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Colonialism, which involves the systemic domination of lands, markets, peoples, assets, cultures or political institutions to exploit, misappropriate and extract wealth and resources, affects health in many ways. In recent years, interest has grown in the decolonization of global health with a focus on correcting power imbalances between high-income and low-income countries and on challenging ideas and values of some wealthy countries that shape the practice of global health. We argue that decolonization of global health must also address the relationship between global health actors and contemporary forms of colonialism, in particular the current forms of corporate and financialized colonialism that operate through globalized systems of wealth extraction and profiteering. We present a three-part agenda for action that can be taken to decolonize global health. The first part relates to the power asymmetries that exist between global health actors from high-income and historically privileged countries and their counterparts in low-income and marginalized settings. The second part concerns the colonization of the structures and systems of global health governance itself. The third part addresses how colonialism occurs through the global health system. Addressing all forms of colonialism calls for a political and economic anticolonialism as well as social decolonization aimed at ensuring greater national, racial, cultural and knowledge diversity within the structures of global health. Le colonialisme, qui implique la domination systemique de terres, de marches, de peuples, de ressources, de cultures ou d'institutions politiques dans le but d'exploiter, de detourner et d'extraire des richesses et des ressources, affecte la sante de nombreuses manieres. Ces dernieres annees, la decolonisation de la sante mondiale a suscite un interet croissant, l'accent etant mis sur la correction des desequilibres de pouvoir entre les pays a revenu eleve et les pays a faible revenu, ainsi que sur la remise en question des idees et des valeurs de certains pays riches qui faponnent la pratique de la sante mondiale. Nous soutenons que la decolonisation de la sante mondiale doit egalement aborder la relation entre les acteurs de la sante mondiale et les formes contemporaines de colonialisme, en particulier les formes actuelles de colonialisme d'entreprise et de colonialisme financiarise qui operent par des systemes mondialises detraction de richesses et de profits. Nous presentons un programme d'action en trois parties destine a decoloniser la sante mondiale. La premiere partie porte sur les asymetries de pouvoir existant entre les acteurs de la sante mondiale des pays a hauts revenus et historiquement privilegies et leurs homologues des pays a faibles revenus et marginalises. La deuxieme partie concerne la colonisation des structures et des systemes de la gouvernance mondiale de la sante elle-meme. La troisieme partie traite de la maniere dont le colonialisme se manifeste a travers le systeme de sante mondial. La lutte contre toutes les formes de colonialisme necessite un anticolonialisme politique et economique ainsi qu'une decolonisation sociale visant a garantir une plus grande diversite nationale, raciale, culturelle et des connaissances au sein des structures de la sante mondiale. El colonialismo, que implica la dominacion sistemica de tierras, mercados, pueblos, bienes, culturas o instituciones politicas para explotar, apropiarse indebidamente y extraer riqueza y recursos, afecta a la salud de muchas maneras. En los ultimos anos ha crecido el interes por descolonizar la salud mundial, en particular para corregir los desequilibrios de poder entre los paises de ingresos altos y los de ingresos bajos, y para cuestionar las ideas y los valores de algunos paises ricos que influyen en la practica de la salud mundial. Sostenemos que la descolonizacion de la salud mundial tambien debe abordar la relacion entre los actores de la salud mundial y las formas contemporaneas de colonialismo, en especial las formas actuales de colonialismo corporativo y financiarizado que operan a traves de sistemas globalizados de extraccion de riqueza y especulacion. Presentamos un programa de accion dividido en tres partes para descolonizar la salud mundial. La primera parte se refiere a las asimetrias de poder que existen entre los actores de la salud mundial procedentes de paises de ingresos altos e historicamente privilegiados y sus homologos de entornos de ingresos bajos y marginados. La segunda parte se refiere a la colonizacion de las estructuras y sistemas de la propia gobernanza de la salud mundial. La tercera parte aborda como se produce el colonialismo a traves del sistema sanitario mundial. Abordar todas las formas de colonialismo exige un anticolonialismo politico y economico, asi como una descolonizacion social destinada a garantizar una mayor diversidad nacional, racial, cultural y de conocimientos dentro de las estructuras de la salud mundial. [phrase omitted], Introduction Medicine and public health have always been shaped by social and political values, (1) as evident in efforts to redress social inequities in health, struggles to realize health as [...]

Every year, WHO produces the World health report the 2005 report concentrated on maternal, neonatal and child health. But what is the value of these reports? Are they ritualistic publications designed to promote WHO, or are they worthy of proper discussion and debate? One would think that given the current crises in global health, the annual report of the UN's primary agency for health would be important. However, unless there is evidence that these reports are taken seriously, discussed and debated, and shown to have an effect, a conclusion might be drawn that they are largely insignificant. And that would consign WHO to a level of insignificance that it does not warrant. In this discussion of the 2005 report, I aim to provoke a response from both WHO and the international health community to demonstrate that the annual World health reports are meaningful. Furthermore, I suggest here that WHO shows its commitment to the recommendations of the 2005 report by monitoring how well recommendations have been taken forward. Keywords Maternal welfare; Child welfare; Maternal health services; Child health services; Socioeconomic factors; Health economics; World Health Organization (source: MESH, NLM). Mots cles Protection maternelle; Protection enfance; Service sante maternelle; Service sante infantile; Facteur socioeconomique; Economie de la sante; Organisation mondiale de la Sante (source: MESH, INSERM). Palabras clave Bienestar materno; Bienestar del nino; Servicios de salud materna; Servicios de salud infantil; Economia de la salud; Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006;84:327-332. Chaque Annie, l'OMS publie le Rapport sur la sante dans le monde et la version de 2005 est axle sur la sante de la mere, du nouveaune et de l'enfant. Mais quel est l'interet de ces rapports ? Leur publication correspond-elle a une operation rituelle de promotion de l'OMS ou est-elle a meme de susciter des discussions et des debats pertinents ? Compte tenu de la crise sanitaire qui touche le monde actuellement, on pourrait penser que le rapport annuel de la principale agence des Nations Unies pour la sante devrait etre important. Neanmoins, si rien n'indique que ces rapports sont pris au serieux, font l'objet de discussions et de debats et ont un effet demontre, on peut en deduire que leur impact est dans une large mesure insignifiant. La faiblesse de cet impact risque de conduire a une sous-evaluation immeritee du role de l'OMS. La discussion de ce rapport 2005 s'efforce de susciter une reaction de la part de l'OMS, comme de la communaute sanitaire internationale, pour faire valoir l'interet des rapports annuels sur la sante dans le monde Entre outre, il est propose que l'OMS demontre son engagement a l'egard des recommandations du rapport 2005 en exercant un suivi de l'application de ces recommandations. Cada ano la OMS elabora su Informe sobre la salud en el mundo. El informe de 2005 se centro en la salud de la madre, del recien nacido y del nino. Ahora bien, [??]que valor tienen estos informes? [??]Se trata de una publicacion ritual concebida para promocionar a la OMS, o merece ser examinada y debatida cabalmente? Cabe pensar, considerando las crisis por las que atraviesa actualmente la salud mundial, que el informe anual del principal organismo de las Naciones Unidas para la salud ha de ser una obra importante. Sin embargo, si no se demuestra que esos informes son acogidos, examinados y debatidos con interes y que tienen impacto, podriamos Ilegar a la conclusion de que son praticamente irrelevantes; y eso rebajaria inmerecidamente la relevancia de la OMS. En este analisis sobre el informe de 2005, mi proposito es provocar una respuesta por parte de la OMS y de la comunidad sanitaria internacional para que demuestren que esos informes anuales sobre la salud en el mundo tienen razon de ser. Ademas, propongo aqui que la OMS muestre su compromiso con las recomendaciones del informe de 2005, vigilando en que medida se ponen en practica. [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.], Voir page 330 le resume en francais. En la pagina 330 figura un resumen en espanol. Introduction The World health report 2005--Make every mother and child count, draws attention to [...]

We describe a number of pitfalls that may occur with the push to rapidly expand access to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. These include undesirable opportunity costs, the fragmentation of health systems, worsening health care inequities, and poor and unsustained treatment outcomes. On the other hand, AIDS 'treatment activism' provides an opportunity to catalyze comprehensive health systems development and reduce health care inequities. However, these positive benefits will only happen if we explicitly set out to achieve them. We call for a greater commitment toward health activism that tackles the broader political and economic constraints to human and health systems development in Africa, as well as toward the resuscitation of inclusive and equitable public health systems.

The human airway cell line Calu-3 with a serous phenotype was examined to determine the mechanics by which cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel (CFTR Cl-) secretion. The findings confirmed the cAMP stimulation of CFTR channels localized in the apical plasma membrane. However, the recruitment of CFTR from an intracellular source prior to crossing the plasma membrane was ruled out. This implies the involvement of CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion in human airway epithelial serous cells in cystic fibrosis.

Mouse inner medullarity collecting duct cells (mIMCD-K2) were analyzed to determine the effects of hyperosmolality on electrogenic Na2+ adsorption (IsupNasubSC) and electrogenic Cl secretion (IsupClsubSC). Acute and chronic hyperosmolality in mIMCD-K2 cell lines reduced basal IsupNasubSc and IsupClsubSC due to elevations in NaCl and urea. Furthermore, the renal transport of urea, water, Na2+ and Cl- across IMCD were dependent on the osmolality of the interstitial fluid.

Expression of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-gated channels and alpha-messenger rat epithelial Na+ channel (alpha-mENaC) in nephrotic cells were analyzed by the localization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction hybridization indicated the role of cGMP and alpha-mENaC in mediating the Na+ absorption of nephron segments. The mRNA that promotes cGMP-gated cation channel and alpha-mENaC is coexpressed at the medullary thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, cortical collecting duct, outer and inner medullary collecting duct.

A study was conducted to determine if adenosine and adenosine A1 receptors are involved in the regulation of electrogenic secretion of chloride ions (Cl-) in mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD). The results show that adenosine does not regulate basal mIMCD electrogenic Cl- secretion. However, adenosine release during arginine vasopressin-stimulated electrogenic Cl- secretion binds to adenosine A1 receptors, thereby attenuating electrogenic Cl- secretion by reducing intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

Swim training changes the effects of hemorrhage on endocrine and sympathoadrenal function in borderline hypertensive rats (BHR). In exercised-trained BHR rats, glucose mobilization is lower due to fluid and electrolyte conservation, possibly to conserve stores in response to hemorrhage. The altered sympathoadrenal and endocrine function can help ease the deleterious effects of hemorrhage.

The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and whole cell patch-clamp techniques confirm the presence of A1 adenosine receptors in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) human airway epithelial cells and their ability to moderate Cl- transport in the cells. The sequence of the human brain adenosine A1 receptor are similar in the normal and CF airway cell PCR products. In normal epithelial cells, the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-activated Cl- conductance is enhanced by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3- dipropylxanthine.

Introduction The high-level Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems was set up in 2008 and chaired by Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain [...]

Introduction A recent trend in global health has been a growing emphasis on measuring the value of development assistance for health (DAH) and the use of models to estimate the [...]

MCCoy, David E., Amanda L. Taylor, Brian A. Kudlow, Katherine Karlson, Margaret J. Slattery, Lisa M. Schwiebert, Erik M. Schwiebert, and Bruce A. Stanton. Nucleotides regulate NaCl transport in mIMCD-K2 cells via P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Renal Physiol. 46): F552-F559, 1999.--Extracellular nucleotides regulate NaCl transport in some epithelia. However, the effects of nucleotide agonists on NaCl transport in the renal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) are not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether ATP and related nucleotides regulate NaCl transport across mouse IMCD cell line (mIMCD-K2) epithelial monolayers and, if so, via what purinergic receptor subtypes. ATP and UTP inhibited [Na.sup.+] absorption [measured via [Na.sup.+] short-circuit current ([MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII])] and stimulated [Cl.sup.-] secretion [measured via [Cl.sup.-] short-circuit current ([MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII])]. Using selective P2 agonists, we report that P2X and P2Y purinoceptors regulate [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] and [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]. By RT-PCR, two P2X receptor channels ([P2X.sub.3], [P2X.sub.4]) and two P2Y G protein-coupled receptors ([P2Y.sub.1], [P2Y.sub.2]) were identified. Functional localization of P2 purinoceptors suggest that [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] is stimulated by apical membrane-resident P2Y purinoceptors and P2X receptor channels, whereas [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] is inhibited by apical membrane-resident P2Y purinoceptors and P2X receptor channels. Together, we conclude that nucleotide agonists inhibit [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] across mIMCD-K2 monolayers through interactions with P2X and P2Y purinoceptors expressed on the apical plasma membrane, whereas extracellular nucleotides stimulate [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] through interactions with P2X and P2Y purinoceptors expressed on the apical plasma membrane. inner medullary collecting duct; short-circuit current; kidney