Search

Exercise is known to be an effective intervention for depression. NADPH has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in our previous studies. This study aimed to investigate if NADPH has antidepressant effects and can mimic the effects of exercise in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model. CUS rats underwent an 8-week swimming exercise (30 min/d, 5d/w) or were intraperitoneally administered 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg NADPH. The open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), and forced swimming test (FST) were used to examine the antidepressant-like behaviors of the rats. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH similarly reduced anxiety, as demonstrated by the number of fecal pellets. Meanwhile, exercise and 8 mg/kg NADPH significantly increased locomotion activity in the OFT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH effectively reversed CUS-induced anhedonia in rats in the SPT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH had no impact on appetite of depressed rats; however, 8 mg/kg NADPH increased the rats' exploratory activity in the NSFT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH significantly reduced the immobility time of CUS model rats, while exercise and 8 mg/kg NADPH postponed the early CUS-induced "immobility" in the FST. These results demonstrated that NADPH has similar antidepressant-like effects to exercise in CUS-induced depression model rats and is a potential exercise-mimicking antidepressant., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (RGL) is a famous ethnic medicine contained in antidepressant Chinese medicine formulas and is traditionally clinically used for depression. We have recently confirmed that RGL enhanced synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Chinese medical syndrome and that catalpol may be the representatively pharmacological component responsible for its improvement in synaptic plasticity and treatment of depression. Impaired synaptic plasticity is closely linked to major depression. Tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling has recently been discovered as a key pathway for synaptic plasticity improvement and antidepressant discovery. However, to date, it is unknown whether the target of catalpol to improve synaptic plasticity involves TrkB and whether its antidepressant mechanism involves synaptic plasticity mediated by TrkB signaling., Aim of Study: This study aims to elucidate the potential antidepressant target and mechanisms of catalpol, the main active compound of RGL, through TrkB signaling-mediated synaptic plasticity., Materials and Methods: We have recently predicted through molecular networking strategy (including network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation) that catalpol may exert its antidepressant effects by regulating TrkB signaling and thus modulating essential synaptic plasticity proteins. Then, this study used classic behavioral tests, targeted diagnostic reagents, Nissl and Golgi staining, immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Real-time PCR to confirm the potential target and signaling of catalpol to improve synaptic plasticity for the treatment of depression., Results: The data showed that catalpol could improve synaptic plasticity and depressive behaviors, and its action pathway was predicted to involve TrkB signaling. Subsequently, the blockade of TrkB abolished the improvement of synaptic plasticity by catalpol and its antidepressant properties, which validated that TrkB signaling was the key pathway for catalpol to improve synaptic plasticity and exert antidepressant properties. Inhibition of COX-2 was likely to be a necessary facilitator for the antidepressant efficacy of catalpol via the TrkB target and TrkB-mediated synaptic plasticity., Conclusion: TrkB signaling-mediated synaptic plasticity plays a key role in the antidepressant properties of catalpol. This study provides critical information for the development of new and targeted antidepressant therapies or treatment strategies by catalpol. However, considering the existence of sex differences in depression (female depression is 2-3 times than that of males) and not exploring the antidepressant sex specificity of catalpol is a limitation, we will investigate the sex specificity of the antidepressant effects and molecular mechanisms of catalpol on sex-specific animals in the future to provide a preclinical basis for more accurate and targeted medication of catalpol., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rationale: Although diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) and depression have been recognized for many years, their co-morbidity relationship and effective treatment choices remain uncertain., Objectives: To evaluate the antidepressant effect of carvedilol on streptozotocin-induced DPNP mice, and the relationship with gut microbiota., Methods: The hyperalgesia and depressive behaviors of mice with comorbidity of DPNP and depression were confirmed by pain threshold of the mechanical sensitivity test (MST), immobility time of the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). The anti-depressive effect and fecal gut microbiota composition were studied in DPNP mice treated with carvedilol (10 mg/kg/day), and the relationships between them were analyzed by Spearman's correlation., Results: Depression was successfully induced in DPNP mice. Carvedilol can reverse the decreased mechanical pain threshold and relieve the depressive behaviors of DPNP mice, while increasing the abundance of Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Helicobacter and Desulfovibrio, and decreasing the abundance of Akkermansia and Allobaculum., Conclusions: Carvedilol can alleviate the mechanical hyperalgesia and alter gut microbiota to ameliorate the depression-like behaviors which induced by DPNP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors state no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To discuss the influencing factors of mental resilience in adolescents with depression, and to analyze the interaction between them by using path analysis, in order to determine the reasonable prevention and treatment measures for clinical practice and provide reference for the study of mental resilience in adolescents with depression., Methods: This survey adopted cross-sectional study and convenience sampling method. General information questionnaire, Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), family assessment device (FAD) and social support rating scale (SSRS) were used to investigate the general information, mental resilience level, family function and social support level of 162 adolescents with depression in Jiaozuo Fourth People ' s Hospital. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of mental resilience in adolescents with depression. Structural equation model was established by Amos 22.0 software to analyze the influencing factors., Results: (1) The total score of CD-RISC and the scores of toughness, strength and optimism in adolescents with depression were lower than the domestic norm ( P < 0.05). (2) The results of multiple linear regression showed that weight, childhood trauma experience, family structure, family function, parental rearing style, parental marital status, social support and depression degree were the influencing factors of psychological resilience of adolescents with depression ( P < 0.05). (3) The model showed that weight, childhood trauma experience, family structure, family function and social support had direct effects on the mental resilience of adolescents with depression, and also had indirect effects on the mental resilience of adolescents with depression through the degree of depression ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: In this study, we found that weight, childhood trauma experience, social support, depression degree and other factors have an effect on the psychological resilience of adolescents with depression. We suggest that school administrators increase the class time and course content of physical education courses, improve the mental health service system, strengthen mental health services for key groups, and formulate corresponding topics for timely counseling. At the same time, encourage them to actively participate in social practice activities, enhance self-confidence, and thus help to improve the level of psychological resilience of adolescents with depression.

Background: The study's main aim was to analyze the structure and configuration of distress symptoms and resource factors., Purpose: Common methods of assessing distress symptoms in cancer patients (i) do not capture the configuration of individual distress symptoms and (ii) do not take into account resource factors (e.g., social support, coping, caring health professionals). Network analysis focuses on the configuration and relationships among symptoms that can result in tailored interventions for distress. Network analysis was used to derive a symptom-level view of distress and resource factors., Methods: Nine hundred and ninety-two cancer patients (mixed diagnoses) completed an abridged Distress Screening Schedule that included 24 items describing symptoms related to distress (depression, anxiety) and resource factors (social support, coping, caring health professionals)., Results: In network analysis, the centrality strength index (CSI) is the degree to which an item is connected to all other items, thus constituting an important focal point in the network. A depression symptom had the highest CSI value: felt lonely/isolated (CSI = 1.30). In addition, resource factors related to coping efficacy (CSI = 1.20), actively seeking support (CSI = 1.10), perceiving one's doctor as caring (CSI = 1.10), and receiving social support (CSI = 1.10) also all had very high CSI scores., Conclusions and Implications: These results emphasize the integral importance of the social symptoms of loneliness/isolation in distress. Thus, distress symptoms (loneliness) and resource factors (coping efficacy, seeking social support, and perceiving medical professionals as caring) should be integral aspects of distress management and incorporated into assessment tools and interventions to reduce distress., (© Society of Behavioral Medicine 2024. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: As an emergent developmental construct, derailment - an individual difference hallmarked by a temporal discordance of the self - has been positively associated with depressive features, though less is known about the role of stress in this relationship. The aim of the present study was to explore the interaction between derailment and subjective stress on depressed mood., Methods: 265 adults recruited through Prolific - a crowd sourcing platform were first tasked with completing baseline measures, then were randomly assigned to a low stress or high stress condition. We utilized an adapted version of the Online Trier Stress Test to manipulate stress levels. Next, depressed mood and post-test perceived stress were measured. We analyzed data through STATA using a two-tailed independent samples t-test and multiple linear regression., Results: Findings suggested the experimental manipulation increased subjective stress within the high stress condition compared to the low stress condition (M diff  = 36.14, SE = 4.4, t = 8.21, p < .001). Further, we found the interaction between derailment and stress conditions was associated with increased depressed mood (β = -0.11, SE = 0.05, p = .038, R 2  = 0.5). Notably, we found significant between-condition differences in depressed mood for those who endorsed either low (d = 0.22, SE = 0.07, p = .003) or moderate levels of derailment (d = 0.11, SE = 0.05, p = .033), but not for those who endorsed high levels of derailment (d = 0.01, SE = 0.07, p = .92)., Limitations: This study utilized self-report measures, which may be susceptible to biased responses., Conclusions: Derailment may play a role in the persistence of depressed mood regardless of varying contexts of stress., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study sought to test the distinctiveness of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression., Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and target exploratory factor analysis (EFA), were used to test the distinctiveness of PGD from PTSD and depression symptoms in a large sample of adults bereaved for at least six months (N = 1917). Identified factors were explored in relation to demographic (i.e., age, gender) and loss-related (i.e., time since bereavement, nature of death, relationship to deceased, age of deceased, and frequency of contact with deceased) correlates., Results: The CFA model provided a good fit to the data, while the target EFA provided a slightly improved fit. All items loading strongly and significantly onto their respectively factors, and the IGQ items had few significant cross-factor loadings. All demographic and loss-related variables (except for death of a sibling and death from other causes) were associated with each of the factors, however, these associations were strongest for the PGD factor., Limitations: Participants were recruited using a non-probability sampling method and were from a relatively affluent Western nation., Conclusion: Findings from the current study demonstrate that PGD reflects an empirically distinguishable albeit related disorder to PTSD and depression in a sample of bereaved adults. The identification of correlates common to PGD, PTSD, and depression, as well as those unique to PGD, affords a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with bereavement-related psychopathology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors have no conflicts to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face high burden of common mental disorders (CMDs). Most of the evidence for the Collaborative Care (CC) model effectiveness comes from high-income countries (HICs) and may not generalise to LMICs. A systematic review was conducted to assess effectiveness of CC for CMDs in LMICs., Methods: We searched eight-databases, two trial registries (2011-November 2023). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults (≥18 years) with depression/anxiety diagnosis, reporting remission/change in symptom severity were eligible. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted for: short-(0-6 months), medium-(7-12 months), long-(13-24 months), and very long-term (≥25 months) follow-up. Quality was assessed with Cochrane RoB2 tool. PROSPERO registration: CRD42022380407., Results: Searches identified 7494 studies, 12 trials involving 13,531 participants were included; nine had low-risk of bias. CC was more effective than usual care for depression: dichotomous outcomes (short-term, 7 studies, relative risk (RR) 1.39, 95%CI 1.31, 1.48; medium-term, 6 studies, RR 1.35, 95%CI 1.28, 1.43); and continuous outcomes (short-term, 8 studies, standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.51, 95%CI -0.80, -0.23; medium-term, 8 studies, SMD -0.59, 95%CI -1.00, -0.17). CC was found to be effective at long-term (one study), but not at very long-term. Improvement in anxiety outcomes with CC (2 studies, 340 participants) reported up to 12-months; improvements in quality-of-life were not statistically significant (3 studies, 796 participants, SMD 0.62, 95%CI -0.10, 1.34)., Limitations: Pooled estimates showed high heterogeneity., Conclusions: In LMICs, CC was more effective than usual care for improving depression outcomes at short and medium-term follow-up. A similar improvement was found for anxiety outcomes, but evidence is limited., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Carnosine, anserine, and homocarnosine are histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) abundant in the skeletal muscle and nervous system in mammals. To date, studies have extensively demonstrated effects of carnosine and anserine, the predominant muscular HCDs, on muscular functions and exercise performance. However, homocarnosine, the predominant brain HCD, is underexplored. Moreover, roles of homocarnosine and its related HCDs in the brain and behaviors remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated potential roles of endogenous brain homocarnosine and its related HCDs in behaviors by using carnosine synthase-1-deficient (Carns1 -/- ) mice. We found that old Carns1 -/- mice (female 12 months old) exhibited hyperactivity- and depression-like behaviors with higher plasma corticosterone levels on light-dark transition and forced swimming tests, but had no defects in spontaneous locomotor activity, repetitive behavior, olfactory functions, and learning and memory abilities, as compared with their age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. We confirmed that homocarnosine and its related HCDs were deficient across brain areas of Carns1 -/- mice. Homocarnosine deficiency exhibited small effects on its constituent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, in which GABA levels in hypothalamus and olfactory bulb were higher in Carns1 -/- mice than in WT mice. In WT mice, homocarnosine and GABA were highly present in hypothalamus, thalamus, and olfactory bulb, and their brain levels did not decrease in old mice when compared with younger mice (3 months old). Our present findings provide new insights into roles of homocarnosine and its related HCDs in behaviors and neurological disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee reports financial support was provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Tokyo), Japan. Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee reports financial support was provided by Danone Institute of Japan Foundation, Japan. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Group differences in longitudinal patterns of child and adolescent depressive symptoms are commonly observed. However, the implications for adult mental health are unclear. This study presents a systematic review of child and adolescent depressive symptom trajectory research and meta-analysis of their longitudinal effects on adult depressive symptoms and disorders., Methods: A systematic search identified 12 longitudinal studies (12 cohorts, N = 35,058) that were harmonized to identify common symptom trajectories prior to age 18 years. Examination of follow-up in the same groups was made (at average age 20.5 years) to estimate longitudinal associations with adult depressive symptoms (Sx) and disorders (Dx), using random effects meta-analyses., Results: The included studies identified Low (70.3 %), Moderate (17.9 %), High (9.5 %), Increasing (9.5 %) and Decreasing (5.1 %) symptom trajectories. These trajectories were found to predict variation in symptoms and disorders in adulthood: Low, Dx = 4.5 %, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 2.7-6.8 %, Sx [Mean] = 8.33, Standard Deviation [SD] = 6.30; Moderate, Dx = 20.9 %, CI 11.9-31.5 % - Sx = 18.13, SD = 3.38; High, Dx = 34.4 % CI 17.2-54.0 % - Sx = 38.80, SD = 7.75; Increasing, Dx = 38.3 %, CI 12.7-67.5 % - Sx = 24.73, SD = 18.64; Decreasing, Dx = 15.4 %, CI 10.5-20.9 % - Sx = 17.00, SD = 12.18., Limitations: Confidence intervals are wide for some trajectory effects. There was significant between-cohort heterogeneity in predictive effects for High trajectories, suggesting the need for further research to identify characteristics influencing variation., Conclusion: Low symptom trajectories forecast lower adult depression symptoms and disorders. Programs effectively targeting reductions in Moderate, High, Increasing and Decreasing trajectories will likely prevent problems in early adulthood., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess the association between muscle mass and strength and depression through a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2014., Methods: Muscle mass was calculated by summing the lean body mass of the limbs and muscle strength was assessed by grip strength. Depression was determined by The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. We used weighted multivariate logistic regression models to explore the relationship between muscle mass and strength and depression. Generalized additive models were used to test for the presence of nonlinear associations. We then constructed a two-piece-wise linear regression model and performed a recursive algorithm to calculate inflection points. In addition, subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed., Results: The study recruited 4871 adults from the United States. In regression models adjusted for all confounding variables, the OR (95 % CI) for the association between grip strength and appendicular lean mass (ALM) and depression were 0.943 (0.903, 0.985), 0.945 (0.908, 0.983), respectively. There was a non-linear association between grip strength and depression with a turning point of 46.3. The OR (95 % CI) before the turning point was 0.920 (0.872, 0.972). The interaction was statistically significant only in the age analysis. There was also a nonlinear association between ALM and depression, but no significant turning point was found. The interaction was statistically significant in the gender and BMI analyses., Conclusion: Grip strength and ALM are negatively associated with an increased likelihood of depression in US adults. Exercises for muscle mass and strength may help prevent depression., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: A relatively small number of studies have researched the relationship between sleep duration and suicidal ideation, attempts, and behavior. This research aims to investigate the link between sleep duration and suicide in Chinese adolescents, and to examine the role of depression as a mediating factor., Method: Data were collected from 3315 students using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method and self-administered questionnaires. The study applied logistic regression to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and various forms of suicidal behavior, and mediation analysis to understand how depression might influence this relationship., Results: The average sleep duration among the adolescents was 7.25 h (±0.20), with 59.67 % reporting insufficient sleep. The logistic regression analysis showed that longer sleep duration is linked with lower risks of suicidal ideation (OR: 0.753, 95%CI: 0.696 to 0.814), suicidal attempts (OR: 0.830, 95%CI: 0.748 to 0.922), and suicidal behavior (OR: 0.841, 95%CI: 0.713 to 0.992). Analysis using restricted cubic spline plots indicated the connection between sleep duration and these suicidal factors was not linear. The study found that depression plays a partial mediating role between sleep duration and suicidal ideation, with an effect of 52.29 %., Limitations: The cross-sectional study design could not prove causation., Conclusions: There is a clear non-linear association between sleep duration and suicidal tendencies in adolescents, with depression acting as a mediator. This suggests that future research could focus on sleep and mood management as ways to address suicide risk in this age group., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: With rising demand for soft drinks (SDs) in low-income countries, studies examining mental disorders in relation to SDs are rather scarce. Therefore, we aimed to explore this association in a sample of Iranian adults., Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out within the framework of the multi-centric LIPOKAP project, with 1970 Iranian healthy adults. Dietary intake and symptoms of depression and anxiety were collected using validated, Persian versions of a food frequency questionnaire and a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. Artificial juices were considered fruit-flavored carbonated sugar beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) included fruit-flavored carbonated sugar beverages and carbonated colas, and soft drinks included SSB and drinks containing non-nutritive sweeteners., Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.8 ± 13.9 years. Compared to lower intake, higher intake of SDs (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.69; P = 0.041), SSBs (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.67; P = 0.045) and artificial juice (OR = 1.63, 95 % CI: 1.24, 2.13; P < 0.001) was associated with higher risk of depression in adjusted model. These associations were sex-specific and more evident in males. No significant association was found between any of the drinks and anxiety risk except for artificial juice in men which was directly associated with anxiety risk (OR = 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.06, 2.61; P = 0.028)., Conclusion: This study found a positive association between SDs, SSBs and artificial juice and depression, but not anxiety. These associations varied between men and women. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm our results and reveal the causal relationship., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Anxiety and depression are central nervous system illnesses that are among the most prevalent medical concerns of the twenty-first century. Patients with this condition and their families bear psychological, financial, and societal hardship. There are currently restrictions when utilizing the conventional course of treatment. RNA interference is expected to become an essential approach in anxiety and depression due to its potent and targeted gene silencing. Silencing of genes by post-transcriptional modification is the mechanism of action of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The suppression of genes linked to disease is typically accomplished by siRNA molecules in an efficient and targeted manner. Unfavourable immune responses, off-target effects, naked siRNA instability, nuclease vulnerability, and the requirement to create an appropriate delivery method are some of the challenges facing the clinical application of siRNA. This review focuses on the use of siRNA in the treatment of anxiety and depression., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Official estimates of violence prevalence in England exclude older people. There are few studies of elder abuse and these excluded violence from acquaintances and strangers and lack comparability with younger adults., Objectives: To estimate prevalence of past-year violence victimisation in older people, identify factors associated with violence in older age, quantify the extent to which experience of violence in older people was associated with common mental disorder (CMD)., Study Design/methods: Analysis of a 2014 general population probability sample survey of 2570 adults aged 60+ and 4484 16-59 year olds. Modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale measured domestic violence and List of Threatening Experiences captured bullying and serious assault. CMD were assessed using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Associations were examined using regression models adjusted for childhood victimisation and other adversities., Results: 2.0 % (n = 52,CI:1.4-2.6) of older people experienced violence in the past year, with intimate partner violence the most prevalent form. Older people of non-white ethnicity, those who were socially isolated or lonely, and the formerly married were more likely to experience violence. Violence was associated with CMD in older people (adjusted odds ratio 2.2, CI:1.0-4.8), controlling for impairments, adversities and other factors., Conclusion: Violence, especially from an intimate partner, is evident in later life and strongly associated with poor mental health. Better instruments for the identification of violence and abuse in older people in research and safe enquiry in practice settings are needed, with recognition of and attention to ethnic and other inequalities among older people in exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest RS declares research support received within the last 3 years from Janssen, GSK and Takeda. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study adopts individual and societal-level approaches to examine the contribution of childhood risk factors to major depressive episodes (MDE) in 2526 American young adults., Methods: Nationally representative data from the 2017 U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics - Transition into Adulthood Supplement (PSID-TAS) were analyzed using multivariate methods to assess the impact of parental mental illness, childhood adversities, childhood mental disorders, and childhood physical conditions. Adjusted odds ratios and population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) are calculated to estimate the proportion of MDE cases related to risk factors., Results: The 12-month prevalence of positive screens for MDE was 25.4 %. Approximately 34 % of these were attributable to childhood mental disorders, 24 % to childhood physical conditions, 21 % to childhood adversities, and 16 % to parental mental illness. Childhood and parental depression were critical risk factors, both at the individual (odds ratio exceeding 2) and societal (PARP approximately 24 %) levels. Gender-specific risk factors were identified, with childhood physical abuse and childhood anxiety disorders constituting risk factors for females, and childhood externalizing disorders and childhood headaches as risk factors for males. Approximately 60 % of U.S. young adult MDE cases are attributable to risk factors before age 18., Limitations: Possible over reporting of MDE may have biased the associations between predictors and depression., Conclusions: Exposure to depression at a young age-one's own or parental depression-is a robust risk factor for both genders. Policies and interventions focused at alleviating the societal burden of depression should value its generational transmission., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no relevant interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Depression is a significant public health issue, closely associated with epilepsy and oxidative stress (OS). This study aims to explore the level of OS in patients with epilepsy and its relationship with moderate to severe depression (MSD)., Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 10,819 participants aged 20-80 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2013-2020 pre-pandemic). Depression symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and epilepsy was diagnosed based on antiepileptic drug use in the past 30 days. The oxidative balance score (OBS) was calculated from dietary recall and lifestyle habits over the previous 24 h., Results: Compared to non-epileptic subjects, epileptic patients have a significantly higher prevalence of depression. Epileptic patients exhibit lower OBS and Dietary Oxidative Balance Scores (DOBS), while there is no significant difference in Lifestyle Oxidative Balance Scores (LOBS). Depressed patients show lower OBS, DOBS, and LOBS. The mediation model indicates that DOBS mediates 3.44 % of epilepsy-related MSD., Conclusions: Epileptic patients exhibit significantly higher levels of OS and consume more pro-oxidant foods compared to the general population. However, their lifestyle habits do not differ significantly from those of the control group. Additionally, epileptic patients are at a higher risk of developing MSD. Although a pro-oxidant diet may be associated with epilepsy-mediated MSD, its mediating effect is relatively weak., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors assert the absence of any identifiable conflicting financial interests or personal relationships that might be construed as influencing the findings presented in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The relationship between depression and gut microbiota remains unclear, but an important role of gut microbiota has been verified. The relationship between gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be a potential new explanatory pathway., Methods: We collected samples from 63 depressed patients and 30 healthy controls for metagenomic sequencing. The two groups' microbiota characteristics, functional characteristics, and ARG differences were analyzed., Results: We obtained 30 differential KEGG orthologs (KOs) and their producers in 5 genera and 7 species by HUMAnN3. We found 6 KOs from Weissella&#95;cibaria and Lactobacillus&#95;plantaru are potentially coring functional mechanism of gut microbiota. Different metabolites including sphingolipids, pyrans, prenol lipids, and isoflavonoids also showed significance between MDD and HC. We detected 48 significantly different ARGs: 5 ARGs up-regulated and 43 ARGs down-regulated in MDD compared to HC. Based on Cox model results, Three ARGs significantly affected drug efficacy (ARG29, ARG105, and ARG111). Eggerthella, Weissella, and Lactobacillus were correlated with different core ARGs, which indicated different mechanisms in affecting MDD., Limitations: The present study needs to be replicated in different ethnic groups. At the same time, a larger Chinese cohort study and detailed experimental verification are also the key to further discussion., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ARGs play a role in the interplay between major depressive disorder and gut microbiota. The role of ARGs should be taken into account when understanding the relationship between depression and gut microbiota., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the mental health of human beings since 2020, especially the young people and the pre-existing marginalized groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the multi-country outbreak of mpox in 2022 additionally posed a significant stress on the most-affected communities (i.e., MSM). This study investigated the level of depressive symptoms and its multifaceted associated factors among Chinese young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in this unique period., Methods: In September 2022, a large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted among YMSM aged 18-29 years across six representative provinces in China. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to test the various types of associated factors of depressive symptoms., Results: Among the 2493 participants, 65.6 % (n = 1638) reported mild to severe depressive symptoms. The hierarchical regression analysis identified that depressive symptoms was significantly positively associated with unemployment, having substance use in the past 6 months, a higher level of MSM self-stigma, incompletion of COVID-19 vaccination, greater mpox risk perception, and presence of mpox related-like symptoms., Limitations: This study used the facility-based sampling method to recruit the participants, which may lead to selection bias., Conclusions: Chinese YMSM faced significant mental health challenges during the concurrent epidemics of COVID-19 and mpox, which was associated with their socio-economic status, risk behaviors, stigma, and multiple diseases-related variables. Proactive measures may hold promise as effective strategies for mitigating mental distress among marginalized groups during public health crises., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) often co-occur, with 20 % of adults with MDD meeting criteria for BPD. While MDD is typically diagnosed by symptoms persisting for several weeks, research suggests a dynamic pattern of symptom changes occurring over shorter durations. Given the diagnostic focus on affective states in MDD and BPD, with BPD characterized by instability, we expected heightened instability of MDD symptoms among depressed adults with BPD traits. The current study examined whether BPD symptoms predicted instability in depression symptoms, measured by ecological momentary assessments (EMAs)., Methods: The sample included 207 adults with MDD (76 % White, 82 % women) recruited from across the United States. At the start of the study, participants completed a battery of mental health screens including BPD severity and neuroticism. Participants completed EMAs tracking their depression symptoms three times a day over a 90-day period., Results: Using self-report scores assessing borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits along with neuroticism scores and sociodemographic data, Bayesian and frequentist linear regression models consistently indicated that BPD severity was not associated with depression symptom change through time., Limitations: Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity may be restricted by use of a self-report screening tool for capturing BPD severity. Additionally, this clinical sample of depressed adults lacks a comparison group to determine whether subclinical depressive symptoms present differently among individuals with BPD only., Conclusions: The unexpected findings shed light on the interplay between these disorders, emphasizing the need for further research to understand their association., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest NCJ has received a research grant from Boehringer Ingelheim as PI (though there is no salary support or direct payments to NCJ the grant funds his personnel and his ability to collect data). Additionally, NCJ receives speaking fees and royalties related to publishing a book through the Academic Press., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Using the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) to differentiate between depression severity levels remains unexplored. We explored the discriminative validity of the MFQ to identify an optimal cut-off MFQ score to distinguish between subthreshold-to-mild and moderate-to-severe depression severity levels., Methods: An observational cross-sectional design was used in a sample (N = 67) of help-seeking youth (ages 13 to 18, inclusive) experiencing depressive symptoms. The MFQ was administered verbatim to youth by a research analyst over the phone. Youth were then grouped into subthreshold-to-mild or moderate-to-severe depression severity categories based on scores received on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Depression Rating Scale. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analyses were conducted, with area under the curve (AUC) and Youden Index (J) as primary indices. We hypothesized that the lower limit of the 95 % confidence interval for the area under the curve would be ≥0.70., Results: The primary analysis yielded an AUC of 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.763-0.947) and an optimal cut-off of ≥43 (J = 0.60, positive predictive value = 91.4 %, negative predictive value = 62.5 %, sensitivity = 72.7 %, specificity = 87.0 %)., Limitations: Our study collected a small sample, and as such cannot identify how subgroup classification (e.g., based on race or gender) may moderate outcomes. Further, unknown measurement error of the predictor and reference variable measures can bias the estimates., Conclusions: Our preliminary findings highlight the potential for the MFQ to support clinical decision-making relevant to adolescents experiencing varying severities of depressive symptoms in secondary care settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Darren Courtney receives financial support from the Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health; the University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Dr. Suneeta Monga receives financial support from CIHR and the Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression. She also receives royalties from Springer for the book “Assessing and Treating Anxiety Disorders in Young Children; She is also the holder of the TD Bank Financial Group Chair in Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. All other authors have no financial interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background and Objectives: Ketamine and esketamine are increasingly prescribed in the treatment of resistant mood disorders and persons at risk of suicide. Ketamine is a drug of misuse with increasing non-therapeutic use in the general population. Herein, our aim was to determine whether ketamine and/or esketamine are disproportionately associated with reports of substance and/or alcohol misuse., Methods: Replicating a similar analysis recently conducted using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, we identified cases of "alcohol problem, alcoholism, alcohol abuse, substance dependence, substance use disorder (SUD), substance abuse, drug dependence, drug use disorder and drug abuse" in association with ketamine and esketamine reported to the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database (WHO VigiBase). We searched the database from inception to January 2024. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) of each of the aforementioned parameters was calculated; acetaminophen was used as the control. The numerator of the equation represents the number of cases (n) and the denominator represents the total cases of psychiatric disorders (N). Significance was obtained when the lower limit of the 95 % confidence (CI) > 1.0., Results: The RORs for ketamine was increased for most parameters (i.e., alcohol abuse (3.24), substance dependence (12.48), substance use disorder (170.44), substance abuse (2.94), drug dependence (2.88), drug use disorder (11.54) and drug abuse (2.85), respectively). With respect to esketamine, the RORs were observed to be different from ketamine insofar as we observed a reduction in the RORs for three parameters (i.e., substance abuse (0.41), drug dependence (0.083) and drug abuse (0.052), respectively). The IC025 values were significant for ketamine in cases of alcohol abuse (0.35), substance dependence (0.50), substance use disorder (2.77), substance abuse (0.83), drug dependence (0.97), drug use disorder (1.95) and drug abuse (0.94). Additionally, oxycontin showed significant IC025 values for substance use disorder (0.0014), substance abuse (0.042), and drug dependence (0.17)., Conclusion: Esketamine was not associated with an increased ROR for any parameter of alcohol and/or substance use disorder. Mixed results were observed with ketamine with some RORs increased and others decreased. Estimating RORs using a pharmacovigilance database does not establish causation in the case of elevated RORs and cannot be assumed to be a therapeutic effect when lower RORs were observed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Roger S. McIntyre has received research grant support from CIHR/GACD/National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the Milken Institute; speaker/consultation fees from Lundbeck, Janssen, Alkermes, Neumora Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sage, Biogen, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Purdue, Pfizer, Otsuka, Takeda, Neurocrine, Sunovion, Bausch Health, Axsome, Novo Nordisk, Kris, Sanofi, Eisai, Intra-Cellular, NewBridge Pharmaceuticals, Viatris, Abbvie, Atai Life Sciences. Dr. Roger S. McIntyre is a CEO of Braxia Scientific Corp. Dr. Rodrigo B. Mansur has received research grant support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Physicians' Services Incorporated (PSI) Foundation and the Baszucki Brain Research Fund; and support from an Academic Scholars Award from the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto. Dr. Joshua D. Rosenblat has received research grant support from the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR), Physician Services Inc. (PSI) Foundation, Labatt Brain Health Network, Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation (BCDF), Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Psychiatric Association, Academic Scholars Award, American Psychiatric Association, American Society of Psychopharmacology, University of Toronto, University Health Network Centre for Mental Health, Joseph M. West Family Memorial Fund and Timeposters Fellowship and industry funding for speaker/consultation/research fees from iGan, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Allergan, Lundbeck, Sunovion and COMPASS. Dr. Taeho Greg Rhee serves as a review committee member for Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and has received honoraria payments from PCORI and SAMHSA. Dr. Rhee has also served as a stakeholder/consultant for PCORI and received consulting fees from PCORI. Dr. Rhee serves as an advisory committee member for International Alliance of Mental Health Research Funders (IAMHRF). Dr. Rhee is currently a co-Editor-in-Chief of Mental Health Science and has received honorarium payments annually from the publisher, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Suicide ranks as a leading cause of premature death among adolescents globally. Understanding the trends and key determinants of suicidal behavior in youth are critical for implementing educational policies and supporting preventive strategies in schools., Methods: This retrospective study examined all hospitalizations due to suicidal behavior in children and adolescents aged 11 to 18 years in Spain, using data from the Spanish National Registry of Hospital Discharges spanning 2000 to 2021., Results: Over the 22-year study period, there were 2,015,589 hospitalizations among adolescents in Spain, with 118,609 (5.9 %) cases involving mental disorders. There were 2855 admissions with suicidal behavior, constituting 2.4 % of the hospitalizations among youth with mental disorders. Girls represented 73.4 % of all hospitalizations, with a median age of 16 years. Admissions for suicidal behavior saw a four-fold increase during the last decade (p < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate for adolescents with suicidal behavior doubled that of those hospitalized for other mental disorders. During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, admissions of adolescents with suicidal behavior decreased, only to surge by 2.5-fold during 2021., Conclusion: Hospital admissions for suicidal behavior among adolescents have risen in Spain over the last two decades. Girls represented 73.4 % of these admissions, yet in-hospital mortality was more frequent in boys., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None for all authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Individuals with high social interaction anxiety (SIA) and depression often behave submissively in social settings. Few studies have simultaneously examined the associations between objectively assessed submissive behaviors and SIA or depression, despite their high comorbidity and unknown mechanisms regarding submissiveness., Methods: A sample of 45 young adults self-reported trait SIA and depression, state positive/negative affect (PA/NA) before and after a virtual social interaction. Participants engaged in a four-minute conversation with a confederate who was trained to behave neutrally. Mutual eye gaze, via eye-tracking, and vocal pitch were assessed throughout the interaction., Results: Depression and SIA were positively correlated with NA, poorer self-rated performance, and vocal pitch. Highly socially anxious women engaged in less mutual eye gaze than highly socially anxious men. Also, vocal pitch was inversely associated with mutual eye gaze and positively related to NA and (nonsignificantly) to self-ratings of poor performance. Finally, our data partially replicated past research on the use of vocal pitch during social stress to detect social anxiety disorder., Limitations: The current sample is relatively homogenous in educational attainment, age, and race. All research confederates were women. Future research should examine whether these archival data replicate with the latest telecommunication technologies., Conclusion: Our findings highlight nuanced relationships among SIA, depression, emotions, self-perceptions, and biobehavioral indicators of submissive behavior-in response to an ambiguously negative/positive social interaction. Sex/gender may interact with these effects, emphasizing considerations for research method designs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent in low and middle-income countries, such as Haiti. However, there is little research on its association with mental health problems such as psychological distress and depression. Although there is evidence that men may experience IPV, few studies have investigated mental health difficulties among Haitian men and women. The present study aims to 1) assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and psychological distress in this population and 2) examine the association between IPV, psychological distress, and depression while considering potential risk and protective factors., Method: A representative sample of 3,586 adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 living in Haiti was recruited. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the association between IPV, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress., Results: Almost half of the sample reported depressive symptoms and psychological distress, with high rates among both genders. IPV was found to be an independent predictor of both depressive symptoms and psychological distress after accounting for risk and protective factors., Limitation: This study is the first step in understanding the interplay between IPV victimization, risk and protective factors, and psychological difficulties in this population. However, because of the cross-sectional design, causality should not be inferred. Furthermore, this study did not measure community violence, which could have affected participants' mental health., Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of considering the occurrence of IPV victimization when evaluating depression and psychological distress among adolescents and young adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

With increasing prevalence rate of depression by years, more attention has been paid to the influence of environmental pollutants on depression, but relationship between exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and depression is rarely studied. Therefore, this cross-sectional study use the National Center for Health Statistics (NHANES) database (2013-2016 years) to explore association between exposure to multiple VOCs and depression in general population. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between urinary VOC metabolism (mVOCs) and depression. To further analyze effect of multiple mVOCs mixed exposure, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were performed. A total of 3240 participants and 16 mVOCs were included in the analysis. Results showed that 10 mVOCs exposure were positively correlated with depression by multiple linear and logistic regression models, especially CYMA and MHBMA3, which also showed significant positive association with depression in BKMR model. Mixed exposure of multiple mVOCs was significantly positively correlated with depression. Gender differences were existed in effects of some VOCs concentrations on depression. AAMA, CYMA and MA had significant positive correlations with depression by women, and DHBMA had significant positive correlations with depression by men. Hence, this study showed that exposing to VOCs might have negative impacts on depression, and impact of CYMA and MHBMA3 on depression may be more evident, which provide new ideas for prevention and control of depression. But further research and exploration are needed to clarify the mechanism and influence factors of this relationship, to demonstrate the reliability of these relationship., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The clinical course of major depressive disorder (MDD) is heterogeneous, and early-onset MDD often has a more severe and complex clinical course. Our goal was to determine whether polygenic scores (PGSs) for psychiatric disorders are associated with treatment trajectories in early-onset MDD treated in secondary care., Methods: Data were drawn from the iPSYCH2015 sample, which includes all individuals born in Denmark between 1981 and 2008 who were treated in secondary care for depression between 1995 and 2015. We selected unrelated individuals of European ancestry with an MDD diagnosis between ages 10-25 ( N = 10577). Seven-year trajectories of hospital contacts for depression were modeled using Latent Class Growth Analysis. Associations between PGS for MDD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD, and anorexia and trajectories of MDD contacts were modeled using multinomial logistic regressions., Results: We identified four trajectory patterns: brief contact (65%), prolonged initial contact (20%), later re-entry (8%), and persistent contact (7%). Relative to the brief contact trajectory, higher PGS for ADHD was associated with a decreased odds of membership in the prolonged initial contact (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.11) and persistent contact (1.12, 1.03-1.21) trajectories, while PGS-AN was associated with increased odds of membership in the persistent contact trajectory (1.12, 1.03-1.21)., Conclusions: We found significant associations between polygenic liabilities for psychiatric disorders and treatment trajectories in patients with secondary-treated early-onset MDD. These findings help elucidate the relationship between a patient's genetics and their clinical course; however, the effect sizes are small and therefore unlikely to have predictive value in clinical settings.

In this triple-blind, randomized clinical trial, 60 menopausal women between the ages of 45 and 65 were randomized to receive 78% dark chocolate (12 g/day) or milk chocolate (12 g/day) for eight weeks. The primary outcome was depression scores. Secondary outcomes included sleep quality and anthropometric indices. ANCOVA with baseline adjustment showed that the mean depression score after the intervention in the group receiving dark chocolate was significantly reduced compared to the milk chocolate group (mean difference: -2.3; 95% confidence interval: -3.9 to -0.8; p = 0.003; Cohen's d = -0.54). However, no statistically significant difference in the overall sleep quality score and its subdomains was observed between the two groups after the intervention (p > 0.05). Furthermore, after the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of anthropometric indices, including weight (p = 0.075), BMI (p = 0.137), waist circumference (p = 0.463), and hip circumference (p = 0.114). The study suggests that consuming 78% dark chocolate for eight weeks may contribute to improvements in depression scores, but it does not appear to improve sleep quality or anthropometric indices.Trial registration: IRCT20220926056046N1; December 2022., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The present review explored the prevalence and factors of mental health conditions among lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual minority women (LBSW) in Southeast Asia. It found that the rates of significant depression and depressive symptoms range from 10% to 93.2%, with a median of 27.7%. This wide range can be due to a study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which found elevated depression, stress, and anxiety rates. Studies also highlight high levels of sadness, hopelessness, sleep and eating problems, fatigue, and suicidal thoughts among LBSW. Suicide rates indicate that LBSW have higher odds of suicidal ideations and attempts than their heterosexual peers in the region. Additionally, bisexual and polysexual women report higher rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors than lesbian women, necessitating tailored mental health interventions. Substance use among LBSW is also notable, including smoking and heavy drinking, though some rates are below the global average. Factors influencing mental health include openness about sexuality, coping styles, and discrimination. Discrimination is linked to various mental health issues, supporting the minority stress model's applicability in the region. Aging-related factors also affect mental health among LBSW, with older age being possibly protective against depression. Overall, this review highlights the urgent need for more inclusive mental health research and interventions in the region. Recommendations include training healthcare providers, developing tailored mental health programs, adopting suicide prevention initiatives, enacting anti-discrimination laws, and addressing substance use. Future research should focus on underrepresented regions and older LBSW.

A complex interaction among sensory, social and epigenetic determinants in psychiatric conditions was described across all age strata. The high prevalence of mental disorders in individuals with sensory deficits might be attributed to the interaction among social isolation, cognitive functioning and sensory processing. The epigenetic implications of such interactions were examined: environmental and social factors can affect gene expression and impact the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders also through sensory processing. This article discussed the role of social determinants, in other words, social isolation, loneliness and chronic stress, in promoting psychiatric disorders and, in a vicious circle, sensory deficits (vision, hearing, olfaction and somatosensation). We emphasized the importance of integrating social, sensory and epigenetic factors to target different treatments for psychiatric conditions.

Background: Should COVID-19 have a direct impact on the risk of depression, it would suggest specific pathways for prevention and treatment. In this retrospective population-based study, we aimed to examine the association of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection with depressive symptoms, distinguishing self-reported v . biologically confirmed COVID-19., Methods: 32 007 participants from the SAPRIS survey nested in the French CONSTANCES cohort were included. COVID-19 was measured as followed: ad hoc serologic testing, self-reported PCR or serology positive test results, and self-reported COVID-19. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Outcomes were depressive symptoms (total CES-D score, its four dimensions, and clinically significant depressive symptoms) and exposure was prior COVID-19 (no COVID-19/self-reported unconfirmed COVID-19/biologically confirmed COVID-19)., Results: In comparison to participants without COVID-19, participants with self-reported unconfirmed COVID-19 and biologically confirmed COVID-19 had higher CES-D scores ( β for one interquartile range increase [95% CI]: 0.15 [0.08-0.22] and 0.09 [0.05-0.13], respectively) and somatic complaints dimension scores (0.15 [0.09-0.21] and 0.10 [0.07-0.13]). Only those with self-reported but unconfirmed COVID-19 had higher depressed affect dimension scores (0.08 [0.01-0.14]). Accounting for ad hoc serologic testing only, the CES-D score and the somatic complaints dimension were only associated with the combination of self-reported COVID-19 and negative serology test results., Conclusions: The association between COVID-19 and depressive symptoms was merely driven by somatic symptoms of depression and did not follow a gradient consistent with the hypothesis of a direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the risk of depression.

Background and Aim: Some studies suggested an association between Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and psychosocial status, but most of them are focused on samples of patients looking for treatment or present limits of sample representativeness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychosocial status in a large sample of adult population, further than to assess its association to TMD symptoms, oral behaviours, and self-reported facial trauma., Results: the study sample included 4299 subjects older than 18 years randomly recruited from general population in public spaces during their daily life (1700 Males, 2599 Females mean ± SD age = 40.4 ± 18.1). Psychosocial status and pain-related disability were assessed by means of Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) and Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS). TMD symptoms were assessed by RDC/TMD and validated screening tools for TMD pain. Oral Behaviours Checklist was used to investigate on oral behaviours. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association of the psychosocial status, TMD symptoms, trauma, and oral behaviours. The association was tested using both univariate and multivariate models. The PHQ4 evaluation showed a severe impairment in 4.6% of our sample, moderate in 18.8% and mild in 32.5%. We found a Characteristic Pain Intensity (CPI) level and Interference Score greater that 30 respectively in 36.2% and 22.2% of the study sample. The GCPS status revealed a high disability with severe limitation in 2.5% of the sample, high disability with moderate limitation in 7.0%, low disability high pain intensity in 7.4% and low disability low pain intensity in 37.8%. Anxiety and depression's levels were significantly associated with gender, TMD pain, coexistence of TMD Pain and sound, and oral behaviours. GCPS status was significantly associated with age, TMD Pain, coexistence of TMD pain and sound, trauma, and oral behaviours., Conclusions: In the general population, psychosocial impairment is associated to TMD pain, female gender, and report of oral behaviours. Hence, in adults with TMD accompanied by pain, psychosocial status should also be evaluated., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: The study aims to investigate the efficacy of sertraline medication plus dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in reducing nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior and depression among adolescents., Methods: Participants were 100 adolescents with depression and NSSI behaviors, 50 of whom received sertraline medication plus DBT and 50 of whom received sertraline medication plus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for 12 weeks., Results: During 6 months post intervention, 26 (57.8%) participants did not report having engaged in any form of NSSI in the sertraline + DBT group and 15 (32.6%) in the sertraline + CBT group, showing significant difference. The sertraline + DBT group and the sertraline + CBT group exhibited significant difference regarding the proportions of cutting skin and biting self. The scores of anxiety, depression, aggression against self in four modified overt aggression scale categories, and Personal and Social Performance were notably lower in the sertraline + DBT group than those in the sertraline + CBT group at 6 months post intervention., Conclusion: Sertraline medication plus DBT could decrease NSSI episodes and improve symptoms of anxiety and depression for adolescents, and these changes were comparable to those of CBT. More importantly, DBT was demonstrated better clinical improvements at 6-month follow-up., (© 2024 The Author(s). Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Suicidology.)

Background: Horizontal violence can cause serious mental health problems for nurses, particularly anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the intrinsic linkage mechanism between mental symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in nurses exposed to horizontal violence is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the characteristics of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder networks among nurses with horizontal violence exposure., Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the baseline portion of a short longitudinal survey conducted at four tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province, China. A total of 510 nurses with horizontal violence exposure completed the General Information Scale, the Negative Acts Questionnaire, the Seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, the Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Four-item SPAN. The network model was constructed using network analysis. The expected influence and the bridge expected influence of nodes were calculated. The stability and accuracy of the network were estimated., Results: The results show that A4 (Trouble relaxing) and P1 (Startle) had the highest expected influence in the network. D9 (Suicidality ideation) and A5 (Restlessness) were the key bridge symptoms., Conclusions: "Trouble relaxing", "Startle", "Suicidality ideation", and "Restlessness" are all mental symptoms that need to be urgently improved the most in nurses exposed to horizontal violence. Nursing administrators and policymakers should implement mental health intervention programs for these symptoms as early as possible to maximize nurses' mental health., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The aim of this study is to investigate activity and functional connectivity (FC) of Papez circuit networks associated with music processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in depressed breast cancer patients. Twenty-three breast cancer patients listened to four different Iranian/Persian music paradigms during the resting-state fMRI scanning session: negative stimulation of traditional music, negative stimulation of pop music, positive stimulation of traditional music and positive stimulation of pop music. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was used to evaluate the local characteristics of spontaneous brain activity. FC maps were created using multivariate ROI-to-ROI connectivity (mRRC) and Papez circuit-based regions of interest (ROIs) selection. We found that music increases FC within various brain networks which are involved in memory, emotion, and cognitive function, including the limbic system, the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and central executive network (CEN). Moreover, it seems that the traditional types (both positive and negative) of Iranian music may be more effective to affect brain activity in the patients with breast cancer, than the Iranian pop music. These findings demonstrate that music therapy, as an effective and easily applicable approach, supports the neuropsychological recovery and can contribute to standard treatment protocols in patients with breast cancer., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Measurement-based care (MBC) is an evidence-based practice (EBP) focused on regularly administering outcome measures to clients to inform clinical decision making. While MBC shows promise for improving youth treatment outcomes, therapist adoption remains low. Clinical consultation is one strategy that improves MBC implementation, but our limited understanding of consultation hinders the ability to optimize its impact. This research explored the content of, and techniques used during MBC consultation calls. Therapists (N = 55) in a randomized controlled trial treating adolescents with anxiety and/or depression were trained to utilize MBC with usual treatment using the Youth Outcome Questionnaire (YOQ) through an online measurement feedback system (MFS). Weekly ongoing consultation followed an initial workshop training in MBC. Case discussions (N = 294) during consultation calls were coded using a developed codebook, including 12 content and 10 consultant techniques. Results indicated that content focused predominantly on interpretation of client symptom and alliance report, planning for YOQ administration, and discussion of data with clients in session. Common consultant techniques included modeling and eliciting report viewing and interpretation, making clinical suggestions, and didactics about clinical and technical issues. Notably, role-play/behavioral rehearsal was not used. The prevalence of passive consultation techniques (suggestions, didactics) suggests a focus on teaching rather than active techniques (behavioral rehearsal, modeling), potentially influenced by the novelty of MBC and MFS. Technical aspects of MBC, such as measure administration and system usage, emerged as key consultation content, highlighting an unanticipated emphasis on logistics over clinical implementation. These findings underscore the evolving role of consultation in supporting MBC implementation and suggest that addressing technical challenges early in training might enhance adoption., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with depression symptoms at 10 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and compare with results at 10 weeks and 1 year., Methods: A large cohort of prospective admissions with TBI were followed up for 10 years. Depression using HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) score > 8 was measured. Several injury and demographic features were examined for association with depression., Results: Over 4 years, 1130 individuals were recruited of whom 916 attended at 1 year; after 10 years, 552 attended and 210 had died. 154 (17%) of the cohort was lost to follow-up. The prevalence of depression at 10 weeks was 56.3% [95%CI 52.2-60.5], at 1 year was 42.4% [95%CI 38.3-46.5] and 10 years 38.4% [95%CI 34.3-42.5]. There was considerable change in individual scores over time in both directions. A multivariable analysis identified the independent predictors of 10-year depression score as lower GCS, social deprivation, female gender, past psychiatric history, alcohol intoxication and unemployment. Age, ethnicity, social support, TBI etiology, CT abnormality and medical comorbidity were insignificant., Conclusions: While the overall level of symptoms at 10-year post-TBI remains high, there is considerable change in individual depression status over time. The predictors identified may allow the targeting of vulnerable sub-populations.

As online health communities become important platforms for people with depression to express themselves, digital narratives provide a lens for understanding their identity work. Drawing on the communication theory of identity (CTI), this article explored the members' identity reconstruction by analyzing their narratives posted in a Chinese online depression community. The four levels of identities constructed by the members include "laggard" and "pioneer" at the personal layer, "idler" and "fighter" at the enacted level, "stress-maker" and "escaper" at the relational layer, and support providers and receivers at the communal layer. These identities at different levels usually interact in the narratives, showing that identity gaps exist among the members. The study shows that the members' autobiographical accounts of depression entail multiplicities and ambivalences, denying the dominant and stigmatizing representation of it by common sense and the media as a reductionist downward and one-way experience that is valueless and offers no possibility for personal growth. The findings regarding the communal level of identity show that narratives can help the narrators to create bonds of solidarity of an experience that is often marginalized., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder in children and adolescents, with a global prevalence of approximately 33%, severely affecting their physical, mental health, and academic performance. This study aims to identify and assess the 100 most-cited articles (T100 articles) on depression in children and adolescents., Methods: The T100 articles in the field of depression were retrieved from the SCI-E and SSCI databases. A comprehensive analysis of the T100 articles was conducted, including the number of citations, countries, journals, keywords, authors, and topics., Results: Between 1981 and 2021, T100 articles in child and adolescent depression received 423 to 3949 citations. Most articles originated from the USA, with Kovacs M as the top-ranked author. The University of Pittsburgh and Columbia University published the top two T100 articles. The T100 articles were published in 36 journals, led by AMA Psychiatry. Co-occurrence keywords analyses reveal six key foci: Pathogenesis of Depression, Treatment of MDD in Children, Early Childhood Treatment, Adolescent Depression Manifestations, Gender and Depression, and Primary Care Considerations, with pathogenesis as a future trend., Conclusions: Our research presents an exhaustive list of the most highly cited articles on depression in children and adolescents. Our findings not only underscore the significance of international cooperation but also reveal a pressing need to prioritize and bolster preventive research, particularly the development and refinement of early screening and intervention programs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment method for depression therapy. It produces a number of biological effects, including neurotrophic factors regulation. In the present paper, we investigated the ECT response in depressed rats subjected to the variable frequency ultrasound (20-45 kHz) and examined the contribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression changes to the observed effects. The obtained results reflect the therapeutic potential of ECT for the treatment of depressive-like state in rodents and indicate the role of BDNF in these processes. In future research, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between neurotrophin and structural changes and to study other neurotrophic biomarkers that may be associated with the development of depression-like state and the therapy response., (© 2024. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.)

Background: Severe forms of depression have been linked to excessive subcallosal cingulate (SCC) activity. Stimulation of SCC with surgically implanted electrodes can alleviate depression, but current noninvasive techniques cannot directly and selectively modulate deep targets. We developed a new noninvasive neuromodulation approach that can deliver low-intensity focused ultrasonic waves to the SCC., Methods: Twenty-two subjects with treatment-resistant depression participated in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Ultrasonic stimulation was delivered to bilateral SCC during concurrent functional MRI to quantify target engagement. Mood state was measured with the Sadness subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule before and after 40 minutes of real or sham SCC stimulation. Change in depression severity was measured with the 6-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS- 6) at 24 hours and 7 days., Results: Functional MRI demonstrated a target-specific decrease in SCC activity during stimulation (p=0.028, n=16). In 7 of 16 participants, SCC neuromodulation was detectable at the individual-subject level with a single 10-minute scan (p<0.05, small-volume-correction). Mood and depression scores improved more with real than with sham stimulation. In the per-protocol sample (n=19), real stimulation was superior to sham for HDRS-6 at 24 hours and for Sadness (both p<0.05, d>1). Non-significant trends were found in the intent-to-treat sample., Conclusions: This small pilot study indicates that ultrasonic stimulation modulates SCC activity and can rapidly reduce depressive symptoms. The capability to noninvasively and selectively target deep brain areas creates new possibilities for future development of circuit-directed therapeutics, and for the dissection of deep-brain circuit function in humans., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: Emerging adults (EAs) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have difficulty meeting glycemic targets and have a high prevalence of mental health comorbidities. Resilience, the ability to harness resources needed to sustain one's emotional and physical well-being, may be a key factor impacting poor mental health and glycemic outcomes. We aimed to (a) evaluate the association between resilience, HbA1c, and key psychosocial factors and (b) explore whether resilience moderates the relationship between psychosocial factors (depression, diabetes-related distress, anxiety) and HbA1c in EAs with T1D., Method: EAs with T1D (N = 233) (mean age = 19.9 years (SD = 1.6), range 16.8-24.7) seen at an EA-specific diabetes clinic completed resilience, diabetes-related distress, depression, and anxiety measures and had their HbA1c level evaluated. We used linear regression models and conducted moderation analyses for the resilience factor., Results: Resilience was strongly associated with HbA1c, depression, diabetes-related distress, and anxiety in EAs with T1D. We did not find evidence that resilience moderates the relationship between depression, anxiety, or diabetes-related distress and HbA1c., Conclusions: This study found that resilience is a highly relevant psychological factor associated with HbA1c and a key mental health factor for EAs with T1D. Novel interventions are needed to ameliorate high diabetes-related distress and HbA1c, and bolstering resilience may be one avenue to explore. Future research on resilience should longitudinally characterize and evaluate whether resilience may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between poor psychosocial outcomes and not meeting glycemic targets in EAs with T1D., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: A growing body of evidence supports the comorbidity between depression (DEP) and obesity, yet the genetic mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Our study explored the shared genetic architecture and causal associations of DEP with BMI., Methods: We investigated the multigene overlap and genetic correlation between DEP (N > 1.3 million) and BMI (N = 806,834) based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and using the bivariate causal mixture model and linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC). The causal association was explored by bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR). Common risk loci were identified through cross-trait meta-analyses. Stratified LDSC and multi-marker gene annotation analyses were applied to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms enrichment across tissue types, cell types, and functional categories. Finally, we explored shared functional genes by Summary Data-Based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) and further detected differential expression genes (DEG) in brain tissues of individuals with depression and obesity., Results: We found a positive genetic correlation between DEP and BMI (r g = 0.19, P = 4.07 × 10 -26 ), which was more evident in local genomic regions. Cross-trait meta-analyses identified 16 shared genetic loci, 5 of which were newly identified, and they had influence on both diseases in the same direction. MR analysis showed a bidirectional causal association between DEP and BMI, with comparable effect sizes estimated in both directions. Combined with gene expression information, we found that genetic correlations between DEP and BMI were enriched in 6 brain regions, predominantly in the nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex. Moreover, 6 specific cell types and 23 functional genes were found to have an impact on both DEP and BMI across the brain regions. Of which, NEGR1 was identified as the most significant functional gene and associated with DEP and BMI at the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10 -8 ). Compared with healthy controls, the expression levels of NEGR1 gene were significant lower in brain tissues of individuals with depression and obesity., Conclusions: Our study reveals shared genetic basis underpinnings between DEP and BMI, including genetic correlations and common genes. These insights offer novel opportunities and avenues for future research into their comorbidities., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The COVID-19 pandemic imposed substantial restrictions on funeral ceremonies, profoundly affecting grief experiences. This study investigated the mediating role of meaning-making in the relationship between these restrictions and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptoms, anxiety, depression, and trauma. A longitudinal study involving 141 bereaved individuals was conducted, with assessments at two time points: 3-6 months (T1) and 9-12 months (T2) post-loss. Structural equation modeling revealed that the psychological impact of restrictions on death and funeral ceremonies had indirect effects on anxiety and prolonged grief symptoms through meaning-making, particularly the footing in the world subscale. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex interplay between pandemic-related restrictions and grief experiences, emphasizing the pivotal role of meaning-making in adapting to loss during those challenging times., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety mental disorders, as well as the quality of life of Syrian refugees and to examine the relationships between mental health disorders and the quality of life of Syrian refugees. Data were collected via face-to-face surveys with 613 adult Syrian refugees in an urban setting. Brislin's methodology was used for translating scale items, involving initial translation, back-translation and review by another professional translator. The study utilised the PTSD Scale, Beck Anxiety Scale, Depression Scale and Quality of Life Scale (QOLS). Descriptive, correlational and multivariate regression analysis were applied. Findings of correlational analysis indicate that PTSD levels among Syrian refugees are significantly related to gender, income level and employment. Depression levels are significantly associated with trauma history, healthcare service use, marital status and employment. Anxiety levels are significantly related to gender, trauma history, healthcare service use, employment and income. According to the findings of the regression analyses, the relationships between depression, quality of life and PTSD are complex. Meanwhile, anxiety decreases quality of life and increases PTSD. Quality of life moderates the relationship between depression and PTSD, as well as between anxiety and PTSD. The study concludes that the mental disorder levels of Syrian refugees, in terms of PTSD, depression and anxiety, are linked to their socio-demographic characteristics. These results highlight the importance of social, economic and cultural factors, healthcare and social services and the socio-demographic characteristics of the region where refugees have settled after displacement., (© 2024 The Author(s). International Journal of Mental Health Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Background: Depressive disorders are a critical public health concern in Chile. Nonetheless, there is a lack of evidence regarding the identification of depressive symptom clusters. The objective was to identify depressive symptom clusters among Chilean young adults and examine how demographic, and lifestyle factors as well as social support can influence and predict them., Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among 1,000 participants from the Limache cohort 2. A latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify depressive symptom clusters, using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multinomial logistic regression was then applied to explore the associations between identified classes and potential predictors. The models were adjusted by age and sex., Results: Three latent classes of depressive symptoms were identified: minimal (25.7%); somatic (50.7%) and severe (23.6%). In the severe class for eight out nine depressive symptoms the probabilities were above 50%, and the probability of suicidal ideation was almost a third in this class. Being female (Adjusted Odds ratio [AOR], 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.63-3.81]), current smoker (AOR, 1.74; 95% CI [1.15-2.65]), having basic education (AOR, 3.12; 95% CI [1.30-7.53]) and obesity (AOR, 2.72; 95% CI [1.61-4.59]) significantly increased the likelihood of belonging to severe class. Higher social support decreased the odds of being in the somatic (OR, 0.96; 95% CI [0.93-0.98]) and severe (OR, 0.92; 95% CI [0.90-0.94]) classes., Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of individualized intervention strategies for depression management. Also, the study suggests that nutritional status and social support should be considered when addressing depression in this population., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The prospective association between sleep duration and the development of late-life depressive symptomology is unclear., Aims: To investigate sleep duration from midlife to late life in relation to risk of depressive symptoms in late life., Method: A total of 14 361 participants from the Singapore Chinese Health Study were included in the present study. Daily sleep duration was self-reported at baseline (mean age of 52.4 years; 1993-98), follow-up 2 (mean age of 65.2 years; 2006-10) and follow-up 3 (mean age of 72.5 years; 2014-16) interviews. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale at follow-up 3 interviews. Modified Poisson regression models were performed to estimate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals of late-life depressive symptoms in relation to sleep duration at baseline and the two follow-up interviews., Results: Compared with sleeping 7 h per day, a short sleep duration of ≤5 h per day at baseline (i.e. midlife) was related to a higher risk of depressive symptoms (relative risk 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.15), and this risk was not affected by subsequent prolongation of sleep. Conversely, a long sleep duration of ≥9 h per day at baseline was not related to risk of depressive symptoms. At follow-up 3 (i.e. late life), both short sleep (relative risk 1.20, 95% CI 1.16-1.25) and long sleep (relative risk 1.12, 95% CI 1.07-1.18) duration were cross-sectionally associated with depressive symptoms., Conclusion: Short sleep duration in midlife, regardless of subsequent prolongation, is associated with an increased risk of depression in late life. Contrariwise, both short and long sleep duration in late life co-occur with depressive symptoms.

Background: Anxiety and depression are associated strongly with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Dietary therapies are used increasingly in the management of IBS, but the impact of common mental disorders on response to these has not been well studied., Aims: To examine whether symptoms compatible with common mental disorders influence response to dietary interventions., Methods: Prospective cohort study of adults, with either diarrhoea-predominant or mixed bowel habits, IBS Severity Scoring System [IBS-SSS] score ≥ 75 points. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression score (HADS) and attended initially for British Dietary Association advice for IBS. IBS-SSS was re-checked 3 months later to assess response. If primary endpoint (≥ 50 point decrease in IBS-SSS) was not achieved, patients were offered low fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides and polyol diet and repeated IBS-SSS after another 3 months. Secondary endpoints included of change in IBS-SSS and effect of symptom severity on response., Results: In total, 448 patients took part, average age of 42 years and 79.0% were female. 69.9% of participants had HADS-A scores ≥ 8 and 39.3% with HADS-D scores ≥ 8. Average IBS-SSS score at baseline was 290 (SD 86). No significant difference was noted in achievement of the primary endpoint according to HADS-A scores (53.4% vs. 62.2% by ITT in those with HADS-A ≥ 8 vs. HADS-A < 8, p = 0.09). Patients with HADS-D ≥ 8 were significantly less likely to achieve the primary endpoint compared with those with HADS-D < 8 (43.8% vs. 64.0% by ITT, p < 0.01)., Conclusion: Understanding psychological profile of patients can help predicting their response to IBS dietary interventions., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: The review aims to identify what characteristics are reported in randomised controlled trials for the non-pharmacological management of post-stroke anxiety and/or depression and whether research has explored the correlation between participant characteristics and their outcomes., Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was completed of five databases: CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo, Web of Science, and The World Health Organisation. Google Scholar was also accessed. The reporting of participant characteristics was assessed by adapting the PROGRESS-Plus framework, a research framework of protected characteristics known to impact health equity (such as, age)., Results: 19 papers ( n  = 2187) were included. There was generally poor reporting of characteristics associated with an increased likelihood of post-stroke anxiety and/or depression. All studies reported the gender/sex of participants, 18 studies reported the age of participants, and 11 studies reported lesion location. None of the studies reported the sexual orientation or pre-existing disabilities of participants., Conclusion: There was variation in the reporting and analyses of protected characteristics. Future research should follow a health equity framework to ensure reporting of protected characteristics to support clinicians in identifying whether the proposed interventions are relevant to their stroke population and consider undergoing subgroup analyses to compare outcomes across protected characteristics.

Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has recently reported to prevent the depression as chronic animal model. However, its impact on neuroinflammation-mediated depression were remains unexplored. The present study aimed to explore the antidepressant potential of empagliflozin using a neuroinflammation-mediated depression involving the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model in rats. To establish this model, initially a low dose of streptozotocin was injected to induce diabetes in all group of animals. Following the confirmation of hyperglycemia, OBX surgery was performed. Post-surgery, the drug treatments were administered orally for 14 consecutive days. The study evaluated the effects of daily oral administration of empagliflozin at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, alongside metformin (200 mg/kg) and clomipramine (50 mg/kg), on OBX-induced behavioral depression in rats. Separate sham and vehicle control groups were also maintained. Behavioral parameters in open field, forced swim test, elevated plus maze and splash test were recorded on 28th day. Results showed that empagliflozin, particularly at the higher at the higher dose, significantly enhanced behavioral outcomes, evidenced by increased distance traveled, greater open arm entries, and reduced immobility, alongside a notable reduction in grooming time. Moreover, empagliflozin significantly restored the antioxidants level specifically Glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) in OBX insulted rat brain and reversed Lipid peroxidase (LPO). Notably, molecular docking study demonstrated a good binding affinity of empagliflozin for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), suggesting that its antidepressant effects may be mediated through the modulation of the BDNF pathway. These findings support the potential therapeutic application of empagliflozin for depression, particularly in cases associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.