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This study shows that fans and people living in the region of 28 Football Bundesliga teams from all three divisions are willing to support their team financially. Survey respondents were asked for their willingness-to-pay to avoid a negative outcome (e.g., relegation) and to achieve a positive outcome (e.g., promotion). Fan bonds are applied as an alternative payment vehicle within the contingent valuation method. The results show that different factors affect the decision to support the team and the actual amount of willingness-to-pay--for attendees and nonattendees. Public goods are particularly relevant for reporting a positive willingness-to-pay. (JEL Z23, L83, H41), I. INTRODUCTION The most popular sport league in Europe is the German Football Bundesliga (soccer), averaging 43,484 fans per game during the 2013/2014 season, even greater than the English Premier [...]

Slowing motorists within work zones on high-speed roadways continues to be a challenge for highway authorities in all jurisdictions. Many work area traffic control manuals (WATCM) limit the speed reduction on high speed facilities to not be more than 20 km/h on the premise that a larger reduction is not practically achievable. The result is that workers on high-speed facilities are often exposed to excessive vehicle speeds in live lanes adjacent to their work sites. This study identified and evaluated supplemental traffic control countermeasures that will achieve speed reductions beyond 20 km/h. The countermeasures tested included singularly and combinations of: floating speed zones (FSZ); traffic control person (TCP); narrow lanes; radar speed display board (RSDB); variable message sign (VMS); and a fake police vehicle. The top ranked countermeasures, TCP and FSZ, fake police vehicle and FSZ, and the RSDB and FSZ, resulted in mean speed reductions of 23 km/h, 19 km/h, and 19 km/h, respectively, and typically with significant reductions in speed dispersion. Key words: speed control, work zone, speed management, traffic calming, freeway speed. Ralentir les automobilistes dans les zones de travail sur les autoroutes a grande vitesse constitue un defi continuel pour les autorites de voirie de toutes juridictions. Plusieurs guide de signalisation des travaux routiers limitent la reduction de vitesse sur les installations a grande vitesse a un maximum de 20 km/h en presumant qu'une plus grande reduction n'est pas realisable. Il en resulte que les travailleurs sur des installations a grande vitesse sont souvent exposes a des vitesses excessives de vehicules dans les voies actives pres de leur site de travail. La presente etude a identifie et evalue des contremesures additionnelles de limitation de la vitesse qui permettront d'atteindre des reductions de vitesse de plus de 20 km/h. Les contremesures mises a l'epreuve comprenaient des valeurs singulieres et des combinaisons des points suivants : les zones a vitesse variable, une personne pour controler la circulation, des voies etroites, des ecrans d'affichage de la vitesse mesuree par radar, un panneau a message variable et un faux vehicule de police. Les meilleures combinaisons de contremesures, soit une personne pour controler la circulation et des zones a vitesse variable, de faux vehicules de polices avec des zones a vitesse variable et des ecrans d'affichage de la vitesse mesuree par radar avec des zones a vitesse variable, ont permis de reduire respectivement les vitesses de 23 km/h, 19 km/h et 19 km/h; elles comportaient aussi typiquement de grandes reductions dans la dispersion des vitesses. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : controle de la vitesse, zone de travail, gestion de la vitesses, moderation de la circulation, vitesse sur les autoroutes., 1. Introduction Road maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction are necessary activities to provide acceptable levels of service for motorists. The safe and efficient guidance of traffic through work zones is a [...]

This paper examines the demand for hockey game trips among metropolitan and nonmetropolitan residents of Alberta, Canada. Using data on both revealed and stated preference game-trip behavior from a telephone survey conducted throughout Alberta, we estimate the effect of ticket prices, team quality, arena amenities, and capacity on the latent demand for National Hockey League hockey games. We find that lower ticket prices, higher team quality, and additional capacity encourage attendance. In the status quo scenario, consumer surplus per game is $50 for those who had attended hockey games and about 50% less for those who had not attended games. Exploiting the stated preference data, we develop a number of other consumer surplus estimates. We also include travel costs in the estimation of the demand function and estimate the full value of the game trip considering both ticket prices and travel costs. Sold-out arenas in Calgary and Edmonton generate annual consumption benefits of $40 and $35 million when only ticket prices are used to calculate consumer surplus (i.e., excluding travel costs). Considering the full-price consumer surplus for the Calgary Flames of $103 per game trip, the annual consumption benefits may be as high as $82 million. (JEL R22, L83, D61), I. INTRODUCTION When the Baltimore Orioles moved from their 1950s-vintage home in Memorial Stadium to Oriole Park at Camden Yards in 1992, a new era in stadium and arena construction [...]

A contingent valuation method (CVM) survey in Alberta, Canada, allows estimation of the household willingness to pay (WTP) for enhancements in the province's extensive sport and recreation programs. The estimated [...]

Deconjugation of ubiquitin from cellular proteins is catalyzed by the deubiquitin hydrolase (DUB) family of enzymes and is an important component of the ubiquitin regulatory system affecting cellular function beyond maintenance of monomeric pools of ubiquitin. UCH-L3 efficiently cleaves small C-terminal amides of ubiquitin.

Large-scale functional genomics approaches are fundamental to the characterization of mammalian transcriptomes annotated by genome sequencing projects. Although current high-throughput strategies systematically survey either transcriptional or biochemical networks, analogous genome-scale investigations that analyze gene function in mammalian cells have yet to be fully realized. Through transient overexpression analysis, we describe the parallel interrogation of [approximately equal to]20,000 sequence annotated genes in cancer-related signaling pathways. For experimental validation of these genome data, we apply an integrative strategy to characterize previously unreported effectors of activator protein-1 (AP-l) mediated growth and mitogenic response pathways. These studies identify the ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein Centaurin [alpha]1 and a Tudor domain-containing hypothetical protein as putative AP-1 regulatory oncogenes. These results provide insight into the composition of the AP-1 signaling machinery and validate this approach as a tractable platform for genome-wide functional analysis.

We have developed a pattern recognition algorithm called SALSA (scoring algorithm for spectral analysis) for the detection of specific features in tandem MS (MS-MS) spectra. Application of the SALSA algorithm to the detection of peptide MS-MS ion series enables identification of MS-MS spectra displaying characteristics of specific peptide sequences. SALSA analysis scores MS-MS spectra based on correspondence between theoretical ion series for peptide sequence motifs and actual MS-MS product ion series, regardless of their absolute positions on the m/z axis. Analyses of tryptic digests of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by LC-MS-MS followed by SALSA analysis detected MS-MS spectra for both unmodified and multiple modified forms of several BSA tryptic peptides. SALSA analysis of MS-MS data from mixtures of BSA and human serum albumin (HSA) tryptic digests indicated that ion series searches with BSA peptide sequence motifs identified MS-MS spectra for both BSA and closely related HSA peptides. Optimal discrimination between MS-MS spectra of variant peptide forms is achieved when the SALSA search criteria are optimized to the target peptide. Application of SALSA to LC-MS-MS proteome analysis will facilitate the characterization of modified and sequence variant proteins.

Abstract: During the final decades of the nineteenth century, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia was a rapidly developing community that would become the province's dominant urban centre. This growth [...]

Don Morrow and Kevin B. Wamsley, Sport in Canada: A History. Don Mills, Oxford University Press, 2005, 318 pp. Sport in Canada seeks to act both as an undergraduate course [...]

Public subsidies continue to be used to support the construction of stadium facilities for major league sports teams in North America. Within this context, the local newspaper, as a beneficiary of pro-growth development strategies, becomes a platform for the debate surrounding the utility of public subsidization. This article examines local newspaper discourse surrounding 1984 and 1990 referenda in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, and identifies four stadium subsidy frames: (a) economic development, (b) civic status, (c) civic priorities, and (d) financing. Consistent with previous research, the local newspaper was a proponent of the stadium subsidy in both cases. Another key finding relates to the presence of frame coupling in the 1990 debate. This suggests the emergence of a dynamic discourse that fused tangible and intangible stadium subsidy arguments.

A computationally efficient method is developed for the theoretical analysis of thermophoresis of nanoparticles and adatoms on crystalline surfaces for efficient parallel nanofabrication. The comparison of this approach with the results obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations of the Langevin equation has shown high computational efficiency and accuracy of the new method in the high-friction regime.

Byline: Jonathon R. Edwards, Daniel S. Mason, Marvin Washington Amateur sport organisations are funded through a variety of means, including government funding, corporate sponsorship and/or private donations. In the UK and Canada, amateur sport programs are primarily funded through government grants (Garrett, 2004; Kikulis, 2000; Slack and Hinings, 1994). While sport organisations have provided a rich setting to examine organisational and institutional theoretical concepts, there have been recent calls to extend this line of research further (O'Brien and Slack, 2004). The current study extends DiMaggio and Powell's (1983) concepts of isomorphic pressure by examining how different pressures complement and contradict each other as they impact organisational processes. Specifically, this paper explores the pressures created by Alberta Sports, Recreation Parks and Wildlife Foundation (ASRPWF) on Alberta's provincial sport organisations (APSOs). Results suggest that ASRPWF criteria and reporting requirements operated as institutional pressures impacting the APSOs. The geographic locations of the APSOs and the implementation of brown bag lunch seminars also operate as institutional pressures; however, these pressures minimise the pressures that emanate from the ASRPWF.

Thermal tweezers with dynamic evolution of surface temperature, caused by absorption of interfering laser pulses in a thin metal film or any other absorbing surface is examined. The nanomanipulation and nanofabrication method is applicable for reproducing any holographically achievable surface patterns and can be used for engineering properties of surfaces including nanopatterning and design of surface metamaterials.

An advanced chemienzymatic approach is described that has used [3+2] cycloaddition chemistry to attach fluorescent and biotin tags to O-linked [beta]-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residues. The ability to tag proteins selectively with a fluorescent reporter group has permitted rapid in-gel detection of O-GlcNAc proteins, thus providing a new method to quantify dynamic changes in glycosylation.

Byline: Daniel S. Mason, Gregory H. Duquette Entrepreneurial cities in North America are strategically using sport for the purposes of marketing communities as attractive places to live, attractive places to visit, and attractive places to invest. However, how sport is used, and who is behind the strategic actions of cities remains a more nebulous concept. This paper focuses on the role of urban regimes the networks of political and business elites in cities involved in local decision-making strategies related to sport. Three areas of focus, sports franchises, sporting events, and sports facilities, are reviewed in terms of the involvement of both public and private sector interests. In doing so, this article bridges the management of place and the management of sport in an attempt to generate insight into how sport fits into civic strategies, and how cities have sought to gain status through sport-related development initiatives.

Byline: Daniel S. Mason, Gregory H. Duquette The purpose of this paper is to examine player representation in professional sport within the context of broader changes in the global market. Following an overview of agency theory and the traditional role fulfilled by agents on behalf of players, we review how changes have impacted players and agents in professional sports. These include: the increasing importance of endorsements; the increasing presence of transnational agencies; a growing allegiance for athletes toward the corporations that sponsor them; the mobility of labour and rise of 'borderless athletes'; the emergence of athletes whose incomes are generated as much by their marketability as their playing talent. We then discuss the implications these changes have for the player-agent relationship in terms of the traditional principal-agent relationship proposed by agency theorists, and suggest that the bond between player and agent has been eroded by agents' relationships with sponsoring corporations.

Through the use of stakeholder analysis, this article examines the case of Nashville, Tennessee and its pursuit of the Houston Oilers. Focusing on the public policy decision-making process, we review the manner through which Nashville Mayor Philip Bredesen, as a focal stakeholder, managed the different groups that stood to influence, were potentially affected by, or were ultimately involved in, the public subsidization of a football stadium. The various stakeholders were evaluated by identifying their objectives and their ability to impact or be affected by the issue, and were classified into one of eight stakeholder categories in terms of the presence of power, legitimacy, and urgency. This classification formed the basis for analyzing and understanding interactions between groups as the issue developed and was resolved.

A model of stakeholder analysis is used to analyze the policies of economic development decision-making through focusing on participants and their interest. The findings suggest that the decision makers should focus their resources on stakeholders monitoring the environment, which is essential to identify potential threats and opportunities.

A pattern recognition algorithm called SALSA (scoring algorithm for spectral analysis) has been developed to rapidly screen large numbers of peptide MS-MS spectra for fragmentation characteristics indicative of specific peptide modifications. The algorithm facilitates sensitive and specific detection of modified peptides at low abundance in an enzymatic protein digest. SALSA can simultaneously score multiple user-specified search criteria, including product ions, neutral losses, charged losses, and ion pairs that are diagnostic of specific peptide modifications. Application of SALSA to the detection of peptide adducts of the electrophiles dehydromonocrotaline, benzoquinone, and iodoacetic acid permitted their detection in a complex tryptic peptide digest mixture. SALSA provides superior detection of adducted peptides compared to conventional tandem MS precursor ion or neutral loss scans.

Research was conducted to examine the nature of the product created by professional sports leagues, determine how leagues market the product and what groups buy the product. Results demonstrate that although various operations are needed at the franchise level to enhance interest in the league product, the proper business entity is the league itself. Thus, it is important to identify the buyers of the product which include the fans, communities that construct facilities, television and other media and corporations that interact with teams and leagues.