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At speeds roughly between five and ten thousand km/h, hypersonic aircraft offer the promise of an extremely fast means of transport. Growing concerns about climate warming, however, direct attention to sustainability. This thesis focuses on atmospheric composition and radiation changes by considering a range of individual hypersonic aircraft designs on trajectory and route network level. State-of-the-art Earth system models are used for simulations, and results calculated with the EMAC model are subsequently compared with simulations performed elsewhere with the LMDZ-INCA model. The comparison to a third model, i.e. WACCM, with a very similar – but independent – model setup allows even further clarification. For model validation satellite measurements (ozone, water vapor) and aircraft measurements (ozone, water vapor, temperature) are taken into account. After the introduction in the first chapter, the second chapter is a general description of the Earth system including anthropogenic perturbations, in particular perturbations from subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic aircraft emissions followed by a detailed explanation of methods and the EMAC model setup in the third chapter. A new research finding in the context of middle atmospheric chemistry is the increased methane and nitric acid oxidation following hypersonic emissions. This effect results in a (photo-)chemical net production of water vapor and eventually increases water vapor perturbations further, which is described in detail in chapter 4. In chapter 5 an analysis of atmospheric dynamics and transport of emitted trace gases in the middle atmosphere underlines the importance of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and shows the impact of polar stratospheric clouds on water vapor perturbations during polar winter. The evaluation of multiple hypersonic aircraft designed for different cruise altitudes shows that their climate impact increases with cruise altitude and can be approximately 10-20 time, Aircraft Noise and Climate Effects

Background and aim: Accumulation of evidence has raised concern regarding the harmful effect of air pollution on cognitive function, but results are diverging. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association of long-term exposure to air pollutants and cognitive impairment and its further progression to dementia in older adults residing in an urban area. Methods: Data were obtained from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) was assessed by a comprehensive neuropsychological battery (scoring >= 1.5 standard deviations below age-specific means in >= 1 cognitive domain). We assessed long-term residential exposure to particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with dispersion modeling. The association with CIND was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models with 3-year moving average air pollution exposure. We further estimated the effect of long-term air pollution exposure on the progression of CIND to dementia using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Among 1987 cognitively intact participants, 301 individuals developed CIND during the 12-year followup. A 1-mu g/m(3) increment in PM2.5 exposure was associated with a 75% increased risk of incident CIND (HR = 1.75, 95 %CI: 1.54, 1.99). Weaker associations were found for PM10 (HR for 1-mu g/m(3) = 1.08, 95 %CI: 1.03-1.14) and NOx (HR for 10 mu g/m(3) = 1.18, 95 %CI: 1.04-1.33). Among those with CIND at baseline (n = 607), 118 participants developed dementia during follow-up. Results also show that exposure to air pollution was a risk factor for the conversion from CIND to dementia (PM2.5: HR for 1-mu g/m(3) = 1.90, 95 %CI: 1.48-2.43; PM10 : HR for 1-mu g/m(3) = 1.14, 95 %CI: 1.03-1.26; and NOR: HR for 10 mu g/m(3) = 1.34, 95 %CI: 1.07-1.69). Conclusion: We found evidence of an association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and incidence of CIND. Of special interest is that air pollution also

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

his article reveals the impact of pesticides on the free radicals in mammalian blood and on the paramagnetic centers. It has been discovered first time that pesticides ability to increase the quantity of free radicals, the influence of pesticides together with nitrates on the change of the paramagnetic centers of blood.

This report presents emission factors for domestic and international shipping in scenarios up to 2050 for methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter and black carbon. The scenarios account for the decided regulations on fuels’ sulphur content and on emissions of nitrogen oxides as well as the anticipated use of abatement technologies such as scrubbers and selective catalytic reduction. Further, an update of some emission factors for 2019 is included, with focus on nitrogen oxides and black carbon, as well as recently introduced fuel types. Finally, the potential to review historical data and the improvement potential for existing emission factors are discussed., Denna rapport innehåller emissionsfaktorer för nationell och internationell sjöfart i scenarier fram till 2050 för metan, dikväveoxid, svaveldioxid, kväveoxider, volatila organiska föreningar, partiklar och sot. Scenarierna tar hänsyn till beslutat regelverk för sjöfarten avseende svavelhalt i bränsle och emissioner av kväveoxider samt förväntad användning av reningsteknik som skrubbrar och selektiv katalytisk reduktion. Vidare presenteras uppdateringar av emissionsfaktorer för 2019 med fokus på kväveoxider och sot. Uppdateringen omfattar litteraturstudie och analys av främst nya data för partiklar och sot samt nya bränslekvaliteter som introducerats under senare år. Slutligen diskuteras förbättringspotentialen avseende historiska data samt nuvarande emissionsfaktorer.

This paper presents the effects on ignition delays of a range of exhaust gas compositions recirculated in the intake air. The ignition delays were measured in a single-cylinder diesel engine introducing a variety of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) into the intake gas, and changing the concentrations of these components. The experimental results show that the ignition delay decreases with the NOx addition, NO2 promotes the ignition more than NO, and this effect is more pronounced at higher intake gas temperatures. The ignition delay decreases with HC addition under NOx rich conditions while there is little effect under low NOx conditions, and the ignition delay changes with the kinds of hydrocarbons. The CO has little effect on the ignition delay. With the aid of chemical reaction analysis, the mechanisms of these changes are elucidated.

BackgroundAmbient air pollution exposure has been associated with dementia. Additionally, epidemiologic evidence supports associations between air pollution and diabetes as well as diabetes and dementia. Thus, an indirect pathway between air pollution and dementia may exist through metabolic dysfunction.ObjectiveTo investigate whether local traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) influences incident dementia and cognitive impairment, non-dementia (CIND) in a cohort of older Mexican Americans. We also assess how much of this estimated effect might be mediated through type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsIn a 10-year, prospective study of Latinos (n = 1,564), we generated TRAP-NOx as a surrogate for pollution from local traffic sources at participants' residences during the year prior to enrollment. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling and mediation analysis to estimate the effects of TRAP-NOx on dementia and/or CIND and indirect pathways operating through T2DM.ResultsHigher TRAP-NOx was associated with incident dementia (HR = 1.55 for the highest versus lower tertiles, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.55). Higher TRAP-NOx was also associated with T2DM (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.27, 2.05); furthermore, T2DM was associated with dementia (HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.42, 2.66). Mediation analysis indicated that 20% of the estimated effect of TRAP-NOx on dementia/CIND was mediated through T2DM.ConclusionOur results suggest that exposure to local traffic-related air pollution is associated with incident dementia. We also estimated that 20% of this effect is mediated through T2DM. Thus, ambient air pollution might affect brain health via direct damage as well as through indirect pathways related to diabetes and metabolic dysfunction.

This report presents emission factors for domestic and international shipping in scenarios up to 2050 for methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter and black carbon. The scenarios account for the decided regulations on fuels’ sulphur content and on emissions of nitrogen oxides as well as the anticipated use of abatement technologies such as scrubbers and selective catalytic reduction. Further, an update of some emission factors for 2019 is included, with focus on nitrogen oxides and black carbon, as well as recently introduced fuel types. Finally, the potential to review historical data and the improvement potential for existing emission factors are discussed., Denna rapport innehåller emissionsfaktorer för nationell och internationell sjöfart i scenarier fram till 2050 för metan, dikväveoxid, svaveldioxid, kväveoxider, volatila organiska föreningar, partiklar och sot. Scenarierna tar hänsyn till beslutat regelverk för sjöfarten avseende svavelhalt i bränsle och emissioner av kväveoxider samt förväntad användning av reningsteknik som skrubbrar och selektiv katalytisk reduktion. Vidare presenteras uppdateringar av emissionsfaktorer för 2019 med fokus på kväveoxider och sot. Uppdateringen omfattar litteraturstudie och analys av främst nya data för partiklar och sot samt nya bränslekvaliteter som introducerats under senare år. Slutligen diskuteras förbättringspotentialen avseende historiska data samt nuvarande emissionsfaktorer.

This paper presents the effects on ignition delays of a range of exhaust gas compositions recirculated in the intake air. The ignition delays were measured in a single-cylinder diesel engine introducing a variety of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) into the intake gas, and changing the concentrations of these components. The experimental results show that the ignition delay decreases with the NOx addition, NO2 promotes the ignition more than NO, and this effect is more pronounced at higher intake gas temperatures. The ignition delay decreases with HC addition under NOx rich conditions while there is little effect under low NOx conditions, and the ignition delay changes with the kinds of hydrocarbons. The CO has little effect on the ignition delay. With the aid of chemical reaction analysis, the mechanisms of these changes are elucidated.

This paper presents the effects on ignition delays of a range of exhaust gas compositions recirculated in the intake air. The ignition delays were measured in a single-cylinder diesel engine introducing a variety of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) into the intake gas, and changing the concentrations of these components. The experimental results show that the ignition delay decreases with the NOx addition, NO2 promotes the ignition more than NO, and this effect is more pronounced at higher intake gas temperatures. The ignition delay decreases with HC addition under NOx rich conditions while there is little effect under low NOx conditions, and the ignition delay changes with the kinds of hydrocarbons. The CO has little effect on the ignition delay. With the aid of chemical reaction analysis, the mechanisms of these changes are elucidated.

Environmental injustice, characterized by lower socioeconomic status (SES) persons being subjected to higher air pollution concentrations, was explored among pregnant women in Scania, Sweden. Understanding if the general reduction of air pollution recorded is enjoyed by all SES groups could illuminate existing inequalities and inform policy development. "Maternal Air Pollution in Southern Sweden", an epidemiological database, contains data for 48,777 pregnancies in Scanian hospital catchment areas and includes births from 1999-2009. SES predictors considered included education level, household disposable income, and birth country. A Gaussian dispersion model was used to model women's average NOX and PM2.5 exposure at home residence over the pregnancy period. Total concentrations were dichotomized into emission levels below/above respective Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air objectives. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis facilitated the investigation of associations' variation over time. Lower-SES women born outside Sweden were disproportionately exposed to higher pollutant concentrations. Odds of exposure to NOX above Swedish EPA objectives reduced over time, especially for low-SES persons. Environmental injustice exists in Scania, but it lessened with declining overall air pollution levels, implying that continued air quality improvement could help protect vulnerable populations and further reduce environmental inequalities.

Environmental injustice, characterized by lower socioeconomic status (SES) persons being subjected to higher air pollution concentrations, was explored among pregnant women in Scania, Sweden. Understanding if the general reduction of air pollution recorded is enjoyed by all SES groups could illuminate existing inequalities and inform policy development. "Maternal Air Pollution in Southern Sweden", an epidemiological database, contains data for 48,777 pregnancies in Scanian hospital catchment areas and includes births from 1999-2009. SES predictors considered included education level, household disposable income, and birth country. A Gaussian dispersion model was used to model women's average NOX and PM2.5 exposure at home residence over the pregnancy period. Total concentrations were dichotomized into emission levels below/above respective Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air objectives. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis facilitated the investigation of associations' variation over time. Lower-SES women born outside Sweden were disproportionately exposed to higher pollutant concentrations. Odds of exposure to NOX above Swedish EPA objectives reduced over time, especially for low-SES persons. Environmental injustice exists in Scania, but it lessened with declining overall air pollution levels, implying that continued air quality improvement could help protect vulnerable populations and further reduce environmental inequalities.

Environmental injustice, characterized by lower socioeconomic status (SES) persons being subjected to higher air pollution concentrations, was explored among pregnant women in Scania, Sweden. Understanding if the general reduction of air pollution recorded is enjoyed by all SES groups could illuminate existing inequalities and inform policy development. "Maternal Air Pollution in Southern Sweden", an epidemiological database, contains data for 48,777 pregnancies in Scanian hospital catchment areas and includes births from 1999-2009. SES predictors considered included education level, household disposable income, and birth country. A Gaussian dispersion model was used to model women's average NOX and PM2.5 exposure at home residence over the pregnancy period. Total concentrations were dichotomized into emission levels below/above respective Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air objectives. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis facilitated the investigation of associations' variation over time. Lower-SES women born outside Sweden were disproportionately exposed to higher pollutant concentrations. Odds of exposure to NOX above Swedish EPA objectives reduced over time, especially for low-SES persons. Environmental injustice exists in Scania, but it lessened with declining overall air pollution levels, implying that continued air quality improvement could help protect vulnerable populations and further reduce environmental inequalities.

RIVM rapport:Het RIVM rapporteert over de uitstoot van stikstof en de neerslag daarvan in Nederlandse Natura 2000-gebieden. Dit is onderdeel van de monitoring van het Programma Aanpak Stikstof (PAS). De doelen van het PAS zijn: minder stikstof, sterkere natuur en economische ontwikkeling. De uitstoot van stikstof is de basis om te berekenen hoeveel ervan neerslaat op de bodem en de planten (stikstofdepositie). Uit deze monitoringsrapportage blijkt dat van 2014 tot en met 2017 de jaarlijkse uitstoot van stikstofoxiden met 13 kiloton is gedaald (4 procent). Stikstofoxide is de vorm van stikstof die vooral van verkeer en industrie afkomt. De jaarlijkse uitstoot van ammoniak, waarvan landbouw de belangrijkste bron is, is met 4 kiloton gestegen (3 procent). Het RIVM maakt voor het PAS ook prognoses van de hoeveelheid stikstof die in 2020 en 2030 op de bodem van Natura 2000-gebieden neerslaat. In de huidige prognose daalt de depositie. Hierbij is ervan uitgegaan dat de uitstoot van stikstofoxiden stijgt, en van ammoniak daalt. Als de ontwikkelingen in de gerapporteerde uitstoot tot 2017 echter doorzetten, is de hoeveelheid stikstofoxiden in de prognoses te hoog ingeschat en die van ammoniak te laag. Vanwege deze ontwikkelingen is het onzeker of de verwachte depositiedaling overal gaat worden gehaald. De afgelopen jaren is een verschil te zien tussen de uitstoot en de gemeten concentratie van ammoniak in de lucht. Dit komt grotendeels doordat er minder vervuilende stoffen in de lucht zitten. Ammoniak verbindt zich daardoor minder met deze stoffen en blijft langer in de lucht achter. Door dit inzicht is het verschil beter te begrijpen, maar het is geen reden om depositiecijfers aan te passen. Verder wordt de feitelijke uitstoot uit de landbouw nader onderzocht. Dit kan nauwkeurigere gegevens over de uitstoot en prognoses opleveren. Het aantal nieuwe aanvragen voor economische activiteiten die binnen het PAS kunnen plaatsvinden, neemt af. Dat komt doordat op diverse plekken de beschikbar, RIVM reports on the emission of nitrogen and its deposition in the Dutch Natura 2000 areas. This is one of the elements of the monitoring stipulated in the Integrated Approach to Nitrogen (PAS). The objectives of the PAS are: less nitrogen, a robuster nature and economic development. Nitrogen emissions are used to calculate the quantities of nitrogen deposited on the soil and vegetation. This monitoring report shows that the annual emission of nitrogen oxides has decreased by 13 kilotonnes (4 per cent) from 2014 up to and including 2017. The nitrogen that originates from traffic and industry is primarily emitted in the form of nitrogen oxide. The annual emission of ammonia, the most significant source of which is agriculture, has increased by 4 kilotonnes (3 per cent). One of RIVM's tasks is to draw up prognoses for the PAS of the quantities of nitrogen that will be deposited on Natura 2000 areas in 2020 and 2030. The current prognosis forecasts a decrease in deposition. This is based on the assumption that the emission of nitrogen oxides will rise and that of ammonia will fall. However, if the developments in the emission that have been reported up to 2017 actually continue, the estimated quantity of nitrogen oxides in the prognoses is too high and that of ammonia too low. Because of these developments, it is uncertain whether the expected decrease in deposition will be achieved everywhere. In recent years, there has been a difference between the trend in the emission of ammonia and the concentration measured in the air. This is largely due to the fact that there are less pollutants in the air. Ammonia therefore reacts less with these substances and remains in the air longer. This insight explains the difference to a large extent, but is no reason to adjust the deposition figures. Besides, uncertainty exists in the actual agricultural emissions. This will be investigated further. This may improve the data on emissions and yield better prognoses. The number of new r

Het RIVM rapporteert over de uitstoot van stikstof en de neerslag daarvan in Nederlandse Natura 2000-gebieden. Dit is onderdeel van de monitoring van het Programma Aanpak Stikstof (PAS). De doelen van het PAS zijn: minder stikstof, sterkere natuur en economische ontwikkeling. De uitstoot van stikstof is de basis om te berekenen hoeveel ervan neerslaat op de bodem en de planten (stikstofdepositie). Uit deze monitoringsrapportage blijkt dat van 2014 tot en met 2017 de jaarlijkse uitstoot van stikstofoxiden met 13 kiloton is gedaald (4 procent). Stikstofoxide is de vorm van stikstof die vooral van verkeer en industrie afkomt. De jaarlijkse uitstoot van ammoniak, waarvan landbouw de belangrijkste bron is, is met 4 kiloton gestegen (3 procent). Het RIVM maakt voor het PAS ook prognoses van de hoeveelheid stikstof die in 2020 en 2030 op de bodem van Natura 2000-gebieden neerslaat. In de huidige prognose daalt de depositie. Hierbij is ervan uitgegaan dat de uitstoot van stikstofoxiden stijgt, en van ammoniak daalt. Als de ontwikkelingen in de gerapporteerde uitstoot tot 2017 echter doorzetten, is de hoeveelheid stikstofoxiden in de prognoses te hoog ingeschat en die van ammoniak te laag. Vanwege deze ontwikkelingen is het onzeker of de verwachte depositiedaling overal gaat worden gehaald. De afgelopen jaren is een verschil te zien tussen de uitstoot en de gemeten concentratie van ammoniak in de lucht. Dit komt grotendeels doordat er minder vervuilende stoffen in de lucht zitten. Ammoniak verbindt zich daardoor minder met deze stoffen en blijft langer in de lucht achter. Door dit inzicht is het verschil beter te begrijpen, maar het is geen reden om depositiecijfers aan te passen. Verder wordt de feitelijke uitstoot uit de landbouw nader onderzocht. Dit kan nauwkeurigere gegevens over de uitstoot en prognoses opleveren. Het aantal nieuwe aanvragen voor economische activiteiten die binnen het PAS kunnen plaatsvinden, neemt af. Dat komt doordat op diverse plekken de beschikbar, RIVM reports on the emission of nitrogen and its deposition in the Dutch Natura 2000 areas. This is one of the elements of the monitoring stipulated in the Integrated Approach to Nitrogen (PAS). The objectives of the PAS are: less nitrogen, a robuster nature and economic development. Nitrogen emissions are used to calculate the quantities of nitrogen deposited on the soil and vegetation. This monitoring report shows that the annual emission of nitrogen oxides has decreased by 13 kilotonnes (4 per cent) from 2014 up to and including 2017. The nitrogen that originates from traffic and industry is primarily emitted in the form of nitrogen oxide. The annual emission of ammonia, the most significant source of which is agriculture, has increased by 4 kilotonnes (3 per cent). One of RIVM's tasks is to draw up prognoses for the PAS of the quantities of nitrogen that will be deposited on Natura 2000 areas in 2020 and 2030. The current prognosis forecasts a decrease in deposition. This is based on the assumption that the emission of nitrogen oxides will rise and that of ammonia will fall. However, if the developments in the emission that have been reported up to 2017 actually continue, the estimated quantity of nitrogen oxides in the prognoses is too high and that of ammonia too low. Because of these developments, it is uncertain whether the expected decrease in deposition will be achieved everywhere. In recent years, there has been a difference between the trend in the emission of ammonia and the concentration measured in the air. This is largely due to the fact that there are less pollutants in the air. Ammonia therefore reacts less with these substances and remains in the air longer. This insight explains the difference to a large extent, but is no reason to adjust the deposition figures. Besides, uncertainty exists in the actual agricultural emissions. This will be investigated further. This may improve the data on emissions and yield better prognoses. The number of new r

RIVM rapport:Het RIVM rapporteert over de uitstoot van stikstof en de neerslag daarvan in Nederlandse Natura 2000-gebieden. Dit is onderdeel van de monitoring van het Programma Aanpak Stikstof (PAS). De doelen van het PAS zijn: minder stikstof, sterkere natuur en economische ontwikkeling. De uitstoot van stikstof is de basis om te berekenen hoeveel ervan neerslaat op de bodem en de planten (stikstofdepositie). Uit deze monitoringsrapportage blijkt dat van 2014 tot en met 2017 de jaarlijkse uitstoot van stikstofoxiden met 13 kiloton is gedaald (4 procent). Stikstofoxide is de vorm van stikstof die vooral van verkeer en industrie afkomt. De jaarlijkse uitstoot van ammoniak, waarvan landbouw de belangrijkste bron is, is met 4 kiloton gestegen (3 procent). Het RIVM maakt voor het PAS ook prognoses van de hoeveelheid stikstof die in 2020 en 2030 op de bodem van Natura 2000-gebieden neerslaat. In de huidige prognose daalt de depositie. Hierbij is ervan uitgegaan dat de uitstoot van stikstofoxiden stijgt, en van ammoniak daalt. Als de ontwikkelingen in de gerapporteerde uitstoot tot 2017 echter doorzetten, is de hoeveelheid stikstofoxiden in de prognoses te hoog ingeschat en die van ammoniak te laag. Vanwege deze ontwikkelingen is het onzeker of de verwachte depositiedaling overal gaat worden gehaald. De afgelopen jaren is een verschil te zien tussen de uitstoot en de gemeten concentratie van ammoniak in de lucht. Dit komt grotendeels doordat er minder vervuilende stoffen in de lucht zitten. Ammoniak verbindt zich daardoor minder met deze stoffen en blijft langer in de lucht achter. Door dit inzicht is het verschil beter te begrijpen, maar het is geen reden om depositiecijfers aan te passen. Verder wordt de feitelijke uitstoot uit de landbouw nader onderzocht. Dit kan nauwkeurigere gegevens over de uitstoot en prognoses opleveren. Het aantal nieuwe aanvragen voor economische activiteiten die binnen het PAS kunnen plaatsvinden, neemt af. Dat komt doordat op diverse plekken de beschikbar, RIVM reports on the emission of nitrogen and its deposition in the Dutch Natura 2000 areas. This is one of the elements of the monitoring stipulated in the Integrated Approach to Nitrogen (PAS). The objectives of the PAS are: less nitrogen, a robuster nature and economic development. Nitrogen emissions are used to calculate the quantities of nitrogen deposited on the soil and vegetation. This monitoring report shows that the annual emission of nitrogen oxides has decreased by 13 kilotonnes (4 per cent) from 2014 up to and including 2017. The nitrogen that originates from traffic and industry is primarily emitted in the form of nitrogen oxide. The annual emission of ammonia, the most significant source of which is agriculture, has increased by 4 kilotonnes (3 per cent). One of RIVM's tasks is to draw up prognoses for the PAS of the quantities of nitrogen that will be deposited on Natura 2000 areas in 2020 and 2030. The current prognosis forecasts a decrease in deposition. This is based on the assumption that the emission of nitrogen oxides will rise and that of ammonia will fall. However, if the developments in the emission that have been reported up to 2017 actually continue, the estimated quantity of nitrogen oxides in the prognoses is too high and that of ammonia too low. Because of these developments, it is uncertain whether the expected decrease in deposition will be achieved everywhere. In recent years, there has been a difference between the trend in the emission of ammonia and the concentration measured in the air. This is largely due to the fact that there are less pollutants in the air. Ammonia therefore reacts less with these substances and remains in the air longer. This insight explains the difference to a large extent, but is no reason to adjust the deposition figures. Besides, uncertainty exists in the actual agricultural emissions. This will be investigated further. This may improve the data on emissions and yield better prognoses. The number of new r

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have shown their advantages in gas-sensing applications due to their extremely small particle size and facile solution based processes. In this study, a high sensitivity of surface acoustic wave (SAW) NO 2 sensor was demonstrated using SnS CQDs as the sensing layer. The delay line based SAW device with a resonant frequency of 200 MHz were fabricated on ST-cut quartz substrate. The SnS CQDs with average sizes of 5.0 nm were synthesized and deposited onto SAW sensors using a spin-coating method. The fabricated SAW sensor was capable of detecting a low concentration of NO 2 gas at room temperature with a good efficiency and selectivity e.g., with a 1.8 kHz decrease of center frequency of the SAW delay line when exposed to 10 ppm NO 2 at room temperature. © 2019

RIVM rapport:Het RIVM rapporteert over de uitstoot van stikstof en de neerslag daarvan in Nederlandse Natura 2000-gebieden. Dit is onderdeel van de monitoring van het Programma Aanpak Stikstof (PAS). De doelen van het PAS zijn: minder stikstof, sterkere natuur en economische ontwikkeling. De uitstoot van stikstof is de basis om te berekenen hoeveel ervan neerslaat op de bodem en de planten (stikstofdepositie). Uit deze monitoringsrapportage blijkt dat van 2014 tot en met 2017 de jaarlijkse uitstoot van stikstofoxiden met 13 kiloton is gedaald (4 procent). Stikstofoxide is de vorm van stikstof die vooral van verkeer en industrie afkomt. De jaarlijkse uitstoot van ammoniak, waarvan landbouw de belangrijkste bron is, is met 4 kiloton gestegen (3 procent). Het RIVM maakt voor het PAS ook prognoses van de hoeveelheid stikstof die in 2020 en 2030 op de bodem van Natura 2000-gebieden neerslaat. In de huidige prognose daalt de depositie. Hierbij is ervan uitgegaan dat de uitstoot van stikstofoxiden stijgt, en van ammoniak daalt. Als de ontwikkelingen in de gerapporteerde uitstoot tot 2017 echter doorzetten, is de hoeveelheid stikstofoxiden in de prognoses te hoog ingeschat en die van ammoniak te laag. Vanwege deze ontwikkelingen is het onzeker of de verwachte depositiedaling overal gaat worden gehaald. De afgelopen jaren is een verschil te zien tussen de uitstoot en de gemeten concentratie van ammoniak in de lucht. Dit komt grotendeels doordat er minder vervuilende stoffen in de lucht zitten. Ammoniak verbindt zich daardoor minder met deze stoffen en blijft langer in de lucht achter. Door dit inzicht is het verschil beter te begrijpen, maar het is geen reden om depositiecijfers aan te passen. Verder wordt de feitelijke uitstoot uit de landbouw nader onderzocht. Dit kan nauwkeurigere gegevens over de uitstoot en prognoses opleveren. Het aantal nieuwe aanvragen voor economische activiteiten die binnen het PAS kunnen plaatsvinden, neemt af. Dat komt doordat op diverse plekken de beschikbar, RIVM reports on the emission of nitrogen and its deposition in the Dutch Natura 2000 areas. This is one of the elements of the monitoring stipulated in the Integrated Approach to Nitrogen (PAS). The objectives of the PAS are: less nitrogen, a robuster nature and economic development. Nitrogen emissions are used to calculate the quantities of nitrogen deposited on the soil and vegetation. This monitoring report shows that the annual emission of nitrogen oxides has decreased by 13 kilotonnes (4 per cent) from 2014 up to and including 2017. The nitrogen that originates from traffic and industry is primarily emitted in the form of nitrogen oxide. The annual emission of ammonia, the most significant source of which is agriculture, has increased by 4 kilotonnes (3 per cent). One of RIVM's tasks is to draw up prognoses for the PAS of the quantities of nitrogen that will be deposited on Natura 2000 areas in 2020 and 2030. The current prognosis forecasts a decrease in deposition. This is based on the assumption that the emission of nitrogen oxides will rise and that of ammonia will fall. However, if the developments in the emission that have been reported up to 2017 actually continue, the estimated quantity of nitrogen oxides in the prognoses is too high and that of ammonia too low. Because of these developments, it is uncertain whether the expected decrease in deposition will be achieved everywhere. In recent years, there has been a difference between the trend in the emission of ammonia and the concentration measured in the air. This is largely due to the fact that there are less pollutants in the air. Ammonia therefore reacts less with these substances and remains in the air longer. This insight explains the difference to a large extent, but is no reason to adjust the deposition figures. Besides, uncertainty exists in the actual agricultural emissions. This will be investigated further. This may improve the data on emissions and yield better prognoses. The number of new r

Environmental injustice, characterized by lower socioeconomic status (SES) persons being subjected to higher air pollution concentrations, was explored among pregnant women in Scania, Sweden. Understanding if the general reduction of air pollution recorded is enjoyed by all SES groups could illuminate existing inequalities and inform policy development. "Maternal Air Pollution in Southern Sweden", an epidemiological database, contains data for 48,777 pregnancies in Scanian hospital catchment areas and includes births from 1999-2009. SES predictors considered included education level, household disposable income, and birth country. A Gaussian dispersion model was used to model women's average NOX and PM2.5 exposure at home residence over the pregnancy period. Total concentrations were dichotomized into emission levels below/above respective Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air objectives. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis facilitated the investigation of associations' variation over time. Lower-SES women born outside Sweden were disproportionately exposed to higher pollutant concentrations. Odds of exposure to NOX above Swedish EPA objectives reduced over time, especially for low-SES persons. Environmental injustice exists in Scania, but it lessened with declining overall air pollution levels, implying that continued air quality improvement could help protect vulnerable populations and further reduce environmental inequalities.

We have studied the performances of plasma reactors based on dielectric barrier discharges operating in a streamer regime. Detailed modeling of the chemical kinetics happening in an air plasma gas-phase has been investigated and we present results concerning the simulation of humid air plasma gas-phase. Experimental information on the discharge regimes has been gathered both on a standard, electrode facing configuration and in a surface discharge. Data have been used to perform a numerical simulation of the relevant plasma chemical kinetics in both configurations. The evolution of the gas-phase composition during and after the interaction in the discharge region was calculated under different operating conditions. The model can be used also to predict the evolution of a humid air mixture containing traces of nitrogen oxides. The results have been used to predict the reduction of nitrogen oxides achievable and to study the role played by the different discharge parameters in order to determine the optimal interaction between plasma and gas mixture.

The photocatalytic activity of a wide variety of photocatalytic construction materials with different intrinsic properties, mainly microstructure and TiO2 crystallographic phases, were obtained using alternative methods (Rz and NBT-reductive inks and TA-oxidative fluorescence probe) and the NOx removal standard ISO 22197-1:2007. The Rz-ink test was shown to be unsuitable for some of the materials due to spontaneous colour change in the dye upon contact with these (here denominated, reactive samples), in the absence of radiation. No such shortcomings were observed for either NBT-ink or TA-probe. Comparison of the three set of results showed a reasonably high correlation among the activities determined by the different methods, despite the wide variation in the characteristics of the photocatalytic materials tested, underlying reaction mechanisms and the physics and chemistry of the inter-phase contact (ink/probe/contaminant-substrate). The findings attest to the possible relationship between the rates of oxidative and reductive reactions in semiconductor photocatalysis. These alternative methods may be regarded as a new ‘cheap and simple’ approach to photocatalytic activity measurements.

Environmental injustice, characterized by lower socioeconomic status (SES) persons being subjected to higher air pollution concentrations, was explored among pregnant women in Scania, Sweden. Understanding if the general reduction of air pollution recorded is enjoyed by all SES groups could illuminate existing inequalities and inform policy development. "Maternal Air Pollution in Southern Sweden", an epidemiological database, contains data for 48,777 pregnancies in Scanian hospital catchment areas and includes births from 1999-2009. SES predictors considered included education level, household disposable income, and birth country. A Gaussian dispersion model was used to model women's average NOX and PM2.5 exposure at home residence over the pregnancy period. Total concentrations were dichotomized into emission levels below/above respective Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air objectives. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis facilitated the investigation of associations' variation over time. Lower-SES women born outside Sweden were disproportionately exposed to higher pollutant concentrations. Odds of exposure to NOX above Swedish EPA objectives reduced over time, especially for low-SES persons. Environmental injustice exists in Scania, but it lessened with declining overall air pollution levels, implying that continued air quality improvement could help protect vulnerable populations and further reduce environmental inequalities.

The report aims to present and analyze the development of the environmentally differentiated fairway dues in Sweden and the impacts of the system. A system differentiated for sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) was introduced in 1998. The implementation of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) stricter SOx requirements in the Baltic and North Sea areas in 2015 made the SOx differentiation obsolete. In 2018 the system was replaced by a new fee system with different differentiation. The Swedish Maritime Administration (SMA) is responsible for determining and collecting the fairway dues and is also dependent on this income as an important source of funding for its activities. The amounts to be paid and the emission levels that are necessary to be eligible for a certificate that entitles discounts are stated in the SMA’s regulations on fairway dues. These regulations have changed over the years and to give an overview of these changes a presentation of regulations and found amendments is provided. Except for some early studies evaluating the first few years of the environmentally differentiated fairway dues, little has been done to evaluate the impact of the policy instrument that was in place for 20 years. The information found in previous studies, annual reports and available data provided by the SMA is compiled and analyzed to present the impacts of the fairway dues from 1998 to 2017. The numbers and characteristics of vessels with SOx and NOx reduction certificates are compiled from several sources. Abatement techniques and costs are discussed. Available estimates of reduced emissions from certified vessels are presented and analyzed. As far as possible, the costs and benefits for society of reduced emissions are compared and the contribution to fulfillment of environmental objectives is discussed. More emphasis is placed on the NOx differentiation since problems with high levels of NOx emissions remain whereas SOx emissions have declined substa, Syftet med rapporten är att presentera och analysera utvecklingen av de miljödifferentierade farledsavgifterna i Sverige och systemets inverkan. Ett system differentierat för svaveloxider (SOx) och kväveoxider (NOx) infördes 1998. Införandet av Internationella sjöfartsorganisationens (IMO) striktare SOx krav i Östersjön och Nordsjönsområdet 2015 ersatte behovet av SOx differentieringen. 2018 ersattes systemet av ett nytt avgiftssystem med en annan differentiering. Sjöfartsverket ansvarar för att fastställa och infordra farledsavgifterna och är också beroende av denna inkomst som en viktig finansieringskälla till dess aktiviteter. De belopp som ska betalas och utsläppsnivåerna som krävs för att få ett certifikat som ger rätt till lägre farledsavgifter anges i Sjöfartsverkets föreskrifter om farledsavgift. Dessa föreskrifter har ändrats under åren och för att ge en överblick av dessa förändringar ges en presentation av föreskrifter och funna ändringar. Förutom några tidiga studier som utvärderar de första åren av de miljödifferentierade farledsavgifterna, har lite gjorts för att utvärdera effekten av styrmedlet som var implementerat under 20 år. Information från tidigare studier, årliga rapporter och tillgängliga data från Sjöfartsverket sammanställs och analyseras för att presentera effekterna av farledsavgifterna från 1998 till 2017. Antalet fartyg med SOx- och NOx-reduktionscertifikat och dess egenskaper sammanställs från flera källor. Åtgärder och kostnader för att minska utsläppen diskuteras. Tillgängliga uppskattningar av reducerade utsläpp från certifierade fartyg presenteras och analyseras. Så långt som möjligt jämförs samhällsekonomiska kostnader och nyttor av minskade utsläpp och bidraget till uppfyllandet av miljömål diskuteras. Mer fokus läggs på NOx-differentieringen eftersom problem med höga nivåer av NOx-utsläpp kvarstår, medan SOx-utsläppen har minskat avsevärt i Östersjön, särskilt efter införandet av IMO:s striktare krav.

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to air pollution and smoking increases the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, but pathophysiologic mechanisms are still debated. Few studies to date have examined the influence of air pollution on uterine vascular resistance and no studies have examined the independent impact of these exposures. We aimed to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance.MethodsOur study included 566 pregnant women recruited between 1993 and 1996 in Los Angeles who completed visits at three gestational ages. Information on smoking was collected and uterine vascular resistance was measured at each visit by Doppler ultrasound. We calculated three resistance indices: the resistance index (RI), the pulsatility index (PI), and the systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio. We estimated exposure to NO2 at the home address of the mother using a land use regression (LUR) model and to NOx using CALINE4 air dispersion modeling. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effects of air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance indices.ResultsLUR-derived NO2 and CALINE4-derived NOx exposure increased the risk of high uterine artery resistance in late pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy also increased the risk of higher uterine resistance and contributed to bilateral notching in mid-pregnancy.ConclusionOur results suggest that uterine vascular resistance is a mechanism underlying the association between smoking and air pollution, and adverse birth outcomes.

Мета: проаналізувати структурні зміни слизової оболонки шлунка та оцінити роль системи оксиду азоту в цих процесах у пацієнтів iз хронічним гастритом та кишковою метаплазією. Матеріали та методи. Морфологічне дослідження проводилося в 38 пацієнтів iз хронічним гастритом та атрофією, локальною (антральний відділ шлунка) або дифузною кишковою метаплазією. Концентрація оксиду азоту була визначена у вмісті шлунка та в крові всіх пацієнтів. Результати. Морфометричне дослідження показало помітне зниження (до (0,12 ± 0,04) %) ядерно-цитоплазматичного співвідношення в пацієнтів iз кишковою метаплазією порівняно з тими, хто мав атрофію. Еліптичність ядер клітин також зменшувалася з розвитком кишкової метаплазії та в пацієнтів без метапластичних змін дорівнювала (0,76 ± 0,04) %, у випадках локальної кишкової метаплазії — (0,65 ± 0,11) %, при дифузнiй метаплазії — (0,41 ± 0,12) %. Встановлено, що у хворих iз кишковою метаплазією, локалiзованою в антральному відділі, рівень оксиду азоту в шлунковому соку збільшується і на 24–65 % перевищує контрольну величину. Розглянуто можливий механізм загибелі клітин слизової оболонки шлунка внаслiдок апоптозу та некрозу в умовах гіперпродукції оксиду азоту. Висновки. Iнгібуючий ефект оксиду азоту на шлункову секрецію реалізується за рахунок його стимулюючого впливу на активність циклооксигенази та синтезу простагландинів., Background. The purpose was to analyze structural changes in gastric mucosa and to assess the role of nitric oxide system in these processes in patients with chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Materials and methods. Morphological study was conducted in 38 patients with chronic gastritis with atrophy, intestinal metaplasia located in the antrum and diffuse intestinal metaplasia. Concentration of nitric oxide was measured in gastric contents and in the blood of all patients. Results. Morphometric study showed a marked decrease (to (0.12 ± 0.04) %) in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in patients with intestinal metaplasia compared to patients with atrophy, while the ellipticity of the native cell nuclei also decreased with the development of intestinal metaplasia, and in patients without metaplastic changes was equal to (0.76 ± 0.04) %, for cases of antrum-localized intestinal metaplasia — (0.65 ± 0.11) %, and for the diffuse metaplasia — (0.41 ± 0.12) %. It was found that in patients with antrum-localized intestinal metaplasia, the level of nitric oxide in gastric juice increased and was 24–65 % higher than the control values. A possible mechanism of gastric mucosa cell death with apoptosis and necrosis under hyperproduction of nitric oxide is considered. Conclusions. The inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on acidic gastric secretion is realized at the expense of its stimulating effect on the activity of cyclooxygenase and the synthesis of prostaglandins., Цель: проанализировать структурные изменения слизистой оболочки желудка и оценить роль системы оксида азота в этих процессах у пациентов с хроническим гастритом и кишечной метаплазией. Материалы и методы. Морфологическое исследование проводилось у 38 пациентов с хроническим гастритом и атрофией, локальной (антральный отдел желудка) или диффузной кишечной метаплазией. Концентрация оксида азота была определена в содержимом желудка и в крови всех пациентов. Результаты. Морфометрическое исследование показало заметное снижение (до (0,12 ± 0,04) %) ядерно-цитоплазматического соотношения у пациентов с кишечной метаплазией по сравнению с теми, у кого отмечалась атрофия. Эллиптичность ядер клеток также уменьшалась с развитием кишечной метаплазии и у пациентов без метапластических изменений составляла (0,76 ± 0,04) %, в случаях локальной кишечной метаплазии — (0,65 ± 0,11) %, при диффузной метаплазии — (0,41 ± 0,12) %. Установлено, что у больных с локальной кишечной метаплазией, локализованной в антральном отделе желудка, уровень оксида азота в желудочном соке увеличивается и на 24–65 % превышает контрольные показатели. Рассмотрен возможный механизм гибели клеток слизистой оболочки желудка вследствие апоптоза и некроза в условиях гиперпродукции оксида азота. Выводы. Ингибирующий эффект оксида азота на желудочную секрецию реализуется за счет его стимулирующего влияния на активность циклооксигеназы и синтеза простагландинов.

This article presents a procedure that allows to theoretically and preliminarily calculate the levels of pollutants produced by any type of alternative internal combustion engine in order to reduce the costs and resources that brings an experimental test for the same purpose. The main objective of this study is to present the calculation of the levels of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate material with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers, based on the geometrical and operation parameters of alternative internal combustion engines (MCIA), which are used in aircrafts and land vehicles. First of all, some of the previous investigations that were performed are presented, which are taken as a starting point to calculate the polluting emissions. Subsequently, the development carried out to find the braking power is shown, which value provides an important contribution when finding the levels of pollutants. Then, the results obtained are shown, which are compared to experimental test results to determine the reliability of the methodology through an analysis of variance –ANOVA. Finally, conclusions are presented., En este artículo se presenta un procedimiento que permite calcular teórica y preliminarmente los niveles de agentes contaminantes producidos por cualquier tipo de motor de combustión interna alternativo, con el fin de reducir los costos y recursos que trae consigo una prueba experimental para el mismo propósito. El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar el cálculo de los niveles de dióxido de carbono, óxidos de nitrógeno y material particulado con un diámetro aerodinámico de 2.5 micrómetros, a partir de los parámetros geométricos y de operación de motores de combustión interna alternativo (MCIA), los cuales son utilizados en aeronaves y vehículos terrestres. En primera instancia se presentan algunas de las investigaciones previas realizadas, las cuales se toman como punto de partida para calcular las emisiones contaminantes. Posteriormente se muestra el desarrollo llevado a cabo para encontrar la potencia de frenado, cuyo valor permite proporcionar un aporte importante al momento de hallar los niveles de contaminantes. Luego, se muestran los resultados obtenidos, los cuales son comparados con resultados de pruebas experimentales para determinar la confiabilidad de la metodología mediante un análisis ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) y finalmente se presentan las respectivas conclusiones.

Prenatal exposure to air pollution and smoking increases the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, but pathophysiologic mechanisms are still debated. Few studies to date have examined the influence of air pollution on uterine vascular resistance and no studies have examined the independent impact of these exposures. We aimed to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance. Our study included 566 pregnant women recruited between 1993 and 1996 in Los Angeles who completed visits at three gestational ages. Information on smoking was collected and uterine vascular resistance was measured at each visit by Doppler ultrasound. We calculated three resistance indices: the resistance index (RI), the pulsatility index (PI), and the systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio. We estimated exposure to NO2 at the home address of the mother using a land use regression (LUR) model and to NOx using CALINE4 air dispersion modeling. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effects of air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance indices. LUR-derived NO2 and CALINE4-derived NOx exposure increased the risk of high uterine artery resistance in late pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy also increased the risk of higher uterine resistance and contributed to bilateral notching in mid-pregnancy. Our results suggest that uterine vascular resistance is a mechanism underlying the association between smoking and air pollution, and adverse birth outcomes.

The report aims to present and analyze the development of the environmentally differentiated fairway dues in Sweden and the impacts of the system. A system differentiated for sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) was introduced in 1998. The implementation of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) stricter SOx requirements in the Baltic and North Sea areas in 2015 made the SOx differentiation obsolete. In 2018 the system was replaced by a new fee system with different differentiation. The Swedish Maritime Administration (SMA) is responsible for determining and collecting the fairway dues and is also dependent on this income as an important source of funding for its activities. The amounts to be paid and the emission levels that are necessary to be eligible for a certificate that entitles discounts are stated in the SMA’s regulations on fairway dues. These regulations have changed over the years and to give an overview of these changes a presentation of regulations and found amendments is provided. Except for some early studies evaluating the first few years of the environmentally differentiated fairway dues, little has been done to evaluate the impact of the policy instrument that was in place for 20 years. The information found in previous studies, annual reports and available data provided by the SMA is compiled and analyzed to present the impacts of the fairway dues from 1998 to 2017. The numbers and characteristics of vessels with SOx and NOx reduction certificates are compiled from several sources. Abatement techniques and costs are discussed. Available estimates of reduced emissions from certified vessels are presented and analyzed. As far as possible, the costs and benefits for society of reduced emissions are compared and the contribution to fulfillment of environmental objectives is discussed. More emphasis is placed on the NOx differentiation since problems with high levels of NOx emissions remain whereas SOx emissions have declined substa, Syftet med rapporten är att presentera och analysera utvecklingen av de miljödifferentierade farledsavgifterna i Sverige och systemets inverkan. Ett system differentierat för svaveloxider (SOx) och kväveoxider (NOx) infördes 1998. Införandet av Internationella sjöfartsorganisationens (IMO) striktare SOx krav i Östersjön och Nordsjönsområdet 2015 ersatte behovet av SOx differentieringen. 2018 ersattes systemet av ett nytt avgiftssystem med en annan differentiering. Sjöfartsverket ansvarar för att fastställa och infordra farledsavgifterna och är också beroende av denna inkomst som en viktig finansieringskälla till dess aktiviteter. De belopp som ska betalas och utsläppsnivåerna som krävs för att få ett certifikat som ger rätt till lägre farledsavgifter anges i Sjöfartsverkets föreskrifter om farledsavgift. Dessa föreskrifter har ändrats under åren och för att ge en överblick av dessa förändringar ges en presentation av föreskrifter och funna ändringar. Förutom några tidiga studier som utvärderar de första åren av de miljödifferentierade farledsavgifterna, har lite gjorts för att utvärdera effekten av styrmedlet som var implementerat under 20 år. Information från tidigare studier, årliga rapporter och tillgängliga data från Sjöfartsverket sammanställs och analyseras för att presentera effekterna av farledsavgifterna från 1998 till 2017. Antalet fartyg med SOx- och NOx-reduktionscertifikat och dess egenskaper sammanställs från flera källor. Åtgärder och kostnader för att minska utsläppen diskuteras. Tillgängliga uppskattningar av reducerade utsläpp från certifierade fartyg presenteras och analyseras. Så långt som möjligt jämförs samhällsekonomiska kostnader och nyttor av minskade utsläpp och bidraget till uppfyllandet av miljömål diskuteras. Mer fokus läggs på NOx-differentieringen eftersom problem med höga nivåer av NOx-utsläpp kvarstår, medan SOx-utsläppen har minskat avsevärt i Östersjön, särskilt efter införandet av IMO:s striktare krav.

During high‐speed solar wind stream (HSS) events, energetic electrons from the Earth’s inner magnetosphere transfer solar wind energy to the high‐latitude upper atmosphere, which may affect chemical compositions in the region. We conduct a study on the production of nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) in the polar middle atmosphere by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) during HSS events in the period of international polar year 2007–2008 northern winter. During this period, the geomagnetic activity was generally quiet and there were no major solar events, which indicates that the EEPs were mostly associated with HSS events. The electron flux immediately increases with the onset of HSS events and remains elevated during the passage of the events. The estimation of the directly produced NOx by EEPs was attempted by using the correlation between NOₓ and dynamic tracers such as CO and CH₄. It was found that the direct effect of EEPs on NOₓ reaches down to about 55‐km altitude and the amount is estimated to be about 2 ppbv. This result indicates that the variations of polar stratospheric NOₓ in winter are mostly associated with dynamical processes such as vertical transport and horizontal mixing. We also found that the middle atmospheric O₃ depletion during HSS events seems to be related to the EEP‐induced NOₓ at least in the uppermost stratosphere in the polar region.

This article presents a procedure that allows to theoretically and preliminarily calculate the levels of pollutants produced by any type of alternative internal combustion engine in order to reduce the costs and resources that brings an experimental test for the same purpose. The main objective of this study is to present the calculation of the levels of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate material with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers, based on the geometrical and operation parameters of alternative internal combustion engines (MCIA), which are used in aircrafts and land vehicles. First of all, some of the previous investigations that were performed are presented, which are taken as a starting point to calculate the polluting emissions. Subsequently, the development carried out to find the braking power is shown, which value provides an important contribution when finding the levels of pollutants. Then, the results obtained are shown, which are compared to experimental test results to determine the reliability of the methodology through an analysis of variance –ANOVA. Finally, conclusions are presented., En este artículo se presenta un procedimiento que permite calcular teórica y preliminarmente los niveles de agentes contaminantes producidos por cualquier tipo de motor de combustión interna alternativo, con el fin de reducir los costos y recursos que trae consigo una prueba experimental para el mismo propósito. El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar el cálculo de los niveles de dióxido de carbono, óxidos de nitrógeno y material particulado con un diámetro aerodinámico de 2.5 micrómetros, a partir de los parámetros geométricos y de operación de motores de combustión interna alternativo (MCIA), los cuales son utilizados en aeronaves y vehículos terrestres. En primera instancia se presentan algunas de las investigaciones previas realizadas, las cuales se toman como punto de partida para calcular las emisiones contaminantes. Posteriormente se muestra el desarrollo llevado a cabo para encontrar la potencia de frenado, cuyo valor permite proporcionar un aporte importante al momento de hallar los niveles de contaminantes. Luego, se muestran los resultados obtenidos, los cuales son comparados con resultados de pruebas experimentales para determinar la confiabilidad de la metodología mediante un análisis ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) y finalmente se presentan las respectivas conclusiones.

Acid-base equilibria and interfacial electrostatic properties of hydrated mesoporous and nanostructured alumina powders are determining factors for the use of these materials in heterogeneous catalysis and as a sorption media for filtration and chromatographic applications including life sciences. Here spin probe electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of pH-sensitive nitroxides was employed to evaluate the surface charge and interfacial acid-base equilibria at the pore surface of mesoporous powders of α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, Al2O3 × nH2O, and basic γ-Al2O3 and nanostructured Al2O3 in the form of pristine materials and modified with aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide, hydroxyaluminum glycerate, and several phospholipids. A new pH-sensitive nitroxide probe, 4-dimethylamino-5,5-dimethyl-2-(4-(chloromethyl)phenyl)-2-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl hydrochloride semihydrate (nitroxide R1), has been synthesized and characterized. It was found that conditions of preparation of alumina powders exert strikingly large effects on the apparent pKa of nitroxides measured from electron paramagnetic resonance titration curves. Specifically, while the electron paramagnetic resonance titrations curves for the nitroxide R1 in mesoporous powders prepared from basic γ-Al2O3 and Al2O3 × nH2O were shifted by ΔpKa≈ +0.6 and up to ≈ +1.2 pH units respectively, the shift for γ-Al2O3 was found to be much higher: ΔpKa = +3.5. Assuming approximately the same ∆pH = 0.5–1.0 arising from a difference in the hydrogen ion activity between the bulk solution phase and that in a confined pore volume, the samples were ranked in the following order of descending magnitude of the effective surface electrostatic potential Ψ: mesoporous γ-Al2O3 > Al2O3 × nH2O > basic γ-Al2O3 > α-Al2O3. Conditions of the Al2O3 synthesis as well as the surface modification procedures were found to have profound effects on the interfacial electrostatic properties of hydrated samples that are likely related to the nature and conce, This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant 14-03-00898), the Program 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 02.A03.21.0006 and the State Tasks of the Ministry of Education (Russian Federation) No. 4.1626.2014/K and No. 2014/239. Fabrication and SEM characterization of AAO, least-squares fitting of EPR spectra and the final preparation of the manuscript were supported by U.S. DOE Contract DE-FG02-02ER15354 to AIS. The authors are thankful to Mrs. Ksenia Kozhikhova (Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia) for preparation of positively-and negatively-charged liposomes. The help and useful discussions with Prof. Maxim A. Voynov and Dr. Antonin Marek (both from NCSU) are gratefully acknowledged.

RIVM rapport:De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren, en de concentratie PM2,5 gemeten op meetlocatie Hilversum voldoen in 2016 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2016 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van PM10 op de twee stations onderling vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren, as well as the concentration of PM2,5 measured at location Hilversum, are within legal limits as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region. In 2016, daily averaged concentrations of PM10 on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2016 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren, en de concentratie PM2,5 gemeten op meetlocatie Hilversum voldoen in 2016 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2016 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van PM10 op de twee stations onderling vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren, as well as the concentration of PM2,5 measured at location Hilversum, are within legal limits as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region. In 2016, daily averaged concentrations of PM10 on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2016 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

RIVM rapport:De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren, en de concentratie PM2,5 gemeten op meetlocatie Hilversum voldoen in 2016 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2016 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van PM10 op de twee stations onderling vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren, as well as the concentration of PM2,5 measured at location Hilversum, are within legal limits as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region. In 2016, daily averaged concentrations of PM10 on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2016 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

RIVM rapport:De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren, en de concentratie PM2,5 gemeten op meetlocatie Hilversum voldoen in 2016 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2016 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van PM10 op de twee stations onderling vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren, as well as the concentration of PM2,5 measured at location Hilversum, are within legal limits as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region. In 2016, daily averaged concentrations of PM10 on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2016 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

High levels of air pollution are a common problem in both road and railroad tunnels. Sources and emission processes however differ significantly, as reflected by aerosols physical and chemical properties. As particle concentrations and properties affect exposure of and health effects for people on platforms and in vehicles, effective ways to reduce emissions and exposure are important. This study aims to improve the knowledge of the differences between PM10 in the rail and road tunnel environments, their sources and the possibilities to address problems with high particulate levels. Measurement campaigns were carried out at Arlanda Central, a railroad tunnel station below Arlanda airport and in Söderleden road tunnel, a road tunnel in central Stockholm. The results show large differences in concentration levels, size distributions and in composition of the particles. The railroad tunnel aerosol consisted of coarse particles with high iron content, while the properties of the coarse particles in the road tunnel were strongly influenced by whether the road surface was wet or dry. In wet conditions, concentrations were relatively low and iron and sulfur dominating elements, while silicon, potassium, calcium and iron from suspension and road wear dominated during dry conditions. The content of elemental carbon, most likely from the pantograph, were unexpectedly high in the railroad tunnel. An older type of train with a large proportion of mechanical brakes were suggested to be responsible to the main particle emissions in the railway tunnel. The report concludes with a discussion and proposals for action against particle sources in the various underground environments., Höga halter av luftföroreningar är ett vanligt förekommande problem i tunnlar för såväl väg som järnväg. Källor och emissionsprocesser skiljer sig dock åt väsentligt, vilket avspeglas i aerosolernas fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper. Då partiklarnas halter och egenskaper är viktiga för exponering och hälsoeffekter för människor på perronger och i fordon, är effektiva sätt att minska emissionerna och exponeringen av vikt. Föreliggande studie syftar till att förbättra kunskapen om skillnaderna mellan inandningsbara partiklar (PM10) i väg och järnvägsmiljö, partiklarnas källor och möjligheterna att åtgärda problem med höga partikelhalter. Mätkampanjer genomfördes på Arlanda Central, en järnvägsstation under Arlanda flygplats och i Söderledstunneln, en vägtunnel i centrala Stockholm. Resultaten visar på stora skillnader i såväl halter och storleksfördelningar som i partiklarnas sammansättning. I järnvägstunneln utgjordes aerosolen av grova partiklar med högt järninnehåll, medan egenskaperna hos de grova partiklarna i vägtunneln påverkades starkt av om vägbanan var våt eller torr. Vid våt vägbana var halterna förhållandevis låga och järn och svavel viktiga element, medan kisel, kalium, kalcium och järn från suspension och vägslitage dominerade vid torr vägbana. Halten av elementärt kol, sannolikt från strömavtagare, var oväntat hög i järnvägstunneln. En äldre tågtyp med stor andel mekaniska bromsar bedömdes orsaka huvuddelen av partikelemissionerna i järnvägstunneln. Rapporten avslutas med en diskussion om och förslag till åtgärder mot partikelkällor i de olika tunnelmiljöerna.

RIVM rapport:De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren voldoen in 2015 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2015 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van fijnstof op de twee stations vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren are within legal limits, as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region, respectively. In 2015, daily averaged concentrations of particulate matter on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2015 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren voldoen in 2015 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2015 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van fijnstof op de twee stations vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren are within legal limits, as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region, respectively. In 2015, daily averaged concentrations of particulate matter on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2015 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

Trials were carried out at Clermont coal mine (Queensland, Australia) of a bulk explosive product that could provide sufficient energy for the ground type encountered without production of post-blast NOx fumes. Two benchmark blasts were carried out using ANFO blends. Three trial blasts were loaded using XLOAD bulk explosives with a density of 1.00 g/cc; the explosive consisted of a blend of ANFO, a high-energy oxygen balanced emulsion and expanded polystyrene. The design of the first blast took a conservative approach to ensure the key blast outcomes of fume control and fragmentation were achieved. The second blast used the same pattern dimensions as the benchmark bulk product and resulted in a 20% lower powder factor. The third blast used a slightly larger drill pattern. All five blasts had the expected amounts of dust but whereas the benchmark blasts produced fume, the three XLOAD blasts produced no fume, no recordable incidents, and good fragmentation. Shovel productivity was excellent with higher average instantaneous dig rates recorded (6% improvement)., Trials were carried out at Clermont coal mine (Queensland, Australia) of a bulk explosive product that could provide sufficient energy for the ground type encountered without production of post-blast NOx fumes. Two benchmark blasts were carried out using ANFO blends. Three trial blasts were loaded using XLOAD bulk explosives with a density of 1.00 g/cc; the explosive consisted of a blend of ANFO, a high-energy oxygen balanced emulsion and expanded polystyrene. The design of the first blast took a conservative approach to ensure the key blast outcomes of fume control and fragmentation were achieved. The second blast used the same pattern dimensions as the benchmark bulk product and resulted in a 20% lower powder factor. The third blast used a slightly larger drill pattern. All five blasts had the expected amounts of dust but whereas the benchmark blasts produced fume, the three XLOAD blasts produced no fume, no recordable incidents, and good fragmentation. Shovel productivity was excellent with higher average instantaneous dig rates recorded (6% improvement).

Досліджені зміни вмісту біомаркерів в плазмі крові та гемолізаті еритроцитів у хворих на хронічну ішемію мозку з атеросклеротичним ураженням брахіоцефальних артерій. У хворих з наявністю атеросклеротичних бляшок виявлені достовірні відмінності щодо вмісту вивчених біомаркерів порівняно з пацієнтами, які не мали атеросклеротичних бляшок. Встановлено зниження концентрації стабільних метаболітів оксиду азоту за мірою збільшення кількості атеросклеротичних бляшок, Aim of the work – to establish the diagnostic value of biomarkers content at atherosclerotic involvement of brachiocephalic vessels for optimization of diagnostic arrangements in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI).Material and methods of research. 355 patients with CCI (among them 230 women and 125 men, mean age - 55,30±7,91years) were examined using clinical-neuropsychological, biochemical, immune-enzyme and ultrasound methods of examination. Atherosclerotic plaques (AP) of brachiocephalic vessels are visualized in 155 (43,7 %) patients. Results. According to the results of research, the reliably lower concentrations of cholesterol of lipoproteins of the high density, stable metabolites NO, catalases and increased contents of fibrinogen, homocysteine and ketodin nitrofenol hydrazones were established in the blood serum of patients with CCI at AP and also the essential changes in concentration of renewed glutathione in both plasma and hemolysate of erythrocytes and increase of activity of glutathione reductase in hemolysate of erythrocytes and glutathione peroxidase in the blood plasma were registered. The decrease of concentration of stable metabolites of nitrogen oxide at increase of AP number was established. Conclusions. The correlations were revealed between AP and the content of spontaneous ketodin nitrofenol hydrazones, homocysteine, cholesterol of lipoproteins of the high density, triglycerides, stable metabolites NO, and also activity of glutathione peroxidase in the blood plasma that testifies to the joint participation of studied biomarkers in atherosclerotic involvement of brachiocephalic vessels

Цель — провести оценку состояния функции эндотелия у здоровых детей младшего школьного возраста при помощи биохимического метода исследования. Пациенты и методы. Обследованы 179 здоровых детей младшего школьного возраста, которым предварительно проведена оценка функции эндотелия при помощи ультразвукового триплексного исследования. Состояние функции эндотелия оценено методом иммуноферментного анализа с определением уровня эндотелина-1 и общего количества оксида азота в сыроватке крови. Результаты. В зависимости от концентрации эндотелина-1 и оксида азота в крови группа здоровых детей была распределена на 6 подгрупп. Изменения отмечались в подгруппе 2 в виде увеличения концентрации оксида азота при нормальной концентрации эндотелина-1, то есть наблюдалась компенсаторная вазодилатация. В подгруппе 3 выявлялась тенденция к снижению концентрации оксида азота при повышении эндотелина-1, то есть возникновения вазоконстрикции при недостаточности вазодилатирующих факторов. В подгруппе 4 отмечались достоверно высокие показатели оксида азота в результате тенденции к повышению энтдотелина-1. В подгруппе 5 выявлялось достоверное снижение эндотелина-1 при нормальной концентрации оксида азота, то есть характерная вазоконстрикция. В подгруппе 6 наблюдалось значительное повышение концентрации эндотелина-1 при снижении оксида азота. Выводы. Проведенные исследования позволяют считать концентрацию в крови эндотелина-1 1,54±0,08 фмоль/мкл и оксида азота 16,27±1,72 мкмоль/л нормативными показателями эндотелиальной функции у детей в возрасте от 6 до 9 лет. Наиболее неблагоприятные биохимические показатели функции эндотелия у детей подгрупп 5 та 6, что свидетельствует о неадекватной реакции сосудов в ответ на ишемию и выраженную эндотелиальную дисфункцию. Дети с данными формами эндотелиальной дисфункции относятся к группе риска по развитию сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и требуют проведения профилактических мероприятий. Ключевые слова: дети, эндотелиальная функция, эндотелин-1, оксид азо, Мета — провести оцінку стану функції ендотелію у здорових дітей молодшого шкільного віку за допомогою біохімічного методу дослідження. Пацієнти та методи. Обстежено 179 здорових дітей молодшого шкільного віку, яким попередньо проведено оцінку функції ендотелію за допомогою ультразвукового триплексного дослідження. Стан функції ендотелію оцінено методом імуноферментного аналізу з визначенням рівня ендотеліну-1 та загальної кількості оксиду азоту в сироватці крові. Результати. Залежно від концентрації ендотеліну-1 та оксиду азоту у крові група здорових дітей була розподілена на 6 підгруп. Зміни відмічалися в підгрупі 2 у вигляді збільшення концентрації оксиду азоту при нормальній концентрації ендотеліну-1, тобто спостерігалася компенсаторна вазодилатація. У підгрупі 3 виявлялася тенденція до зниження концентрації оксиду азоту при підвищенні ендотеліну-1, тобто виникнення вазоконстрикції при недостатності вазодилатуючих факторів. У підгрупі 4 відмічалися достовірно високі показники оксиду азоту внаслідок тенденції до підвищення ентдотеліну-1. У підгрупі 5 виявлялося достовірне зниження ендотеліну-1 при нормальній концентрації оксиду азоту, тобто характерна вазоконстрикція. У підгрупі 6 спостерігалося значне підвищення концентрації ендотеліну-1 при зниженні оксиду азоту. Висновки. Проведені дослідження дають змогу вважати концентрацію у крові ендотеліну-1 1,54±0,08 фмоль/мкл та оксиду азоту 16,27±1,72 мкмоль/л нормативними показниками ендотеліальної функції в дітей віком від 6 до 9 років. Найбільш несприятливі біохімічні показники функції ендотелію в дітей підгруп 5 та 6, що свідчить про неадекватну реакцію судин у відповідь на ішемію та виражену ендотеліальну дисфункцію. Діти з даними формами ендотеліальної дисфункції відносяться до групи ризику за розвитком серцево-судинних захворювань і потребують проведення профілактичних заходів. Ключові слова: діти, ендотеліальна функція, ендотелін-1, оксид азоту., Purpose — assessment of a condition of the endothelial function within the healthy children of younger school age by means of a biochemical method of research. Patients and methods. 179 healthy children of younger school age were examined, who were carried out previously an assessment of an endothelial function by means of ultrasonic triplex research. The condition of an endothelial function was estimated by method of the immunoenzymatic analysis with determination of level of an endothelin-1 and total amount of an oxide nitrogen in a serum of blood. Results. Depending on the concentration of an endothelin-1 and oxide nitrogen in the blood the group of healthy children has been distributed on the 6 subgroups. The revealed changes are noted in the 2 subgroup in the form of increase of the concentration of oxide nitrogen at normal concentration of an endothelin-1, that means the compensatory vasodilatation is noted. Within the children in the 3 subgroup — a tendency to decrease of concentration of oxide nitrogen with the increase of an endothelin-1, that means the emergence of a vasoconstriction with the insufficiency of the vasodilative of factors. In the 4 subgroup the authentically high rates of oxide nitrogen as a result of a tendency to the increase of entdothelin-1. The children from the 5 subgroup are revealed the reliable decrease of endotelina-1 with the normal concentration of oxide nitrogen, that means the vasoconstriction is characteristic. In the 6 subgroup the substantial increase of the concentration of endotelin-1 with the decrease of oxide nitrogen are observed. Conclusions. The conducted researches allow to consider the concentration of endothelin-1 in blood 1.54±0.08 fmol/mkl and nitrogen oxide 16.27±1.72 μmol/l as the standard indicators of endothelial function within the children of age between 6 and 9 years. The most adverse biochemical indicators of function and endothelin within the children of 5 and 6 subgroups that demonstrates inadequate rea

RIVM rapport:De concentraties fijnstof (PM10) en stikstofdioxide (NO2) op de twee permanente meetlocaties in Hilversum en Laren voldoen in 2015 aan de normen, net als in eerdere jaren. Deze meetpunten zijn representatief voor een locatie met veel verkeer en een zogeheten stedelijke achtergrondlocatie in de omgeving van Hilversum. Sinds de aanvang van de metingen in 2009 dalen de concentraties van fijnstof en stikstofdioxide in lichte mate op de stations. Deze trend volgt de landelijke trend in het Landelijke Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML). In 2015 zijn de daggemiddelde concentraties van fijnstof op de twee stations vrijwel gelijk. De concentratieniveaus zijn bovendien vergelijkbaar met die op andere stedelijke meetstations van het LML. De concentraties van stikstofoxiden variëren sterk gedurende de dag. De hoogste waarden ontstaan tijdens de ochtendspits op de locatie met veel verkeer. De jaargemiddelde stikstof(di)oxidegehaltes op de stations van het Hilversumse meetnet zijn iets lager dan die van gelijksoortige type stations van het LML. Dit blijkt uit de resultaten van luchtkwaliteitsmetingen van het RIVM. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Hilversum om gegevens te leveren over de luchtkwaliteit voor het Integraal BereikbaarheidsPlan (IBP) Hilversum. Het IBP is ingesteld om de doorstroom van verkeer in en rond Hilversum te verbeteren., Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the two permanent measurement locations in Hilversum and Laren are within legal limits, as in previous years. These measurement locations are representative for locations exposed to traffic and locations in the city background in the Hilversum region, respectively. In 2015, daily averaged concentrations of particulate matter on the two stations did not differ significantly. They were also comparable to those on other stations of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) in a city environment. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides vary substantially during the day. The highest values were recorded during the morning rush hour on locations with heavy traffic. Annual averaged levels of nitrogen (di)oxides on the stations in Hilversum are a little lower than those at similar stations of LML elsewhere. For the years 2009-2015 the Hilversum stations show a downward trend in the concentration levels of PM10 and NO2. This trend follows the general trend in the Netherlands at similar LML stations. The annual averaged concentration levels of NO2 in Hilversum are lower than the national average of similar type stations in the LML. The results above summarize the air quality measurements by RIVM. This research is performed under contract from the city of Hilversum, to provide air quality data for the Integral Accessibility Plan (IBP) for Hilversum. The IBP aims to improve traffic streams in and around Hilversum.

Different visible light responses of commercial TiO2 photocatalysts are assessed for their application in air decontamination. To do that the modified TiO2 catalysts were immobilized on borosilicate glass plates according to a dip coating method. Then, the photocatalytic performance of these plates was evaluated in a continuous gas flat plate photoreactor irradiated with visible light lamps using two representative air pollutants: nitrogen oxide and acetaldehyde. Working under visible light, the modified TiO2 catalysts were compared by means of efficiency parameters: the true quantum efficiency, which relates the moles of degraded pollutant with the moles of the absorbed photons, and the apparent photonic efficiency, which relates the moles of degraded pollutant with the moles of incident photons. Also, the photocatalytic pollutants degradation by immobilized modified TiO2 could be related with their optical properties, finding a clear correlation between them. These results are useful to decide which TiO2 will be more efficient for a full scale air decontamination process under visible light illumination.