Search

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

The article provides information about a research study conducted to establish changes in behavioral reactions of rats at different times of use of a complex of chemical food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R). The study was based on administering experimental laboratory rats subgroups for 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of a complex of food additives once a day orally. Cognitive function was determined by assessing the formation rate of a conditioned food-retrieval reflex in a complex maze. The assessment of the behavior of experimental animals in a complex maze showed that at the initial time of introducing a complex of food additives (up to week 8), the obtained results had positive dynamics, with values of p<0.05. All evaluated parameters had a negative trend from the 12th week of the experimental study. Significantly (p<0.05), the worst indicators were registered after the 20th week of the experimental 136 study. It was found that consumption of a complex of food additives leads to cognitive dysfunction in rats, which was characterised by impaired memory function as well as learning ability, Məqalədə siçovullarda kimyəvi qida əlavələri kompleksinin (natrium qlutamat, natrium nitrat, ponso 4 R) müxtəlif müddətlərdə qəbul edildiyi şəraitdə hərəkət tərzinin dəyişikliklərini öyrənmək məqsədilə aparılmış tədqiqat işi haqqında məlumat verilmişdir. Tədqiqat zamanı laboratoriya şəraitində sıçovullara eksperimentlərin qruplarına müvafiq olaraq 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 və 20 həftə ərzində gündə 1 dəfə olmaqla kimyəvi qida əlavəsi kompleksi yeridilmişdir. Mürəkkəb quruluşlu labirint daxilində qida qəbuluna qarşı hərəkət tərzi refleksinin yaranmasına əsasən koqnitiv funksiyanın dəyişmələri qiymətləndirilmişdir. Mürəkkəb quruluşlu labirint daxilində heyvanların hərəkət tərzinin qiymətləndirilməsi göstərmişdir ki, qida əlavələrinin yeridilməsinin ilk müddətlərində (8 həftəyə qədər) alınmış nəticələr müsbət baxımdan etibarlıdır (p0,05). Eksperimental tədqiqatın 12-ci həftəsindən başlayaraq, öyrənilən parametrlər mənfi istiqamətə meyl etmişdir. Statistik etibarlı (p0,05) dəyişikliklər isə eksperimental tədqiqatın başlanmasından sonrakı 20-ci həftədə müşahidə edilmişdir. Aydın olmuşdur ki, qida əlavələri kompleksinin uzunmüddətli tədbiqi siçovullarda koqnotiv disfunksiyaya səbəb olur. Bu isə yaddaşın və təlim vərdişlərinin yaranmasının pozulması ilə təzahür edir.

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

The article provides information about a research study conducted to establish changes in behavioral reactions of rats at different times of use of a complex of chemical food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R). The study was based on administering experimental laboratory rats subgroups for 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of a complex of food additives once a day orally. Cognitive function was determined by assessing the formation rate of a conditioned food-retrieval reflex in a complex maze. The assessment of the behavior of experimental animals in a complex maze showed that at the initial time of introducing a complex of food additives (up to week 8), the obtained results had positive dynamics, with values of p<0.05. All evaluated parameters had a negative trend from the 12th week of the experimental study. Significantly (p<0.05), the worst indicators were registered after the 20th week of the experimental 136 study. It was found that consumption of a complex of food additives leads to cognitive dysfunction in rats, which was characterised by impaired memory function as well as learning ability, Məqalədə siçovullarda kimyəvi qida əlavələri kompleksinin (natrium qlutamat, natrium nitrat, ponso 4 R) müxtəlif müddətlərdə qəbul edildiyi şəraitdə hərəkət tərzinin dəyişikliklərini öyrənmək məqsədilə aparılmış tədqiqat işi haqqında məlumat verilmişdir. Tədqiqat zamanı laboratoriya şəraitində sıçovullara eksperimentlərin qruplarına müvafiq olaraq 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 və 20 həftə ərzində gündə 1 dəfə olmaqla kimyəvi qida əlavəsi kompleksi yeridilmişdir. Mürəkkəb quruluşlu labirint daxilində qida qəbuluna qarşı hərəkət tərzi refleksinin yaranmasına əsasən koqnitiv funksiyanın dəyişmələri qiymətləndirilmişdir. Mürəkkəb quruluşlu labirint daxilində heyvanların hərəkət tərzinin qiymətləndirilməsi göstərmişdir ki, qida əlavələrinin yeridilməsinin ilk müddətlərində (8 həftəyə qədər) alınmış nəticələr müsbət baxımdan etibarlıdır (p0,05). Eksperimental tədqiqatın 12-ci həftəsindən başlayaraq, öyrənilən parametrlər mənfi istiqamətə meyl etmişdir. Statistik etibarlı (p0,05) dəyişikliklər isə eksperimental tədqiqatın başlanmasından sonrakı 20-ci həftədə müşahidə edilmişdir. Aydın olmuşdur ki, qida əlavələri kompleksinin uzunmüddətli tədbiqi siçovullarda koqnotiv disfunksiyaya səbəb olur. Bu isə yaddaşın və təlim vərdişlərinin yaranmasının pozulması ilə təzahür edir.

The article provides information about a research study conducted to establish changes in behavioral reactions of rats at different times of use of a complex of chemical food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R). The study was based on administering experimental laboratory rats subgroups for 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of a complex of food additives once a day orally. Cognitive function was determined by assessing the formation rate of a conditioned food-retrieval reflex in a complex maze. The assessment of the behavior of experimental animals in a complex maze showed that at the initial time of introducing a complex of food additives (up to week 8), the obtained results had positive dynamics, with values of p<0.05. All evaluated parameters had a negative trend from the 12th week of the experimental study. Significantly (p<0.05), the worst indicators were registered after the 20th week of the experimental 136 study. It was found that consumption of a complex of food additives leads to cognitive dysfunction in rats, which was characterised by impaired memory function as well as learning ability, Məqalədə siçovullarda kimyəvi qida əlavələri kompleksinin (natrium qlutamat, natrium nitrat, ponso 4 R) müxtəlif müddətlərdə qəbul edildiyi şəraitdə hərəkət tərzinin dəyişikliklərini öyrənmək məqsədilə aparılmış tədqiqat işi haqqında məlumat verilmişdir. Tədqiqat zamanı laboratoriya şəraitində sıçovullara eksperimentlərin qruplarına müvafiq olaraq 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 və 20 həftə ərzində gündə 1 dəfə olmaqla kimyəvi qida əlavəsi kompleksi yeridilmişdir. Mürəkkəb quruluşlu labirint daxilində qida qəbuluna qarşı hərəkət tərzi refleksinin yaranmasına əsasən koqnitiv funksiyanın dəyişmələri qiymətləndirilmişdir. Mürəkkəb quruluşlu labirint daxilində heyvanların hərəkət tərzinin qiymətləndirilməsi göstərmişdir ki, qida əlavələrinin yeridilməsinin ilk müddətlərində (8 həftəyə qədər) alınmış nəticələr müsbət baxımdan etibarlıdır (p0,05). Eksperimental tədqiqatın 12-ci həftəsindən başlayaraq, öyrənilən parametrlər mənfi istiqamətə meyl etmişdir. Statistik etibarlı (p0,05) dəyişikliklər isə eksperimental tədqiqatın başlanmasından sonrakı 20-ci həftədə müşahidə edilmişdir. Aydın olmuşdur ki, qida əlavələri kompleksinin uzunmüddətli tədbiqi siçovullarda koqnotiv disfunksiyaya səbəb olur. Bu isə yaddaşın və təlim vərdişlərinin yaranmasının pozulması ilə təzahür edir.

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

War affects the daily lives of the vast majority of Ukrainians. Therefore, post-traumatic stress disorder has become one of the most pressing medical and social problems in Ukraine today. It is characterised by a complex pathogenesis and comorbidity with many other diseases. Studying models of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats, its impact on various organs and systems, as well as finding ways to correct it are crucial for restoring the health of victims. The work presents the results of a morphological study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the rat bronchi and its correction with quercetin. It has been established that this disorder causes significant destructive changes in the large bronchi of rats, in particular, desquamation of epithelial cells with the formation of cellular detritus in the bronchial lumen, hyperhydration and leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa, and haemomicrocirculation disorders. Intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble quercetin complex once a day for seven days in rats significantly reduced the damage to the large bronchi against the background of post-stress disorder, indicating this agent's effectiveness as a stress protector.

It was established that the effect of the complex of food additives on the arterioles of the medulla of the adrenal glands of rats in the early stages of the study was expressed by the spasm of blood vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed due to the effect of the altering effect of the complex of food additives as a result of hemodynamic conditions. At the later stages of the experiment, hypoxia was observed, which led to the development of compensatory and restorative reactions, but complete recovery did not occur

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

It was established that the use of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, causing hypertrophy and perivascular edema in the early stages ofthe experimental study, the reversibility ofthe processes within 8-10 weeks oftaking food additives and irreversibility with alteration of cells and destructive changes of endocrinocytes starting from the 16th week of experimental studies.

Under the influence of a food additive complex on the indicators of the average total wall thickness of arterioles of the medulla of the rat's adrenal glands, a spasm was observed in the inial stages of the study, caused by the altering effect of food additives and an increase in the thickness of the arteriole wall, which indicates a viola on of hemodynamic condions.In thelater stages of the experiment, the development of inflammatory reacons and hypoxia was observed, which led to the acva on of compensatory-restorave mechanisms, but complete recovery did not occur.

Taste plays a significant role in the life of every person. Our taste buds are responsible for recognizing flavors, determining the suitability of foods, protecting against harmful substances, and regulating food intake. A person always gets pleasure from tasty food, and sweet dishes cause positive emotions. Unfortunately, we consume food that contains many food additives and preservatives daily, although we know that it can be harmful. Tasty but not healthy food has become extremely common and available, and it is difficult for us to resist the temptation to eat it. Many nutritional supplements have been created to meet the needs of the food industry, as mass production of products is different from home cooking. These additives are necessary to preserve the product's appearance but should not harm buyers' health or mislead them. Today, there are many food additives that consumers are unaware of but which can affect human organs, particularly the adrenal glands. Some of the most common food additives we study include monosodium glutamate (E621), sodium nitrite (E250) and Ponceau 4R (E124). Consuming large amounts of dietary supplements can have the following effects: chest and abdominal pain, migraines, nausea, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), obesity, weakness, and allergic reactions. Particular attention should be paid to the effect of these supplements on the adrenal glands, as they can disrupt the function of these organs and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Research on the morphology of the adrenal glands has been ongoing for many years. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the pathology of the adrenal glands as the negative influence of external and internal factors increases, which leads to disturbances in the structure and functioning of the glands. Adrenal glands play an essential role not only in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system but also in the endocrine system. Interest in changes in the structure of the adrenal

Nowadays, food additives are widely used worldwide. They allow you to give food a specific taste, store products for a longer time and improve their appearance. Consumers do not even understand or realize the presence of chemical impurities in their products. However, food additives, even in small amounts, can lead to diseases of the organs and systems of the body, and in this case they can affect the functioning of the adrenal glands.

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

It was established that the use of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, causing hypertrophy and perivascular edema in the early stages ofthe experimental study, the reversibility ofthe processes within 8-10 weeks oftaking food additives and irreversibility with alteration of cells and destructive changes of endocrinocytes starting from the 16th week of experimental studies.

Under the influence of a food additive complex on the indicators of the average total wall thickness of arterioles of the medulla of the rat's adrenal glands, a spasm was observed in the inial stages of the study, caused by the altering effect of food additives and an increase in the thickness of the arteriole wall, which indicates a viola on of hemodynamic condions.In thelater stages of the experiment, the development of inflammatory reacons and hypoxia was observed, which led to the acva on of compensatory-restorave mechanisms, but complete recovery did not occur.

Taste plays a significant role in the life of every person. Our taste buds are responsible for recognizing flavors, determining the suitability of foods, protecting against harmful substances, and regulating food intake. A person always gets pleasure from tasty food, and sweet dishes cause positive emotions. Unfortunately, we consume food that contains many food additives and preservatives daily, although we know that it can be harmful. Tasty but not healthy food has become extremely common and available, and it is difficult for us to resist the temptation to eat it. Many nutritional supplements have been created to meet the needs of the food industry, as mass production of products is different from home cooking. These additives are necessary to preserve the product's appearance but should not harm buyers' health or mislead them. Today, there are many food additives that consumers are unaware of but which can affect human organs, particularly the adrenal glands. Some of the most common food additives we study include monosodium glutamate (E621), sodium nitrite (E250) and Ponceau 4R (E124). Consuming large amounts of dietary supplements can have the following effects: chest and abdominal pain, migraines, nausea, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), obesity, weakness, and allergic reactions. Particular attention should be paid to the effect of these supplements on the adrenal glands, as they can disrupt the function of these organs and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Research on the morphology of the adrenal glands has been ongoing for many years. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the pathology of the adrenal glands as the negative influence of external and internal factors increases, which leads to disturbances in the structure and functioning of the glands. Adrenal glands play an essential role not only in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system but also in the endocrine system. Interest in changes in the structure of the adrenal

Under the influence of a food additive complex on the indicators of the average total wall thickness of arterioles of the medulla of the rat's adrenal glands, a spasm was observed in the inial stages of the study, caused by the altering effect of food additives and an increase in the thickness of the arteriole wall, which indicates a viola on of hemodynamic condions.In thelater stages of the experiment, the development of inflammatory reacons and hypoxia was observed, which led to the acva on of compensatory-restorave mechanisms, but complete recovery did not occur.

It was established that the use of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, causing hypertrophy and perivascular edema in the early stages ofthe experimental study, the reversibility ofthe processes within 8-10 weeks oftaking food additives and irreversibility with alteration of cells and destructive changes of endocrinocytes starting from the 16th week of experimental studies.

The immunohistochemical characteristics of the glands of the mucous membrane of the septum of the human frontal sinus were studied in normal conditions. The study was conducted on 120 preparations of the glands of the mucous membrane of the septum of the frontal sinus in 52 corpses of people of both sexes aged from 30 to 87 years who died from causes not related to the pathology of the paranasal sinuses. Our study used such methods as collecting material from corpses and the subsequent method of preparing the material for histochemical studies, serial semi-thin sections, and immunohistochemical analysis. According to an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the stroma of the septal glands, there are CD 3-positive cells, which are elements of the local protective barrier, as well as a large number of periacinar T-lymphocytes. The number of CD 20-positive cells is negligible in the periacinar connective tissue of the septum. The number of B lymphocytes in the periductal stroma was significant. Many plasma cells were identified in the periacinar stroma of both protein and mucous glands of the mucous membrane of the human frontal sinus. The cells formed chains of 10-12 cells along the basement membrane. The number of CD 138-positive cells in the periductal connective tissue was lower compared to the periacinar tissue.

It was established that the effect of the complex of food additives on the arterioles of the medulla of the adrenal glands of rats in the early stages of the study was expressed by the spasm of blood vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed due to the effect of the altering effect of the complex of food additives as a result of hemodynamic conditions. At the later stages of the experiment, hypoxia was observed, which led to the development of compensatory and restorative reactions, but complete recovery did not occur

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

Taste plays a significant role in the life of every person. Our taste buds are responsible for recognizing flavors, determining the suitability of foods, protecting against harmful substances, and regulating food intake. A person always gets pleasure from tasty food, and sweet dishes cause positive emotions. Unfortunately, we consume food that contains many food additives and preservatives daily, although we know that it can be harmful. Tasty but not healthy food has become extremely common and available, and it is difficult for us to resist the temptation to eat it. Many nutritional supplements have been created to meet the needs of the food industry, as mass production of products is different from home cooking. These additives are necessary to preserve the product's appearance but should not harm buyers' health or mislead them. Today, there are many food additives that consumers are unaware of but which can affect human organs, particularly the adrenal glands. Some of the most common food additives we study include monosodium glutamate (E621), sodium nitrite (E250) and Ponceau 4R (E124). Consuming large amounts of dietary supplements can have the following effects: chest and abdominal pain, migraines, nausea, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), obesity, weakness, and allergic reactions. Particular attention should be paid to the effect of these supplements on the adrenal glands, as they can disrupt the function of these organs and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Research on the morphology of the adrenal glands has been ongoing for many years. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the pathology of the adrenal glands as the negative influence of external and internal factors increases, which leads to disturbances in the structure and functioning of the glands. Adrenal glands play an essential role not only in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system but also in the endocrine system. Interest in changes in the structure of the adrenal

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

The immunohistochemical characteristics of the glands of the mucous membrane of the septum of the human frontal sinus were studied in normal conditions. The study was conducted on 120 preparations of the glands of the mucous membrane of the septum of the frontal sinus in 52 corpses of people of both sexes aged from 30 to 87 years who died from causes not related to the pathology of the paranasal sinuses. Our study used such methods as collecting material from corpses and the subsequent method of preparing the material for histochemical studies, serial semi-thin sections, and immunohistochemical analysis. According to an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the stroma of the septal glands, there are CD 3-positive cells, which are elements of the local protective barrier, as well as a large number of periacinar T-lymphocytes. The number of CD 20-positive cells is negligible in the periacinar connective tissue of the septum. The number of B lymphocytes in the periductal stroma was significant. Many plasma cells were identified in the periacinar stroma of both protein and mucous glands of the mucous membrane of the human frontal sinus. The cells formed chains of 10-12 cells along the basement membrane. The number of CD 138-positive cells in the periductal connective tissue was lower compared to the periacinar tissue.

Under the influence of a food additive complex on the indicators of the average total wall thickness of arterioles of the medulla of the rat's adrenal glands, a spasm was observed in the inial stages of the study, caused by the altering effect of food additives and an increase in the thickness of the arteriole wall, which indicates a viola on of hemodynamic condions.In thelater stages of the experiment, the development of inflammatory reacons and hypoxia was observed, which led to the acva on of compensatory-restorave mechanisms, but complete recovery did not occur.

It was established that the effect of the complex of food additives on the arterioles of the medulla of the adrenal glands of rats in the early stages of the study was expressed by the spasm of blood vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed due to the effect of the altering effect of the complex of food additives as a result of hemodynamic conditions. At the later stages of the experiment, hypoxia was observed, which led to the development of compensatory and restorative reactions, but complete recovery did not occur

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

It was established that the use of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, causing hypertrophy and perivascular edema in the early stages ofthe experimental study, the reversibility ofthe processes within 8-10 weeks oftaking food additives and irreversibility with alteration of cells and destructive changes of endocrinocytes starting from the 16th week of experimental studies.

Nowadays, food additives are widely used worldwide. They allow you to give food a specific taste, store products for a longer time and improve their appearance. Consumers do not even understand or realize the presence of chemical impurities in their products. However, food additives, even in small amounts, can lead to diseases of the organs and systems of the body, and in this case they can affect the functioning of the adrenal glands.

Under the influence of a food additive complex on the indicators of the average total wall thickness of arterioles of the medulla of the rat's adrenal glands, a spasm was observed in the inial stages of the study, caused by the altering effect of food additives and an increase in the thickness of the arteriole wall, which indicates a viola on of hemodynamic condions.In thelater stages of the experiment, the development of inflammatory reacons and hypoxia was observed, which led to the acva on of compensatory-restorave mechanisms, but complete recovery did not occur.

It was established that the effect of the complex of food additives on the arterioles of the medulla of the adrenal glands of rats in the early stages of the study was expressed by the spasm of blood vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed due to the effect of the altering effect of the complex of food additives as a result of hemodynamic conditions. At the later stages of the experiment, hypoxia was observed, which led to the development of compensatory and restorative reactions, but complete recovery did not occur

It was established that the use of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, causing hypertrophy and perivascular edema in the early stages ofthe experimental study, the reversibility ofthe processes within 8-10 weeks oftaking food additives and irreversibility with alteration of cells and destructive changes of endocrinocytes starting from the 16th week of experimental studies.

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

The immunohistochemical characteristics of the glands of the mucous membrane of the septum of the human frontal sinus were studied in normal conditions. The study was conducted on 120 preparations of the glands of the mucous membrane of the septum of the frontal sinus in 52 corpses of people of both sexes aged from 30 to 87 years who died from causes not related to the pathology of the paranasal sinuses. Our study used such methods as collecting material from corpses and the subsequent method of preparing the material for histochemical studies, serial semi-thin sections, and immunohistochemical analysis. According to an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the stroma of the septal glands, there are CD 3-positive cells, which are elements of the local protective barrier, as well as a large number of periacinar T-lymphocytes. The number of CD 20-positive cells is negligible in the periacinar connective tissue of the septum. The number of B lymphocytes in the periductal stroma was significant. Many plasma cells were identified in the periacinar stroma of both protein and mucous glands of the mucous membrane of the human frontal sinus. The cells formed chains of 10-12 cells along the basement membrane. The number of CD 138-positive cells in the periductal connective tissue was lower compared to the periacinar tissue.

The data obtained during the experiment allow us to conclude that the influence of the complex of food addi tives sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R is a mechanism of activation of the focus of inflammation and changes in the structural elements of the adrenal glands and hemomicrocirculatory bed. According to the data of an immunohistochemical study, it was established that in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, Ki-67 positive cells are elements of the local protective barrier. The largest number of Ki 67-positive cells was determined in the walls of fenes trated capillaries that permeate the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Ki-67-positive cells formed clusters of 2-10 cells at the border of the glomerular and reticular zones. The total number of Ki-67-positive cells varied ac cording to the week of the experimental study. Starting from the first week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases dramatically in the adrenal cortex’s glomerular, fasciculate and reticular zones. In the fourth week of the experiment, the level of labeled cells with Ki-67 reached almost control values. However, at the 12th week, the number of cells expressing Ki-67 increases in the cortex and the medulla. On the 16th week, the indicators remain within the 12th week, with an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the fasciculate zone of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands.

Taste plays a significant role in the life of every person. Our taste buds are responsible for recognizing flavors, determining the suitability of foods, protecting against harmful substances, and regulating food intake. A person always gets pleasure from tasty food, and sweet dishes cause positive emotions. Unfortunately, we consume food that contains many food additives and preservatives daily, although we know that it can be harmful. Tasty but not healthy food has become extremely common and available, and it is difficult for us to resist the temptation to eat it. Many nutritional supplements have been created to meet the needs of the food industry, as mass production of products is different from home cooking. These additives are necessary to preserve the product's appearance but should not harm buyers' health or mislead them. Today, there are many food additives that consumers are unaware of but which can affect human organs, particularly the adrenal glands. Some of the most common food additives we study include monosodium glutamate (E621), sodium nitrite (E250) and Ponceau 4R (E124). Consuming large amounts of dietary supplements can have the following effects: chest and abdominal pain, migraines, nausea, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), obesity, weakness, and allergic reactions. Particular attention should be paid to the effect of these supplements on the adrenal glands, as they can disrupt the function of these organs and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Research on the morphology of the adrenal glands has been ongoing for many years. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the pathology of the adrenal glands as the negative influence of external and internal factors increases, which leads to disturbances in the structure and functioning of the glands. Adrenal glands play an essential role not only in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system but also in the endocrine system. Interest in changes in the structure of the adrenal

Under the influence of a food additive complex on the indicators of the average total wall thickness of arterioles of the medulla of the rat's adrenal glands, a spasm was observed in the inial stages of the study, caused by the altering effect of food additives and an increase in the thickness of the arteriole wall, which indicates a viola on of hemodynamic condions.In thelater stages of the experiment, the development of inflammatory reacons and hypoxia was observed, which led to the acva on of compensatory-restorave mechanisms, but complete recovery did not occur.

It was established that the use of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R) directly affects the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands, causing hypertrophy and perivascular edema in the early stages ofthe experimental study, the reversibility ofthe processes within 8-10 weeks oftaking food additives and irreversibility with alteration of cells and destructive changes of endocrinocytes starting from the 16th week of experimental studies.

Nowadays, food additives are widely used worldwide. They allow you to give food a specific taste, store products for a longer time and improve their appearance. Consumers do not even understand or realize the presence of chemical impurities in their products. However, food additives, even in small amounts, can lead to diseases of the organs and systems of the body, and in this case they can affect the functioning of the adrenal glands.