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Polysubstituted quinolines have been synthesized by Friedlander annulation reaction of 2-aminobenzophenone with ketones mediated by choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). We have investigated the condensation reaction in different choline-based DES and found choline chloride-zinc chloride DES to be the best catalyst with excellent yield of products. Moreover, regiospecificity was observed only under basic choline hydroxide medium in moderate yield. The deep eutectic solvent acts as dual role of solvent as well as catalyst and can be recycled. Mild reaction conditions, simple work-up procedure, excellent product yield, and use of recyclable catalyst are special features of this methodology, which makes the protocol a sustainable alternative to earlier reported methods of quinoline synthesis.

An efficient deep eutectic solvent (DES) promoted reaction of 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone, aromatic aldehydes (benzoyl alcohols) and ammonium acetate leading to the formation of quinazolines with excellent yields is described. The use of expensive catalysts and organic solvents are avoided in this protocol with the use of DES, which is biodegradable and renewable.

The leaf crude extract of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz induces genomic DNA fragmentation, comet formation, and the inhibition of cell proliferation in the prostate cancer cell line PC3, as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis, comet assay and MTT assay, respectively. The bioactive compound was purified through bioassay-guided fractionation using preparative HPLC and MTT assay. The light brown and water-soluble compound was characterized using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The compound was identified as a glycosylated hydroquinone derivative, 2-[p-(2-Carboxyhydrazino)phenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahy-dro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (molecular formula, C13H18N2O8; molecular mass = 330). The identified phytocompound has not been reported earlier elsewhere. Therefore, the common name of the novel anticancer phytocompound isolated from Oroxylum indicum in this current study is oroxyquinone. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of oroxyquinone on PC3 cells was 58.9 µM (95% CI = 54.5 to 63.7 µM). Treatment of PC3 cells with oroxyquinone induced genomic DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, increased in the annexin-V positive cells, arrested the cell cycle at S phases, and inhibited the cell migration; as assessed by comet assay, DAPI staining, flow cytometry and a wound healing assay, respectively. On the investigation of the molecular mechanism of the induction of apoptosis, the results indicated that oroxyquinone induced caspase-3 and PARP independent apoptosis but through the p38 pathway and the localization of AIF into the nucleus. The present study identifies a novel anticancer molecule and provides scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic potency of Oroxylum indicum for ethnomedicinal uses.

We are reporting a simple, efficient and green protocol for the synthesis of chromenes and dihydropyrimidines (products of Knoevenagel and Biginelli reaction, respectively) by the use of silica-supported perchloric acid (HClO4–SiO2) as an effective heterogeneous catalyst. Short reaction times, high product yields, simple procedure and reusability of the catalyst are the superior characteristics of this protocol.