011, Galaxy-2013, and Ujala-2016. Eta-square values showed that thiourea applications, drought stress, and wheat varieties were key contributors to most of the parameters measured. In conclusion, the sulfhydryl thiourea applications improved the morpho-physiology, biochemical, and yield attributes of wheat varieties, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of drought. Moving forward, detailed studies pertaining to the molecular and genetic mechanisms under sulfhydryl thiourea-induced drought stress tolerance are warranted.

Breast cancer is the biggest cause of death among women worldwide. Natural chemicals from medicinal plants offer promise for cancer therapy. This research screens 29 Dryopteris species plant-derived chemicals, mostly phloroglucinols, for breast cancer therapy potential. First, we used Gaussian09 and DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p) calculations to evaluate compound stability and reactivity. We conducted molecular docking experiments to identify drugs with high binding affinity for the PI3Kα protein’s active pocket. DJ1–DJ22 were found to be the most effective PI3Kα inhibitors, with energies ranging from −8.0 to −9.2 kJ/mol. From in silico pharmacokinetic and bioactivity screening, DJ3, DJ7, and DJ18 were identified as promising PI3Kα inhibitors. PI3Kα backbone stability was tested in a water model using molecular dynamics simulations employing DJ3, DJ7, DJ18, and Trastuzumab as a pharmacological reference. Synthesis of target-hit DJ3, DJ7, and DJ18 derivatives may lead to breast cancer drug-like molecules for related cancers. The work uses in silico methods to find natural phloroglucinols for breast cancer therapy, enabling new chemotherapeutic drugs.

Abstract This study aims to explore the precise resolution of the nonlinear Benjamin Bona Mahony Burgers (BBMB) equation, which finds application in a variety of nonlinear scientific disciplines including fluid dynamics, shock generation, wave transmission, and soliton theory. Within this paper, we employ two versatile methodologies, specifically the extended $$\exp (-\Psi (\chi ))$$ exp ( - Ψ ( χ ) ) expansion technique and the novel Kudryashov method, to identify the exact soliton solutions of the nonlinear BBMB equation. The solutions we discovered involve trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, and rational functions. The uniqueness of this research lies in uncovering the bright soliton, kink wave solution, and periodic wave solution, and conducting stability analysis. Furthermore, the solutions’ graphical characteristics were explored through the utilization of the mathematical software Maple 2022 ( https://maplesoft.com/downloads/selectplatform.aspx?hash=61ab59890f2313b2241fde3423fd975e ). The system’s physical interpretation is defined through various types of graphs, including contour graphs, 3D-surface graphs, and line graphs, which use appropriate parameter values. These recommended techniques hold significant importance and are applicable in diverse nonlinear evolutionary equations found in the field of nonlinear sciences for illustrating nonlinear physical models.

Abstract Drought stress poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, especially in areas susceptible to water scarcity. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a widely cultivated oilseed crop with considerable potential globally. Jasmonic acid, a plant growth regulator, plays a crucial role in alleviating the adverse impacts of drought stress on the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of crops. Experimental detail includes sunflower varieties (Armani Gold, KQS-HSF-1, Parsun, and ESFH-3391), four drought stress levels (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% drought stress), and three levels (0, 40ppm, 80ppm) of jasmonic acid. The 0% drought stress and 0ppm jasmonic acid were considered as control treatments. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three replicates. Drought stress significantly reduced the growth in all varieties. However, the exogenous application of jasmonic acid at concentrations of 40ppm and 80ppm enhanced growth parameters, shoot and root length (1.93%, 19%), shoot and root fresh weight (18.5%, 25%), chlorophyll content (36%), photosynthetic rate (22%), transpiration rate (40%), WUE (20%), MDA (6.5%), Phenolics (19%), hydrogen peroxide (7%) proline (28%) and glycine betaine (15–30%) under water-stressed conditions, which was closely linked to the increase in stomatal activity stimulated by jasmonic acid. Furthermore, JA 80 ppm was found to be the most appropriate dose to reduce the effect of water stress in all sunflower varieties. It was concluded that the foliar application of JA has the potential to enhance drought tolerance by improving the morphological, biochemical, and physiological of sunflower.

Objective: To determine the depth of the curve of Spee in healthy permanent dentition for its application in complete denture wearers. Study Design : Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Lahore Medical and Dental College from 20 April to 20 October 2023. Materials and Methods: A total of two hundred patients aged 18 – 32 years were included in this study. Mandibular casts of patients were obtained. Each of the casts had fully developed dentitions except for the third molars. Independent sample t-test was used to determine mean depth of the curve of Spee between females and males. Data was collected, results were then statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of subjects was 25.19 ± 3.529 with minimum and maximum age as 18 and 32 years. The depth of the curve of Spee was found to be P=0.380 and t= -1.540, the curve of Spee is not significantly different in both genders. The curve of Spee mean value was 1.990 ± 0.6175 mm. Conclusion: This study has revealed that the depth of the curve of Spee in natural dentition remains constant irrespective of age and gender. Therefore, the curve of Spee values can be used in the rehabilitation of complete denture wearer.

Purpose This study aimed to assess the association between nutrition behavior, food intake, being overweight, and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years. Additionally, it sought to examine how these factors influence being overweight and obese within this population. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative multistage cluster sample of 4200 Pakistani school-aged children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years from 62 schools across seven random districts in Punjab province, Pakistan. Underweight (BMI < 5th percentile), overweight (85th ≤ BMI < 95th percentile), and obese (95th percentile ≤ BMI) were defined using the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 criteria, and a Chi-square test utilized for comparison. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) assessed any correlations, while a linear regression analysis explored the predictive power of Nutrition Behavior/Food Intake factors (independent variables) on body-weight (dependent variable). A logistic regression analysis estimated the simultaneous influence of multiple factors on the dichotomous outcomes, and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The study was comprised of 4108 Pakistani school children aged 9 to 17 years (mean age = 13.92 years, 59.3% boys) from 62 schools. Among them, the prevalence of being overweight and obese individuals was 19.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Factors such as skipping breakfast (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.53–3.93, p < 0.001), consuming vegetables less than once a week (OR 4.12, 95% CI 3.06–5.55, p < 0.001), consuming soft drinks three or more times a week (OR 4.74, 95% CI 3.73–6.04, p < 0.001), and consuming fast food three or more times a week (OR 10.56, 95% CI 8.16–13.67, p < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of obesity. Conclusion Being overweight and obese pose significant concerns among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan, showing a troubling upward trend. Poor nutrition behaviors, including frequenting fast-food restaurants and low consumption of fruits and vegetables, contribute to these issues. It is imperative to comprehend these risk factors to formulate impactful policies and dietary interventions that target childhood obesity in Pakistan. Identifying vulnerable populations and implementing tailored intervention strategies are essential for public health efforts. While further interventions may be needed to reduce the body mass index (BMI) and manage being overweight and obese, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into addressing these critical health challenges.

Abstract Pea, member of the plant family Leguminosae, play a pivotal role in global food security as essential legumes. However, their production faces challenges stemming from the detrimental impacts of abiotic stressors, leading to a concerning decline in output. Salinity stress is one of the major factors that limiting the growth and productivity of pea. However, biochar amendment in soil has a potential role in alleviating the oxidative damage caused by salinity stress. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential role of biochar amendment in soil that may mitigate the adverse effect of salinity stress on pea. The treatments of this study were, (a) Pea varieties; (i) V1 = Meteor and V2 = Green Grass, Salinity Stress, (b) Control (0 mM) and (ii) Salinity (80 mM) (c) Biochar applications; (i) Control, (ii) 8 g/kg soil (56 g) and (iii) 16 g/kg soil (112 g). Salinity stress demonstrated a considerable reduction in morphological parameters as Shoot and root length decreased by (29% and 47%), fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root by (85, 63%) and (49, 68%), as well as area of leaf reduced by (71%) among both varieties. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents decreased under 80 mM salinity up to (41, 63, 55 and 76%) in both varieties as compared to control. Exposure of pea plants to salinity stress increased the oxidative damage by enhancing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content by (79 and 89%), while amendment of biochar reduced their activities as, (56% and 59%) in both varieties. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were increased by biochar applications under salinity stress as, (49, 59, and 86%) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants as, anthocyanin and flavonoids improved by (112 and 67%). Organic osmolytes such as total soluble proteins, sugars, and glycine betaine were increased up to (57, 83, and 140%) by biochar amendment. Among uptake of mineral ions, shoot and root Na+ uptake was greater (144 and 73%) in saline-stressed plants as compared to control, while shoot and root Ca2+ and K+ were greater up to (175, 119%) and (77, 146%) in biochar-treated plants. Overall findings revealed that 16 g/kg soil (112 g) biochar was found to be effective in reducing salinity toxicity by causing reduction in reactive oxygen species and root and shoot Na+ ions uptake and improving growth, physiological and anti-oxidative activities in pea plants (Fig. 1). Figure 1 A schematic diagram represents two different mechanisms of pea under salinity stress (control and 80 mM NaCl) with Biochar (8 and 16 g/kg soil).

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) is a versatile low-temperature separation process used for desalinating saline solutions with high salt rejection rates. Its current drawbacks include low flux and high energy demand. This study presents localized electrically induced heating using ceramic-coated metallic spacers to improve MD performance. We coated Ni-Cr spacers with MgO via electrolytic deposition and calcination, optimizing for a crack-free protective surface. Smaller wire diameter Ni-Cr exhibited superior heating. When a periodic current of 0.2 A cm−2 was applied, permeate flux increased by 15% although energy consumption only increased by 4%. Continuous supply of high-grade electrical energy added no further performance improvement as compared to periodic application. Our work highlights a spacer-based approach for localized Joule heating in MD systems without compromising membrane structure, while exploring coating systems to protect conductive spacers and optimizing schemes for electrically controlled performance.

Abstract Background Guava is a fruit prone to rapid spoilage following harvest, attributed to continuous and swift physicochemical transformations, leading to substantial postharvest losses. This study explored the efficacy of xanthan gum (XG) coatings applied at various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%) on guava fruits (Gola cultivar) over a 15-day storage period. Results The results indicated that XG coatings, particularly at 0.75%, substantially mitigated moisture loss and decay, presenting an optimal concentration. The coated fruits exhibited a modified total soluble soluble solids, an increased total titratable acidity, and an enhanced sugar-acid ratio, collectively enhancing overall quality. Furthermore, the XG coatings demonstrated the remarkable ability to preserve bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants, while minimizing the levels of oxidative stress markers, such as electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and H2O2. The coatings also influenced cell wall components, maintaining levels of hemicellulose, cellulose, and protopectin while reducing water-soluble pectin. Quantitative analysis of ROS-scavenging enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, revealed significant increases in their activities in the XG-coated fruits compared to those in the control fruits. Specifically, on day 15, the 0.75% XG coating demonstrated the highest SOD and CAT activities while minimizing the reduction in APX activity. Moreover, XG coatings mitigated the activities of fruit-softening enzymes, including pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and cellulase. Conclusions This study concludes that XG coatings play a crucial role in preserving postharvest quality of guava fruits by regulating various physiological and biochemical processes. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential application of XG as a natural coating to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of guava fruits during storage.

Abstract High temperature stress influences plant growth, seed yield, and fatty acid contents by causing oxidative damage. This study investigated the potential of thiourea (TU) to mitigate oxidative stress and restoring seed oil content and quality in canola. The study thoroughly examined three main factors: (i) growth conditions—control and high temperature stress (35 °C); (ii) TU supplementation (1000 mg/L)—including variations like having no TU, water application at the seedling stage, TU application at seedling stage (BBCH Scale-39), water spray at anthesis stage, and TU application at anthesis stage (BBCH Scale-60); (iii) and two canola genotypes, 45S42 and Hiola-401, were studied separately. High temperature stress reduced growth and tissue water content, as plant height and relative water contents were decreased by 26 and 36% in 45S42 and 27 and 42% Hiola-401, respectively, resulting in a substantial decrease in seed yield per plant by 36 and 38% in 45S42 and Hiola-401. Seed oil content and quality parameters were also negatively affected by high temperature stress as seed oil content was reduced by 32 and 35% in 45S42 and Hiola-401. High-temperature stress increased the plant stress indicators like malondialdehyde, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakage; these indicators were increased in both canola genotypes as compared to control. Interestingly, TU supplementation restored plant performance, enhancing height, relative water content, foliar chlorophyll (SPAD value), and seed yield per plant by 21, 15, 30, and 28% in 45S42; 19, 13, 26, and 21% in Hiola-401, respectively, under high temperature stress as compared to control. In addition, seed quality, seed oil content, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid were improved by 16, 14, and 22% in 45S42, and 16, 11, and 23% in Hiola-401, as compared to control. The most significant improvements in canola seed yield per plant were observed when TU was applied at the anthesis stage. Additionally, the research highlighted that canola genotype 45S42 responded better to TU applications and exhibited greater resilience against high temperature stress compared to genotype Hiola-401. This interesting study revealed that TU supplementation, particularly at the anthesis stage, improved high temperature stress tolerance, seed oil content, and fatty acid profile in two canola genotypes.

Numerous harmful phenolic contaminants are discharged into water that pose a serious threat to environment where two of the most important purification methodologies for the mitigation of phenolic contaminants are adsorption and photocatalysis. Besides cost, each process has drawbacks in terms of productivity, environmental impact, sludge creation, and the development of harmful by-products. To overcome these limitations, the modeling and optimization of water treatment methods is required. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is employed for the interpretation of treatment-based processes due to powerful learning, simplicity, high estimation accuracy, effectiveness, and improvement of process efficiency where artificial neural networks (ANNs) are most frequently employed for predicting and analyzing the efficiency of processes applied for the mitigation of these phenolic contaminants from water. ANNs are superior to conventional linear regression models because the latter are incapable of dealing with non-linear systems. ANNs can also reduce the operational cost of treating phenol-contaminated water. A correlation coefficient of >0.99 can be achieved using ANN with enhanced phenol mitigation percentage accuracy generally ranging from 80 % to 99.99 %. Using ANN optimization, the maximum phenol mitigation efficiencies achieved were 99.99 % for phenol, 99.93 % for bisphenol A, 99.6 % for nonylphenol, 97.1 % for 2-nitrophenol, 96.6 % for 4-chlorophenol and 90 % for 2,6-dichlorophenol. In numerous ANN models, Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm for training was employed using MATLAB software. This study overviews their employment and application for optimization and modeling of removal processes and explicitly discusses the important input and output parameters necessary for better performance of the system. The comparison of ANNs with other AI techniques revealed that ANNs have better predictability for mitigation of most of the phenolic contaminants. Furthermore, several challenges and future prospects have also been discussed.

Background: Intraocular foreign body is an important complication of ocular trauma, especially open globe trauma. It can cause a range of complications leading to severe visual impairment to permanent blindness. They are removed via Pars Plana Vitrectomy using either forceps, endomagnet, or both. Various management techniques and their impact on final visual outcomes are identified in this study. Objective: To study the various factors influencing the final visual outcome in cases of intraocular foreign bodies treated via pars plana vitrectomy and surgical removal of the foreign body. Study type, settings & duration: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad from June 2019 to December 2020. Methodology: About 57 consecutive patients presenting to the Ophthalmology department, Allied Hospital Faisalabad with intraocular foreign bodies were included in this study. All the patients included, underwent pars plana vitrectomy and surgical removal of an intraocular foreign body. The final best-corrected visual acuity of patients was recorded on follow-up visits. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29, 54 (94.7%) were males while only 3 (5.3%) were females. Final visual acuity was significantly poor in patients with foreign bodies involving the retina (p-value: 0.001) and in patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and surgical removal of the intraocular foreign body later than 7 days after the trauma p ~0.012 (p