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Tiivistelmä. Tässä tutkielmassa keskitytään ilmastoon ja erityisesti ilmastohistoriassa tapahtuneisiin merkittäviin ilmastotapahtumiin. Tutkielma käsittelee Cryogenian jäätiköitymistä, Hirnantian jäätiköitymistä, Permikauden lopun rajua lämpenemistä, Liitukauden kasvihuoneilmastoa ja Paleo-Eoseenin lämpöhuippua. Nämä tapahtumat olivat erittäin merkittäviä, koska ilmaston muuttuminen ja sen seuraukset olivat valtavia. Ilmasto on muuttunut sen eliniän aikana erittäin paljon. Välillä maapallolla on ollut ajanjaksoja, jolloin jää on peittänyt melkein koko maapallon ja välillä jäätä ja lunta ei ole ollut juuri missään maapallolla. Yleensä näiden muutosten taustalla ovat olleet muutokset ilmakehän hiilidioksidipitoisuuksissa. Muutokset ovat kuitenkin erittäin monimutkaisia, joten muillakin tekijöillä on ollut vaikutusta. Rajuilla ilmastotapahtumilla oli monia seurauksia, varsinkin elämän kehittymiseen maapallolla. Tapahtumien seuraukset olivat yleensä erittäin laajat massasukupuutot, minkä takia nämä tapahtumat näkyvät edelleen maapallon ekosysteemeissä. Ilmasto tulee vääjäämättä muuttumaan tulevaisuudessa ja siksi onkin tärkeää tutkia ilmastohistoriaa. Se antaa meille erittäin hyvä kuvan siitä, miltä ilmasto saattaa tulevaisuudessa näyttää. Tutkimus auttaa meitä ymmärtämään paremmin ilmastossa tapahtuvia muutoksia ja auttaa meitä sopeutumaan niihin. Ilmasto tulee muuttumaan tulevaisuudessa, mutta pystyykö ihminen löytämään keinot elämään muuttuvassa ilmastossa.

Tiivistelmä Myrkytystietokeskukseen tulee vuosittain noin 30 puhelua, joissa syövyttävää happoa tai emästä on otettu suun kautta, ja noin 200 puhelua, joissa tiedetään tai epäillään, että henkilö on niellyt pariston. Oireettomissa ja lievissä happo- ja emäsaltistuksissa päivystyskäynti ei usein ole tarpeellinen tai potilas voidaan kotiuttaa lyhyen seurannan jälkeen. Merkittävissä altistuksissa päivystyksellinen tietokonekuvantaminen on tarkin keino vamman laajuuden arvioinnissa. Pinnalliset nekroosit aiheuttavat parantuessaan ruokatorven ahtaumia. Jos ruokatorvi puhkeaa korroosiovamman seurauksena, joudutaan päivystykselliseen leikkaushoitoon. Merkittäviin ruokatorven korroosiovammoihin liittyy kohonnut syöpäriski, joskin latenssiaika on yli 20 vuotta. Vaikeiden korroosiovammojen akuuttivaiheen ja myöhäiskomplikaatioiden hoito kuuluu ruokatorvikirurgian keskuksiin.

Thesis provides an introduction to online learning environment Lovelace, defines its coupling issues, and narrates the process of decoupling those issues. The tools that are used in the Lovelace system’s components main features and their role in the system are described and the term decoupling is explained to the reader. The system has a coupling issue between the main server and checker service; checker service has read and write access to the main server’s database and that needs to be revoked. In addition, Lovelace system utilizes network file system to share files between the checker service and the main server. For decoupling the system, a solution is designed and implemented that revokes those read and write rights and also strips the need for the network file system. Solution for the issue has a three-step design where iterations are in order of importance. Iterations of the design are: revoking the write access; revoking the read access; and lastly the consideration regarding the use of network file system. Implementation of the solution consist of creation of the development platform and each iteration of the implementation design. Evaluation is structured in a similar manner as the implementation. Each iteration of the implementation is evaluated as its own and evaluation is also given to the development platform. The evaluation itself consists of discussion and observations that are made from the implementations and its outcomes.Lovelacen tarkastinpalvelimen ja pääpalvelimen irtikytkentä . Tiivistelmä. Tutkielma esittelee verkko-oppimisympäristö Lovelacen, määrittelee oppimisympäristön kytkentäongelmat sekä kuvailee irtikytkennän vaiheet, että näiden vaiheiden ongelmat. Lovelace-järjestelmän komponentit ja niiden olennaisimmat ominaisuudet, sekä rooli järjestelmän toiminnassa on selitetty, ja termi irtikytkentä selitetään lukijalle. Järjestelmässä on kytkentäongelma pääpalvelimen sekä tarkistuspalvelimen välillä. Tarkistuspalvelimella on sekä l

Background: The Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) butterfly is a model system for metapopulation dynamics research in fragmented landscapes. Here, we provide a chromosome-level assembly of the butterfly's genome produced from Pacific Biosciences sequencing of a pool of males, combined with a linkage map from population crosses. Results: The final assembly size of 484 Mb is an increase of 94 Mb on the previously published genome. Estimation of the completeness of the genome with BUSCO indicates that the genome contains 92–94% of the BUSCO genes in complete and single copies. We predicted 14,810 genes using the MAKER pipeline and manually curated 1,232 of these gene models. Conclusions: The genome and its annotated gene models are a valuable resource for future comparative genomics, molecular biology, transcriptome, and genetics studies on this species.

Tiivistelmä. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tarkentaa jätteenpolttolaitoksien jätebunkkereiden rakennesuunnittelun lähtötietoja ja selvittää niiden taustalla olevaa teoriaa. Lähtötietojen konservatiiviset arviot eivät mahdollista rakenteiden optimointia. Tarvittavia jätteen ominaisuuksia on suomen- ja englanninkielisessä kirjallisuudessa käsitelty vain perinteisen kaatopaikkaläjityksen kontekstissa, joten työ on aihepiirin ensimmäinen. Arvioiden mukaan Euroopan nykyinen jätteenpolttolaitoskapasiteetti mahdollistaa noin 330 uuden jätevoimalaitoksen rakentamisen, joten aihe on ajankohtainen. Työssä käsitellään siiloja koskevan standardin teoriapohjaa ja sen mukaisten painelaskujen soveltuvuutta jätebunkkerin suunnitteluun. Tämän jälkeen selvitetään jätteen mekaanisia ominaisuuksia ja niiden määrittämisen problematiikka. Toisessa osiossa selvitetään jätteen kompostoitumisen tuottamaa lämpöä, jätteen lämmönjohtavuutta ja ominaislämpökapasiteettia sekä näiden määrittämiseen liittyviä ongelmia. Kolmanneksi käsitellään jätteen aiheuttaman kemiallisen rasituksen määrää ja arvioinnin vaikeutta sekä rasituksen vaikutusta bunkkerin betonirakenteisiin. Työ rajautuu näiden lähtötietojen määritykseen eurooppalaisten standardien puitteissa. Lähtötietojen tarkennuksen ei katsottu olevan mahdollista pelkän aiemman tutkimuksen pohjalta, vaan myös käytännön mittauksia jätteen mekaanisista ja lämpöteknisistä ominaisuuksista sekä kemiallisen rasituksen aggressiivisuudesta tulee rakenteiden optimoinnin mahdollistamiseksi suorittaa. Työn tulokseksi muodostui kattava selvitys eri aiheiden ongelmakentistä, teoriasta, tutkimuksen tilasta ja jatkotutkimustarpeista.Initial data and special questions for structural design of waste bunker. Abstract. The goal of this thesis was to define initial data for structural design of waste bunkers in waste incineration plants more accurately and to clarify the underlying theory. Mere conservative estimates of initial data don’t enable structural opti

Thesis provides an introduction to online learning environment Lovelace, defnes its coupling issues, and narrates the process of decoupling those issues. The tools that are used in the Lovelace system’s components main features and their role in the system are described and the term decoupling is explained to the reader. The system has a coupling issue between the main server and checker service; checker service has read and write access to the main server’s database and that needs to be revoked. In addition, Lovelace system utilizes network fle system to share fles between the checker service and the main server. For decoupling the system, a solution is designed and implemented that revokes those read and write rights and also strips the need for the network fle system. Solution for the issue has a three-step design where iterations are in order of importance. Iterations of the design are: revoking the write access; revoking the read access; and lastly the consideration regarding the use of network fle system. Implementation of the solution consist of creation of the development platform and each iteration of the implementation design. Evaluation is structured in a similar manner as the implementation. Each iteration of the implementation is evaluated as its own and evaluation is also given to the development platform. The evaluation itself consists of discussion and observations that are made from the implementations and its outcomes.Lovelacen tarkastinpalvelimen ja pääpalvelimen irtikytkentä. Tiivistelmä. Tutkielma esittelee verkko-oppimisympäristö Lovelacen, määrittelee oppimisympäristön kytkentäongelmat sekä kuvailee irtikytkennän vaiheet, että näiden vaiheiden ongelmat. Lovelace-järjestelmän komponentit ja niiden olennaisimmat ominaisuudet, sekä rooli järjestelmän toiminnassa on selitetty, ja termi irtikytkentä selitetään lukijalle. Järjestelmässä on kytkentäongelma pääpalvelimen sekä tarkistuspalvelimen välillä. Tarkistuspalvelimella on sekä luku- e

La “revolución tecnológica” ocasionada por las nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TICs) implica que las Instituciones de Educación Superior deban desarrollar una alta capacidad para adaptarse y hacer frente a una sociedad cada vez más conectada, en donde los estudiantes también han evolucionado haciéndose cada vez más exigentes, tanto en cuanto a la forma que se desarrolla el proceso educativo como en las respuestas a sus necesidades. Si bien se trata de una tendencia mundial, España no es la excepción a la regla. En ese sentido, la oferta en la educación superior y escuelas de negocios se ha diversificado y complejizado coexistiendo en tensión y competencia modalidades presenciales, mixtas (presenciales/online), y completamente online. Esta investigación, en su objetivo central, busca describir los principales aspectos, con su respectivo alcance, que caracterizan a los diferentes modelos educativos en la Educación Superior. Metodológicamente, se trata de un estudio cualitativo de carácter descriptivo que permite comprender el actual estado del arte. Su resultado principal es identificar como dicha caracterización de modelos educativos se expresa en la Educación Superior en España y en particular a las Escuelas de Negocio. Como conclusiones, se identifican y describen las principales tendencias asociadas al uso de TICs en la educación superior a distancia.

The record industry grew rapidly between 1900 and 1914. Although record production was concentrated in the largest industrialised countries, companies set out to create a global market by recording songs in all major languages. Typically, they sent their engineers on expeditions which took them to major European cities. They made recordings with local artists selected by the company’s local representatives. The recording masters were shipped to a factory to be processed, and the finished pressings sent back to local retailers. The paper will discuss in detail the activities of the Gramophone Company (UK), which made at least 500 recordings in Zagreb and Osijek between 1902 and 1913. The company had several competitors, including the German Lindström group (Odeon, Beka, Parlophon) and Pathé in France, and their activities will also be considered. The Great War caused a break in recording, but after the war the companies returned. Gramophone was back in Zagreb in 1924, and the Germans followed. A new peak in global record sales was reached in 1929. Meanwhile, American record companies, especially Victor and Columbia, created large catalogues of »foreign-language« records for immigrants, including Croatian-Americans. They also issued material recorded by their European associates, such as Gramophone Co., for the American market. The early record industry had been dominated by a small number of multi-national companies which held the basic patents on recording technology. After World War I, local enterprises also entered the market, as independent record companies were started in smaller countries such as Sweden (Sonora), Latvia (Bellaccord), Czechoslovakia (Esta) and Yugoslavia (Edison Bell Penkala)., Diskografska industrija brzo je rasla između 1900. i 1914. Iako je proizvodnja ploča bila koncentrirana u najvećim industrijaliziranim zemljama, tvrtke su krenule u stvaranje globalnog tržišta snimanjem pjesama na svim dominantnim jezicima. Uobičajeno je bilo da tvrtke šalju svoje inženjere na ekspedicije koje bi ih odvele u velike europske gradove. Snimali su s lokalnim izvođačima koje su odabrali lokalni predstavnici tvrtke. Matrice snimaka otpremale su se u tvornicu na obradu, a gotovi otisci slali su se natrag lokalnim prodavačima. Rad potanko govori o djelatnosti tvrtke Gramophone Company (UK), koja je između 1902. i 1913. godine u Zagrebu i Osijeku napravila najmanje 500 snimaka. Tvrtka je imala nekoliko konkurenata, medu kojima su njemačka grupa Lindström (Odeon, Beka, Parlophon) i Pathé u Francuskoj, a u radu su se razmatrale i njihove aktivnosti. Svjetski rat uzrokovao je prekid u snimanju, no nakon Rata diskografske su se tvrtke vratile. Gramophone se vratio u Zagreb 1924. godine, a za njim su došli i Nijemci. Novi vrhunac u globalnoj prodaji ploča dosegnut je 1929. godine. U međuvremenu, američke diskografske kuće, posebice Victor i Columbia, izradile su velike kataloge ploča na »stranom jeziku« za imigrante, uključujući i Hrvate u Americi. Za američko tržište izdavale su i materijale koje su snimili njihovi europski suradnici, poput Gramophone Co. Prvom diskografskom industrijom dominirao je malen broj multinacionalnih kompanija koje su držale temeljne patente na tehnologiju snimanja. Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata na tržište su ušla i lokalna poduzeća jer su u manjim zemljama kao što su Švedska (Sonora), Latvija (Bellaccord), Cehoslovacka (Esta) i Jugoslavija (Edison Bell Penkala) pokrenute nezavisne diskografske kuće. Taj je razvoj ubrzala nova gospodarska politika 1930-ih, koja je stvorila carinske barijere i pogodovala lokalnoj proizvodnji.

Degrowth is a counter-hegemonic movement that has the ambitious aim of transforming society towards social and ecological justice. But how do we get there? That is the question this book addresses. Adhering to the multiplicity of degrowth whilst also arguing that strategic prioritisation and coordination are key, Degrowth & Strategy advances the debate on strategy for social-ecological transformation. It explores what strategising means, identifies key directions for the degrowth movement, and scrutinises strategies in practice that aim to realise a degrowth society. Bringing together voices from degrowth and related movements, this book creates a polyphony for change going beyond the sum of its parts., https://www.librarystack.org/degrowth-strategy-how-to-bring-about-social-ecological-transformation/?ref=unknown

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies., Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb293

Degrowth is a counter-hegemonic movement that has the ambitious aim of transforming society towards social and ecological justice. But how do we get there? That is the question this book addresses. Adhering to the multiplicity of degrowth whilst also arguing that strategic prioritisation and coordination are key, Degrowth & Strategy advances the debate on strategy for social-ecological transformation. It explores what strategising means, identifies key directions for the degrowth movement, and scrutinises strategies in practice that aim to realise a degrowth society. Bringing together voices from degrowth and related movements, this book creates a polyphony for change going beyond the sum of its parts., https://www.librarystack.org/degrowth-strategy-how-to-bring-about-social-ecological-transformation/?ref=unknown

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

This paper presents Kinetic Energy Difference (KED) as a metric for collision proximity. The calculation of KED for differentially driven robots is explained, along with an example obstacle avoidance algorithm that utilizes it. This example algorithm is computationally efficient and simulations show that it is capable of guiding robots with slow dynamics through narrow corridors.

Lightweight, affordable spherical cameras can be utilized in mobile robotics to build a 3D map of the working environment of a robot. This paper demonstrates how to use the optical flow between two spherical images to quickly construct a semantically meaningful 3D model spanning all directions. The main contribution of the paper is the use of semantic segmentation to increase the robustness of the reconstruction method in both indoor and outdoor applications.

Semantic segmentation directly from the images of landfills can be utilized in the earth movers to segregate the garbage autonomously. Generally, Various segregation methods are available for garbage segregation such as IOT based waste segregation, Conveyor belt segregation in which none of them are directly from landfills. Semantic segmentation is one of the important tasks that maps the path towards the complete scene understanding. The aim of this paper is to present a smart segregation method for garbage by using semantic segmentation with DeepLab V3+ Model using the framework(Backbone model) of Xception-65 with the mean accuracy of 75.01%. This paper features the segmentation with the GarbotV1dataset which has major classifications such as Plastic, Cart-board, Wood, Metal, Sponge. The paper also contributes a method for reconstructing the segmented images to build a 3D map and this exploits the use of earth moving vehicles to navigate autonomously by localizing the segmented objects.

Biogeographical and ecological knowledge of aphyllophoroid fungi has increased substantially after the publication of the Finnish aphyllophoroid checklist. In this paper, we describe the occurrence and distributions of both aphyllophoroid and heterobasidioid fungi in Finland. We introduce 13 species new to Finland: Hyphoderma lapponicum (Litsch.) Ryvarden, Mycostilla vermiformis (Berk. & Broome) Spirin & Malysheva, Proterochaete adusta (Burt) Spirin & V. Malysheva, Pseudotomentella alobata Svantesson, Pseudoxenasma verrucisporum K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam, Sistotrema subtrigonospermum D. P. Rogers, Spiculogloea minuta P. Roberts, Tomentella botryoides (Schwein.) Bourd. & Galz., Tomentella neobourdotii M.J. Larsen, Tomentella subtestacea Bourdot & Galzin, Tomentella subpilosa Litsch., Tulasnella anguifera P. Roberts, and Tulasnella interrogans P. Roberts. Proterochaete and Pseudoxenasma are new genera to Finland. We also present the record of Caudicicola gracilis Kotir., Kulju & Miettinen for only the second time globally. Furthermore, we present 115 new records (locations) of 53 rare or seldom collected species. In addition, we report 96 species considered new to a specific subzone of the boreal forest vegetation zone in Finland. The records contain notes on the substrata, and the ecology and distribution of nationally new species and are briefly discussed.

Tiivistelmä. Ryhmä on algebrallinen rakenne, joka koostuu joukosta ja sen alkioiden välisestä binäärisestä ja assosiatiivisesta operaatiosta. Mikäli joukko on äärellinen, puhutaan äärellisestä ryhmästä. Operaation binäärisyys tarkoittaa, että alkioiden välinen operaatio kuuluu aina edelleen joukkoon ja assosiatiivisuus tarkoittaa, että lopputulos ei riipu siitä, miten sulkeet on aseteltu alkioiden välisessä operaatiossa. Ryhmässä on aina olemassa neutraalialkio, jonka operaatio joukon alkioiden kanssa säilyttää alkiot muuttumattomina. Lisäksi ryhmässä jokaiselle alkiolle löytyy käänteisalkio, jonka operaatio alkion kanssa tuottaa ryhmän neutraalialkion. Ryhmäteoria on algebran osa-alue, joka tutkii ryhmiä, ryhmiin liittyviä käsitteitä ja näiden välisiä lainalaisuuksia. Eräs keskeinen ryhmiin liittyvä käsite on ryhmän aliryhmä. Aliryhmä on ryhmän osajoukko, joka on itse myös ryhmä. Mikäli aliryhmän kertaluku eli aliryhmän alkioiden lukumäärä on jonkin alkuluvun p potenssi, niin aliryhmää kutsutaan p-aliryhmäksi Sylowin lauseet ovat äärellisen ryhmäteorian keskeisimpiä tuloksia. Sylowin lauseet takaavat olemassaolon niin sanotuille Sylowin p-aliryhmille, jotka ovat inkluusion suhteen suurimpia mahdollisia ryhmän p-aliryhmiä. Sylowin p-aliryhmien lukumäärä on aina kongruentti luvun 1 kanssa alkuluvun p suhteen. Lisäksi kaikki Sylowin p-aliryhmät ovat aina toistensa konjugaatteja. Tämä tarkoittaa, että kaikki ryhmän Sylowin p-aliryhmät saadaan tuotettua operoimalla mitä tahansa Sylowin p-aliryhmää vasemmalta puolelta ryhmän alkiolla ja oikealta puolelta vastaavalla käänteisalkiolla. Alun perin lauseet todisti norjalainen matemaatikko Ludvig Sylow vuonna 1872, mutta lauseille on esitetty myöhemmin paljon vaihtoehtoisia todistuksia. Sylowin lauseet tarjoavat osittaisen käänteistuloksen Lagrangen lauseelle. Lagrangen lause kertoo, että ryhmän aliryhmän kertaluku jakaa aina ryhmän kertaluvun. Tämän lauseen käänteinen suunta ei ole yleisesti totta, mutta Sylowin lauseiden av

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

Reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) technology enables both electricity generation for local demands and electricity conversion into hydrogen with high power-to-gas (AC to H2) efficiency. This work describes modeling and implementation of movable “10-feet container” size rSOC system in a pilot demonstration scale (10 kW SOEC/2 kW SOFC). The selected two-stack two-module system layout is the simplest option to investigate multi-module rSOC systems in various operation modes and conditions. Special attention is also paid to heat integration: heat losses are minimized with optimized BoP component design, placement, and insulation. Reversibility, dynamic operation, and methods for efficient transitions between SOFC and SOEC modes are investigated at a system level. The developed system is highly instrumented enabling detailed system analysis, for example, the calculation of enthalpy flows and efficiencies of all BoP components. Analyses of key parameters on the performance and efficiency are presented. To explore upscaling of rSOC systems, the effects of size and structure of stack modules on the reliability and maintenance of the entire system are investigated, and as a conclusion, the construction of multi-MW scale rSOC systems are recommended to be implemented with approximately 100 kW size stack modules.

Aim: To evaluate the activity of knee stabilizing muscles while using custom-made biomechanical footwear (BF) and to compare it when walking barefoot and with a knee brace (Unloader®). Methods: Seventeen healthy working-aged (mean age: 29 years; standard deviation: 8 years) individuals participated. The knee brace was worn on the right knee and BF in both legs. Surface electromyography (sEMG) data was recorded bilaterally from vastus medialis (VM), semitendinosus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles during walking, and repeated-measures ANOVA with a post-hoc t-test was used to determine differences between the different walking modalities (barefoot, brace and BF). Results: Averaged sEMG was significantly higher when walking with BF than barefoot or knee brace in the ST muscles, in the right LG, and left TA muscle. It was significantly lower when walking with the brace compared to barefoot in the right ST and LG muscles, and left TA muscle. Analysis of the ensemble-averaged sEMG profiles showed earlier activation of TA muscles when walking with BF compared to other walking modalities. Conclusion: BF produced greater activation in evaluated lower leg muscles compared to barefoot walking. Thus BF may have an exercise effect in rehabilitation and further studies about its effectiveness are warranted.

The COVID-19 pandemic and especially the lockdowns coming with it have been a disruptive event also for food consumption. In order to study the impact of the pandemic on eating habits, self-reported changes in food-related behaviours were investigated in ten European countries by means of an online survey. A latent class cluster analysis distinguished five clusters and showed that different types of consumers can be distinguished based on how they react to the pandemic as regards their eating habits. While food-related behaviours were resilient for 60% of the sample, another 35% reported more enjoyment in cooking and eating, more time in the kitchen and more family meals. Among those, a slight majority also showed signs of more mindful eating, as indicated by more deliberate choices and increased consumption of healthy food, whereas a slight minority reported more consumption of indulgence food. Only 5% indicated less involvement with food. As the COVID-19 pandemic is a disruptive event, some of these changes may have habit-breaking properties and open up new opportunities and challenges for food policy and food industry.

Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming systems in parallel on the microbiota of boreal arable soil from forage and cereal crop fields were investigated. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration and microbial biomass C and N were determined by fumigation extraction. Microbial abundance was determined by gene copy numbers from bacterial and archaeal specific 16S rRNA genes and the fungal ITS2 region with quantitative PCR. Microbial community composition for soil bacteria and fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhiza, were conducted by amplicon sequencing with richness assessed from OTU reads. We detected changes in both bacterial and fungal community composition between the farming systems. Microbial activity and biomass C and N were higher in the organic system for cereal crop rotation compared to the respective conventional system. In the autumn, organic systems had higher microbial richness. As fungi were more abundant in the autumn, they may be responsible for both higher microbial activity and C sequestration in their biomass after harvesting, especially in the organic system for cereal crop rotation. Also, crop type and cow manure explained changes in fungal community composition. The typical bacterial community of the organic system for cereal crop rotation included many soil and plant health promoting bacterial groups. Fungi benefiting from organic farming practices, other than manure, may include endophytic taxa with a variety of functions as well as pathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Overall, the results suggest that farming practices typical of organic farming, such as use of green manure and continuous plant cover have induced changes in the soil microbiome.

Rakennushankkeen eri toimijat tarvitsevat hankkeen aikana paljon tuotetietoa hankkeen eri prosesseissa, kuten esimerkiksi suunnittelussa, hankintatoimessa, rakennustuotteiden kelpoisuuden osoittamisessa ja kestävän kehityksen huomioonottamisessa. Yleinen ongelma on kuitenkin se, että tarvittavien tuotetietojen etsiminen vie paljon aikaa ja vaatii lisäpanostusta resursseihin. Syy tähän on se, että tuotetietoja säilytetään pääosin hajautetusti, ne ovat keskenään heterogeenisiä, rakenteettomia ja epäyhtenäisiä. Lisäksi rakennusalalle on tyypillistä, että tuotetietoja hyödynnetään heikkotasoisen teknologian avulla. Tiedonhaun tehottomuuden takia rakennushankkeissa toimijat ajautuvat tilanteeseen, jossa suositaan ennestään hyväksi todettuja tuotetoimittajia ja heidän tuotteitansa. Alalle on kehitetty muutamia tuotetietokantoja, mutta niissä on vielä merkittäviä puutteita. Tämän työn toimeksiantaja on Haahtela-Rakennuttaminen Oy. Tutkimus on osa Building 2030-hanketta, jonka kehityskonsortion muodostaa Aalto-yliopiston lisäksi useat rakennusalan yritykset. Konsortion tavoitteena oli selvittää mitä tuotteiden tuotetietoa eri toimijat tarvitsevat tulevaisuudessa rakennushankkeessa sekä miten tämä tieto voidaan tarjota sopivimmassa muodossa. Diplomityön päätavoitteena oli selvittää miten rakennushankkeen osapuolet löytävät tehokkaasti heidän tarvitsemansa tuotetiedot ja materiaaliominaisuudet rakennushankkeen eri vaiheissa. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa kartoitetaan myös mitä tuotetietoa rakennushankkeen eri osapuolet tarvitsevat rakennushankkeen aikana sekä miten tätä tuotetietoa voitaisiin tarjota parhaimmassa muodossa. Jälkimmäiseen liittyy oleellisesti tuotetietojen suodatustarve sekä rikastaminen. Tutkimuksen ensimmäinen osuus toteutetaan kirjallisuuskatsauksena, jossa luodaan viitekehys tutkittavalle ilmiölle, perehdytään tutkimusaiheen kannalta keskeisimpiin käsitteisiin ja olemassa oleviin ratkaisuihin. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen jälkeen suoritetaan empiirinen tutkimus, jossa tu, Different actors in a construction project need many different product data/information during the construction project in different processes such as design, procurement, qualification of the construction product, demonstration and consideration of sustainable development. However, a common problem is that searching process of the required product information takes a lot of time and requires extra resources. The reason for this is that product information is stored mainly in a decentralized way, the data is heterogeneous, unstructured, and inconsistent. In addition, it is typical of the construction industry that product information is utilized using elementary technology. Due to the inefficiency of finding needed product information, actors in construction projects encourages previously well-known product suppliers and their products. A few product databases have been developed for the industry, but these databases have many problems. This work was commissioned by Haahtela-Rakennuttaminen Oy. The research was part of the Building 2030 project with development consortium of which, in addition to Aalto University, consists of several construction companies. The aim of the consortium was to find out what product information different actors need in a construction project in the future and how this information can be provided in the most appropriate way. The main goal of the master thesis was to find out how the parties to a construction project can effectively find the product information and material properties they need in relation to the different phases of the construction project. One goal of the study is also to map what product information the different parties need during different phases of the construction project and how this product information could be provided in the best form. The latter can be related to filtration of product information as well as enriching of product information. The first part of the research is carried out as a literature review

Logistiikkakeskusten ajatellaan vähentävän rakentamiseen liittyviä häiriöitä parantuneiden materiaalivirtojen kautta. Logistiikkakeskuksella tarkoitetaan terminaalia, jossa suoritetaan laajasti logistisia tehtäviä, kuten tarkastuksia, varastointia, kokoonpanoa ja setitystä. Logistiikkakeskus myös toimittaa materiaalit työmaalle, ja työmaalla oleva materiaalikäsittelyryhmä vie materiaalit suoraan asennuspaikalle. Logistiikkakeskukset ovat varsin uusi ratkaisu rakennustoimitusketjussa, ja tämän vuoksi niitä on vielä käytetty harvoin rakentamisessa. Sekä rakennusteollisuudelta että tilaajilta puuttuu tietoa logistiikkakeskuksen käytön kustannuksista ja saatavista hyödyistä. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on analysoida logistiikkakeskuksen käytön tuottamia kustannuksia ja säästöjä. Työn tavoitteena on tuottaa tietoa, joka auttaa rakennusyritystä päätöksenteossa onko sen kannattavaa hyödyntää logistiikkakeskusta. Tutkimus toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja tapaustutkimuksen yhdistelmänä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen tarkoitus oli selvittää, millaisia tutkimuksia logistiikkakeskuksista on tehty. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen rooli oli myös selvittää mihin kustannustekijöihin logistiikkakeskus vaikuttaa ja löytää tutkimustuloksia logistiikkakeskusten vaikutuksista. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen kautta löydettyjä aiempia tutkimustuloksia logistiikkakeskuksien vaikutuksista hyödynnettiin tässä tutkimuksessa, kun selvitettiin miten paljon rakentaminen voisi tehostua, kun käytetään logistiikkakeskusta. Tapaustutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli mallintaa logistiikkakeskuksen laskennallinen kustannus ja hyöty valitussa toimitilahankkeessa. Tutkimuksen perusteella työmaalla tapahtuva sisävalmistusvaiheen rakennustyö tehostuisi noin 33–52 % logistiikkakeskusta käytettäessä. Kun huomioidaan lisäkustannukset, merkitsisi tehostuminen noin 1,9–7,3 % kokonaiskustannussäästöjä 93 M€ rakennushankkeelle. Tämän lisäksi logistiikkakeskuksen käytöllä on muita hyötyjä, kuten vähentynyt ylimääräisen materiaalin kä, Logistikcentren tros minska produktionsstörningar genom förbättrade logistikflöden. Ett logistikcenter är en terminal som utför ett brett spektrum av logistiska uppgifter som inspektion, lager, montering och satsplockning. Logistikcentret levererar också materialen till byggplatsen och materialhanteringsgruppen på plats tar materialet direkt till arbetsstället. Logistikcentret är en relativt ny lösning i byggkedjan och har därför sällan använts i byggprojekt. Både byggbranschen och beställare saknar information om kostnader och fördelar med att använda logistikcenter. Syftet med denna avhandling är att analysera kostnader och fördelar med att använda ett logistikcenter. Målet med denna avhandling är att tillhandahålla information som hjälper byggföretaget att avgöra om det är lönsamt att använda logistikcenter. Studien var en kombination av en litteraturöversikt och en fallstudie. Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att ta reda på vilken typ av forskning som har gjorts på logistikcenter. Litteraturöversynens roll var också att ta reda på vilka kostnadsfaktorer logistikcentret påverkar och att hitta forskningsresultat på effekterna av logistikcenter. Tidigare forskningsresultat från litteraturöversynen om effekterna av logistikcenter användes i denna studie för att bestämma hur mycket effektivare byggandet kan bli när man använder ett logistikcenter. Syftet med fallstudien var att modellera den beräknade kostnaden och nyttan för logistikcentret i det valda fallstudieprojektet. Enligt studien skulle arbetseffektiviteten i byggarbetet ökas med 33–52 % vid användning av logistikcenter. Med beaktande av merkostnaderna skulle effektivitetsvinsterna innebära en total kostnadsbesparing på 1,9 % och 7,3 % för ett 93 M€ byggprojekt. Dessutom har användningen av ett logistikcenter andra fördelar såsom reducerad hantering av överskottsmaterial, förbättrad leveranssäkerhet och möjlighet till förfabrikation. De föreslagna kostnadsbesparingarna kommer att realiseras på längre sikt, Logistics centers are thought to reduce construction-related disruptions through improved material flows. A logistics center is a terminal that performs a wide range of logistical tasks such as inspection, warehousing, assembly and kitting. The logistics center also delivers the materials to the site and the on-site material handling team takes the materials directly to the workplace. Logistics centers are a relatively new solution in the construction supply chain and have therefore rarely been used in construction. Both the construction industry and the customers lack information on the costs and benefits of using the logistics center. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the costs and savings of using a logistics center. The aim of this thesis is to produce information that helps the construction company to decide whether it is profitable to use the logistics center. The study was a combination of a literature review and a case study. The purpose of the literature review was to find out what kind of research has been done on logistics centers. The role of the literature review was also to find out what cost factors the logistics center affects and to find research results on the impact of logistics centers. Previous research findings from the literature review on the effects of logistics centers were used in this study to determine how much construction could be more efficient when using a logistics center. The purpose of the case study was to find out the cost of a theoretical logistics center for the case study project. According to the study, on-site construction work on the in-house construction phase would be improved by approximately 33-52% using the logistics center. Considering the additional costs, the efficiency gains would mean a total cost savings of 1.9 to 7.3% for the 93 M€ construction project. In addition, the use of a logistics center has other benefits such as reduced handling of excess material, improved security of supply and the opportunit

Northern peatlands are often dominated by ericaceous shrub species which rely on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM) for access to organic sources of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and host abundant dark septate endophytes (DSE). Relationships between hosts and fungal symbionts may change during deposition of anthropogenic N and P. We studied the long-term effects of N and P addition on two ericaceous shrubs, Calluna vulgaris and Erica tetralix, at Whim Bog, Scotland by analyzing fungal colonization of roots, enzymatic activity, and fungal species composition. Unexpectedly, the frequency of typical ERM intracellular colonization did not change while the occurrence of ERM hyphae tended to increase and DSE hyphae to decrease. Our findings indicate that altered nutrient limitations shift root associated fungal colonization patterns as well as affect ericaceous root enzyme activity and thereby decomposition potential. Reduction of recalcitrant fungal biomass in melanized DSE may have implications for peatland C sequestration under nutrient addition.

Tiivistelmä. Tässä pro gradussa käsitellään sisäisen tarkastuksen järjestämistä. Ensimmäisenä tutkimusongelmana on: millä tavalla suomalaiset pienet ja keskisuuret pörssiyhtiöt ovat järjestäneet sisäisen tarkastuksen. Tällä selvitetään, ovatko yhtiöt järjestäneet sisäisen tarkastuksen oman organisaation sisällä tai käyttäneet ulkopuolista asiantuntemusta sisäisen tarkastuksen järjestämisessä. Lisäksi tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, lisääkö yrityksen suurempi koko, ulkomainen omistus tai kasvu sekä parempi kannattavuus tai vakavaraisuus sisäistä tarkastusta. Pro gradussa tutkitaan myös, onko tarkastusvaliokunnalla vaikutusta sisäiseen tarkastukseen ja millaisia eroja sisäisen tarkastuksen järjestämisessä on eri toimialojen välillä. Pro gradun empiirisessä osiossa perehdytään sisäisen tarkastuksen taustaan ja tarkoitukseen sekä sisäisen tarkastuksen toiminnon rooliin organisaatiossa. Lisäksi empiirisessä osiossa käsitellään sisäisen tarkastuksen ammattistandardeja ja eri vaihtoehtoja sisäisen tarkastuksen toteuttamiseen. Tutkimus kohdistuu suomalaisiin Nasdaq Helsinki Oy listalla listattuihin yrityksiin, niin että suurimmat yhtiöt on rajattu tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle, koska halutaan selvittää pienten ja keskisuurten yhtiöiden sisäistä tarkastusta. Tutkimuksen aineiston keräys toteutetaan, julkisesti saatavilla olevista, yhtiöiden julkaisemista raporteista. Aineistoa käsitellään Microsoft Excelin avulla ja tilastolliset testit suoritetaan IBM SPSS Statistics 25 -ohjelmalla. Sisäisen tarkastuksen järjestämiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä analysoidaan logistisen regressioanalyysin avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että yrityksen koolla ja tarkastusvaliokunnan olemassaololla on positiivinen vaikutus sisäisen tarkastuksen järjestämiseen. Tämän pro gradun tutkimustuloksia verratessa Rönkön, Paanasen ja Vakkurin (2018) tutkimukseen, jossa tutkittiin suomalaisten pörssiyhtiöiden sisäistä tarkastusta vuoden 2012 tiedoilla, voidaan todeta suomalaisten pienten ja keskis

Northern peatlands are often dominated by ericaceous shrub species which rely on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM) for access to organic sources of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and host abundant dark septate endophytes (DSE). Relationships between hosts and fungal symbionts may change during deposition of anthropogenic N and P. We studied the long-term effects of N and P addition on two ericaceous shrubs, Calluna vulgaris and Erica tetralix, at Whim Bog, Scotland by analyzing fungal colonization of roots, enzymatic activity, and fungal species composition. Unexpectedly, the frequency of typical ERM intracellular colonization did not change while the occurrence of ERM hyphae tended to increase and DSE hyphae to decrease. Our findings indicate that altered nutrient limitations shift root associated fungal colonization patterns as well as affect ericaceous root enzyme activity and thereby decomposition potential. Reduction of recalcitrant fungal biomass in melanized DSE may have implications for peatland C sequestration under nutrient addition.

Talonrakentamisen projektinohjausprosessi on Haahtela-yhtiöiden pääliiketoiminnan, rakennusten rakennuttamisen, tärkein prosessi. Talonrakentamisen projektinohjausprosessi koostuu kolmesta vaiheesta: ohjelmointivaiheesta, suunnitteluvaiheesta sekä rakentamisesta työmaalla. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään ohjelmointi- ja suunnitteluvaiheiden prosessien tutkimiseen siitä näkökulmasta, miten eri vaiheiden prosessit toimivat tällä hetkellä ja miten prosesseja voisi muokata toimimaan vieläkin paremmin. Tutkimuksen pohjana käytetään LEAN-ajattelun perusperiaatteita, jossa nykyisten prosessien selvittämisen jälkeen yritetään tunnistaa prosesseista hukkaa ja lopuksi esitellään ratkaisuehdotuksia hukkien poistamiseksi prosesseista. Ohjelmointija suunnitteluvaiheiden prosesseissa on mukana useita eri toimijoita (asiakas, suunnittelijat, projektinjohto) ja vaiheiden prosessit ovat kompleksisia. Tutkimuksessa tutkitaan näiden vaiheiden prosesseja kompleksisten prosessien ja systeemien ymmärtämisen näkökulmasta. Ohjelmointi- ja suunnitteluvaiheiden kompleksisuus on luonteeltaan induktiivista kompleksisuutta, joka tarkoittaa sitä, ettei kysymyksiin ole olemassa yksikäsitteistä ratkaisua, vaan ongelma voidaan ratkaista monella eri tavalla. Tällöin on tärkeää, että ongelmaan löydetään mahdollisimman hyvin ongelman ratkaiseva ratkaisu. Ohjelmointi- ja suunnitteluvaiheiden prosessit ovat iteratiivisia ja molemmissa tehdään jonkin verran manuaalista työtä. Yksi olennaisimpia tutkimuskohteita onkin, miten tuota manuaalista työtä olisi mahdollista vähentää automatisoinnilla ja millaisia muutoksia prosessiin automatisoinnin käyttöön ottaminen vaatii. Tätä varten ohjelmointi- ja suunnitteluvaiheiden prosesseja verrataan yleisten tietomallivaatimusten määrittelemiin tiedon laatu- ja tarkkuustasoihin prosessien eri vaiheissa ja pyritään löytämään kohtia, joissa Haahtela-yhtiöiden projektinohjausprosessi ja yleiset tietomallivaatimukset käsittelevät samoja tietoja eri tavoin. Tämä on tärkeää, sill, Steering building construction is the main component of project management in Haahtela Group’s core business: managing building construction. The steering process consists of three phases: programming, design and construction on site. This research focuses on programming and design phases and the main target is to find out how the processes are currently working and after that how the processes could be improved. LEAN thinking is utilized to reveal waste in the processes and what causes it. By removing the cause of the waste, it is possible to achieve more efficient processes, which is one of the main reasons behind this research. Programming and design phases have multiple stakeholders (customer, designers, project management) and the processes are complex. The complexity in programming and design phases’ processes is inductive complexity. Inductive problems have no clear right answers and many solutions would be good enough to solve the problem, but some of the solutions are better than others. In addition, the processes are iterative, which means that even small improvements will have cumulative effect over time. The processes are compared to common BIM requirements that are the standard for creating BIMs in Finland. Common BIM requirements define certain standard for how specific the information model has to be in each phase and their approach is compared to how the same information is handled in Haahtela TAKUR⃝ BIM system. Utilizing IFC standard for information flows from designers to TAKUR⃝ could be done automatically. This could result in faster iterations and it would reduce possibility for human errors in the process. Utilizing IFC would also help to control the information flow from designers to project management and vice versa during the design phase of the process.

The estimation of land values has been a topic in the real estate economics since the beginning of the field of study. Many governing theories of land value assume that the value of the location is capitalized in land value to the landowner and this should be reflected in the sales prices of land. In development projects, land value for the developer can be estimated using the residual valuation method, where the total development costs and the required development return are subtracted from the end-product value. The result is the highest price that a developer can pay for the land and stay profitable. The result of the residual valuation is often referred as the development value of the land. The purpose of this study was to use the residual valuation method to find out if there is a difference in the development value and sales price of residential land in the Helsinki metropolitan area (HMA). There are many previous studies about residential land values in the HMA, but a comparison of residual values and lot sales prices regionally is a new approach where there were no previous studies from Finland. The research data consisted of three independent datasets. Vacant lot sales data was provided by the National Land Survey of Finland, apartment price data was provided by Oikotie.fi and construction cost data was provided by Haahtela-kehitys Oy. The research would not have been possible without these key contributors. The apartment price data and construction cost data were used to calculate the residual land values that were compared to the lot sales prices. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in the residual land values and lot sales prices in the HMA. Residual land values have significantly higher differentiation between areas than lot sales prices. The residual land values ranged from 143 to 3,180 €/net apartment area while the lot sales prices ranged from 297 to 2,198 €/net apartment area. The larger differentiation of residual l, Maan arvon määrittäminen on yksi kiinteistötalouden tutkituimmista aiheista ja sitä on tutkittu monin tavoin vuosien saatossa. Useat maan arvoon liittyvät teoriat lähtevät siitä, että kiinteistön sijainnin merkitys näkyy ensisijaisesti maan arvossa ja maan arvo on perustana tonttien myyntihinnoille. Kiinteistökehittäjän näkökulmasta kehityskelpoisen tontin arvo voidaan määrittää arvioimalla kehityksen lopputuotteen arvo ja vähentämällä tästä rakennuskustannukset ja kiinteistökehittäjän kate. Tätä menetelmää kutsutaan varsinkin englanninkielisessä kirjallisuudessa nimellä ”Residual valuation method”, eli suoraan suomennettuna residuaalimenetelmäksi. Residuaaliarvo on korkein hinta, jonka kiinteistökehittäjä voi maksaa tontista niin, että kehitysprojekti pysyy riittävän kannattavana. Residuaaliarvoa voidaan kutsua myös kehitysarvoksi ”development value”. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on residuaalimenetelmää käyttämällä arvioida poikkeavatko tonttien myyntihinnat niiden kehitysarvoista Helsingin seudulla. Asuntotonttien arvoa on tutkittu Helsingin seudulla laajasti erilaisilla menetelmillä, mutta residuaaliarvojen ja tonttien myyntihintojen vertailusta ei löydy aiempaa Suomessa tehtyä tutkimusta. Tutkimusaineisto koostui kolmesta erillisestä tietolähteestä. Tonttien myyntihinta-aineisto perustuu Maanmittauslaitoksen keräämiin tietoihin, asuntokauppa-aineisto Oikotie.fi palvelun toimittamiin tietoihin ja rakennuskustannusaineisto Haahtela-kehitys Oy:n toimittamiin tietoihin. Tutkimuksen tekeminen ei olisi ollut mahdollista ilman näiden yhteistyökumppanien toimittamaa aineistoa. Asuntojen hinta-aineistoa ja rakennuskustannusaineistoa käytettiin residuaaliarvojen laskentaan, joita verrattiin tutkimuksessa tonttien myyntihintoihin. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että residuaaliarvot ja tonttien myyntihinnat poikkeavat merkittävästi toisistaan tutkimusalueilla. Residuaaliarvoissa on huomattavasti enemmän vaihtelua eri kaupunginosien välillä kuin tonttien myyntihinnoissa. Re

Nasal spray formulations of naloxone, a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, are currently used for the treatment of opioid overdose. They may have additional therapeutic utility also in the absence of opioid agonist drugs, but the onset and duration of action at brain MORs have been inadequately characterized to allow such projections. This study provides initial characterization of brain MOR availability at high temporal resolution following intranasal (IN) naloxone administration to healthy volunteers in the absence of a competing opioid agonist. Fourteen participants were scanned twice using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]carfentanil, a selective MOR agonist radioligand. Concentrations of naloxone in plasma and MOR availability (relative to placebo) were monitored from 0 to 60 min and at 300–360 min post naloxone. Naloxone plasma concentrations peaked at ~20 min post naloxone, associated with slightly delayed development of brain MOR occupancy (half of peak occupancy reached at ~10 min). Estimated peak occupancies were 67 and 85% following 2 and 4 mg IN doses, respectively. The estimated half-life of occupancy disappearance was ~100 min. The rapid onset of brain MOR occupancy by IN naloxone, evidenced by the rapid onset of its action in opioid overdose victims, was directly documented in humans for the first time. The employed high temporal-resolution PET method establishes a model that can be used to predict brain MOR occupancy from plasma naloxone concentrations. IN naloxone may have therapeutic utility in various addictions where brain opioid receptors are implicated, such as gambling disorder and alcohol use disorder.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur samarbete och tillit kan påverka uppkomsten av agentproblem i ett kunskapsintensivt företag i Sverige genom att studera företagskultur, employee engagement och arbete i team. Metod: En kvalitativ enfallsstudie där primära datainsamlingen utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda på fallföretaget. De främsta verktygen för dataanalys är Gioia-metoden där det transkriberade empiriska materialet har analyserats på två olika nivåer samt pattern matching där empirin sammanställts med hjälp av nyckelord och teoretiska teman. Teoretiska perspektiv: Studien utgår främst från agentteorin där det kan finnas problem i form av hidden information, hidden action eller different objectives mellan agenten (anställda) och principalen (arbetsgivare). På grund av olika antaganden i teorierna, har författarna valt att komplementera med teori om arbete i team, employee engagement och företagskultur. Empiri: Det valda fallföretag är verksamma i en kunskapsintensiv bransch där fallföretaget genomsyras av de tre organisatoriska fenomenen: arbete i team, employee engagement och företagskultur. Studiens empiriska objekt är anställda hos fallföretaget som har deltagit i enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat: Studien påvisar att arbete i team, employee engagement och företagskultur påverkar uppkomsten av agentproblem i Alfa genom att minska agentproblem, vilket stämmer överens med författarnas inledande antagande. Däremot visar studiens resultat att agentproblem även uppstår, det vill säga ökar, på andra sätt som inte kunde förutses.

Background: The study was carried out as part of the European Network for Patient Safety (EUNetPas) project in 2008-2010. Objective: To investigate facilitators and barriers in implementation process of selected medication safety practices across hospitals within European Union countries. Methods: This was an implementation study of seven selected medication safety practices in 55 volunteering hospitals of 11 European Union (EU) member states. The selected practices were: two different versions of medicine bed dispensation; safety vest; discharge medication list for patients; medication reconciliation at patient discharge; medication reconciliation at patient admission and patient discharge, and sleep card. The participating hospitals submitted an evaluation report describing the implementation process of a chosen practice in their organisation. The reports were analysed with inductive content analysis to identify general and practice-specific facilitators and barriers to the practice implementation. Results: Altogether 75 evaluation reports were submitted from 55 hospitals in 11 EU member states. Implementation of the medication safety practices was challenging and more time consuming than expected. The major reported challenge was to change the work process because of the new practice. General facilitators for successful implementation were: existence of safety culture, national guidelines and projects, expert support, sufficient resources, electronic patient records, interdisciplinary cooperation and clinical pharmacy services supporting the practice implementation. Conclusions: The key for the successful implementation of a medication safety practice is to select the right practice for the right problem, in the right setting and with sufficient resources in an organization with a safety culture.

In this article, we discuss Sámi/Indigenous research ethics from the perspectives of positionality and relationality. The article builds on and draws from two ongoing PhD studies by white, Nordic euro-western doctoral candidates conducting research in the sphere of Indigenous research. Through a reflexive framework, we depict the ongoing process of decolonizing our practice as researchers and moving toward a relational ethics, a process of self-reflection we suggest is necessary for non-Indigenous researchers doing research that involves or affects Indigenous people. We aim to contribute to the development of Sámi research ethics for the wider public to consider and offer this article particularly to early stage researchers, graduate and undergraduate students, and educators in Indigenous studies.

Knowledge of the Finnish aphyllophoroid funga has increased substantially in recent years. In this article, we present two species new to Finland: Spiculogloea subminuta Hauerslev and Typhula suecica I. Olariaga, G. Corriol, I. Salcedo & K. Hansen, and document Sistotrema luteoviride Kotir. & K.-H. Larss. for the third time globally. We also contribute 50 new records of 33 nationally rare species (with a maximum of ten previous records in Finland) and list 52 regionally new species, found for the first time in a certain subzone of the boreal vegetation zone in Finland. Each record is enclosed and contains notes on the substrate. Furthermore, the ecology of the nationally new species and the distribution of rare species are discussed.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur samarbete och tillit kan påverka uppkomsten av agentproblem i ett kunskapsintensivt företag i Sverige genom att studera företagskultur, employee engagement och arbete i team. Metod: En kvalitativ enfallsstudie där primära datainsamlingen utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda på fallföretaget. De främsta verktygen för dataanalys är Gioia-metoden där det transkriberade empiriska materialet har analyserats på två olika nivåer samt pattern matching där empirin sammanställts med hjälp av nyckelord och teoretiska teman. Teoretiska perspektiv: Studien utgår främst från agentteorin där det kan finnas problem i form av hidden information, hidden action eller different objectives mellan agenten (anställda) och principalen (arbetsgivare). På grund av olika antaganden i teorierna, har författarna valt att komplementera med teori om arbete i team, employee engagement och företagskultur. Empiri: Det valda fallföretag är verksamma i en kunskapsintensiv bransch där fallföretaget genomsyras av de tre organisatoriska fenomenen: arbete i team, employee engagement och företagskultur. Studiens empiriska objekt är anställda hos fallföretaget som har deltagit i enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat: Studien påvisar att arbete i team, employee engagement och företagskultur påverkar uppkomsten av agentproblem i Alfa genom att minska agentproblem, vilket stämmer överens med författarnas inledande antagande. Däremot visar studiens resultat att agentproblem även uppstår, det vill säga ökar, på andra sätt som inte kunde förutses.

Biodiversity of ecosystems is an important driver for the supply of ecosystem services to people. Soils often have a larger biodiversity per unit surface area than what can be observed aboveground. Here, we present what is to our knowledge, the most extensive literature-based key-word assessment of the existing information about the relationships between belowground biodiversity and ecosystem services in European forests. The belowground diversity of plant roots, fungi, prokaryota, soil fauna and protists was evaluated in relation to the supply of Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural and Supporting Services. The soil biota were divided into 14 subgroups and the ecosystem services into 37 separate services. Out of the 518 possible combinations of biotic groups and ecosystem services, no published study was found for 374 combinations (72%). Of the remaining 144 combinations (28%) where relationships were found, the large majority (87%) showed a positive relationship between biodiversity of a belowground biotic group and an associated ecosystem service. However, for the majority of the combinations (102) there were only three or fewer studies. The percentage of cases for which a relationship was detected varied strongly between ecosystem service categories with 23% for Provisioning, 8% for Regulating, 40% for Cultural and 48% for Supporting Services. We conclude that (1) soil biodiversity is generally positively related to ecosystem services in European forests; (2) the links between soil biodiversity and Cultural or Supporting services are better documented than those relating to Provisioning and Regulating services; (3) there is a huge knowledge gap for most possible combinations of soil biota and ecosystem services regarding how a more biodiverse soil biota is associated with a given ecosystem service.Given the drastically increasing societal demand for knowledge of the role of biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems and the supply of ecosystem services, we stro

Biodiversity of ecosystems is an important driver for the supply of ecosystem services to people. Soils often have a larger biodiversity per unit surface area than what can be observed aboveground. Here, we present what is to our knowledge, the most extensive literature-based key-word assessment of the existing information about the relationships between belowground biodiversity and ecosystem services in European forests. The belowground diversity of plant roots, fungi, prokaryota, soil fauna and protists was evaluated in relation to the supply of Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural and Supporting Services. The soil biota were divided into 14 subgroups and the ecosystem services into 37 separate services. Out of the 518 possible combinations of biotic groups and ecosystem services, no published study was found for 374 combinations (72%). Of the remaining 144 combinations (28%) where relationships were found, the large majority (87%) showed a positive relationship between biodiversity of a belowground biotic group and an associated ecosystem service. However, for the majority of the combinations (102) there were only three or fewer studies. The percentage of cases for which a relationship was detected varied strongly between ecosystem service categories with 23% for Provisioning, 8% for Regulating, 40% for Cultural and 48% for Supporting Services. We conclude that (1) soil biodiversity is generally positively related to ecosystem services in European forests; (2) the links between soil biodiversity and Cultural or Supporting services are better documented than those relating to Provisioning and Regulating services; (3) there is a huge knowledge gap for most possible combinations of soil biota and ecosystem services regarding how a more biodiverse soil biota is associated with a given ecosystem service.Given the drastically increasing societal demand for knowledge of the role of biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems and the supply of ecosystem services, we stro

Työssä tutkittiin toimintalähtöisen työympäristökehittämisen vaikutuksia kohdeorganisaatioihin, niiden toimintaan ja työympäristöön. Empiirinen osio toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena kahta toteutunutta työympäristökehittämistapausta tutkimalla. Tiedonkeruu tapahtui pääasias-sa puolistrukturoiduin tutkimushaastatteluin (n=15). Lisäksi tapauksista kerättiin tietoa dokumenteista, ryhmäkeskustelusta sekä tilavarausjärjestelmästä. Haastattelu- ja ryhmäkeskustelu-aineisto litteroitiin ja teemoiteltiin. Analysoidusta tapaustutkimusaineistosta muodostettiin tapaustutkimustulokset. Teoreettiset tulokset muodostettiin niiden ja teorian synteesinä. Toimintalähtöisellä työympäristökehittämisellä on merkittäviä vaikutuksia kohdeorganisaatioissa. Ne ilmenevät organisaation toiminnan ja sen sisäisen toimintaympäristön rakenteissa sekä organisaation päivittäisessä työssä, toiminnassa, toimintatavoissa ja niiden suunnittelussa ja organisoinnissa. Ne ilmenevät reaalitodellisuuden ja yhteisöllisen todellisuuden tasoilla työn teoriakehyksen mukaisesti. Vaikutukset selittyvät (1) työympäristökehittämisen olosuhteilla, (2) työympäristökehittämisen yhteistoiminnallisella ja dialogisella organisaation kehittämisin-terventio -luonteella sekä (3) kehitetyn ja/tai säilytetyn työympäristön ohjaus- ja stabilointivaikutuksilla organisaatioon. Toimintalähtöisellä työympäristökehittämisellä on merkittävää hyötypotentiaalia organisaatiolle ja sen johtamiselle etenkin muutostarvetilanteissa. Se toimii muutoskeinona mahdollistaen organisaatiolle toiminnan kehittämistä ja muutoksia sekä olevan säilyttämistä tai vahvistamista. Se auttaa luomaan taloudellisesti kestäviä toiminta-toimitilapäätöksiä ja -ratkaisuja, luo organisaatioon muutostarveymmärrystä ja muutosvisiota, sitouttaa muutoksiin, saattaa organisaatiota muutosliikkeeseen ja auttaa tekemään muutoksista pysyviä., In the thesis, effects on organizations, their functioning and working environment caused by activity-based workplace development and planning was researched. The empirical part of the research was conducted as a case study on two real-life workplace development cases. Data was gathered mainly via semi-structured research interviews (n = 15). In addition, data was gathered from formal documentation, a group discussion and a space reservation system. The interviews and the group discussion data was transcribed and theme-tagged. Based on analysed case study data, case study results were construed. After that, theoretical results were construed based on the synthesis between literature and the case study results. Activity-based workplace development and planning have significant effects on organizations. The effects are apparent in the structures of organizations, in their functioning, daily work and practices as well as in the processes of planning and organizing. In accordance with the theoretical framework, in an organization the effects are apparent both on physical and social reality levels. The three explaining factors for the effects are (1) circumstances, (2) the nature of the workplace development like as a collaborative, dialogic OD-intervention and (3) developed workplace as a structural element that steers and stabilizes the functioning of an organization. Activity-based workplace development offers significant possibilities for organizations, especially when planned and managed organizational change is needed in addition to workplace changes. It is like a change management practice enabling development and changes in organization as well as preserving or strengthening organizational features. The development helps to make cost-efficient decisions and solutions concerning functioning-workplace -issues, creates understanding about need for changes, helps to create vision for and commitment to changes, moves organization toward changed situation and helps to

This paper considers coordinated multicast beamforming in a multicell multigroup multiple-input single-output system. Each base station (BS) serves multiple groups of users by forming a single beam with common information per group. We propose centralized and distributed beamforming algorithms for two different optimization targets. The first objective is to minimize the total transmission power of all the BSs while guaranteeing the user-specific minimum quality-of-service targets. The semidefinite relaxation (SDR) method is used to approximate the nonconvex multicast problem as a semidefinite program (SDP), which is solvable via centralized processing. Subsequently, two alternative distributed methods are proposed. The first approach turns the SDP into a two-level optimization via primal decomposition. At the higher level, intercell interference powers are optimized for fixed beamformers, whereas the lower level locally optimizes the beamformers by minimizing BS-specific transmit powers for the given intercell interference constraints. The second distributed solution is enabled via an alternating direction method of multipliers, where the intercell interference optimization is divided into a local and a global optimization by forcing the equality via consistency constraints. We further propose a centralized and a simple distributed beamforming design for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) balancing problem in which the minimum SINR among the users is maximized with given per-BS power constraints. This problem is solved via the bisection method as a series of SDP feasibility problems. The simulation results show the superiority of the proposed coordinated beamforming algorithms over traditional noncoordinated transmission schemes, and illustrate the fast convergence of the distributed methods. Index Terms—Alternating direction method of multipliers, distributed optimization, multi-cell coordination, physical layer multigroup multicasting, primal deco, QC 20191030

This paper studies the energy efficiency and sum rate tradeoff for coordinated beamforming in multicell multiuser multigroup multicast multiple-input single-output systems. We first consider a conventional network energy efficiency maximization (EEmax) problem by jointly optimizing the transmit beamformers and antennas selected to be used in transmission. We also account for per-antenna maximum power constraints to avoid nonlinear distortion in power amplifiers and user-specific minimum rate constraints to guarantee certain service levels and fairness. To be energy efficient, transmit antenna selection is employed. It eventually leads to a mixed-Boolean fractional program. We then propose two different approaches to solve this difficult problem. The first solution is based on a novel modeling technique that produces a tight continuous relaxation. The second approach is based on sparsity-inducing method, which does not require the introduction of any Boolean variable. We also investigate the tradeoff between the energy efficiency and sum rate by proposing two different formulations. In the first formulation, we propose a new metric, that is, the ratio of the sum rate and the so-called weighted power. Specifically, this metric reduces to EEmax when the weight is 1, and to sum rate maximization when the weight is 0. In the other method, we treat the tradeoff problem as a multiobjective optimization for which a scalarization approach is adopted. Numerical results illustrate significant achievable energy efficiency gains over the method where the antenna selection is not employed. The effect of antenna selection on the energy efficiency and sum rate tradeoff is also demonstrated., QC 20190916