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Competing Interests: A.A. provides consultations to publishers both pro bono and on a paid basis. R.A. has ongoing collaborative research projects with ImageTwin and Signals and has been given free access in return. E.B. is an independent consultant who has received payments from scientific publishers and institutions to investigate particular cases of research misconduct, or for giving talks and workshops about research integrity and misconduct; has been given free access to ImageTwin and Proofig; and receives donations to support her work through Patreon.com. D.B. receives donations through a Patreon account. J.B. receives NHMRC grant funding to study publications from paper mills. G.C. received funding from the Academic Institute of France (IUF) and the European Research Council (ERC); is the administrator of the Problematic Paper Screener, a public website that uses metadata from Dimensions (Digital Science) and PubPeer (The PubPeer Foundation) through no-cost agreements; and has contacted most of the major publishers and their integrity officers, offering pro bono consulting regarding detection tools including ClearSkies, Morressier, River Valley, Signals and STM. C.L. is part of the NanoBubbles project that has received Synergy grant funding from the European Research Council (ERC), within the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program, grant agreement no. 951393. He has been in touch with most of the major publishers and their integrity officers, offering pro-bono consulting regarding detection tools to various actors in the field (STM-Hub, Morressier). N.W. is a research integrity manager at Taylor & Francis. The final version of this article was submitted before he started working for Taylor & Francis.