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The inevitable depletion of fossil fuels has retained a growing concern among the world leaders about the future energy security. The researchers and energy experts have unequivocally agreed that bioenergy could be a sustainable solution to the impending energy crisis. Textile and apparel are the largest and oldest industry in human society. The development of textile market depends on the growth of population, economic development and rapid change of fashion. Consequently, huge amount of biowaste in the form of solid and effluent are generated from textile industries which could be potential to generate bioenergy. Although various types of feedstocks are practically being used in recent years, the generation of bioenergy from textile biowaste is comparatively unexplored area of research. This review mainly focuses the generation of bioenergy from textile biowaste which is released from different stages of textile processing as well as post-consumer garments waste. The discussion on the available treatment technologies with their merits, demerits, and production performance including key factors are highlighted. The potential of the treatment technologies dealing with the bioenergy conversion from textile biowaste are also appended.

Ozone has been successfully employed in water treatment due to its ability to oxidize a wide variety of refractory compounds. In order to increase the process efficiency and optimize its economy, the implementation of heterogeneous catalysts has been encouraged. In this context, the use of cheap and widely available natural materials is a promising option that would promote the utilization of ozone in a cost-effective water treatment process. This review describes the use of natural clays, zeolites and oxides as supports or active catalysts in the ozonation process, with emphasis on the structural characteristics and modifications performed in the raw natural materials; the catalytic oxidation mechanism; effect of the operating parameters and degradation efficiency outcomes. According to the information compiled, more research in realistic scenarios is needed (i.e., real wastewater matrix or continuous operation in pilot scale) in order to transfer this technology to the treatment of real wastewater streams.

In the present study, sludge samples were collected from the place where effluents were released by the carpet industries in Bhadohi district. Physico-chemical analysis revealed sludge samples were dark brown in color, pH (6.91 to 9.5), ECe (5.69-11.50 dSm-1), organic C (4.40 - 12.60%), N content (3.50 -13.90%), PO4 content (7.25-13.34%) and K2O content (1.02 -3.21%). Maximum population of bacterial (cfu≈106/g) isolates in sludge samples were found on NA media followed by Kings’ B and NMS. Out of 86 bacterial isolates, 39, 28 and 19 isolates were isolated on NA, Kings’ B and NMS agar media respectively. Sixteen bacterial isolates decolorized the test dyes in respective media plates, 10 decolorized congo red (CR) and 6 decolorized trypan blue (TB) up to higher concentration (25 to 150 ppm) of dyes in agar plate. Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Azatobacter sp. and their consortium showed significant decororization of both the dyes after 24h in Nutrient broth. Consortium of C3 (Bacillus sp. + Azatobacter sp.) decolorized 94% of 100 ppm CR and 95% of TB.

In the present study, sludge samples were collected from the place where effluents were released by the carpet industries in Bhadohi district. Physico-chemical analysis revealed sludge samples were dark brown in color, pH (6.91 to 9.5), ECe (5.69-11.50 dSm-1), organic C (4.40 - 12.60%), N content (3.50 -13.90%), PO4 content (7.25-13.34%) and K2O content (1.02 -3.21%). Maximum population of bacterial (cfu≈106/g) isolates in sludge samples were found on NA media followed by Kings’ B and NMS. Out of 86 bacterial isolates, 39, 28 and 19 isolates were isolated on NA, Kings’ B and NMS agar media respectively. Sixteen bacterial isolates decolorized the test dyes in respective media plates, 10 decolorized congo red (CR) and 6 decolorized trypan blue (TB) up to higher concentration (25 to 150 ppm) of dyes in agar plate. Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Azatobacter sp. and their consortium showed significant decororization of both the dyes after 24h in Nutrient broth. Consortium of C3 (Bacillus sp. + Azatobacter sp.) decolorized 94% of 100 ppm CR and 95% of TB.

In the present study, sludge samples were collected from the place where effluents were released by the carpet industries in Bhadohi district. Physico-chemical analysis revealed sludge samples were dark brown in color, pH (6.91 to 9.5), ECe (5.69-11.50 dSm-1), organic C (4.40 - 12.60%), N content (3.50 -13.90%), PO4 content (7.25-13.34%) and K2O content (1.02 -3.21%). Maximum population of bacterial (cfu≈106/g) isolates in sludge samples were found on NA media followed by Kings’ B and NMS. Out of 86 bacterial isolates, 39, 28 and 19 isolates were isolated on NA, Kings’ B and NMS agar media respectively. Sixteen bacterial isolates decolorized the test dyes in respective media plates, 10 decolorized congo red (CR) and 6 decolorized trypan blue (TB) up to higher concentration (25 to 150 ppm) of dyes in agar plate. Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Azatobacter sp. and their consortium showed significant decororization of both the dyes after 24h in Nutrient broth. Consortium of C3 (Bacillus sp. + Azatobacter sp.) decolorized 94% of 100 ppm CR and 95% of TB.

This study focused on the advanced oxidation of the hetero bi-functional reactive dye Sumifix Supra Yellow 3RF (CI Reactive Yellow 145) using dark Fenton and photo-Fenton conditions in a lab-scale experiment. A 2(3) factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the three key factors: temperature, Fe(II) and H2O2 concentrations, for a dye concentration of 250 mg L-1 with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 172 mg L-1 O-2 at pH = 3. The response function was the COD reduction. This methodology lets us find the effects and interactions of the studied variables and their roles in the efficiency of the treatment process. In the optimization, the correlation coefficients for the model (R-2) were 0.948 and 0.965 for Fenton and photo-Fenton treatments, respectively. Under optimized reaction conditions: pH = 3, temperature = 298 K, [H2O2] = 11.765 mM and [Fe(II)] = 1.075 mM; 60 min of treatment resulted in a 79% and 92.2% decrease in COD, for the dye taken as the model organic compound, after Fenton and photo-Fenton treatments, respectively, Postprint (author’s final draft)

Process optimization for increasing the response speed of liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper was investigated. It is demonstrated that by filling LC in atmosphere condition rewriting time could be decreased to 6 seconds with good repeatability. Increasing the spin coating speed and time could also decrease the azimuthal anchoring energy, but it will cause non-continuous film form of alignment layer which causes large speed dispersion that is not good for practical use. Serial experiments show that with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy the rewriting time could be smaller. The results demonstrate that with proper fabrication process of alignment layer for liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper, azimuthal anchoring energy could be adjusted to an optimal value which is beneficial for achieving fastest rewriting speed and at the same time strong enough to well align LC. © 2014 Society for Information Display.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the rewriting time of liquid crystal (LC) optical rewritable (ORW) e-paper was conducted. The equations of rewriting time of alignment molecule SD1 film with and without interaction with LC based on diffusion model were derived, which shows that the rewriting time of LC ORW e-paper could be shortened by enlarging light intensity or decreasing azimuthal anchoring energy. The rewriting time of pure SD1 films and LC ORW cells was measured under different light intensities. And LC ORW cells with different azimuthal anchoring energy were prepared for rewriting time measurement. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results was obtained, which indicates that using larger light intensity and making LC cell with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy, ORW rewriting time could be decreased to the amount suitable for practical use.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the rewriting time of liquid crystal (LC) optical rewritable (ORW) e-paper was conducted. The equations of rewriting time of alignment molecule SD1 film with and without interaction with LC based on diffusion model were derived, which shows that the rewriting time of LC ORW e-paper could be shortened by enlarging light intensity or decreasing azimuthal anchoring energy. The rewriting time of pure SD1 films and LC ORW cells was measured under different light intensities. And LC ORW cells with different azimuthal anchoring energy were prepared for rewriting time measurement. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results was obtained, which indicates that using larger light intensity and making LC cell with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy, ORW rewriting time could be decreased to the amount suitable for practical use.

Process optimization for increasing the response speed of liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper was investigated. It is demonstrated that by filling LC in atmosphere condition rewriting time could be decreased to 6 seconds with good repeatability. Increasing the spin coating speed and time could also decrease the azimuthal anchoring energy, but it will cause non-continuous film form of alignment layer which causes large speed dispersion that is not good for practical use. Serial experiments show that with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy the rewriting time could be smaller. The results demonstrate that with proper fabrication process of alignment layer for liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper, azimuthal anchoring energy could be adjusted to an optimal value which is beneficial for achieving fastest rewriting speed and at the same time strong enough to well align LC. © 2014 Society for Information Display.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the rewriting time of liquid crystal (LC) optical rewritable (ORW) e-paper was conducted. The equations of rewriting time of alignment molecule SD1 film with and without interaction with LC based on diffusion model were derived, which shows that the rewriting time of LC ORW e-paper could be shortened by enlarging light intensity or decreasing azimuthal anchoring energy. The rewriting time of pure SD1 films and LC ORW cells was measured under different light intensities. And LC ORW cells with different azimuthal anchoring energy were prepared for rewriting time measurement. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results was obtained, which indicates that using larger light intensity and making LC cell with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy, ORW rewriting time could be decreased to the amount suitable for practical use.

Process optimization for increasing the response speed of liquid crystal (LC) optical rewritable e-paper was investigated. It is demonstrated that by filling LC in atmosphere condition rewriting time could be decreased to 6 s with good repeatability. Increasing the spin coating speed and time could also decrease the azimuthal anchoring energy, but it will cause non-continuous film form of alignment layer which causes large speed dispersion that is not good for practical use. Serial experiments show that with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy the rewriting time could be smaller. The results demonstrate that with proper fabrication process of alignment layer for liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper, azimuthal anchoring energy could be adjusted to an optimal value which is beneficial for achieving fastest rewriting speed and at the same time strong enough to well align LC.

Process optimization for increasing the response speed of liquid crystal (LC) optical rewritable e-paper was investigated. It is demonstrated that by filling LC in atmosphere condition rewriting time could be decreased to 6 s with good repeatability. Increasing the spin coating speed and time could also decrease the azimuthal anchoring energy, but it will cause non-continuous film form of alignment layer which causes large speed dispersion that is not good for practical use. Serial experiments show that with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy the rewriting time could be smaller. The results demonstrate that with proper fabrication process of alignment layer for liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper, azimuthal anchoring energy could be adjusted to an optimal value which is beneficial for achieving fastest rewriting speed and at the same time strong enough to well align LC.

Process optimization for increasing the response speed of liquid crystal (LC) optical rewritable e-paper was investigated. It is demonstrated that by filling LC in atmosphere condition rewriting time could be decreased to 6 s with good repeatability. Increasing the spin coating speed and time could also decrease the azimuthal anchoring energy, but it will cause non-continuous film form of alignment layer which causes large speed dispersion that is not good for practical use. Serial experiments show that with smaller azimuthal anchoring energy the rewriting time could be smaller. The results demonstrate that with proper fabrication process of alignment layer for liquid crystal optical rewritable e-paper, azimuthal anchoring energy could be adjusted to an optimal value which is beneficial for achieving fastest rewriting speed and at the same time strong enough to well align LC.

The effect of interaction between liquid crystal (LC) and photoalignment material on the speed of optical rewriting process is investigated. The theoretical analysis shows that a smaller frank elastic constant K-22 of liquid crystal corresponds to a larger twist angle, which gives rise to a larger rewriting speed. Six different LC cells with the same boundary conditions (one substrate is covered with rubbed polyimide (PI) and the other with photo sensitive rewritable sulfuric dye 1(SD1)) are tested experimentally under the same illumination intensity (450 nm, 80 mW/cm(2)). The results demonstrate that with a suitable liquid crystal, the LC optical rewriting speed for e-paper application can be obviously improved. For two well known LC materials E7 (K-22 is larger) and 5CB (K-22 is smaller), they require 11 s and 6 s corresponding to change alignment direction for generating image information.

Základním cílem předložené práce bylo připravit sulfonované azosloučeniny a studovat jejich spektrální vlastnosti. Byly zvoleny tři typy primárních aromatických aminů vstupujících do diazotačních reakcí, přičemž dva z nich obsahovaly ve své molekule adamantanový skelet. Pro všechny primární aminy byla společná přítomnost karbonylové skupiny vázané na aromatickou část molekuly. Připravené diazoniové soli byly následně podrobeny kopulační reakci, která poskytla požadované sulfonované azosloučeniny. Všechny připravené látky byly plně charakterizovány pomocí metod strukturní analýzy (IR, EI-MS, ESI-MS, NMR). ESI-MS analýzami připravených azosloučenin byla nejen potvrzena jejich struktura, ale také prozkoumána jejich schopnost vytvářet supramolekulární komplexy s cyklodextriny, přežívající v plynné fázi., The essential purpose of this work was the synthesis of sulphonated azo-dyes as well as study of their spectral properties. Firstly, three diverse primary aromatic amines (both of them containing carbonyl functionality directly linked to the aromatic part of the molecule) were treated with sodium nitrite. This reaction led to the formation of diazonium salts that were subsequently converted to the desired sulphonated azo-dyes (two of them bear ada-mantane moiety). All prepared compounds were fully characterised using spectral methods (e.g. IR, EI-MS, ESI-MS, NMR). Study of prepared sulphonated azo-dyes using ESI-MS analysis both confirmed the structure of these compounds and revealed the ability of pre-pared dyes create host-guest systems with cyclodextrins in gaseous phase., Ústav technologie tuků, tenzidů a kosmetiky, obhájeno

The effect of interaction between liquid crystal (LC) and photoalignment material on the speed of optical rewriting process is investigated. The theoretical analysis shows that a smaller frank elastic constant K-22 of liquid crystal corresponds to a larger twist angle, which gives rise to a larger rewriting speed. Six different LC cells with the same boundary conditions (one substrate is covered with rubbed polyimide (PI) and the other with photo sensitive rewritable sulfuric dye 1(SD1)) are tested experimentally under the same illumination intensity (450 nm, 80 mW/cm(2)). The results demonstrate that with a suitable liquid crystal, the LC optical rewriting speed for e-paper application can be obviously improved. For two well known LC materials E7 (K-22 is larger) and 5CB (K-22 is smaller), they require 11 s and 6 s corresponding to change alignment direction for generating image information.

The effect of interaction between liquid crystal (LC) and photoalignment material on the speed of optical rewriting process is investigated. The theoretical analysis shows that a smaller frank elastic constant K-22 of liquid crystal corresponds to a larger twist angle, which gives rise to a larger rewriting speed. Six different LC cells with the same boundary conditions (one substrate is covered with rubbed polyimide (PI) and the other with photo sensitive rewritable sulfuric dye 1(SD1)) are tested experimentally under the same illumination intensity (450 nm, 80 mW/cm(2)). The results demonstrate that with a suitable liquid crystal, the LC optical rewriting speed for e-paper application can be obviously improved. For two well known LC materials E7 (K-22 is larger) and 5CB (K-22 is smaller), they require 11 s and 6 s corresponding to change alignment direction for generating image information.

A new optical rewritable (ORW) liquid-crystal-alignment technology has been developed to create a display and to demonstrate its maturity and potential. ORW displays have no electrodes and use polarizers as substrates. The display requires no photolithography on plastic. Its simple construction secures durability and low cost for mass production. The on-screen information is optically changed in a writing unit that consists of an LCD mask and an exposure source that is based on LEDs, low power, and low cost in comparison with Hg lamps or lasers. A high contrast image can be easily written, viewed, and rewritten through a polarizer, while the multi-stable gray-level image requires zero power to maintain the image. Reconfigurable LC alignment using ORW technology best suits plastic-card displays as well as for LC photonics and various one-mask processes of patterned LC-alignment applications.

A new optical rewritable (ORW) liquid-crystal-alignment technology has been developed to create a display and to demonstrate its maturity and potential. ORW displays have no electrodes and use polarizers as substrates. The display requires no photolithography on plastic. Its simple construction secures durability and low cost for mass production. The on-screen information is optically changed in a writing unit that consists of an LCD mask and an exposure source that is based on LEDs, low power, and low cost in comparison with Hg lamps or lasers. A high contrast image can be easily written, viewed, and rewritten through a polarizer, while the multi-stable gray-level image requires zero power to maintain the image. Reconfigurable LC alignment using ORW technology best suits plastic-card displays as well as for LC photonics and various one-mask processes of patterned LC-alignment applications.

A new optical rewritable (ORW) liquid-crystal-alignment technology has been developed to create a display and to demonstrate its maturity and potential. ORW displays have no electrodes and use polarizers as substrates. The display requires no photolithography on plastic. Its simple construction secures durability and low cost for mass production. The on-screen information is optically changed in a writing unit that consists of an LCD mask and an exposure source that is based on LEDs, low power, and low cost in comparison with Hg lamps or lasers. A high contrast image can be easily written, viewed, and rewritten through a polarizer, while the multi-stable gray-level image requires zero power to maintain the image. Reconfigurable LC alignment using ORW technology best suits plastic-card displays as well as for LC photonics and various one-mask processes of patterned LC-alignment applications.

A novel photoaligned twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD) cell is fabricated by one-step illumination with oblique nonpolarized UV light of an empty cell with azo-dye layers coated on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. If the incident angle is sufficiently large (> 75 degrees), the p-polarization of the light is more pronounced for the bottom azo-dye layer in comparison with that for the upper one. Thus, the photo-alignment of the azo-dye layer on the bottom substrate is perpendicular to that of the upper one. and LC directors on the top and bottom substrates also become perpendicular. The method provides a new simple way of manufacturing photoaligned TN-LCDs.

A novel photoaligned twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD) cell is fabricated by one-step illumination with oblique nonpolarized UV light of an empty cell with azo-dye layers coated on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. If the incident angle is sufficiently large (> 75 degrees), the p-polarization of the light is more pronounced for the bottom azo-dye layer in comparison with that for the upper one. Thus, the photo-alignment of the azo-dye layer on the bottom substrate is perpendicular to that of the upper one. and LC directors on the top and bottom substrates also become perpendicular. The method provides a new simple way of manufacturing photoaligned TN-LCDs.

A novel photoaligned twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD) cell is fabricated by one-step illumination with oblique nonpolarized UV light of an empty cell with azo-dye layers coated on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. If the incident angle is sufficiently large (> 75 degrees), the p-polarization of the light is more pronounced for the bottom azo-dye layer in comparison with that for the upper one. Thus, the photo-alignment of the azo-dye layer on the bottom substrate is perpendicular to that of the upper one. and LC directors on the top and bottom substrates also become perpendicular. The method provides a new simple way of manufacturing photoaligned TN-LCDs.