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This paper explains the basis for the excitation energy-independent fluorescence emission of biomass-derived carbon dots (CDs) and shows that these CDs have excellent anti-melanoma and anti-metastatic potential. Additionally, we demonstrate that the black carrots´-derived CDs can be exploited as cell cycle-sensing agents, because of the interaction with chromatin material. Besides their optical properties, fluorescent CDs have gained increased attention for image-guided cancer treatment due to their water solubility, environmental friendliness, affordability, ease of synthesis, and primary biocompatibility. CDs have excellent photostability, determined by their precursors and synthesis pathways. In this study, CDs with chemically homogenous surface functional groups were made using a hydrothermal technique from black carrot extract, an anthocyanin-rich substance derived from biomass. The anti-cancer and anti-metastatic properties of black carrot-derived CDs can be attributed to flavylium cations on the surface, spherical forms, and high water dispersibility. Most importantly, these CDs demonstrate a stable emission at a single wavelength, 612 nm, independent of the excitation energy, which we have explained theoretically for the first time.

The solvatochromic effect is the modification of the absorption spectrum of a solute by varying the solvent. This research evaluated the solvatochromic characteristics of Malvidin-3-glucoside hydrochloride. The method to obtain maximum wavelengths was by spectral scanning. In primary standard CAS No. 7228-78.6, the variation was determined in binary mixtures of ethanol-water: 40,55, and 70%v/v. The solvatochromic effect when modifying the pH of the solvent (water) was evaluated in natural dye and stabilized. The results suggest that the intermolecular hydrogen connections between Malvidin-3-glucoside and the ethanol-water binary mixtures are responsible for the solvatochromic changes: 565.2586 ± 3.2784nm, 472.5498 ± 2.5128nm and 457.3589 ± 6.2586nm, produced by the analyzed combinations. When anthocyanins are stabilized in a chelating matrix, the solvatochromic changes produced by varying the pH of the water solvent are not significant compared to the unstabilized natural dye., El efecto solvatocrómico es la modificación del espectro de absorción de un soluto al variar el solvente. El presente trabajo evaluó las características solvatocrómicas de Malvidina-3-glucósido clorhidrato. El método para obtener longitudes de onda máxima fue por barridos espectrales. En estándar primario CAS N° 7228-78.6, la variación fue determinada en mezclas binarias de etanol-agua: 40,55 y 70%v/v. El efecto solvatocrómico al modificar el pH del solvente (agua) fue evaluado en colorante natural y estabilizado. Los resultados indican que los enlaces hidrógeno intermoleculares entre Malvidina-3-glucósido y las mezclas binarias de etanol-agua son responsables de los cambios solvatocrómicos: 565,2586 ± 3.2784nm, 472,5498 ± 2.5128nm y 457,3589 ± 6.2586nm, producidos por las combinaciones analizadas. Al estabilizar antocianinas en una matriz quelante los cambios solvatocrómicos producidos al variar el pH del solvente agua, son no significativos en comparación con el colorante natural sin estabilizar.

The solvatochromic effect is the modification of the absorption spectrum of a solute by varying the solvent. This research evaluated the solvatochromic characteristics of Malvidin-3-glucoside hydrochloride. The method to obtain maximum wavelengths was by spectral scanning. In primary standard CAS No. 7228-78.6, the variation was determined in binary mixtures of ethanol-water: 40,55, and 70%v/v. The solvatochromic effect when modifying the pH of the solvent (water) was evaluated in natural dye and stabilized. The results suggest that the intermolecular hydrogen connections between Malvidin-3-glucoside and the ethanol-water binary mixtures are responsible for the solvatochromic changes: 565.2586 ± 3.2784nm, 472.5498 ± 2.5128nm and 457.3589 ± 6.2586nm, produced by the analyzed combinations. When anthocyanins are stabilized in a chelating matrix, the solvatochromic changes produced by varying the pH of the water solvent are not significant compared to the unstabilized natural dye., El efecto solvatocrómico es la modificación del espectro de absorción de un soluto al variar el solvente. El presente trabajo evaluó las características solvatocrómicas de Malvidina-3-glucósido clorhidrato. El método para obtener longitudes de onda máxima fue por barridos espectrales. En estándar primario CAS N° 7228-78.6, la variación fue determinada en mezclas binarias de etanol-agua: 40,55 y 70%v/v. El efecto solvatocrómico al modificar el pH del solvente (agua) fue evaluado en colorante natural y estabilizado. Los resultados indican que los enlaces hidrógeno intermoleculares entre Malvidina-3-glucósido y las mezclas binarias de etanol-agua son responsables de los cambios solvatocrómicos: 565,2586 ± 3.2784nm, 472,5498 ± 2.5128nm y 457,3589 ± 6.2586nm, producidos por las combinaciones analizadas. Al estabilizar antocianinas en una matriz quelante los cambios solvatocrómicos producidos al variar el pH del solvente agua, son no significativos en comparación con el colorante natural sin estabilizar.

Moderate red wine intake has been associated with lower cardiovascular mortality, due in part to the intake of polyphenols and anthocyanins, whose content can vary from varietal and year of harvest. This study assessed the vascular effects in response to a single intake of 2015 and 2018 Zweigelt red wines from Hokkaido, Japan. Healthy men were randomly assigned to consume 240 mL each of a red wine, or a sparkling white grape juice as a control in a randomized three-arm cross-over design with a 7 day washout between arms. The augmentation index (AI; a measure of arterial stiffness) and AI at 75 beats/min (AI75), reactive hyperemia index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and platelet reactivity were assessed at baseline and two and four hours after each beverage intake. Changes from the baseline were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Significant treatment effects (p = 0.02) were observed, with AI 13% lower after the intake of the 2015 or 2018 vintages compared to the control. Intake of the 2018 vintage reduced SBP and DBP (-4.1 mmHg and -5.6 mmHg, respectively; p = 0.02) compared to the 2015 wine and the control drink. The amount of hydroxytyrosol in the 2018 wine was almost twice the amount as in the 2015 wine, which may help explain the variable blood pressure results. Future studies exploring the vascular effects of the same red wine from different vintage years and different phenolic profiles are warranted.

UV radiation is an underrated radiation currently missing in many horticultural production systems of vegetables in protected cultivation. It can be added e.g., in LED light sources. Using lettuce as a model plant, this study determined whether the use of UVB LEDs is suitable (1) for use in consistent systems (indoor farming) or (2) inconsistent systems (greenhouse). Blue and red LEDs were selected as additional artificial lighting to UVB LEDs. Both approaches led to a reproducible increase of desired flavonol glycosides, such as quercetin-3-O-(6′′-O-malonyl)-glucoside or quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-O-malonyl)-glucoside in lettuce. The impact of the consistent UVB treatment is higher with up to tenfold changes than that of the inconsistent UVB treatment in the greenhouse. Varying natural light and temperature conditions in greenhouses might affect the efficiency of the artificial UVB treatment. Here, UVB LEDs have been tested and can be recommended for further development of lighting systems in indoor farming and greenhouse approaches.

Most vineyards in Mediterranean areas are cultivated using a training system and drip irrigation. However, the increasing risk of water deficit stress due to global warming will mean that viticulture need to adapt to a tougher water-saving policy. Thus, we investigated the effects of total suppression of irrigation on a grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Callet) and the phenolic composition and sensory quality of this native red variety wine from the Balearic Islands over three seasons. Significant yield reductions of up to 15.6%, 17.2% and 22.2% were observed in non-irrigated (NI) plants in 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively, compared to irrigated plants (I); however, wine quality parameters improved. In the years with the highest rainfall (715 mm in 2016 and 799 mm in 2017), NI favoured the enrichment of sugars, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds in the wine and enhanced the development of aromatic components. However, with lower rainfall (524 mm in 2018), the NI treatment appeared to diminish the quality of the wine, particularly affecting the global sensory quality of the wines. Thus, development of specific water strategies tailored to the vineyard, year, vintage and grape variety may regulate the phenolic composition of red wines to meet production goals and reduce total water consumption.

The disruptive effect exerted by high-power ultrasound (US) on grape cell walls is established as the reason behind the chromatic, aromatic and mouthfeel improvement that this treatment causes in red wines. Given the biochemical differences that exist between the cell walls of different grape varieties, this paper investigates whether the effect of the application of US in a winery may vary according to the grape variety treated. Wines were elaborated with Monastrell, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, applying a sonication treatment to the crushed grapes using industrial-scale equipment. The results showed a clear varietal effect. The wines made with sonicated Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes showed an important increase in the values of color intensity and concentration of phenolic compounds, and these increases were higher than those observed when sonication was applied to Monastrell crushed grapes, whereas Monastrell wines presented the highest concentration in different families of polysaccharides. These findings correlate with the differences in the composition and structure of their cell walls since those of Monastrell grapes presented biochemical characteristics associated with a greater rigidity and firmness of the structures.

Fruit color is an important trait in peach from the point of view of consumer preference, nutritional content, and diversification of fruit typologies. Several genes and phenotypes have been described for peach flesh and skin color, and although peach color knowledge has increased in the last few years, some fruit color patterns observed in peach breeding programs have not been carefully described. In this work, we first describe some peach mesocarp color patterns that have not yet been described in a collection of commercial peach cultivars, and we also study the genetic inheritance of the red dots present in the flesh (RDF) and red color around the stone (CAS) in several intra- and interspecific segregating populations for both traits. For RDF, we identified a QTL at the beginning of G5 in two intraspecific populations, and for CAS we identified a major QTL in G4 in both an intraspecific and an interspecific population between almond and peach. Finally, we discuss the interaction between these QTLs and some other genes previously identified in peach, such as dominant blood flesh (DBF), color around the stone (Cs), subacid (D) and the maturity date (MD), and the implications for peach breeding. The results obtained here will help peach germplasm curators and breeders to better characterize their plant materials and to develop an integrated system of molecular markers to select these traits.

Color in food represents an important parameter of quality. This investigation aimed to extract anthocyanins from purple sweet potato using the ultrasound technique, and their application in a food product. The extract obtained at pH 2.5, 60% amplitude and 10 min presented the highest content of anthocyanins, the highest phenolic content, best color properties and lowest residual activity of enzymes. A response optimization analysis was performed, where the experimental results matched the predicted values in the optimal sample. This optimal extract was added as a natural anthocyanin-colorant in ice pops, which were stored and analyzed for one month. The anthocyanins content in ice pops was kept at 80% until day 21, and the pH, soluble solids, and color properties did not presented changes during storage. Concluding that the natural colorant had similar stability to the synthetic colorant. The extract from purple sweet potato has potential to be used as natural colorant in ice pops.

Blackcurrant is anthocyanin-rich berry with proven antioxidant and photoprotective activity and emerging prebiotic potential, widely applied in cosmetic products. Although beneficial effects of its extract are well known, release from skin care products and (trans)dermal permeation were not previously investigated. In this study, enzyme-assisted extraction of polyphenols from lyophilized blackcurrant was performed and obtained extract was incorporated into an Aristoflex® AVC based hydrogel. Furthermore, Franz diffusion cell experiments were conducted in order to examine the release of these molecules from the prepared formulation using cellulose acetate membrane and transdermal and dermal delivery using human skin mimicking membrane (Strat® M). Obtained results revealed that all four dominant anthocyanins readily permeated from hydrogel since 17.5%, 32.8%, 33.8% and 39.2% of delphinidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3- rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, respectively, were detected in receptor fluid after 24 h. Experimental values were successfully fitted with the Peppas and Sahlin diffusion model. On the other hand, after 72 h long experiment with transdermal skin diffusion model (Strat® M membrane), no detectable amounts of anthocyanins were present in receptor fluid and only 0.5% of the initial quantity from donor compartment was extracted from the membrane itself, indicating weak dermal delivery. Present study revealed that hydrogel is suitable carrier system for the topical delivery of bioactive anthocyanins from blackcurrant, while dermal and transdermal delivery of these molecules is very limited. This implies applicability of blackcurrant extract for treatments targeting skin surface (i.e. antioxidant, prebiotic, photoprotective).

In this chapter, an overview of the results related to the food applications of colored cereals such as black, blue, purple, pink and red maize, rice, wheat, barley, oat, sorghum, and millet is presented. Anthocyanins are the largest group of pigments in cereal synthesized in grain outer layers, i.e., pericarp and/or aleurone. Interest in anthocyanin-rich cereals has intensified because of their possible health benefits. Anthocyanins have demonstrated antioxidant potential in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and the consumption of foods high in anthocyanins has been linked to lower risks of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Rich in anthocyanin, colored cereals can be used as functional food ingredients, dietary supplements, and sources of natural food colorants in the food and beverage industry that will be discussed in this chapter.

Blackcurrant is anthocyanin-rich berry with proven antioxidant and photoprotective activity and emerging prebiotic potential, widely applied in cosmetic products. Although beneficial effects of its extract are well known, release from skin care products and (trans)dermal permeation were not previously investigated. In this study, enzyme-assisted extraction of polyphenols from lyophilized blackcurrant was performed and obtained extract was incorporated into an Aristoflex® AVC based hydrogel. Furthermore, Franz diffusion cell experiments were conducted in order to examine the release of these molecules from the prepared formulation using cellulose acetate membrane and transdermal and dermal delivery using human skin mimicking membrane (Strat® M). Obtained results revealed that all four dominant anthocyanins readily permeated from hydrogel since 17.5%, 32.8%, 33.8% and 39.2% of delphinidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3- rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, respectively, were detected in receptor fluid after 24 h. Experimental values were successfully fitted with the Peppas and Sahlin diffusion model. On the other hand, after 72 h long experiment with transdermal skin diffusion model (Strat® M membrane), no detectable amounts of anthocyanins were present in receptor fluid and only 0.5% of the initial quantity from donor compartment was extracted from the membrane itself, indicating weak dermal delivery. Present study revealed that hydrogel is suitable carrier system for the topical delivery of bioactive anthocyanins from blackcurrant, while dermal and transdermal delivery of these molecules is very limited. This implies applicability of blackcurrant extract for treatments targeting skin surface (i.e. antioxidant, prebiotic, photoprotective).

UV radiation is an underrated radiation currently missing in many horticultural production systems of vegetables in protected cultivation. It can be added e.g., in LED light sources. Using lettuce as a model plant, this study determined whether the use of UVB LEDs is suitable (1) for use in consistent systems (indoor farming) or (2) inconsistent systems (greenhouse). Blue and red LEDs were selected as additional artificial lighting to UVB LEDs. Both approaches led to a reproducible increase of desired flavonol glycosides, such as quercetin-3-O-(6′′-O-malonyl)-glucoside or quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-O-malonyl)-glucoside in lettuce. The impact of the consistent UVB treatment is higher with up to tenfold changes than that of the inconsistent UVB treatment in the greenhouse. Varying natural light and temperature conditions in greenhouses might affect the efficiency of the artificial UVB treatment. Here, UVB LEDs have been tested and can be recommended for further development of lighting systems in indoor farming and greenhouse approaches.

IntroductionOverhead photoselective shade films installed in vineyards improve berry composition in hot grape-growing regions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the flavonoid and aroma profiles and composition of wines from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) treated with partial solar radiation exclusion.MethodsExperimental design consisted in a randomized experiment with four shade films (D1, D3, D4, D5) with differing solar radiation spectra transmittance and compared to an uncovered control (C0) performed over two seasons (2021 and 2022) in Oakville (CA, USA). Berries were collected by hand at harvest and individual vinifications for each treatment and season were conducted in triplicates. Then, wine chemical composition, flavonoid and aromatic profiles were analyzed.ResultsThe wines from D4 treatment had greater color intensity and total phenolic index due to co-pigmentation with anthocyanins. Shade film wines D5 and D1 from the 2020 vintage demonstrated increased total anthocyanins in the hotter of the two experimental years. In 2021, reduced cluster temperatures optimized total anthocyanins in D4 wines. Reduced cluster temperatures modulated anthocyanin acylation, methylation and hydroxylation in shade film wines. Volatile aroma composition was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) and D4 wines exhibited a more fruity and pleasant aroma profile than C0 wines.DiscussionResults provided evidence that partial solar radiation exclusion in the vineyard using overhead shade films directly improved flavonoid and aroma profiles of resultant wines under hot vintage conditions, providing a tool for combatting air temperatures and warmer growing conditions associated with climate change.

Information regarding the productive potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa in different environments and planting densities is scarce. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect on the calyxes of the Alma Blanca, Escarlata, Quinba and Sudán varieties, in various environments (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Quintana Roo States) and densities of 15625, 20833, 31250 and 41666 pl ha-1 . A randomized block design, with four repetitions, and 4x4x4 factorial arrangement of the treatments was used. The results indicate that at 200 days after transplant more than 85 % of mature calyxes (with red color and separation of bracts) were obtained. The Sudan variety developed calyxes with a larger diameter and dry weight per calyx (7.42 cm and 2.61 g, respectively), and up to 20 seeds per fruit in Quintana Roo at 15625 pl·ha-1. The pH (2.88) and acidity (24 %) of the extracts were higher in Alma Blanca, in Oaxaca at 41666 pl·ha-1 ; while total soluble solids (85 %) and anthocyanins (4.0 mg·g-1) were higher in Sudan, in Oaxaca at 15625 pl·ha-1 . The most important anthocyanins found were delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, with 62.56 and 25.49 %, respectively; these compounds were obtained in Sudan, in Guerrero at 15625 pl·ha-1 . It is concluded that the variety, the production environment, and the plant density influence the quality and chemical composition of the calyxes., Es escasa la información referente al potencial productivo del cultivo de Hibiscus sabdariffa en diferentes ambientes y densidades de plantación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto sobre los cálices de las variedades Alma Blanca, Escarlata, Quinba y Sudán, en función del ambiente (estados de Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla y Quintana Roo) y la densidad de 15625, 20833, 31250 y 41666 pl·ha-1). Se empleó un diseño de bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y tratamientos en arreglo factorial 4x4x4. Los resultados indican que a los 200 días después del trasplante se obtuvo más del 85 % de cálices maduros (con color rojo y separación de brácteas). Sudán desarrolló cálices con mayor diámetro y peso seco por cáliz (7,42 cm y 2,61 g, respectivamente), y hasta 20 semillas por fruto en Quintana Roo a 15625 pl·ha-1. El pH (2,88) y la acidez (24 %) de los extractos fueron más altos en Alma Blanca, en Oaxaca a 41666 pl·ha-1 ; mientras que los sólidos solubles totales (85 %) y las antocianinas (4,0 mg·g-1) lo fueron en Sudán, en Oaxaca a 15625 pl·ha-1 . Las antocianinas más importantes fueron delfinidina-3-sambubiósido y cianidina-3-sambubiósido, con 62,56 y 25,49 %, respectivamente, se obtuvieron en Sudán, en Guerrero a 15625 pl·ha-1 . Se concluye que la variedad, el ambiente de producción y la densidad de plantación influyen en la calidad y composición química de los cálices

This work aimed to investigate the influence of high-power ultrasound (HPU) technology on the stability of bioactive compounds in strawberry juices obtained from fruits with different stages of ripeness (75% vs. 100%) and stored at 4 degrees C for 7 days. HPU parameters were amplitude (25, 50, 75, and 100%), pulses (50 vs. 100%) and treatment time (5 vs. 10 min). Amplitude and pulse had a significant effect (p <= 0.05) on all bioactive compounds except flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids. The treatment duration of 5 min vs. 10 min had a significant positive impact on the content of anthocyanins, flavonols and condensed tannins, while the opposite was observed for total phenols, whereas no statistically significant effect was observed for hydroxycinnamic acids. The temperature changes during HPU treatment correlated positively with almost all HPU treatment parameters (amplitude, pulse, energy, power, frequency). Optimal parameters of HPU were obtained for temperature changes, where the highest content of a particular group of bioactive compounds was obtained. Results showed that by combining fruits with a certain ripeness and optimal HPU treatment, it would be possible to produce juices with highly preserved bioactive compounds, while HPU technology has prospects for application in functional food products.

Concentrations of anthocyanins and tannins after extraction from berries in wines and from skin macerations in model solutions have been studied for two grape varieties, two maturation levels and two vintages berries. Characterization of the cell wall polysaccharides has also been performed, the classical method based on the analysis of the neutral sugars after depolymerization being completed by a comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). Extraction was lower in model solutions than in wines, with the same ranking: non acylated anthocyanins> tannins > p-coumaroylated anthocyanins. The polysaccharidic composition suggested a role of homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans and extensins in the extraction process. A global explanation of the interactions between anthocyanins, tannins and polysaccharides is proposed.

Concentrations of anthocyanins and tannins after extraction from berries in wines and from skin macerations in model solutions have been studied for two grape varieties, two maturation levels and two vintages berries. Characterization of the cell wall polysaccharides has also been performed, the classical method based on the analysis of the neutral sugars after depolymerization being completed by a comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). Extraction was lower in model solutions than in wines, with the same ranking: non acylated anthocyanins> tannins > p-coumaroylated anthocyanins. The polysaccharidic composition suggested a role of homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans and extensins in the extraction process. A global explanation of the interactions between anthocyanins, tannins and polysaccharides is proposed.

Inadequate fertilization or the indiscriminate use of water with high salt concentrations have led to salinization of agricultural soils. In this context, biofertilization with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an environmentally benign strategy to stimulate plant growth, even under salt stress. Thus, we studied the use of isolated PGPR consortia from halophytes to enhance Swiss chard growth under saline conditions. Growth, photosynthetic apparatus response, nutrient status, pigment concentrations, and secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity were determined in Swiss chard plants grown at 0 and 85 mmol L−1 NaCl. In general, inoculation of plants with PGPR has been shown to be an effective strategy to stimulate the growth of Swiss chard and improve its tolerance to salt stress. Inoculated plants watered with 85 mmol L−1 NaCl showed higher values of leaf dry weight than control plants. Furthermore, PGPR inoculation reduced electrolyte leakage and Na+ uptake and improved chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, stomatal conductance, and antioxidant capacity of Swiss chard. Finally, our findings highlight the potential of isolated PGPR from halophytes to counterbalance the deleterious effect of salinity and stimulate crop growth.

Plants have evolved to protect leaf mesophyll tissue from damage caused by UV-B radiation by producing an array of UV-absorbing secondary metabolites. Flavonoids (phenolic glycosides) and sinapate esters (hydroxycinnamates) have been implicated as UV-B protective compounds because of the accumulation in the leaf epidermis and the strong absorption in the wavelengths corresponding to UV. Environmental adaptations by plants also generate a suite of responses for protection against damage caused by UV-B radiation, with plants from high elevations or low latitudes generally displaying greater adaptation or tolerance to UV-B radiation. In an effort to explore the relationships between plant lignin levels and composition, the origin of growth elevation, and the hierarchical synthesis of UV-screening compounds, a collection of natural variants as well as transgenic Populus spp. were examined for sensitivity or acclimation to UV-B radiation under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Noninvasive, ecophysiological measurements using epidermal transmittance and chlorophyll fluorescence as well as metabolite measurements using UPLC-MS generally revealed that the synthesis of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and lignin precursors are increased in Populus upon moderate to high UV-B treatment. However, poplar plants with genetic modifications that affect lignin biosynthesis, or natural variants with altered lignin levels and compositions, displayed complex changes in phenylpropanoid metabolites. A balance between elevated metabolic precursors to protective phenylpropanoids and increased biosynthesis of these anthocyanins, flavonoids, and lignin is proposed to play a role in the acclimation of Populus to UV-B radiation and may provide a useful tool in engineering plants as improved bioenergy feedstocks.

Kukuruz (Zea Mays L.) je najznačajnija ratarska kultura u Republici Srbiji, koja se gaji na oko milion hektara godišnje. Soja crnog zrna (Glycine max) se vekovima koristila u tradicionalnoj istočnjačkoj medicini za pripremu čajeva i fermetisanih proizvoda visokog antiokisdativnog kapaciteta. Semenjača crne soje ima visok sadržaj antocijanina: cijanidina, delfinidina i pelargonidina u obliku 3-O-glukozida. Antioksidativna svojstva ovih jedinjenja pozitivno utiču na regulisanje telesne mase i prevenciju dijabetesa, smanjuju rizik od obolevanja različitim bolestima kao što su ateroskleroza, rak, dijabetes, ishemija, i neurodegenerativni poremećaji. Proizvodi obogaćeni antocijanima iz semenjače crne soje mogu pozitivno uticati na zdravlje konzumenata, dok se iskorišćenjem sojine semenjače, sporednog proizvoda iz prerade soje, dodatno se valorizuje ova sirovina. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se optimizuje proces ekstrakcije antocijana iz semenjače crne soje kako bi se konzervisani proizvodi od kukuruza dodatno obogatili bioaktivnim jedinjenjima. U eksperimentima je primenjeno nekoliko postupaka ekstrakcije: topla ekstrakcija uz zagrevanje na magnetnoj mešalici, ekstrakcija sa ultrazvučnim tretmanom, kao i hladna ekstrakcija. U eksperimentima je za ekstrakciju korišćena sirćetna kiselina koncentracije 1,6% i 0,8% uz dodatak mlečne (1 ili 1,5%) i/ili limunske kiseline (0,5 ili 1%) kao stabilizatora. Ekstrakcija uz zagrevanje – „topla“ ekstrakcija vršena je na magnetnoj mešalici na temeperaturi od 50˚C u trajanju od 60 minuta. Ekstrakcija bez zagrevanja – „hladna“ ekstrakcija, vršena je u tresilici kako bi se izbegla termička razgradnja bioaktivnih jedinjenja, međutim ova metoda ekstrakcije se pokazala kao najmanje efikasna. Ekstrakcija u ultrazvučnom kupatilu je primenjivana kako bi se sojina semenjača što brže razgradila i dostupnost antocijanina povećala. Ekstrakcija sa zagrevanjem se pokazala kao najpogodnija za dobijanje višeg prinosa antocijana. Najviši prinos anto, Maize (Zea Mays L.) is the most important field crop in the Republic of Serbia, which is grown on about one million hectares per year. Black soybean (Glycine max) has been used for centuries in traditional Eastern medicine for the preparation of teas and fermented products with high antioxidant capacity. Black soybean seed coat has a high content of anthocyanins: cyanidin, delphinidin and pelargonidine in the form of 3-O-glucoside. The antioxidant properties of these compounds have a positive effect on weight regulation and prevention of diabetes, reduce the risk of various diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders. Products enriched with anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat can have a positive effect on the health of consumers, while the use of soybean seed coat, a by-product from soybean processing, additionally valorizes this raw material. The aim of this study was to optimize the process of anthocyanin extraction from black soybean seed in order to further enrich canned corn products with bioactive compounds. Several extraction procedures were applied in the experiments: warm extraction with heating on a magnetic stirrer, extraction with ultrasonic treatment, as well as cold extraction. In the experiments, 1.6% and 0.8% acetic acid were used for extraction with the addition of lactic (1 or 1.5%) and/or citric acid (0.5 or 1%) as stabilizers. Heated extraction - "warm" extraction was performed on a magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 50˚C for 60 minutes. Extraction without heating - "cold" extraction, was performed in a shaker to avoid thermal decomposition of bioactive compounds, but this method of extraction proved to be the least effective. Extraction in an ultrasonic bath was applied in order to decompose soybean seeds as quickly as possible and increase the availability of anthocyanins. Heated extraction has been shown to be most suitable for higher anthocyanin yields. The highest yield of anthocyanin

The beverages that are commonly sold in establishments contain a high amount of sugar and in many cases contain a medium amount of sodium, being harmful to consumers. A drink that contains good nutritional properties and is refreshing was developed. For the elaboration of the functional drink treatments, grains of purple corn, blackberry, blueberry, cinnamon and sugar were used; Variations were made in the formulations, obtaining 3 treatments to which an acceptability test was carried out using a 5-point hedonic scale and a sensory evaluation where parameters such as texture, flavor, color, appearance and smell were evaluated. In which treatment 1 had greater acceptance, due to its balance between the acid flavor of the blackberry and the sugar used. In the bromatological analysis, 9 grams of carbohydrates and 8 grams of sugars were obtained in a 250 ml sample. Therefore, the drink is suitable for all population groups as it contains anthocyanins; from purple corn, blackberry and blueberry., As bebidas que são comumente vendidas em estabelecimentos contêm uma quantidade elevada de açúcar e em muitos casos contém uma quantidade média de sódio, sendo prejudicial ao consumidor. Foi desenvolvida uma bebida que contém boas propriedades nutricionais e é refrescante. Para a elaboração dos tratamentos da bebida funcional, foram utilizados grãos de milho roxo, amora, mirtilo, canela e açúcar; Foram feitas variações nas formulações, obtendo-se 3 tratamentos aos quais foi realizado um teste de aceitabilidade utilizando escala hedônica de 5 pontos e uma avaliação sensorial onde foram avaliados parâmetros como textura, sabor, cor, aparência e cheiro. No qual o tratamento 1 teve maior aceitação, devido ao seu equilíbrio entre o sabor ácido da amora e o açúcar utilizado. Na análise bromatológica, foram obtidos 9 gramas de carboidratos e 8 gramas de açúcares em uma amostra de 250 ml. Portanto, a bebida é indicada para todos os grupos populacionais, pois contém antocianinas; de milho roxo, amora e mirtilo., Las bebidas que comúnmente son expendidas dentro de los establecimientos, contienen una alta cantidad de azúcar y en muchos casos contienen una cantidad media de sodio, siendo perjudiciales para los consumidores. Se desarrolló una bebida que contenga buenas propiedades nutricionales y sea refrescante. Para la elaboración de los tratamientos de la bebida funcional se utilizaron granos de maíz morado, mora, mortiño, canela y azúcar; se realizaron variaciones en las formulaciones, obteniendo 3 tratamientos a los cuales se les realizó un test de aceptabilidad mediante una escala hedónica de 5 puntos y una evaluación sensorial donde se evaluaron parámetros como textura, sabor, color, apariencia y olor. En la que el tratamiento 1 tuvo mayor aceptación, por su equilibrio en entre el sabor ácido de la mora y el azúcar empleada. En los análisis bromatológicos se obtuvo 9 gramos de carbohidratos y 8 gramos de azúcares en una muestra de 250 ml. Por lo tanto, la bebida es adecuada para todos los grupos poblacionales al contener antocianinas; procedentes del maíz morado, mora y mortiño.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most grown cereal crop in the world, after wheat and rice. Immature dehusked maize ears harvested before fertilization, within 2-4 days after white silk emergence are classified as baby corn. The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of baby corn cobs obtained from different maize hybrids for their enrichment with anthocyanins extracted from the black soybean seed coats. Three different maize hybrids, namely, a popcorn hybrid ZP 6119k, a sweet hybrid ZP 553su, a semi-flint with a short vegetation period (105 days) ZP 161, as well as black soybean genotype “Black Tokyo”, were used in this study. Plant material was grown in the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute at the location of Zemun Polje, Serbia in 2021. Maize was harvested after the emergence of silk from the ears (silking stage), while soybean plants were harvested in the stage of full maturity (R8). The baby maize cobs differed in length (9.5-20.0 cm) and girth (12-21 mm), the number of kernel rows (12-20), color, and length of the silk outside the husk (3-7 cm). Soybean seeds were manually dehulled and seed coat was ground in a laboratory mill prior to the extraction of anthocyanins. After dehusking and measuring, the baby corn cobs were washed and blanched for two minutes in boiling water, and then cooled. Subsequently, the baby corn cobs were immersed in a marinating brine enriched with anthocyanins extracted from the seed coat of black soybean, pasteurized, and kept in closed glass jars in a cool dry place for 30 days. After chemical and sensory analyzes, the product obtained from popcorn hybrid ZP 6119k was chosen as the most suitable for the preparation of the marinated baby corn product enriched with anthocyanins from black soybean

The beverages that are commonly sold in establishments contain a high amount of sugar and in many cases contain a medium amount of sodium, being harmful to consumers. A drink that contains good nutritional properties and is refreshing was developed. For the elaboration of the functional drink treatments, grains of purple corn, blackberry, blueberry, cinnamon and sugar were used; Variations were made in the formulations, obtaining 3 treatments to which an acceptability test was carried out using a 5-point hedonic scale and a sensory evaluation where parameters such as texture, flavor, color, appearance and smell were evaluated. In which treatment 1 had greater acceptance, due to its balance between the acid flavor of the blackberry and the sugar used. In the bromatological analysis, 9 grams of carbohydrates and 8 grams of sugars were obtained in a 250 ml sample. Therefore, the drink is suitable for all population groups as it contains anthocyanins; from purple corn, blackberry and blueberry., As bebidas que são comumente vendidas em estabelecimentos contêm uma quantidade elevada de açúcar e em muitos casos contém uma quantidade média de sódio, sendo prejudicial ao consumidor. Foi desenvolvida uma bebida que contém boas propriedades nutricionais e é refrescante. Para a elaboração dos tratamentos da bebida funcional, foram utilizados grãos de milho roxo, amora, mirtilo, canela e açúcar; Foram feitas variações nas formulações, obtendo-se 3 tratamentos aos quais foi realizado um teste de aceitabilidade utilizando escala hedônica de 5 pontos e uma avaliação sensorial onde foram avaliados parâmetros como textura, sabor, cor, aparência e cheiro. No qual o tratamento 1 teve maior aceitação, devido ao seu equilíbrio entre o sabor ácido da amora e o açúcar utilizado. Na análise bromatológica, foram obtidos 9 gramas de carboidratos e 8 gramas de açúcares em uma amostra de 250 ml. Portanto, a bebida é indicada para todos os grupos populacionais, pois contém antocianinas; de milho roxo, amora e mirtilo., Las bebidas que comúnmente son expendidas dentro de los establecimientos, contienen una alta cantidad de azúcar y en muchos casos contienen una cantidad media de sodio, siendo perjudiciales para los consumidores. Se desarrolló una bebida que contenga buenas propiedades nutricionales y sea refrescante. Para la elaboración de los tratamientos de la bebida funcional se utilizaron granos de maíz morado, mora, mortiño, canela y azúcar; se realizaron variaciones en las formulaciones, obteniendo 3 tratamientos a los cuales se les realizó un test de aceptabilidad mediante una escala hedónica de 5 puntos y una evaluación sensorial donde se evaluaron parámetros como textura, sabor, color, apariencia y olor. En la que el tratamiento 1 tuvo mayor aceptación, por su equilibrio en entre el sabor ácido de la mora y el azúcar empleada. En los análisis bromatológicos se obtuvo 9 gramos de carbohidratos y 8 gramos de azúcares en una muestra de 250 ml. Por lo tanto, la bebida es adecuada para todos los grupos poblacionales al contener antocianinas; procedentes del maíz morado, mora y mortiño.

The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the cause of physical instability in blackcurrant juice-milk system. Poor phase stability in fruit juice-milk beverages is a major challenge for the clean-label beverage industry as milk protein can interact with fruit components, like polysaccharides and polyphenols, generating unwanted characteristics such as coagulation of milk proteins and phase separation. Hence, the principal step to understand the causes of poor phase stability was to identify and study the key interactive components of the juice, which was extracted from the New Zealand blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), and then investigate their interactions with milk proteins. The key components of the blackcurrant juice were first isolated using mild extraction procedures, via ethanol precipitation and dialysis, and were identified as a complex fraction particularly rich in pectin and anthocyanins (Chapter 4). Proximate analysis revealed that the fraction contained carbohydrate (78% w/w), uronic acid (21% w/w), protein (4.8% w/w), anthocyanin (3.9% w/w) and calcium (2.2% w/w). The pectin-rich fraction had a net negative surface charge of -23.1 mV (at pH 4.8), a pKₐ value of 1.7 and a relatively high degree of esterification (65.2%). Constituent sugar analysis showed that the fraction was mostly made of galacturonic acid, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose, and NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that it was rich in rhamnogalacturonans with arabinogalactan side chains. This pectic fraction was unique as it was highly pigmented, with cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as its major anthocyanin. Liquid chromatography revealed that the anthocyanins were tightly bound to the fraction as methanol used in the technique failed to separate them. Results from size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering showed that the blackcurrant juice contained two major pectic fractions—≈283 kDa present at 14.6% w/w and ≈97 kDa at 85.5% w/w—with the latter prod

In the global warming era, we are facing extreme changes in environmental conditions such as high and low temperatures, high light and ultraviolet radiation intensity, as well as drought and increased CO2 levels. The effects of these factors on plants are often interrelated and usually result in a disturbed balance between the amount of energy received and the ability to process it. In order to balance energy input and prevent photooxidative damage, plants have evolved multiple mechanisms for energy dissipation and photoprotection. To efficiently dissipate the excess excitation energy (EEE), the additional electron sinks, such as photorespiration, biosynthesis of phenolics and nitrate reduction are stimulated. Variegated leaves of Pelargonium zonale have been proven to be a suitable model system for examining ‘source–sink’ interactions within the same leaf, providing the same microenvironment conditions, unlike common root-shoot studies. The aim of our study was to investigate carbon and nitrogen reallocation between photosynthetically active (green leaf sectors) and photosynthetically inactive (white leaf sectors) under EEE pressure induced by low temperature in combination with high light intensity. Besides the amino acids and phenolics analyses, we monitored morphological and photosynthetic parameters of P. zonale leaves. Our results revealed higher content of free proteogenic amino acids in the white leaf sectors than in the green ones. Moreover, EEE triggered increased polyphenol synthesis, namely anthocyanins, already on the fourth day of the experiment. Also, the leaf fresh/dry weight (FW/ DW) ratio was significantly lower in plants exposed to EEE, indicating possible cell wall stiffening.

This study develops an innovative cell-based carrier to simultaneously encapsulate multiple phytochemicals from a complex plant source. Muscadine grapes (MG) juice prepared from fresh fruit was used as a model juice. After incubation with inactivated bacterial cells, 66.97% of the total anthocyanins, and 72.67% of the total antioxidant compounds were encapsulated in the cells from MG juice. Confocal images illustrated a uniform localization of the encapsulated material in the cells. The spectral emission scans indicated the presence of a diverse class of phenolic compounds, which was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using HPLC, diverse phytochemical compound classes were analyzed, including flavanols, phenolic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonols, and polymeric polyphenols. The analysis validated that the cell carrier could encapsulate a complex profile of bioactive compounds from fruit juice, and the encapsulated content and efficiencies varied by the chemical class and compound. In addition, after the heat treatment at 90 °C for 60 min, >87% total antioxidant capacity and 90% anthocyanin content were recovered from the encapsulated MG. In summary, these results highlight the significant potential of a selected bacterial strain for simultaneous encapsulation of diverse phenolic compounds from fruit juice and improving their process stability.

Grape growing regions are facing constant warming of the growing season temperature as well as limitations on ground water pumping used for irrigating to overcome water deficits. Trellis systems are utilized to optimize grapevine production, physiology, and berry chemistry. This study aimed to compare 6 trellis systems with 3 levels of applied water amounts based on different replacements of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in two consecutive seasons. The treatments included a vertical shoot position (VSP), two modified VSPs (VSP60 and VSP80), a single high wire (SH), a high quadrilateral (HQ), and a Guyot pruned VSP (GY) combined with 25%, 50%, and 100% ETc water replacement. The SH had greater yields, whereas HQ was slower to reach full production potential. At harvest in both years, the accumulation of anthocyanin derivatives was enhanced in SH, whereas VSPs decreased them. As crown porosity increased (mostly VSPs), berry flavonol concentration and likewise molar % of quercetin in berries increased. Conversely, as leaf area increased, total flavonol concentration and molar % of quercetin decreased, indicating a preferential arrangement of leaf area along the canopy for overexposure of grape berry with VSP types. The irrigation treatments revealed linear trends for components of yield, where greater applied water resulted in larger berry size and likewise greater yield. 25% ETc was able to increase berry anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations. Overall, this study evidenced the efficiency of trellis systems for optimizing production and berry composition in Californian climate, also, the feasibility of using flavonols as the indicator of canopy architecture.

The blue elderberry (Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea) is a fruit-bearing shrub native to the western region of North America. Compared to the well-studied European black elderberry (S. nigra ssp. nigra) and the American elderberry (S. nigra ssp. canadensis), this subspecies has not been thoroughly analyzed and thus is not used in commercial products. The composition of the fruit and flower, particularly the phenolic profile, was studied for the first time. The blue elderberry has a significantly lower level of anthocyanins than the other subspecies but contains cyanidin 3-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-glucoside like European elderberry. The elderflower of the blue elder is unique in terms of phenolic and volatile profile. Isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside was the dominant phenolic compound in the elderflower, unlike rutin in European and American elderflower. Furthermore, methyl eugenol was one of the most concentrated volatile compounds in the elderflower, a compound that has not been identified in other studies on the European elderflower. These studies have provided more information on the native plant, which has several environmental benefits such as improving air and soil quality when planted in hedgerows, which may facilitate more use of the fruit and flower in commercial products. Chapter 1 presents information on the composition of the blue elderberry, including the sugar, and acid content of the fruit, and the phenolic profile of the blue elderberry. Chapter 2 explores the elderflower of the blue elderberry, investigating the volatile and phenolic profile of the flower. Chapter 3 examines the cyanogenic compounds as well as the impact of thermal processing on the important phenolic compounds present in blue elderberry juice.

Black beans (BB) are an important source of a range of plant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins. Several studies support that consumption of BB is associated with health benefits, including prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health properties of BB on adipose tissue (AT) are still largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate multi-genomic effects of BB intake and identify regulatory networks potentially mediating T2DM on AT. Male Wistar diabetic rats consumed an anthocyanin-rich black bean extract for 5 weeks. Global gene expression from AT, protein coding and non-coding RNA profiles were determined using RNAseq. Biological function analyses were performed using a variety of bioinformatic tools. The evaluation of global gene expression profiles exhibited significant change following BB consumption with 406 significantly differentially expressed genes, 33 miRNA and 39 lncRNA and 3 snRNA. Functional analyses indicated that these genes play an important role in regulation of PI3K signaling, NIN/NF-kB signaling, insulin secretion, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organization. Interestingly, transcription factors such as GATA2, or POU2AF1 demonstrated to modulate their activity by BB extract by direct interaction with polyphenol metabolites, or by interactions with cell signaling proteins, like PKB, AKT or PI3K, that could control transcription factor activity and as a result impact on adipogenesis regulation. Therefore, the constant consumption of an anthocyanin-rich black bean extract may have anti-diabetic protective effects by modulating gene expression, resulting in a promising alternative for T2DM patients.

Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently identified virus. Previous research indicates primarily a substantial impact on berry ripening in all varieties studied. The current study analyzed grapes' primary and secondary metabolism across grapevine genotypes and seasons to reveal both conserved and variable impacts to GRBV infection. Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grapevines grafted on two different rootstocks (110R and 420A) were analyzed in 2016 and 2017. Metabolite profiling revealed a considerable impact on amino acid and malate acid levels, volatile aroma compounds derived from the lipoxygenase pathway, and anthocyanins synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Conserved transcriptional responses to GRBV showed induction of auxin-mediated pathways and photosynthesis with inhibition of transcription and translation processes mainly at harvest. There was an induction of plant-pathogen interactions at pre-veraison, for all genotypes and seasons, except for CS 110R in 2017. Lastly, differential co-expression analysis revealed a transcriptional shift from metabolic synthesis and energy metabolism to transcription and translation processes associated with a virus-induced gene silencing transcript. This plant-derived defense response transcript was only significantly upregulated at veraison for all genotypes and seasons, suggesting a phenological association with disease expression and plant immune responses.

Anthocyanins are an important pharmaceutical ingredient possessing diet regulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Pelargonidin is an important anthocyanin-based orange-red flavonoid compound used in drugs for treating hypoglycemia, retinopathy, skeletal myopathy, etc. The main sources of pelargonidin are strawberries and food products with red pigmentation. There is a lack of evidence for supporting its use as an independent supplement. In the present study, pelargonidin and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside are studied for their structural properties using quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory. The results confirmed that the parent compound and its glycosylated derivative acted as good electron donors. Electrostatic potential, frontier molecular orbitals, and molecular descriptor analyses also substantiated their electron donating properties. Furthermore, based on the probability, a target prediction was performed for pelargonidin and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside. Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase was chosen as an enzymatic target of interest, since the presence work focuses on glucuronidated compounds and their efficacy over diabetes. Possible interactions between these compounds and a target with nominable binding energies were also evaluated. Further, the structural stability of these two compounds were also analyzed using a molecular dynamics simulation., QC 20230613

Magenta lilly pilly (Syzygium paniculatum) is an Australian native tree that produces berry fruits that are rich in phytochemicals reportedly beneficial to human health. Here we explored the biological activities of polyphenol-enriched extracts from the magenta lilly pilly fruit, benchmarking it against traditional sources including purple sweet potato and blackberry. We show that the extracts exert potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties as well as antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The phenolic composition of lilly pilly was investigated using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS), revealing anthocyanins to be the primary component in high abundance compared to traditional anthocyanin-containing plants. Three anthocyanins from lilly pilly, along with their glycosylation patterns and stability, were characterised. Altogether, our results demonstrate the potential to exploit magenta lilly pilly fruits as a high-yielding source of phenolics with beneficial biological properties of potential interest for multiple downstream applications., QC 20230522

Nowadays, food industries are concerned about satisfying legal requirements related to waste policy and environmental protection. In addition, they take steps to ensure food safety and quality products that have high nutritional properties. Anthocyanins are considered high addedvalue compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. Thus, the non-conventional extraction techniques presented here are useful in satisfying the current food industry requirements. However, selecting more convenient extraction techniques is not easy. Multiple factors are implicated in the decision. In this review, we compile the most recent applications (since 2015) used to extract anthocyanins from different natural matrices, via conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques. We analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of anthocyanin extraction techniques from different natural matrices and discuss the selection criteria for sustainability of the processes. We present an up-to-date analysis of the principles of the techniques and an optimization of the extraction conditions, technical progress, and industrial applications. Finally, we provide a critical comparison between these techniques and some recommendations, to select and optimize the techniques for industrial applications.

The untargeted metabolomic profile of five pigmented whole rice varieties, namely Ermes, Orange, Nerone, Venere, and Violet, was investigated. Samples were cooked to a comparable starch gelatinization level through an electric commercial rice cooker and in vitro digested to evaluate the fate of rice compounds during in vitro starch digestion. The untargeted metabolomics profiling depicted a broad phytochemical profile of rice grains, including phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and phytosterols, among others. Interestingly, the metabolomic profile showed distinctive shaping following cooking and in vitro digestion in a variety-dependent manner. Multivariate statistics revealed that glycosylated flavonoids and hydrolysis-products of tannins (such as 1,2-digalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose) were the most discriminant compounds of the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The combination of cooking and simulated digestion was found to affect, in a matrix-driven manner, the profile of amino acids and lipids derivatives, together with sterols and terpenoids. Cooked Violet rice grains showed the lowest starch hydrolysis index (i.e., 58.2) and the highest resistant starch content (i.e., 4.8 g/100 g) compared to the other samples. Non-pigmented phenolic compounds could be included among discriminant compounds. After combining cooking and enzyme hydrolysis, Violet rice distinctively showed positive average LogFC values for flavonoids and phenolic acids. Overall, water-soluble anthocyanins were the most retained class of polyphenols following the cooking process, with peonidin 3-(6”-acetyl-glucoside) showing the highest discriminant potential (VIP score = 1.64).

The ability of plants to accumulate specific metabolites in concentrations beyond their solubility in both aqueous and lipid environments remains a key question in plant biology. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) are mixtures of natural compounds in specific molar ratios, which interact through hydrogen bonding. This results in a viscous liquid that can solubilize high amounts of natural products while maintaining a negligible vapor pressure to prevent release of volatile compounds. While all the components are presents in plant cells, identifying experimental evidence for the occurrence of NADES phases remains a challenging quest. Accumulation of anthocyanin flavonoids in highly concentrated inclusions have been speculated to involve NADES as an inert solvent. The inherent pigment properties of anthocyanins provide an ideal system for studying the formation of NADES in a cellular environment. In this mini-review we discuss the biosynthesis of modified anthocyanins that facilitate their organization in condensates, their transport and storage as a specific type of phase separated inclusions in the vacuole, and the presence of NADES constituents as a natural solution for storing high amounts of flavonoids and other natural products. Finally, we highlight how the knowledge gathered from studying the discussed processes could be used for specific applications within synthetic biology to utilize NADES derived compartments for the production of valuable compounds where the production is challenged by poor solubility, toxic intermediates or unstable and volatile products.

BACKGROUND During winemaking, after extraction from the skins, anthocyanins and tannins adsorb onto the pulp flesh cell walls. The present study aimed to quantify the amounts adsorbed and their impact on wine composition, the impact of variety and ethanol on adsorption, and whether the presence of anthocyanins plays a role and impacts tannin adsorption. RESULTS Anthocyanin and tannin fractions obtained by mimicking winemaking conditions were mixed with fresh flesh cell walls of two varieties: Carignan and Grenache. Adsorption isotherms were measured. Adsorption of tannins was higher with Carignan than with Grenache and decreased when the ethanol content increased. In comparison, anthocyanins were adsorbed in small amounts, and their mixing with tannins had no impact on their adsorption. The differences were related to differences in pulp cell wall composition, particularly in terms of extensins and arabinans. CONCLUSION Adsorption of tannins, which can reach 50% of the initial amount, depends on the pulp cell wall composition. This needs to be investigated further. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mortiño is a member of the Ericaceae family native to the Andes that has been used bylocal communities for centuries. This species has shown potential in the areas of medicine, agronomy,and green technology. We used a multidisciplinary approach to review aspects related to the ecology,horticulture, composition and potential biotechnological applications of mortiño. As interest in thisspecies grows, care must be taken to identify opportunities that justify its sustainable use whileemphasizing the development of local communities. Mapping the wide variety of potential uses andthe current state of conservation and utilization of this berry will help researchers to better targetmortiño’s potential

Two of the main challenges of Mediterranean viticulture is low water quality and the risk of increasing concentrations of mineral salts in the root zone. This work was undertaken to study the impact of saline deficit irrigation on grape and wine phenolic composition, as well as on the sensory profile of the wines. The experiment was carried out during three consecutive years (2016-2018) in a commercial vineyard of cv. Monastrell (Vitis vinifera L.) grafted onto 1103P rootstock located in D.O. Jumilla (SE Spain). Three watering regimes were carried out: i) the control (“Control”): the vines were irrigated with water of standard quality, ii) Sulfate treatment (“Sul”): the vines were irrigated with saline water (Na₂SO₄ + MgSO4), and iii) Chloride treatment (“Chl”): the vines were irrigated with saline water (NaCl). The same amount of irrigation water was applied to all the treatments. The water electrical conductivity was 1.8 dS/m for Control and 5 dS/m for the saline treatments (Sul and Chl). Both the Sul and Chl treatments reduced the berry weight in all the study years compared to Control, although this difference was statistically significant in the last year only (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the grape quality parameters. However, the saline treatments slightly increased grape total soluble solids (TSS) in two out of the three study years compared to Control. Regarding the phenolic composition, no significant differences (p > 0.05) among treatments were found in grapes and wines. In general, the wines from vines irrigated with saline waters received the best scores by the panel in the sensory profile analysis. The use of saline waters could be employed in the case of water scarcity, as long as the vineyard is planted on a rootstock tolerant to salinity, such as 1103P, and the vineyard soil has a texture that favours leaching.

Grape development and its quality are highly dependent on soil and weather conditions. Under the progressive warming, which can affect the suitability of typical varieties grown in a given area, the knowledge of the vine response to changes in climate is essential to stablish strategies to maintain the viticulture sector. This research presents an analysis of phenology and grape composition of the Carignan cultivar, during a 13-year period, at two locations in Rioja DOCa. Based on the results obtained and the projected changes in climate under climate change scenarios (RC4.5 and RCP8.5), the response of this cultivar was evaluated. Differences in the phenological dates of up to 18, 29 and 40 days, for flowering, veraison and harvest, respectively, were observed between the warmest and the coolest years. An advance of up to 5, 8 and 11 days, respectively, for the mentioned stages, is projected under the RCP4.5 scenario by 2050, which could be near 1.5*times higher under the RCP8.5 scenario. These advances will be mainly driven by the temperatures recorded in the previous period. Grape acidity was mainly driven by water availability, in particular during ripening, which imply a slight projected reduction due to precipitation changes but not significant effect due to increasing temperatures. The phenolic composition could be positively affected by increasing temperatures and increasing water deficits, since this variety does not always reach a complete maturity at present. Thus, under the projected warming scenarios, the suitability of Carignan in Rioja DOCa was confirmed.

The present study aimed to evaluate the metabolism and bioavailability of anthocyanins (ACN) and other phenolics from red-fleshed apple (RFA) and to define the intake biomarkers compared to common white-fleshed apple (WFA). Acute and sustained (6-week) interventions were combined in a randomized, controlled and parallel study with 121 hypercholesterolemic subjects. Another arm consuming ACN-rich infusion from aronia fruit (ARO) provided matched content and profile of ACN. Plasma, urine and faeces samples were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Results showed higher bioavailability of ACN after ARO compared to RFA, showing a clear apple matrix effect. The dihydrochalcone phloretin-2¿ -O-glucuronide was the most discriminant intake biomarker of both apples. The urinary peonidin-3-O-galactoside was a good biomarker after both ARO and RFA intakes, whereas peonidin-O-arabinoside was reported to be specific from ARO. The elucidation of the phenolic metabolism and the selection of intake biomarkers is a promising approach to relate phenolic compounds and human health.

The present review has analyzed the scientific literature, available in the PubMed and Scopus databases, in order to summarize the current state of diet anthocyanin research in breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) animal models but also for up-to-date human studies. For CRC, 28 preclinical and 9 clinical studies were selected in line with our search query in science databases. In relation to BC, 14 preclinical and 5 clinical studies were selected. Remarkably, all the preclinical studies, to a greater or lesser degree, suggested a chemoprevention effect of anthocyanin in BC/CRC rodent models. These encouraging results from animal models are not extrapolated to the same degree to human studies where, from the similar theoretical daily doses of anthocyanins in these studies, the opposite results were reported. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the anthocyanin doses in the human studies carried out recently are low if we consider the estimated exposure to anthocyanins issued by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) or extremely low if we consider with caution the human equivalent dose based on body surface area from the preclinical dosage regimes used. Therefore, although some clinical data has demonstrated an inverse relation between anthocyanin consumption and BC/CRC, this could, in fact, be more relevant if we increase the daily human anthocyanin dose (as observed in animal model dose-effect studies) while new toxicological data for this flavonoid subtype are brought to light.

Anthocyanins are polyphenolic plant pigments associated with antioxidant and health-promoting properties. However, their application in the food industry is limited due to their poor stability. The purpose of this study was to encapsulate anthocyanin-rich bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract by freeze-drying and to investigate the effects of different wall materials and extract contents on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of the obtained encapsulates. Ethanolic bilberry extract was encapsulated with the use of maltodextrin (16.5–19.5 DE) (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and their combination in a 1:1 w/w ratio (MIX). Bilberry solids to wall material ratios were examined at 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60. All encapsulates showed an attractive red colour and low water activity values (aw ≤ 0.3) that indicated a low risk of microbial spoilage. In general, the biggest losses of total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins during three-week storage in the dark and at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) were detected in the case of encapsulates with a higher content of bilberry extract (MIX30 and MIX40, and GA30 and GA40, respectively). The use of maltodextrin provided the best protection to bilberry anthocyanins during forced storage. Overall, the obtained encapsulates show suitable potential for the development of food products with added nutritional benefits.

This paper investigates the impact of a polyphenol-enriched supplement comprised of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and lemon verbena (Lippia Citriodora) (brand name Metabolaid®) on gut microbiota composition and functionality, by performing fermentations with human faecal microbiota under gut-simulated conditions. Results indicated that Metabolaid®, in a dose-dependent manner, modulated the gut bacteriome to higher relative abundances of some major genera (>3% of relative abundance) such as Bifidobacterium, Blautia and Faecalibacterium and of other minor genera such as Prevotella and Akkermansia. Metabolaid® also promoted increases in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, particularly butyric acid. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the compounds present in the Metabolaid® supplement (anthocyanins, verbascoside and hibiscus acid) were rapidly metabolized by the gut microbiota. Overall, these results reveal a certain level of gut microbiota-modulating properties of Metabolaid® that could be implicated, at least partially, in the mechanisms behind the potential beneficial effects of this supplement in obesity.

Peaches and nectarines are climacteric fruits with a relatively short storage potential due to rapid ripening and deterioration. Cold storage is effective in extending shelf-life, and preserving fruit quality properties; however, it can lead to the development of a disorder known as chilling injury (CI), perceived when fruit reaches consumer. In the present work, 51 local Spanish and 57 non-Spanish cultivars from the peach germplasm collection established at the Experimental Station of Aula Dei (Zaragoza, Spain) were evaluated after storage of fruit at 5°C (CI inducing conditions) for 2 and 4 weeks. Given the large influence of pre-harvest factors on post-harvest performance of peaches, harvest and postharvest phenotype information was obtained. Basic fruit quality parameters as soluble solids content (SSC), firmness (N), titratable acidity (TA), and ripening index (SSC/TA) were determined. Biochemical compounds such as total phenolics content (TPC) and anthocyanins content (AC) were also obtained. In addition, the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was determined to study its correlation with CI symptoms. Statistical analyses emphasized differences between the assayed cultivars and highlighted their origin as a key factor affecting metabolite profiles and susceptibility to chilling injury during cold storage.

Phenolic compounds of 25 newly introduced strawberry cultivars were profiled using spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content (TPC and TACY, respectively), as well as vitamin C, and concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in fruits were evaluated to identify the most promising cultivars according to their phenolic profile. The highest values of TPC, TACY, and vitamin C were recorded in ‘Premy’ (1.53 mg eq GA g−1 FW), ‘Sandra’ (30.60 mg eq Pg-3-g 100 g−1 FW), and ‘Laetitia’ (56.32 mg 100 g−1 FW), respectively. The DPPH and •OH radicals scavenging activity of fruit methanolic extracts was estimated using EPR spectroscopy. All cultivars are almost uniformly effective in the scavenging of •OH radical, while ‘Tea’, ‘Premy’, and ‘Joly’ were marked as highly potent cultivars (over 70%) in terms of DPPH-antiradical activity. Specific peroxidase activities were the highest in ‘Garda’, ‘Federica’, and ‘Rumba’ (0.11, 0.08, and 0.06 U mg−1 prot, respectively). ‘Laetitia’, ‘Joly’, ‘Arianna’, ‘Tea’, and ‘Mila’ cultivars were distinguished from others as the richest concerning almost all flavonoids and phenolic acids, including some other parameters of bioactivity. These cultivars could be recommended to consumers as functional fruit foods. © 2022 by the authors.

Water soaking is a common disorder of field-grown strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). It develops when ripe fruit is exposed to rain. Here we investigate the effects of Ca on water soaking. Fruit was incubated in solutions of various Ca salts and the extent of water soaking quantified using a simple rating scheme. Exposure to CaCl2 (10 mM) decreased water soaking and anthocyanin leakage but had no effect on water uptake. The decrease in water soaking due to CaCl2 was not limited to a single cultivar but occurred in all cultivars examined. Incubating fruit in a chelating agent (EGTA) increased water soaking compared to the water control. Calcium salts of different acids varied in their effects on water soaking. Only CaCl2 reduced water soaking significantly. The chlorides of different cations, also varied in their effects on water soaking. Those of the monovalent cations had no effects on water soaking, while those of the divalent cations (CaCl2, BaCl2 and SrCl2) and of the trivalent cations (FeCl3 and AlCl3) were all effective in decreasing water soaking. Overall, CaCl2 decreased microcracking of the strawberry cuticle as compared to deionized water. Furthermore, CaCl2 also reduced the leakage of anthocyanins from flesh discs, irrespective of the osmotic potential of the incubation solution. Our results indicate that CaCl2 reduced water soaking by decreasing cuticular microcracking, by decreasing leakage of plasma membranes and, possibly, by increasing the crosslinking of cell wall constituents.

Phenolic compounds of 25 newly introduced strawberry cultivars were profiled using spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content (TPC and TACY, respectively), as well as vitamin C, and concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in fruits were evaluated to identify the most promising cultivars according to their phenolic profile. The highest values of TPC, TACY, and vitamin C were recorded in ´Premy´ (1.53 mg eq GA g-1 FW), ´Sandra´ (30.60 mg eq Pg-3-g 100 g-1 FW) and ´Laetitia´ (56.32 mg 100 g-1 FW), respectively. The DPPH and •OH radicals scavenging activity of fruit methanolic extracts was estimated using EPR spectroscopy. All cultivars are almost uniformly effective in the scavenging of •OH radical, while ´Tea´, ´Premy´, and ´Joly´ were marked as highly potent cultivars (over 70%) in terms of DPPH-antiradical activity. Specific peroxidase activities were the highest in ´Garda´, ´Federica´, and ´Rumba´ (0.11, 0.08, and 0.06 U mg-1 prot, respectively). ´Laetitia´, ´Joly´, ´Arianna´, ´Tea´, and ´Mila´ cultivars were distinguished from others as the richest concerning almost all flavonoids and phenolic acids, including some other parameters of bioactivity. These cultivars could be recommended to consumers in terms of fruit as a functional food.

Interactions between proanthocyanidin material and anthocyanins can lead to the formation of pigmented oligomers and polymers. Although it is visually important that pigmented polymer forms, for the stability and ability to age a red wine, it also can have impacts on the taste and smell of the wine. Given that the synthesis of both proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins occur during fruit development, understanding the factors to improve them in the vineyard seems logical. In 2015 the ‘tannin activity’ method was used to understand how proanthocyanidin material extracted from grape skins and seeds changed over the ripening period. In that work, which ran from veraison until commercial harvest, there were clear changes in the proanthocyanidin molecular mass, activity, and the formation of pigmented polymer. Based on the sample size (N=372) across the growing season, it was expected that a controlled experiment would increase the correlations seen in the 2015 work. Due to the inverse relationship between activity and pigmented polymer formation in 2015, an experiment was designed in 2016 to look at shade cloth application to decrease the concentration of anthocyanins in the skin. Results from this work showed that changes in anthocyanin concentrations in the berry can impact the activity and molecular mass of proanthocyanidin material. Both molecular mass and activity have been shown to be correlated with wine astringency. The 2018 study built upon both earlier experiments by using white grapes and adding purified anthocyanins into the extracts to look at the ramifications of proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin interactions. The results from this experiment clearly showed the decrease in proanthocyanidin material size as the addition rate of anthocyanins was increased. Thus, increased anthocyanin levels in grapes will change the tannin composition during the winemaking process, and that consequently changes tannin activity. The combined results from these experiments suggest

Nowadays, food industries are concerned about satisfying legal requirements related to waste policy and environmental protection. In addition, they take steps to ensure food safety and quality products that have high nutritional properties. Anthocyanins are considered high addedvalue compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. Thus, the non-conventional extraction techniques presented here are useful in satisfying the current food industry requirements. However, selecting more convenient extraction techniques is not easy. Multiple factors are implicated in the decision. In this review, we compile the most recent applications (since 2015) used to extract anthocyanins from different natural matrices, via conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques. We analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of anthocyanin extraction techniques from different natural matrices and discuss the selection criteria for sustainability of the processes. We present an up-to-date analysis of the principles of the techniques and an optimization of the extraction conditions, technical progress, and industrial applications. Finally, we provide a critical comparison between these techniques and some recommendations, to select and optimize the techniques for industrial applications.