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I jakt på nya energikällor undersöks idag potentialen hos hydrovoltaiska generatorer. Detta är en typ av generator som utvinner elektricitet genom direkt interaktion mellan vatten och ett material. En variant av denna anordning är den avdunstningsdrivna hydrovoltaiska generatorn. Denna består av ett poröst material som är delvis nedsänkt i vatten, som då dras upp i materialet genom kapillärkrafter och avdunstar från dess yta. Detta skapar ett flöde av vatten genom materialet, vilket genererar en elektrisk spänning tack vare ett elektrokinetiskt fenomen som kallas för strömningspotential. Denna studie undersöker huruvida hydro- och aerogeler gjorda av nanofibriller från vassleprotein utgör lämpliga porösa material för den ovan beskrivna generatorn. Då det är en biprodukt från mejeriindustrin är vassleprotein billigt och förnybart. Gelerna har dessutom egenskaper som väntas främja en hög strömningspotential, såsom hydrofilicitet, små porer, och en ytladdning. I studien testades två sorters hydrogeler, varav den ena korslänkades med hjälp av citronsyra för att göra den mer vattentålig. Aerogeler tillverkades med tre olika koncentrationer av vassleprotein. Dessa geler frystes också på tre olika sätt inför att de frystorkades för att bilda aerogeler. De frystes vid -80 °C i en frys, vid -196 °C i flytande kväve, samt genomgick riktad frysning i flytande kväve. Detta för att variera deras porstruktur. När de olika gelerna testades som hydrovoltaiska generatorer gav de olika spänningar, men ingen mätbar ström. När spänningen från de olika generatorerna mättes över tid följde den oftast samma mönster av en inledande skarp ökning följd av en långsammare minskning som slutligen planade ut mot något jämviktsvärde. Den genomsnittliga maxspänningen från de olika gelerna varierade mellan 73 och 149 mV, huvudsakligen beroende på vilken frysmetod som använts. Längre tester visade att aerogelerna kunde upprätthålla en spänning på runt 60 mV i minst 19 timmar. Hydrogelernas spännings, In search of new power sources, scientists are investigating hydrovoltaic devices. This is a type of device that generates electricity from the direct interaction between water and a material. One such device is the evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic device. It consists of a porous material that is partially submerged into water, which rises though the material through capillary forces and evaporates from its surface. This creates a flow of water through the material which gives rise to an electric voltage, through an electrokinetic phenomenon called the streaming potential. This study investigates whetherhydro- and aerogels made from whey protein nanofibrils are a suitable porous material for these devices. As a by-product from the dairy industry, whey protein is cheap and renewable. The gels also have properties which are beneficial for generating a high streaming potential, such as hydrophilicity, small pores, and charged surface groups. In the study, two types of hydrogels were tested, one of which was treated with citric acid as a crosslinker in order to increase their stability in water. Aerogels were fabricated with three different initial concentrations of WPI. The gels were also frozen in three different ways before being freeze-dried to create aerogels. They were frozen at -80 °C in a freezer, at -196 °C by submersion in liquid nitrogen, and through directional freezing using liquid nitrogen, in order to vary their pore structure. When tested as hydrovoltaic devices, the gels did produce voltages, but no measurable currents. When measured over time, the voltages of most aerogels followed the same pattern with a fast initial increase followed by a slow decrease which levelled out towards some equilibrium voltage. The average maximum voltages for the aerogels varied between 73 and 149 mV, depending mostly on the freezing method. Varying the WPI concentration showed no significant effect on the voltage. Long term tests showed that the gels could sustain a voltag

I jakt på nya energikällor undersöks idag potentialen hos hydrovoltaiska generatorer. Detta är en typ av generator som utvinner elektricitet genom direkt interaktion mellan vatten och ett material. En variant av denna anordning är den avdunstningsdrivna hydrovoltaiska generatorn. Denna består av ett poröst material som är delvis nedsänkt i vatten, som då dras upp i materialet genom kapillärkrafter och avdunstar från dess yta. Detta skapar ett flöde av vatten genom materialet, vilket genererar en elektrisk spänning tack vare ett elektrokinetiskt fenomen som kallas för strömningspotential. Denna studie undersöker huruvida hydro- och aerogeler gjorda av nanofibriller från vassleprotein utgör lämpliga porösa material för den ovan beskrivna generatorn. Då det är en biprodukt från mejeriindustrin är vassleprotein billigt och förnybart. Gelerna har dessutom egenskaper som väntas främja en hög strömningspotential, såsom hydrofilicitet, små porer, och en ytladdning. I studien testades två sorters hydrogeler, varav den ena korslänkades med hjälp av citronsyra för att göra den mer vattentålig. Aerogeler tillverkades med tre olika koncentrationer av vassleprotein. Dessa geler frystes också på tre olika sätt inför att de frystorkades för att bilda aerogeler. De frystes vid -80 °C i en frys, vid -196 °C i flytande kväve, samt genomgick riktad frysning i flytande kväve. Detta för att variera deras porstruktur. När de olika gelerna testades som hydrovoltaiska generatorer gav de olika spänningar, men ingen mätbar ström. När spänningen från de olika generatorerna mättes över tid följde den oftast samma mönster av en inledande skarp ökning följd av en långsammare minskning som slutligen planade ut mot något jämviktsvärde. Den genomsnittliga maxspänningen från de olika gelerna varierade mellan 73 och 149 mV, huvudsakligen beroende på vilken frysmetod som använts. Längre tester visade att aerogelerna kunde upprätthålla en spänning på runt 60 mV i minst 19 timmar. Hydrogelernas spännings, In search of new power sources, scientists are investigating hydrovoltaic devices. This is a type of device that generates electricity from the direct interaction between water and a material. One such device is the evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic device. It consists of a porous material that is partially submerged into water, which rises though the material through capillary forces and evaporates from its surface. This creates a flow of water through the material which gives rise to an electric voltage, through an electrokinetic phenomenon called the streaming potential. This study investigates whetherhydro- and aerogels made from whey protein nanofibrils are a suitable porous material for these devices. As a by-product from the dairy industry, whey protein is cheap and renewable. The gels also have properties which are beneficial for generating a high streaming potential, such as hydrophilicity, small pores, and charged surface groups. In the study, two types of hydrogels were tested, one of which was treated with citric acid as a crosslinker in order to increase their stability in water. Aerogels were fabricated with three different initial concentrations of WPI. The gels were also frozen in three different ways before being freeze-dried to create aerogels. They were frozen at -80 °C in a freezer, at -196 °C by submersion in liquid nitrogen, and through directional freezing using liquid nitrogen, in order to vary their pore structure. When tested as hydrovoltaic devices, the gels did produce voltages, but no measurable currents. When measured over time, the voltages of most aerogels followed the same pattern with a fast initial increase followed by a slow decrease which levelled out towards some equilibrium voltage. The average maximum voltages for the aerogels varied between 73 and 149 mV, depending mostly on the freezing method. Varying the WPI concentration showed no significant effect on the voltage. Long term tests showed that the gels could sustain a voltag

Detta projekt har analyserat sektorkopplingars möjligheter att ta vara på restflöden som genereras vid produktion av vätgas genom elektrolys samt hur dessa flöden kan generera ekonomiska och systemmässiga fördelar. Förutsättningen har varit att all el köps in externt för spotpris. Projektet har redovisat i detalj hur restvärmen, som uppstår i elektrolysen, kan tillgodogöras som fjärrvärme och därigenom öka processens verkningsgrad från cirka 66 till 95 %. EU:s mål om produktion av 10 miljoner ton vätgas per år till 2030 innebär att det bildas 230 TWh restvärme, motsvarande fyra gånger Sveriges totala fjärrvärmeenergi. Det visar potentialen och vikten av att värmeöverskottet nyttjas i framtida investeringar. För varje kilo vätgas som produceras bildas åtta kilo syrgas, som kan användas i för att förbättra förbränningen i en avfallspanna. Alternativt kan syrgasen transporteras till ett närliggande vattenreningsverk, vilket minskar elanvändningen för de pumpar som idag cirkulerar luft i de biologiska reningsstegen. Svenska kraftnät har skapat flera olika marknader för systemtjänster. Vätgasproduktion har goda förutsättningar att delta, särskilt med FCR-D. Analyserna visar att intäkterna från dessa tjänster kan vara större än både restvärmen och syrgasen, förutsatt att restvärmen inte ersätter bränslen som har en högre kostnadsprofil, som exempelvis bio-olja eller pellets. I dessa fall får restvärmen ett betydligt högre värde. Sektorkopplingen mot fjärrvärme skapar ett resurseffektivt energisystem där alla restflöden kan komma till nytta. Vätgaslager kan också bidra till ett mer robust och resilient energisystem, med möjligheter att förse kritiska verksamheter med reservkraft eller för att starta lokala elnät i ö-drift. För bästa lönsamhet, utifrån befintliga data om elpriser och vätgasens värde, bör vätgasen säljas vidare som bränsle till tunga transport eller som råvara till industrier istället för att lagras för senare omvandling tillbaka till el. I en framtid, där b, Produktion av vätgas med sektorkoppling till fjärrvärme HyCoGen Slutrapport 2023-12-18

The aim of this study was to find and use a heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze the transesterification reaction of biodiesel. The purpose of this is to have a more sustainable production of biodiesel which uses fewer chemicals and can reuse the catalyst easily. Our team chose a base catalyst of calcium oxide (CaO) based on early research but with a change of doping the base catalyst with sodium, thus making sodium doped calcium oxide (Na-CaO). The catalyst was synthesized using calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide as precursors. The sodium concentration was chosen to be at 3 weight%. The main part of the study was on testing the efficiency of the catalyst and determining at which conditions the reaction performs best. The best conditions for the catalyst were found at 60 °C and the ratio of rapeseed oil to methanol was 1:9. The mass concentration of the catalyst was 2 weight% and the reaction time was 2 hours. These conditions resulted in a biodiesel yield of 97,6 %., Studien som gjordes gick ut på att tillverka en heterogen katalysator för att katalysera transesterifiering reaktionen för biodieseltillverkning. Syftet med detta är att ha en mer hållbar produktion som använder sig utav färre kemikalier och samtidigt kan återanvända katalysatorn. Valet av katalysator skedde efter värdering av äldre studier och basen för katalysatorn valdes till kalciumoxid (CaO), med en ändring av att dopa denna med natrium, det vill säga natriumdopad kalciumoxid (Na-CaO). Katalysatorn syntetiserades utav kalciumhydroxid och natriumhydroxid. Koncentrationen av natriumet låg vid 3 vikt%. Nästa del utav studien gick ut på att testa den syntetiserade katalysatorn och hitta de bästa betingelserna för bästa utbyte av biodiesel. De bästa betingelserna var vid temperaturen 60 °C och ett förhållande mellan rapsolja och metanol på 1:9, där masshalten av katalysator var 2 vikts% gentemot oljan och reaktionstiden var 2 timmar. Detta gav ett utbyte på 97,6 %.

The aim of this study was to find and use a heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze the transesterification reaction of biodiesel. The purpose of this is to have a more sustainable production of biodiesel which uses fewer chemicals and can reuse the catalyst easily. Our team chose a base catalyst of calcium oxide (CaO) based on early research but with a change of doping the base catalyst with sodium, thus making sodium doped calcium oxide (Na-CaO). The catalyst was synthesized using calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide as precursors. The sodium concentration was chosen to be at 3 weight%. The main part of the study was on testing the efficiency of the catalyst and determining at which conditions the reaction performs best. The best conditions for the catalyst were found at 60 °C and the ratio of rapeseed oil to methanol was 1:9. The mass concentration of the catalyst was 2 weight% and the reaction time was 2 hours. These conditions resulted in a biodiesel yield of 97,6 %., Studien som gjordes gick ut på att tillverka en heterogen katalysator för att katalysera transesterifiering reaktionen för biodieseltillverkning. Syftet med detta är att ha en mer hållbar produktion som använder sig utav färre kemikalier och samtidigt kan återanvända katalysatorn. Valet av katalysator skedde efter värdering av äldre studier och basen för katalysatorn valdes till kalciumoxid (CaO), med en ändring av att dopa denna med natrium, det vill säga natriumdopad kalciumoxid (Na-CaO). Katalysatorn syntetiserades utav kalciumhydroxid och natriumhydroxid. Koncentrationen av natriumet låg vid 3 vikt%. Nästa del utav studien gick ut på att testa den syntetiserade katalysatorn och hitta de bästa betingelserna för bästa utbyte av biodiesel. De bästa betingelserna var vid temperaturen 60 °C och ett förhållande mellan rapsolja och metanol på 1:9, där masshalten av katalysator var 2 vikts% gentemot oljan och reaktionstiden var 2 timmar. Detta gav ett utbyte på 97,6 %.

Liberalized electricity market conditions and concentrating solar power technologies call for increased power plant operational flexibility. Concerning the steam turbine component, one key aspect of its flexibility is the capability for fast starts. In current practice, turbine start-up limitations are set by consideration of thermal stress and low cycle fatigue. However, the pursuit of faster starts raises the question whether other thermal phenomena can become a limiting factor to the start-up process. Differential expansion is one of such thermal properties, especially since the design of axial clearances is not included as part of start-up schedule design and because its measurement during operation is often limited or not a possibility at all.The aim of this work is to understand differential expansion behavior with respect to transient operation and to quantify the effect that such operation would have in the design and operation of axial clearances. This was accomplished through the use of a validated thermo-mechanical model that was used to compare differential expansion behavior for different operating conditions of the machine. These comparisons showed that faster starts do not necessarily imply that wider axial clearances are needed, which means that the thermal flexibility of the studied turbine is not limited by differential expansion. However, for particular locations it was also obtained that axial rubbing can indeed become a limiting factor in direct relation to start-up operation. The resulting approach presented in this work serves to avoid over-conservative limitations in both design and operation concerning axial clearances., QC 20170814

In order to improve the startup flexibility of steam turbines it becomes relevant to analyze their dynamic thermal behavior. In this work, the relative expansion between rotor and casing was studied during cold start conditions. This is an important property to monitor during start-up given that clearances between rotating and stationary components must be controlled in order to avoid rubbing. The investigation was performed using a turbine thermal simplified model from previous work by the authors. The first step during the investigation was to extend and refine the modeling tool in order to include thermo mechanical properties. Then, the range of applicability of the model was validated by a two-fold comparison with a higher order finite element numerical model and measured data of a cold start from an installed turbine. Finally, sensitivity studies were conducted with the aim of identifying the modeling assumptions that have the largest influence in capturing the correct thermal behavior of the turbine. It was found that the assumptions for the bearing oil and inter-casing cavity temperatures have a large influence ranging between ± 25% from the measured values. In addition, the sensitivity studies also involved increasing the initial temperature of the casing in order to reduce the peak of differential expansion. Improvements of up to 30% were accounted to this measure. The studies performed serve as a base towards further understanding the differential expansion during start and establishing future clearance control strategies during turbine transient operation., QC 20160524

In order to improve the startup flexibility of steam turbines, it becomes relevant to analyze their dynamic thermal behavior. In this work, the relative expansion between rotor and casing was studied during cold-start conditions. This is an important property to monitor during startup given that clearances between rotating and stationary components must be controlled in order to avoid rubbing. The investigation was performed using a turbine thermal simplified model from previous work by the authors. The first step during the investigation was to extend and refine the modeling tool in order to include thermomechanical properties. Then, the range of applicability of the model was validated by a twofold comparison with a higher order finite element (FE) numerical model and measured data of a cold start from an installed turbine. Finally, sensitivity studies were conducted with the aim of identifying the modeling assumptions that have the largest influence in capturing the correct thermal behavior of the turbine. It was found that the assumptions for the bearing oil and intercasing cavity temperatures have a large influence ranging between ±25% from the measured values. In addition, the sensitivity studies also involved increasing the initial temperature of the casing in order to reduce the peak of differential expansion. Improvements of up to 30% were accounted to this measure. The studies performed serve as a base toward further understanding the differential expansion during start and establishing future clearance control strategies during turbine transient operation., QC 20160122

Solar steam turbines are subject to high thermal stresses as a result of temperature gradients during transient operation, which occurs more frequently due to the variability of the solar resource. In order to increase the flexibility of the turbines while preserving lifting requirements, several operational modifications for maintaining turbine temperatures during offline periods are proposed and investigated. The modifications were implemented in a dynamic thermal turbine model and the potential improvements were quantified. The modifications studied included: increasing the gland steam pressure injected to the end-seals, increasing the back pressure and increasing the barring speed. These last two take advantage of the ventilation and friction work. The effects of the modifications were studied both individually as well as in different combinations. The temperatures obtained when applying the combined modifications were compared to regular turbine cool-down (CD) temperatures and showed significant improvements on the startup times of the turbine., QC 20150408

To optimize the start-up schedules of steam turbines operating in concentrating solar power plants, accurate predictions of the temperatures within the turbine are required. In previous work by the authors, thermal models of steam turbines have been developed and validated for parabolic trough solar power plant applications. Building on these results, there is an interest to increase the adaptability of the models with respect to different turbine geometries due to the growing trend of having larger steam turbines in parabolic trough and solar tower power plants. In this work, a modular geometric approach has been developed and compared against both the previous modeling approach and 96h of measured data from an operational parabolic trough power plant. Results show a large degree of agreement with respect to the measured data in spite of the different detail levels. The new model allows for simple and fast prediction of the thermal behavior of different steam turbine sizes and geometries, which is expected to be of significant importance for future concentrating solar power plants., QC 20140922. QC 20160129

Solar steam turbines are subject to high thermal stresses as a result of temperature gradients during transient operation, which occurs more frequently due to the variability of the solar resource. In order to increase the flexibility of the turbines while preserving lifing requirements, several operational modifications for maintaining turbine temperatures during offline periods are proposed and investigated. The modifications were implemented in a dynamic thermal turbine model and the potential improvements were quantified. The modifications studied included: increasing the gland steam pressure injected to the end-seals, increasing the back pressure and increasing the barring speed. These last two take advantage of the ventilation and friction work. The effects of the modifications were studied both individually as well as in different combinations. The temperatures obtained when applying the combined modifications were compared to regular turbine cool-down temperatures and showed significant improvements on the start-up times of the turbine., QC 20151029. QC 20160214

Steam turbines in solar thermal power plants experience a much greater number of starts than those operating in base-load plants. By maintaining higher internal temperature during idle periods, faster start-up times can be achieved, increasing the flexibility of the plant as well as increasing net electrical production. Prior work by the authors identified a number of methods for achieving this, with strong increases in daily production predicted; only two specific start-up cases were studied however. In order to obtain a more representative evaluation of the performance increase that can be achieved through increased dispatchability of the turbine, the annual improvement needs to be studied. Building on the existing results, a dynamic system model of a parabolic trough power plant has been established and used to determine the distribution of different cool-down times experienced throughout the year, with a view to evaluating the potential annual production increase. A modification of the start-up curves allows an increase in annual electrical production between 6.4% and 2.4% depending upon the operating mode (free operation versus day-time operation). Through application of a combination of heat blankets and an increase in gland steam temperature, further annual production increases between 2.2% and 3.1% are predicted., QC 20120417

Steam turbines in solar thermal power plants experience a much greater number of starts than those operating in baseload plants. In order to preserve the lifetime of the turbine while still allowing fast starts, it is of great interest to find ways to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. A dynamic model of a solar steam turbine has been elaborated, simulating both the heat conduction within the body and the heat exchange with the gland steam, main steam and the environment, allowing prediction of the temperatures within the turbine during off-design operation and standby. The model has been validated against 96 h of measured data from the Andasol 1 power plant, giving an average error of 1.2% for key temperature measurements. The validated model was then used to evaluate a number of modifications that can be made to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. Heat blankets were shown to be the most effective measure for keeping the turbine casing warm, whereas increasing the gland steam temperature was most effective in maintaining the temperature of the rotor. By applying a combination of these measures the dispatchability of the turbine can be improved significantly: electrical output can be increased by up to 9.5% after a long cooldown and up to 9.8% after a short cooldown., QC 20111213

Steam turbines in solar thermal power plants experience a much greater number of starts than those operating in base-load plants. In order to preserve the lifetime of the turbine whilst still allowing fast starts, it is of great interest to find ways to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. A dynamic model of a solar steam turbine has been elaborated, simulating both the heat conduction within the body and the heat exchange with the gland steam, main steam and the environment, allowing prediction of the temperatures within the turbine during off-design operation and standby. The model has been validated against 96h of measured data from the Andasol 1 power plant, giving an average error of 1.2% for key temperature measurements. The validated model was then used to evaluate a number of modifications that can be made to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. Heat blankets were shown to be the most effective measure for keeping the turbine casing warm, whereas increasing the gland steam temperature was most effective in maintaining the temperature of the rotor. By applying a combination of these measures the dispatchability of the turbine can be improved significantly: electrical output can be increased by up to 9.5% after a long cool-down and up to 9.8% after a short cool-down., QC 20110628

While the number of genomic sequences becoming available is increasing exponentially, most genes are not functionally well characterized. Finding out more about the function of a gene and about functional relationships between genes will be the next big bottleneck in the post-genomic era. On the one hand improved pipelines and tools are needed in this context, because running experiments for all predicted genes is not feasible. On the other hand manual curation of the automatic predictions is necessary to judge the reliability of the automatic annotation and to get a more comprehensive view on the function of each individual gene. For the automatic functional annotation often a homology based function transfer from functionally characterized genes is applied using methods like Blast. However, this approach has many drawbacks and makes systematic errors by not taking care of speciation and duplication events. Phylogenomics has shown to improve the functional prediction accuracy by taking the evolutionary history of genes in a phylogenetic tree context into account. In this thesis the manual process from the assembly of the DNA sequence to the functional characterization of genes and the identification and comparison of shared syntenic regions, including the identification of candidate genes for pathogen resistance in potato chromosome V, is explained and problems discussed. To improve the automatic functional annotation in genome projects, a phylogenomic pipeline, which includes SIFTER one of the best phylogenomic tools in this area, is introduced, improved and tested in the Medicago truncatula, Sorghum bicolor and Solanum lycopersicum genome projects. To obtain new candidate genes for the development of new drugs and crop protection products, non-plant specific genes, like the transferrin family which is not known in plants yet, are extracted from the M. truncatula and S. bicolor genomes and further investigated. For further improvement of the annotation, a new phyl

While the number of genomic sequences becoming available is increasing exponentially, most genes are not functionally well characterized. Finding out more about the function of a gene and about functional relationships between genes will be the next big bottleneck in the post-genomic era. On the one hand improved pipelines and tools are needed in this context, because running experiments for all predicted genes is not feasible. On the other hand manual curation of the automatic predictions is necessary to judge the reliability of the automatic annotation and to get a more comprehensive view on the function of each individual gene. For the automatic functional annotation often a homology based function transfer from functionally characterized genes is applied using methods like Blast. However, this approach has many drawbacks and makes systematic errors by not taking care of speciation and duplication events. Phylogenomics has shown to improve the functional prediction accuracy by taking the evolutionary history of genes in a phylogenetic tree context into account. In this thesis the manual process from the assembly of the DNA sequence to the functional characterization of genes and the identification and comparison of shared syntenic regions, including the identification of candidate genes for pathogen resistance in potato chromosome V, is explained and problems discussed. To improve the automatic functional annotation in genome projects, a phylogenomic pipeline, which includes SIFTER one of the best phylogenomic tools in this area, is introduced, improved and tested in the Medicago truncatula, Sorghum bicolor and Solanum lycopersicum genome projects. To obtain new candidate genes for the development of new drugs and crop protection products, non-plant specific genes, like the transferrin family which is not known in plants yet, are extracted from the M. truncatula and S. bicolor genomes and further investigated. For further improvement of the annotation, a new phyl

The paper compares three numerical strategies to predict the aerodynamic rotor excitation sources of "Low Engine Order" (LEO) in a high-pressure turbine stage. Main focus is laid on methods to compute the stator exit flow. The aim is to evaluate computationally cheap approaches to avoid modeling the whole circumference of the stator. A single passage viscous strategy, a single passage inviscid linear blade movement strategy, and a viscous multi-passage sector strategy are compared and evaluated. The assessment of the prediction quality is made by comparison of the computed stator exit flow to experimental data. The main result is that only the global behavior of the stator exit flow is estimated right, both the level and amplitude of Mach number and pressure are computed with poor agreement to experiments. Future evaluations of the resulting rotor excitation pressure are needed to estimate the level of necessary agreement to give acceptable predictions of the low engine order forced response., QC 20111007

This paper demonstrates and evaluates unique flow measurement results obtained in a high pressure test turbine, in order to analyze the effect of Low Engine Order (LEO) excitations. A stator was modified to induce LEO flow variations by either imposing a throat width variation or a blockage of the trailing edge cooling flow from some of the vanes. Laser Two Focus (L2F) and pressure probe measurements were performed at subsonic and transonic flow conditions, without and with the rotor installed and operated. Time resolved velocity data was obtained in front and inside of rotor passages covering the Low Engine Order variation period. The presented results evaluation focuses only on L2F measurements and show that the LEO variation of flow velocity and turbulence intensity is most visible in the gap between stator and rotor and at the first measurement location inside the rotor passage. The overall trend is that stator exit flow Mach numbers are higher behind the passages with smaller pitch and vice versa., QC 20150601

The design parameters axial gap and stator count of highpressure turbine stages are evaluated numerically towards theirinfluence on the unsteady aerodynamic excitation of rotorblades. Of particular interest is if and how unsteadyaerodynamic considerations in the design could reduce the riskofhigh cycle fatigue (HCF) failures of the turbine rotor. A well-documented 2D/Q3D non-linear unsteady code (UNSFLO)is chosen to perform the stage flow analyses. The evaluatedresults are interpreted as aerodynamic excitation mechanisms onstream sheets neglecting 3D effects. Mesh studies andvalidations against measurements and 3D computations provideconfidence in the unsteady results. Three test cases areanalysed. First, a typical aero-engine high pressure turbinestage is studied at subsonic and transonic flow conditions,with four axial gaps (37% - 52% of cax,rotor) and two statorconfigurations (43 and 70 NGV). Operating conditions areaccording to the resonant conditions of the blades used inaccompanied experiments. Second, a subsonic high pressureturbine intended to drive the turbopump of a rocket engine isinvestigated. Four axial gap variations (10% - 29% ofcax,rotor) and three stator geometry variations are analysed toextend and generalise the findings made on the first study.Third, a transonic low pressure turbine rotor, known as theInternational Standard Configuration 11, has been modelled tocompute the unsteady flow due to blade vibration and comparedto available experimental data. Excitation mechanisms due to shock, potential waves andwakes are described and related to the work found in the openliterature. The strength of shock excitation leads to increasedpressure excitation levels by a factor 2 to 3 compared tosubsonic cases. Potential excitations are of a typical wavetype in all cases, differences in the propagation direction ofthe waves and the wave reflection pattern in the rotor passagelead to modifications in the time and space resolved unsteadypressures on the blade, NR 20140805

NR 20140805

The design parameters axial gap and stator count of highpressure turbine stages are evaluated numerically towards theirinfluence on the unsteady aerodynamic excitation of rotorblades. Of particular interest is if and how unsteadyaerodynamic considerations in the design could reduce the riskofhigh cycle fatigue (HCF) failures of the turbine rotor. A well-documented 2D/Q3D non-linear unsteady code (UNSFLO)is chosen to perform the stage flow analyses. The evaluatedresults are interpreted as aerodynamic excitation mechanisms onstream sheets neglecting 3D effects. Mesh studies andvalidations against measurements and 3D computations provideconfidence in the unsteady results. Three test cases areanalysed. First, a typical aero-engine high pressure turbinestage is studied at subsonic and transonic flow conditions,with four axial gaps (37% - 52% of cax,rotor) and two statorconfigurations (43 and 70 NGV). Operating conditions areaccording to the resonant conditions of the blades used inaccompanied experiments. Second, a subsonic high pressureturbine intended to drive the turbopump of a rocket engine isinvestigated. Four axial gap variations (10% - 29% ofcax,rotor) and three stator geometry variations are analysed toextend and generalise the findings made on the first study.Third, a transonic low pressure turbine rotor, known as theInternational Standard Configuration 11, has been modelled tocompute the unsteady flow due to blade vibration and comparedto available experimental data. Excitation mechanisms due to shock, potential waves andwakes are described and related to the work found in the openliterature. The strength of shock excitation leads to increasedpressure excitation levels by a factor 2 to 3 compared tosubsonic cases. Potential excitations are of a typical wavetype in all cases, differences in the propagation direction ofthe waves and the wave reflection pattern in the rotor passagelead to modifications in the time and space resolved unsteadypressures on the blade, NR 20140805

The design parameters axial gap and stator count of highpressure turbine stages are evaluated numerically towards theirinfluence on the unsteady aerodynamic excitation of rotorblades. Of particular interest is if and how unsteadyaerodynamic considerations in the design could reduce the riskofhigh cycle fatigue (HCF) failures of the turbine rotor. A well-documented 2D/Q3D non-linear unsteady code (UNSFLO)is chosen to perform the stage flow analyses. The evaluatedresults are interpreted as aerodynamic excitation mechanisms onstream sheets neglecting 3D effects. Mesh studies andvalidations against measurements and 3D computations provideconfidence in the unsteady results. Three test cases areanalysed. First, a typical aero-engine high pressure turbinestage is studied at subsonic and transonic flow conditions,with four axial gaps (37% - 52% of cax,rotor) and two statorconfigurations (43 and 70 NGV). Operating conditions areaccording to the resonant conditions of the blades used inaccompanied experiments. Second, a subsonic high pressureturbine intended to drive the turbopump of a rocket engine isinvestigated. Four axial gap variations (10% - 29% ofcax,rotor) and three stator geometry variations are analysed toextend and generalise the findings made on the first study.Third, a transonic low pressure turbine rotor, known as theInternational Standard Configuration 11, has been modelled tocompute the unsteady flow due to blade vibration and comparedto available experimental data. Excitation mechanisms due to shock, potential waves andwakes are described and related to the work found in the openliterature. The strength of shock excitation leads to increasedpressure excitation levels by a factor 2 to 3 compared tosubsonic cases. Potential excitations are of a typical wavetype in all cases, differences in the propagation direction ofthe waves and the wave reflection pattern in the rotor passagelead to modifications in the time and space resolved unsteadypressures on the blade, NR 20140805

The design parameters axial gap and stator count of highpressure turbine stages are evaluated numerically towards theirinfluence on the unsteady aerodynamic excitation of rotorblades. Of particular interest is if and how unsteadyaerodynamic considerations in the design could reduce the riskofhigh cycle fatigue (HCF) failures of the turbine rotor. A well-documented 2D/Q3D non-linear unsteady code (UNSFLO)is chosen to perform the stage flow analyses. The evaluatedresults are interpreted as aerodynamic excitation mechanisms onstream sheets neglecting 3D effects. Mesh studies andvalidations against measurements and 3D computations provideconfidence in the unsteady results. Three test cases areanalysed. First, a typical aero-engine high pressure turbinestage is studied at subsonic and transonic flow conditions,with four axial gaps (37% - 52% of cax,rotor) and two statorconfigurations (43 and 70 NGV). Operating conditions areaccording to the resonant conditions of the blades used inaccompanied experiments. Second, a subsonic high pressureturbine intended to drive the turbopump of a rocket engine isinvestigated. Four axial gap variations (10% - 29% ofcax,rotor) and three stator geometry variations are analysed toextend and generalise the findings made on the first study.Third, a transonic low pressure turbine rotor, known as theInternational Standard Configuration 11, has been modelled tocompute the unsteady flow due to blade vibration and comparedto available experimental data. Excitation mechanisms due to shock, potential waves andwakes are described and related to the work found in the openliterature. The strength of shock excitation leads to increasedpressure excitation levels by a factor 2 to 3 compared tosubsonic cases. Potential excitations are of a typical wavetype in all cases, differences in the propagation direction ofthe waves and the wave reflection pattern in the rotor passagelead to modifications in the time and space resolved unsteadypressures on the blade, NR 20140805

NR 20140805

NR 20140805

NR 20140805

NR 20140805

NR 20140805