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U.S. Naval Strategy and National Security: The Evolution of American Maritime Power, by Sebastian Bruns. London: Routledge, 2018. 270 pages. $155. The past quarter century has not been a happy [...]

Overnight on February 26-27, 2014, Russian forces invaded the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. Twenty-eight days later they had completed the first forced transfer of territory to take place in Europe [...]

The Decline of European Naval Forces: Challenges to Sea Power in an Age of Fiscal Austerity and Political Uncertainty, by Jeremy Stohs. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2018. 290 pages. [...]

Disraeli's Lothair, published in 1870 and reprinted seven times that year, was the sensation of the literary decade, avidly read by a wide readership on both sides of the Atlantic. [...]

Geography gives strategy its context. Secure from land invasion, Great Britain and later the United States employed a distinctive form of sea power to defeat their adversaries. Both used their [...]

Wang Yilin, chairman of the China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), reportedly told an audience at CNOOC's headquarters in Beijing in May that large-scale deepwater rigs are 'our mobile national [...]

Kraska, James. Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011. 464pp. $95'In the unrelenting struggle of peoples,' the historian Pete Padfield wrote, 'those ascendant [...]

Piracy off the coast of Somalia seized the world's imagination a couple of years back when it provided dramatic footage of a kind of criminal activity unfamiliar to many Westerners. [...]

The Free Sea: The American Fight for Freedom of Navigation, by James Kraska and Raul Pedrozo. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2018. 416 pages. $39.95. For most of its 235 [...]

The increasing number of pirate attacks in and around Somali waters prompted the United Nations Security Council to approve Resolutions 1816. The resolution permits mandated countries to enter Somali waters to counter terrorism and the impact of this move will be felt during the initial six month period.

Both researchers and practitioners need to know more about how laboratory treatment protocols translate to real-world practice settings and how clinical innovations can be systematically tested and communicated to a skeptical scientific community. The single-case time-series study is well suited to opening a productive discourse between practice and laboratory. The appeal of case-based time-series studies, with multiple observations both before and after treatment, is that they enrich our design palette by providing the discipline another way to expand its empirical reach to practice settings and its subject matter to the contingencies of individual change. This article is a user's guide to conducting empirically respectable case-based time-series studies in a clinical practice or laboratory setting. Keywords: time series, single-subject research, time-series analysis, psychotherapy research

On 12 October 2000, two men from an organization aligned with al-Qa'ida loaded a rigid raider (a small boat with glass-reinforced-plastic hull) with explosives and drove it into the side [...]

The Sea Tigers, the naval wing of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, present a major challenge for the counterinsurgency authorities. The tactics and technology currently used by this Sri Lankan rebel group, which is the most successful non-state navy in the world, are discussed, and the implications of maritime insurgency are evaluated.

Fears of global maritime terrorism are increasing but practical difficulties and an absence of required skills on the part of the potential terrorists make such a threat remote. Also the largely unregulated waters of the world are a haven for transporting terrorists and their arms and it is unlikely that they would want to destroy their maritime highway by indulging in violent activity.

Previous investigations of adult age differences in the redundant signals effect suggest that both older and younger adults benefit from the presentation of redundant information. However, age deficits in divided attention may cause older adults to process redundant information in a different manner. In the present experiment, we tested between two competing explanations for the redundant signals effect: separate activation and coactivation. To investigate this issue, we used a bimodal detection task in which the auditory signal was a 1000-Hz tone and the visual signal was an asterisk. Both age groups showed significant violations of Miller's race model inequality, providing evidence for coactivation. These results suggest that, despite age-related deficits in divided attention, the ability to coactivate information from bimodal signals is spared with increased age.

The authors report a lexical decision experiment designed to determine whether activation is the locus of the word-frequency effect. K. R. Paap and L. S. Johansen (1994) reported that word frequency did not affect lexical decisions when exposure durations were brief; they accounted for this by proposing that data-limited conditions prevented late-occurring verification processes. Subsequently, P. A. Allen, A. F. Smith. M. Lien, T. A. Weber, and D. J. Madden (1997) and K. R. Paap, L. S. Johansen, E. Chun, and P. Vonnahme (2000) reported additional evidence that word-frequency effects do and do not have an activation locus, respectively. The authors further tested this issue in a lexical decision experiment using data-limited procedures--predicted by verification models to eliminate word-frequency effects. The authors observed word-frequency effects using individually determined exposure durations that were only 1 screen cycle longer than the exposure duration that yielded chance performance. Word-frequency effects persisted even when an adjusted measure of performance was used. Keywords: (locus of) word-frequency effect, activation, verification

In this project we examined the effect of adult age on visual word recognition by using combined reaction time (RT) and accuracy methods based on the Hick--Hyman law. This was necessary because separate Brinley analyses of RT and errors resulted in contradicting results. We report the results of a lexical decision task experiment (with 96 younger adults and 97 older adults). We transformed the error data into entropy and then predicted RT by using entropy values separately for exposure duration (thought to influence peripheral processes) and word frequency (thought to influence central processes). For exposure duration, the entropy--RT functions indicate that older adults show higher intercepts and slopes than do younger adults, suggesting an encoding decrement for older adults. However, for word frequency, older adults show higher intercepts but not steeper slopes than younger adults. Older adults thus show a peripheral processing decrement but not a central processing decrement for lexical decision.

Evaluation of overlapping processing in younger and older adults using the psychological refractory period technique reveals that the effect of word frequency on the lexical-decision task show that older adults perform as well as younger adults the task in question in parallel with the shape discrimination task.

Results show that the age does affect across the cognitive, sensory, and physiological factors in aged individuals as indicated by a decline in the task processing speed. Data point out that no single mechanism can explain all age-related cognitive declines.

A study was conducted to characterize a way to monitor a reaction sequence on resin. Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared were used for the nondestructive monitoring process. The identity of acrylate was determined using 13C NMR while alkylation was carried out to form the tetrasubstituted amine salt with allylic bromide. Results indicated that the combination of techniques can effectively support the nondestructive testing of resins.

Research was conducted to investigate the application of the Hofmann elimination of tetrasubsituted amine salts on solid-phase resin to produce diverse combinatorial libraries of trisubstituted amines. The diversity of disubstituted amines, cyclic and noncyclic was examined as a second step of alkylation while quaternary ammonium compounds were bound by overnight agitation. Results showed the success of amberlite-promoted Hofmann eliminations in solution-phase organic syntheses.

Strachan, Hew, and Sibylle Scheipers, eds. The Changing Character of War. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011. 564pp. $110 Academic strategists have been agonizing over whether war is changing its [...]

The application of a new encoding technology for drug discovery is described. A combinatorial library of mercaptoacyl pyrrolidines has been prepared on a beaded polymeric support. Each polymer bead carries one library constituent in association with an oligomeric 'tag,' the structure of which is a record of the specific reagents from which that library member was prepared. After the ligands were solubilized, an array of such beads was screened for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, and the structures of active pyrrolidines were deduced by analysis of the associated tags at sub-picomole levels. Several extremely potent enzyme inhibitors were identified, many from multiple beads. The most potent inhibitor was found to have a [K.sub.i] of 160 pM, [approximately equal to]3-fold more active than captopril in the same assay. Direct comparison with iterative deconvolution shows that the encoded screening strategy is a much more efficient means for extracting information from such compound collections, producing more data on a larger number of active structures.

Kleinen, John, and Manon Osseweijer, eds. Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Singapore and Leiden: ISEAS Press and International Institute for Asian Studies, 2010. 312pp. $74 [...]

Alexander Pope refers to Joseph Gage and Mary Herbert as examples of aristocratic avarice in his 'Epistle to Bathurst' (1732), but the entry on Gage in the 'Dictionary of National Biography,' to which readers of the poem in F.W. Bateson's edition are referred, is inaccurate. The biographical entry confuses Joseph Gage with the Conde de Gages and incorrectly states that he was married to Lady Mary Herbert. Gage and Lady Mary were close associates but never married.

Creatine (Cr)(3) is an important component of the energy delivery process in tissues with a high and/or fluctuating energy demand. In the phosphorylated form, phosphocreatine (PCr) is directly involved in maintaining low adenosine diphosphate concentrations at the sites of energy utilization. Consequently, the maintenance of an adequate supply of PCr at the contractile site of the muscle is important for the perpetuation of muscle performance during intense exercise and exertion. In normally active animals and humans, a sufficient supply of PCr is considered to be synthesized from the amino acids arginine and glycine (Harris and Lowe 1995). It has been observed in humans, however, that supplementary dietary Cr can, over time, increase the normal muscle content of 100-130 mmol/kg dry weight by between 2 and 40 mmol/kg (Harris et al. 1992). Dietary Cr supplementation has been shown to have a positive effect on short-lasting maximal exercise performance and sustained intense exercise with reduced metabolic effort (Balsom et al. 1993, Greenhaff et al. 1993, Harris et al. 1993); therefore, such Cr loading might be considered beneficial to the working and/or sporting dog. In the wild, the intake of Cr by the dog from freshly killed prey can be regular and substantial, 1.23-3.0 mmol/(kg body weight [center dot] d) (Rohrs 1987). However, a recent review of the dietary intake of Cr in the domestic dog indicated that dietary supply may be limited (Harris et al. 1997). Although this should not be regarded as a deficiency of the diet, it is certainly possible that an increase in supply may influence performance as with human athletes. A recent study in humans showed that long-term, low dose supplementation of the diet with Cr was ultimately as effective in raising muscle Cr concentration as a short-term, high dose supplementation (Hultman et al. 1996). In dogs, it has been shown that Cr is equally well absorbed into the plasma from either fresh meat or synthetic Cr (Harris and Lowe 1995). It remains unknown, however, which of the feeding regimens is the most appropriate to maximize muscle Cr concentration in dogs. A preliminary study was therefore conducted to investigate the effect of increasing dietary supplemental Cr on muscle and plasma Cr concentrations in dogs before a further more detailed study of the accumulation of muscle Cr over time. Materials and methods. Twelve adult Beagle dogs (13.7 kg, SD 2.59) were housed in 2.4 [m.sup.2] (1.7 m x 1.4 m) concrete block pens with an open-mesh steel gate to the front allowing them visual access to kennel-mates and the central walkway/exercise area. Bedding was provided in the form of soft-wood shavings. The kennel building was heated and ventilated to maintain a temperature between 16 and 24 [degrees], 30-70 % relative humidity with 12 h of light in a 24-h period. All dogs were monitored throughout the day and pens cleaned once daily. The study protocols were appropriately approved and the animals maintained under the care of a veterinary surgeon for the duration of the study in compliance with the 1986 EC directive (86/609/EEC) regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. All dogs had been fed a basal diet (Lowe et al. 1994), which contained 0.156 mmol Cr/kg diet for at least 2 mo. The dogs were then randomly allocated to four treatment groups (n = 3 per group) and the diet supplemented with dry crystalline creatine monohydrate to provide the equivalent of 0.38, 0.76, 1.53 or 3.05 mmol Cr/kg body weight daily for 28 d. Muscle biopsy samples were taken under anesthesia from the biceps femoris muscle of each dog using a percutaneous needle biopsy technique on d 0 (the day preceding Cr supplementation), 14 and 28; samples were frozen immediately. Subsequently, the samples were freeze-dried, dissected from visible connective tissue, powdered and analyzed for Cr, creatinine (Cn) and PCr, using reverse-phase ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (Dunnett et al. 1991). Blood samples were taken immediately before feeding and then at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after feeding on d 0, 14 and 28. All samples were immediately centrifuged and the plasma separated and frozen for subsequent Cr and Cn analysis. Plasma Cr and Cn were analyzed by ANOVA using the area under the plasma curve for 5 h after feeding ([AUC.sub.5]) within each collection day. With the use of ANOVA, muscle Cr concentration was examined by regression on Cr intake within a sample day. It is acknowledged that simple ANOVA between the two chosen time points is inappropriate; therefore, changes in muscle Cr concentration over time within the experiment were examined by a regression model. Results. Significant differences were observed in the [AUC.sub.5] for plasma Cr on d 14 (P = 0.009) and on d 28 (P = 0.005) (Table 1). The 1.53 and 3.05 mmol/kg treatments substantially increased the [AUC.sub.5] and peak plasma values for Cr. The profiles for plasma Cr were similar in shape for both d 14 and 28. Curves for the pooled data are shown for illustration in Figure 1. The plasma Cn profile for each treatment closely followed the plasma Cr profile with no apparent time lag. Although the plasma Cn profile was similar in shape, there was greater variability in value. There was a correlation between the [AUC.sub.5] for plasma Cn and the [AUC.sub.5] of Cr, which could be explained by the following equation: Plasma Cn = [0.32(SEM = 0.096) x Plasma Cr] - 21.1(SEM = 47.32) R = 0.81 The concentrations of the individual components, Cr, PCr and Cn found in the muscle samples were different from that expected to be found in vivo. In all probability, this is due to the likely hydrolysis of PCr during sample collection and preparation. The data were therefore analyzed on the basis of the total PCr + Cr + Cn, termed TCr, in the muscle sample. The TCr found in the muscles of supplemented dogs was within the range found in the muscles of Cr-supplemented humans. Variation in sample adenosine triphosphate (mean 23.9 [+ or -] 0.45 mmol/kg) indicated that the samples were consistent in their muscle content and did not account for any differences seen in TCr among dogs. Numerical increases, on the order of 8-32 mmol/kg in muscle TCr were observed within individual dogs from d 0 to 14. Further increases on d 28 were not observed, and no consistent effect over time for any treatment could be established. The mean values for each day and treatment are shown in Table 2. Large between-animal variation was observed both pre- and post-treatment, which, together with the small sample size, accounted for the overall large P-values reported for the treatment effects. Dogs with low initial muscle TCr increased their muscle TCr concentration more than those with higher initial muscle TCr concentrations. Within a given day, there were between-treatment differences, with the 3.05 mmol/kg treatment producing consistently lower muscle Cr values. Elimination of the dogs (n = 3) with high (>140 mmol/kg) initial muscle TCr concentrations from the data resulted in a more dramatic treatment effect by reducing the mean and the variability (SEM) of the TCr in the control dogs from 128.6 [+ or -] 17.19 to 111.7 [+ or -] 5.2. This resulted in a more definite effect of Cr intake on muscle Cr concentration, (Table 3). The observed increase, similar to that in humans (Hultman et al. 1996), is likely to be sufficient to account for the improvement in lactate threshold observed in dogs fed dietary supplemental Cr (Lowe, unpublished observations). Discussion. The data indicate that there may be large differences in muscle TCr concentration in dogs despite a constant dietary supply. The effect of feeding dietary supplemental Cr over a 4-wk period is to increase the muscle TCr of those dogs with low ( KEY WORDS: * dogs * creatine * muscle * plasma * creatinine

It could be said that the tide of the Napoleonic war began to turn in Britain's favour on June 5,1808, the day on which a deputation from the Junta de [...]

Struett, Michael J., Jon D. Carlson, and Mark T. Nance, eds. Maritime Piracy and the Construction of Global Governance. New York: Routledge, 2013. 226pp. $29 Piracy presents an extraordinary set [...]

We built Deese (1959)/Roediger and McDermott (1995) (DRM) false memory lists composed of multiplication problems rather than words. Half these lists contained table-related, near neighbors (e.g., 3 x 7 = ??, 3 x 9 = ??) of a missing multiplication answer lure (e.g., 24). The other half contained problems unrelated to the lure (e.g., 5 x 5 = ??, 11 x 3 = ??). Participants solved each problem in a single list and then took immediate recognition (Experiment 1) or recall and then recognition tests (Experiment 2) for the answers. Many people misremembered that the lure was an answer to a study-phase problem, but only when solving the study list that contained the lure's neighbors. False memory was also greater for some list--lure combinations than others, as seen previously with words. We have thus demonstrated that numbers can also produce false memory, and we use the mental math and DRM task literatures to explain these results.

Using the Deese--Roediger--McDermott task and E. Tulving's (1985) remember--know judgments for recognition memory, the authors explored whether emotional words can show the false memory effect. Participants studied lists containing nonemotional, orthographic associates (e.g., cape, tape, ripe; part, perk, dark) of either emotional (e.g., rape) or nonemotional (e.g., park) critical lures. This setup produced significant false 'remembering' of emotional lures, even though initially no emotional words appeared at study. When 3 emotional nonlure words appeared at study, emotional-lure false recognition more than doubled. However, when these 3 study words also appeared on the recognition test, false memory for the emotional lures was reduced. Across experiments, participants misremembered nonemotional lures more often than they did emotional lures, but they were more likely to rate emotional lures as 'remembered,' once they had been recognized as 'old.' The authors discuss findings in light of J. J. Freyd and D. H. Gleave's (1996) criticisms of this task.

Eaton Hastings is little more than a hamlet, situated south-west of Oxford on the upper reaches of the Thames. Motorists may be forgiven for not noticing that they have passed [...]

Berube, Claude, and Patrick Cullen, eds. Maritime Private Security: Market Responses to Piracy, Terrorism and Waterborne Security Risks in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge, 2012. 272pp. $135 In April [...]

Cann, John P. Brown Waters of Africa: Portuguese Riverine Warfare, 1961-1974. St. Petersburg, Fla.: Hailer, 2007. 248pp. $29.99 Counterinsurgency warfare is what used to be called 'colonial warfare.' Although the [...]