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Illegal sprint racing is a prominent type of adolescent delinquency in Indonesia, especially during Ramadan. This occurrence not only undermines public order but also violates various applicable laws. This study employs a normative legal approach, with a focus on legal principles, to identify positive legal doctrines relevant to the phenomenon of illegal sprint racing. A case study approach is used to investigate various aspects of the phenomenon using primary legal texts such as the Law on Roads, the Law on Road Traffic and Transport, and the Law on Policing. The investigation found that illicit sprint racing without appropriate license is a severe violation of the law. The findings demonstrate the critical role that law enforcement plays in preserving community welfare, security, and order in locations that are frequently the scene of illicit sprint racing. Repressive law enforcement, more frequent patrols, and raising community understanding of the law are all effective ways to address this issue. The goal of socializing legal awareness is to increase community knowledge of relevant laws and regulations, and routine patrols are carried out to stop and identify illegal activity before it gets a chance to start. Repressive law enforcement makes it clear to offenders that their actions will not be accepted.

La ricerca sul tema delle prove atipiche nasce dall’esigenza di confrontarsi con le distorsioni applicative del dettato codicistico, in particolar modo dell’art. 189 c.p.p. Tale disposizione traccia una cornice legislativa dai requisiti stringenti entro i quali ammette l’assunzione di prove non disciplinate dalla legge. Nel tentativo di offrire un’ordinata ricostruzione del tema oggetto di ricerca, si è dedicato, nel primo capitolo della tesi, ampio spazio alla genesi dell’art. 189 c.p.p., codificato all’esito di un intenso dibattito circa la scelta alternativa tra il principio di libertà e il principio di tassatività delle prove penali. A tale scopo, si è provveduto a una ricostruzione storica dei sistemi probatori del passato che hanno influenzato l’evoluzione normativa fino ai giorni nostri. In particolare, si è analizzato il sistema delle prove legali per evidenziare le criticità che hanno portato al sorgere del principio dell’intimo convincimento, evolutosi, poi, in libero convincimento, al quale presto si è ancorata anche una libertà nella fase assuntiva e acquisitiva delle prove, confondendo così il piano valutativo con altri segmenti del procedimento probatorio. Tale ricostruzione ha permesso di mettere in luce come, nei primi codici dell’Italia unita, sia stata compiuta un’indebita sovrapposizione fra libero convincimento e libertà probatoria, tanto da assegnare al giudice un potere illimitato di ricerca e di assunzione delle prove, con il correlato sacrifico delle garanzie processuali e, in particolar modo, di un effettivo diritto di difesa. Si è dedicato, poi, ampio spazio ai lavori preparatori del codice vigente ove si contrapponevano le posizioni di chi reputava necessaria la chiusura del catalogo probatorio a quelle di chi riteneva essenziale ammettere un’apertura per poter recepire eventuali novità scientifiche o tecniche. Il legislatore ha optato per una scelta intermedia fra libertà e tassatività, prevedendo un’attenta disciplina per l, The research on the topic of atypical evidence stems from the need to confront the applicative distortions of the code's dictate, especially of Article 189 c.p.p. This Article outlines a legislative framework with stringent requirements within which it admits the taking of evidence not regulated by law. In an attempt to offer an orderly reconstruction of the subject under research, ample space was devoted in the first chapter of the thesis to the genesis of Article 189 c.p.p. To this end, a historical reconstruction of past evidentiary systems that have influenced the normative evolution up to the present day was undertaken. In particular, the system of legal evidence was analyzed in order to highlight the critical issues that led to the emergence of the principle of intimate belief, which evolved, later, into free belief, to which freedom in the assumptive and acquisitive phase of evidence was also soon anchored, thus confusing the evaluative plane with other segments of the evidentiary process. This reconstruction made it possible to highlight how, in the first codes of united Italy, an undue overlap was made between free conviction and evidentiary freedom, so much so as to assign to the judge unlimited power to search for and take evidence, with the correlated sacrifice of procedural guarantees and, in particular, of an effective right of defense. Considerable space was then devoted to the preparatory work of the current code where the positions of those who considered it necessary to close the evidentiary catalog were contrasted with those who considered it essential to admit an opening in order to be able to incorporate any scientific or technical novelties. The legislature opted for an intermediate choice between freedom and taxativity, providing careful discipline for typical evidence, but admitting the possibility of taking atypical evidence as well, in a context marked by the "culture of the legality of evidentiary law." In the second chapter, space was dev

A mental illness is a medical disorder that affects a person’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions. It also has an impact on social and cognitive functions. Misuse of substances, biological factors, or abuse, whether as a victim or a bystander to repeated abuse, are all variables that contribute to mental illness. The prevalence of mental illness among incarcerated prisoners is alarming, and it is nondiscriminatory in that it affects both men and women. Several variables contribute to inmates’ susceptibility to mental health problems. Anxiety disorders, depression as a mood disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia are examples of these. A diagnosis of mental illness will occur for around half of all Americans at some point in their lives. Inconsistent treatment or no treatment for incarcerated persons has been an issue of concern, resulting in increased disruptive behaviors that endanger staff, prisoner safety, and the ability to successfully transition back into society, resulting in higher recidivism rates. In addition, inconsistent treatment or no treatment can involve being released from prison and reintegrating into the community. In this regard, there is an increased likelihood that mentally ill prisoners have high rates of recidivism and a stronger propensity to commit crimes after being released from prison. This research will serve to investigate the relationship between inmates diagnosed with a mental illness, treatment, and long-term effects after release. The connection between mental health and prison will be explored through interviews with certified or licensed counselors and therapists.

Purpose: This research investigates the impact of different interpretations of Indonesian Law on narcotics crimes, focusing on Articles 112 and 127. It examines court decisions to understand evidence application and distinguish between possession and self-use of narcotics. The aim is to improve consistency, fairness, and effectiveness in combating narcotics crimes.   Theoretical Framework: This research uses legal and criminological theories to analyze the interpretation and application of law in narcotics crimes. Interpretivism focuses on language, judicial precedent, and societal norms, while legal positivism emphasizes formal rules. Labeling theory suggests inconsistent application can lead to stigmatization and marginalization. Social learning theory suggests discrepancies in law interpretation can influence perceptions and attitudes.   Design/Methodology/Approach: This research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining normative and sociological juridical methods, with a statutory approach, to explore the interpretation and application of law in narcotics cases. It uses a literature review, document analysis, and qualitative data analysis to identify patterns, discrepancies, and trends in narcotics law interpretation. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of societal implications and criminogenic factors in narcotics cases.   Findings: The research reveals significant discrepancies in the interpretation and application of Articles 112 and 127 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, leading to inconsistent treatment and punishment of perpetrators. This inconsistency contributes to criminogenic factors and perpetuates social stigmas, hindering efforts to address underlying issues and promote rehabilitation and harm reduction strategies.   Research, Practical & Social Implication: The research highlights the complexities of narcotics laws, emphasizing the need for further research on factors influencing legal interpr

Objective: Objective study This is the application of restorative justice to resolving sexual crimes in the city of Medan. One important aspect of implementing restorative justice is the development of a different mindset in the justice system. This system rejects the conventional view, which only views the perpetrator as the object of punishment and the victim as the party who has the right to obtain justice through sanctions against the perpetrator. In contrast, a restorative approach sees perpetrators as individuals who can take responsibility for their actions and have the potential to improve themselves. Apart from that, victims are also considered an integral part of the recovery process, and the community is given a more active role in supporting this process. Methods: As for the method of study This is a qualitative study, and research qualitative is a research method used to understand social phenomena in depth. The researcher used a case study because it allowed them to gain a deep understanding of the context, process, and complexity of the phenomenon being studied. Type study This possible researcher will dig for perspective, experience, and possible meaning hidden in the data collected related to restorative justice in resolving sexual crimes in the city of Medan. Then the researcher analyzes or draws an interesting conclusion to find an answer from the researchers thorough. Conclusions: Results from the study show that the implementation of restorative justice for sexual harassment cases in Medan faces a number of challenges involving complexity, sensitivity, and perceptions of justice. Findings from observations and interviews with court officials show that the use of restorative justice in this context is still rarely adopted. The main factors causing this low adoption involve the complexity of sexual assault cases, a lack of understanding of restorative justice, and concerns about the safety and protection of victims.

Criminal acts of sexual harassment in Indonesia, both physical and non-physical, are currently continuing to increase. However, law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of sexual harassment is mainly for physical sexual harassment. Forms of violence in the form of non-physical violence can include sexual comments, teasing by commenting on body shape, uttering sexual invitations, etc., which sometimes the victim feels is just a joke and is not a criminal act. This research aims to analyze legal enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of non-physical sexual harassment in Indonesia who are not yet fair sociological juridical approach method. The paradigm in this research is post-positivism, with secondary data sources obtained by conducting a literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results were analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. Law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of non-physical sexual harassment in Indonesia is still very minimal due to law enforcement officers, legal culture factors and regulatory factors, which stipulate that criminal act of physical violence are a complaint offence and not an ordinary offence. There is a lack of public attention to socialization or education carried out by the government regarding the Sexual Violence Crime Law, which is still relatively new. The lack of public attention to socialization regarding the new regulations, especially the TPKS Law, means that public awareness lacks knowledge about the applicable rules, so many people still do not understand the latest regulations in the community and the school environment.

Punishment is always realized through guidance in prisons or correctional institutions. There is a view that argues that lawbreakers can only be educated if they are exiled from social circles. They are also declared as individuals who are damaged in every way, so they cannot be expected to be friendly in their social lives. With this view, it is a legal retaliation and the desire of the community itself. The discussion concerns the relationship between correctional institutions in the criminal justice system, to find out the relationship between correctional institutions in the criminal justice system, using normative juridical research methods that examine legal sources, statutory regulations and court decisions, as well as documents contained in the criminal justice system. There are several books that discuss the position of correctional institutions as a subsystem of criminal justice. Correctional Institutions, in accordance with Article 1 Paragraph 1 of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning correctional institutions, are one of the sub-systems in the Criminal Justice System in our country whose task is to provide guidance to prisoners who still have the opportunity to repent.

Punishment is always realized through guidance in prisons or correctional institutions. There is a view that argues that lawbreakers can only be educated if they are exiled from social circles. They are also declared as individuals who are damaged in every way, so they cannot be expected to be friendly in their social lives. With this view, it is a legal retaliation and the desire of the community itself. The discussion concerns the relationship between correctional institutions in the criminal justice system, to find out the relationship between correctional institutions in the criminal justice system, using normative juridical research methods that examine legal sources, statutory regulations and court decisions, as well as documents contained in the criminal justice system. There are several books that discuss the position of correctional institutions as a subsystem of criminal justice. Correctional Institutions, in accordance with Article 1 Paragraph 1 of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning correctional institutions, are one of the sub-systems in the Criminal Justice System in our country whose task is to provide guidance to prisoners who still have the opportunity to repent.

El consumo de drogas de abuso es un fenómeno de gran relevancia en nuestra sociedad y sus consecuencias han ido variando a lo largo de los años al ser la mayoría consumida sin concienciación alguna, aumentando el número de incidencias derivadas de las mismas. Por consiguiente, la legislación actual y el plano judicial de nuestro país ha necesitado ser modificado para ajustarse a una multitud de delitos e incidentes que han ocasionado y siguen ocasionando las drogas lícitas e ilícitas con el paso del tiempo. Esta revisión bibliográfica, se centra en seis sustancias de abuso (etanol, cannabinoides, hipnosedantes, cocaína, GHB y éxtasis) que actualmente presentan gran repercusión y que, en mayor o menor medida, conllevan una fuerte incidencia en el plano delictivo y criminal. Se proporciona información de la prevalencia de dichas sustancias, su mecanismo de acción, los efectos derivados y los delitos asociados a su consumo, así como la pena criminal que acarrearían dichas conductas delictivas. Con toda esta información y haciendo hincapié en la toxicología de estas sustancias y las consecuencias del consumo de estas drogas, se pretende concienciar a la población sobre la gran repercusión de estas sobre las numerosas conductas criminales asociadas.

In this article, it will be treated the concept and content about precautionary measures with deprivation of liberty as well as which will be their application to a specific crime how it can be the crime of rape with attempted homicide what can measure of its importance as for the consideration of his foresight nature for the celebration of a further process., En este artículo, se va a tratar el concepto y contenido de las medidas cautelares con privación de libertad así como también cuál podría ser su aplicación a algún delito concreto como puede ser el delito de violación con tentativa de homicidio, lo que puede dar la medida de su importancia en cuanto a la consideración sobre su carácter previsor para la celebración de un ulterior proceso.

The object of analysis is the incipient regulation of the crime of those who refuse the state the services owed to it, including it in the Penal Code of 1822. To carry it out, the circumstances that cause this regulation are considered, analyzing the impact in the context of its time. Trying to optimize the collection to cover the need to obtain the necessary funds from the public administration of the time. Spain underwent a profound political transformation that made possible the modernization of our country, its entry into the contemporary world. During this century, Spain went from an absolutist monarchy, with no freedoms, to a parliamentary and liberal regime. The change of regime was not simple but constituted a long process of promulgation and annulment of constitutional texts, conspiracies, military pronunciamientos, with frequent armed confrontations between supporters of different ideas., El objeto de análisis es la incipiente regulación del delito de los que rehúsan al estado los servicios que le deben, incluyéndolo en el Código Penal de 1822. Para llevarlo a cabo se tiene en cuenta las circunstancias que provocan esta regulación, analizando el impacto en el contexto de su época. Intentando optimizar la recaudación para poder cubrir la necesidad de obtener los fondos necesarios de la administración pública de entonces. En España se produjo una profunda transformación política que posibilitó la modernización de nuestro país, su entrada en el mundo contemporáneo. Tengamos en cuenta que durante este siglo se pasó de una monarquía absolutista, sin libertades, a un régimen parlamentario y liberal. El cambio de régimen no fue sencillo, sino que constituyó un largo proceso de promulgación y anulación de textos constitucionales, conspiraciones, pronunciamientos militares, con frecuentes enfrentamientos armados entre partidarios de distintas ideas.

Over a century of drug policy and law has failed to stop the flow of illegal drugs into the U.S. Drug policy and law have focused on reducing the supply of illicit drugs but have failed to consider factors that influence the demand for those drugs. The U.S. now faces an unprecedented crisis of opioid use, abuse, overdose, and death largely due to these failures.A gap analysis was conducted to identify shortcomings in existing policy. Gap analysis is used to determine whether a policy as written reaches desired goals and outcomes through its implementation. Biopsychosocial theory (BPS) was used to frame the recommendations for policy change. The BPS framework of human behavior and well-being encompasses all known influences on a person when attempting to diagnose or treat an illness, permitting a thorough examination of a policy’s ability to meet the needs of a population. The gap analysis shows the current policy does not produce desired outcomes in terms of drug abuse prevention, and women are affected more negatively than men. Women are at greater risk of losing their children, losing their jobs, being unable to find educational resources, and becoming homeless if they become addicted to opioids. The BPS suggests a shift in policy and law from supply reduction to demand reduction, which is critical to the future of women most at risk for drug abuse, overdose, and death., Civilian, Department of Social Services, State of California, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Denna intervjustudie fokuserar på processen av att lämna ett kriminellt liv. Inför riksdagsvalet 2022 var brottslighet den mest omdiskuterade valfrågan, vilket kan bero på den ökning av dödsskjutningar som skett i Sverige de senaste åren. Undersökningen ämnar därför att belysa det som anställda i avhopparverksamheter anser är viktiga faktorer som kan underlätta avhopparprocessen för kriminella individer då detta blivit väldigt aktuellt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad anställda på avhopparverksamheter anser är drivkrafter och motivationer som katalyserar viljan att lämna en kriminell livsstil samt avgörande resurser för att en avhopparprocess ska vara framgångsrik. Detta är en kvalitativ studie och materialinsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda i avhopparverksamheter. Det insamlade materialet organiserades med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus kapitalteori för att ge struktur till resultatet samt bidra till en fördjupad diskussion om hur tillgång till olika resurser kan påverka människors livsstil. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av konventionell innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Resultatet visade att de anställda upplevde att de tre största motivationerna för att lämna ett kriminellt liv är hotbild, relationer (signifikanta andra utanför det kriminella nätverket), samt att man blir utbränd. Resultatet visade även att resurser såsom socialt nätverk, emotionellt stöd, ny miljö och terapi kan vara avgörande för ex-kriminella att bibehålla en laglydig livsstil.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka behandlarens respektive klientens upplevelser av behandling riktade kring beteendemönster som är kriminellt normbrytande, där mottaglighet till behandling beaktas särskilt utifrån principerna risk, behov och mottaglighet. Studien utgick från en induktiv kvalitativ ansats med nio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Frågeställningar har besvarats av fem praktiker från frivården och av fyra före detta kriminella män som genomgått någon form av behandling för att motverka återfall i brott. Intervjumaterialet har sedan bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska modell och Jönsons perspektivansats. Det framkom från både behandlare och respondenter att orsaker till normbrytande beteende ofta hänger samman med en dysfunktionell uppväxt vilket sedan lett till kriminalitet i vuxenlivet. Andra faktorer kan vara en bristande skolgång med utanförskap som följd. Det framkom av både behandlare och klienter att diagnoser är en försvårande faktor. Andra viktiga aspekter som lyftes fram var att det måste finns ett behov av samordnade insatser för personer som är beroende av olika utförare med ett bättre samarbete mellan olika professionella yrkesgrupper som kan axla både diagnoser, psykisk problematik tillsammans med missbruk och med fokus på individens behov samt förutsättningar. Studiens slutsats är att både behandlare och klienter har en samsyn kring om att det måste finnas en medvetenhet, självkännedom och fokus på ett ömsesidigt samspel vilket ökar både tilliten och mottagligheten., The purpose of this study was to examine the therapist's and the client's experiences of treatment directed at behaviour patterns that are criminally norm-breaking, where especially responsivity to treatment is considered based on the risk, need and responsivity principles. The study was based on an inductive qualitative approach with nine semi-structured interviews. Questions have been answered by five counsellors from the Swedish correctional service and by four ex-criminal men who have undergone various behaviour treatments to prevent recidivism. The interview material has been processed and analysed using Bronfenbrenner's developmental ecology model and Jönson's perspective approach. The results emphasize that causes of norm-breaking behaviour are often related to limited complex mechanisms such as upbringing conditions, unhealthy environments, scarce resources et cetera. These variables could increase the risk for the individual to continue with crime in adulthood. Other contributing factors can be a lack of schooling with exclusion as a consequence. It emerged from both counsellors and clients that neuropsychiatric diagnoses are an aggravating factor. Important identified aspect was the need for coordinated services. Clients that have multiple conditions struggle since each service provider only provide a service for their specialized area. This report concluded that the lack of collaboration between service providers effected the client on several levels. Service providers need to collaborate and be inclusive rather than exclusive. Clients that struggled with mental health issues and addiction was excluded since the mental health service does not address the drug issue and vice versa. Client needs and conditions should be the primary focus rather than a way out for the service provider. The report identified several levels of challenges whereby clients were marginalized and excluded because of several multiple conditions. Different service provider needs to a

Området kriminalitet och brott är ett väl diskuterat ämne i dagens samhälle. Då unga begår brott finns idag fler olika insatser inom det sociala arbetet, exempelvis inom öppenvården där unga personer kan få hjälp genom ungdomsbehandling, kontaktperson, familjebehandling, socialsekreterarstöd och Sociala insatsgruppen (SIG). Inom slutenvården kan placeringar på HVB-hem och SIS bli aktuella inom det sociala arbetet. Åström m.fl. (2013) beskriver att det upplevs som svårt för socialsekreterare att hitta rätt och framför allt matchande insatser som står i paritet till ungdomarnas behov. Brottslighet och kriminalitet som socialt problem medför stor orolighet och otrygghet för medborgarna, bidrar till samhällsekonomiska utmaningar och hotar rättssäkerheten i samhället. I den politiska debatten debatteras huruvida exempelvis straffskalorna för kriminella handlingar ska höjas och vilka effekterna det skulle bli av en sådan lagreglering, vilket i sig är en viktig fråga. Dock är detta i ett skede när brottsligheten redan utvecklats hos en individ, en reaktiv handling från samhället, och behandlar inte roten till problemets uppkomst, vilket i stället skulle vara ett proaktivt försök att genom socialt arbete tidigt se och bemöta riskfaktorer för ingången i kriminaliteten. Av dessa anledningar pekar forskningen på ett än större behov kring att de samhälleliga resurserna dels fortsätter utveckla de nuvarande insatserna som finns inom det sociala arbetet, dels att ekonomiska resurser behöver öronmärkas till det förebyggande arbetet i tidigt skede för att samhället inte ska utmanas med att försöka släcka bränder i framtiden. Därav syftar vår studie till att försöka förstå vilka riskfaktorer som är, sett ur tidigare kriminellas egna erfarenheter, bidragande till ingången och engagemanget i en kriminell livsstil. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex tidigare kriminella har studien kartlagt vilka insatser som intervjupersonerna själva anser behövs, i det förebyggande arbetet med

This phenomenological study was designed to examine how the concept of hope or lack thereof has an impact on the negative discrepancies in the areas of education, criminal behavior, and socio-economic status among African Americans as it compares to Whites. There may be other ethnicities who have significant inconsistencies as well, but for the sack of this study, the comparisons were primarily among African Americans and Whites. The theory guiding this study is the psychodynamic approach. This approach was guided by Sigmond Freud’s desire to understand human behavior; provided a path to studying the events of the past and present in the lives of African Americans that may help better understand behaviors and directions taken in life. By examining hope through the lens of African Americans, the desire was to provide a deeper understanding into some of the barriers to success faced within the community. Topics such as the history of Blacks in America, laws and regulations, policing, and systemic racism was studied to not only analyze their affects in the areas of achievement in education, criminal behavior, and socio-economic achievement, but also how these topics have historically and presently affected the presence of hope within the community. Understanding the importance of studying hope and how it is a motivating factor to success, or the lack thereof, was important in understanding how to motivate and help underserved and underprivileged groups in America.

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la construcción y configuración del concepto de enemigo en diferentes épocas de las sociedades, desde el absolutismo hasta la actualidad, para el análisis del presente en materia penal. Aunque en las diferentes legislaciones penales contemporáneas no aparece el término enemigo para referirse al actor del conflicto interno o de delitos graves, en el imaginario de los gobernantes se identifica a determinados transgresores de la ley penal como enemigos para definir sus conductas y aplicarles las penas con mayor rigor. Existe una continuidad en la representación del enemigo, con diferentes denominaciones según la época, hasta llegar a denominarlo como tal en el derecho penal del enemigo, para plantear una política penal diferenciada y más drástica con la disminución de algunas garantías procesales., The aim of this article is to analyze the construction and configuration of the concept of enemy in different periods of societies, from absolutism up to date, in order to analyze the present in criminal matters. Although the term enemy does not seem to refer to the actor of the internal conflict or to serious crimes in the different contemporary criminal laws, in the imaginary of the rulers certain transgressors of the criminal law are identified as enemies in order to define their conducts and apply to them penalties with greater rigor. There is a continuity in the representation of the enemy, with different denominations according to the time, until it is called as such in the criminal law of the enemy to propose a differentiated and more drastic criminal policy with the reduction of some procedural guarantees.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of providing assimilation to prisoners during the Covid-19 pandemic.   Theoretical framework: Social Integration Theory is used as theoretical perspective in this study which suggests that social integration and belonging are essential for individuals' well-being. The research might examine how the pandemic and legal measures have affected prisoners' sense of social integration, including their connection to society, family, and community.   Design/methodology/approach: The research method used in this study is a juridical-empirical approach. This approach considers the impact of assimilation on prisoners and aims to provide an objective explanation of the issues raised in the study. The research is of descriptive nature, focused on describing the current problem, collecting data, compiling, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting the findings.   Findings: The results highlight that providing assimilation to prisoners during the Covid-19 pandemic is a preventive measure taken by the government to reduce the number of Covid-19 cases in Correctional Institutions. However, this action has implications for society, as it raises concerns about the impact on public safety and the potential for recidivism among ex-convicts.   Research, Practical & Social implications: The study provide practical and social implications to manage effective supervision of ex-convicts who receive assimilation is essential to reduce the likelihood of reoffending and enhance community safety. Balancing public health concerns with public safety is crucial during this pandemic. By closely monitoring assimilated prisoners and providing necessary support, the government can mitigate the impact of Covid-19 transmission in Correctional Institutions and ensure a safer environment for both inmates and the broader community.   Originality/value: The article likely combines elements from different disciplines, including

This study examines the forms of legal protection available for victims of medical malpractice. This study uses normative legal research with a statute approach. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the study objectives. The results show that the complexity of health service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic increases the risk of errors and medical malpractice. The Government has established a series of legal protections, including civil, criminal, and administrative, to facilitate victims of medical malpractice claim their rights. Civil legal protection ensures patients’ rights to seek compensation through out-of-court dispute resolution, such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. Meanwhile, criminal legal protection regulated punishments such as imprisonment or a fine for doctors proven guilty of medical malpractice. On the other hand, administrative legal protection provides a complaint mechanism for patients, ensuring that the Government and Honorary Council will impose administrative sanctions on doctors proven guilty of medical malpractice. Therefore, it is recommended that the Government continue strengthening and enhancing public awareness regarding patients’ rights and the available legal protection mechanisms, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This role is crucial for empowering the community to protect themselves from potential medical malpractice. Furthermore, healthcare personnel should be given maximum support through adequate facilities and equipment provision, as well as capacity enhancement through ongoing training and education, to enable them to provide optimal health services in the face of this pandemic challenge. In addition, there needs to be a strengthening of the monitoring system and legislation to prevent and effectively handle medical malpractice cases., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bentuk-bentuk perlindungan hukum yang ada terhadap korban malapraktik medis. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Bahan hukum yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan masalah dan menjawab tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompleksitas pemberian layanan kesehatan pada masa pandemi COVID-19 meningkatkan risiko kesalahan dan malapraktik medis. Pemerintah telah menetapkan serangkaian perlindungan hukum, baik perdata, pidana, dan administratif, untuk memudahkan korban malapraktik medis mendapatkan haknya. Perlindungan hukum perdata menjamin hak pasien untuk mendapatkan kompensasi melalui penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan, seperti negosiasi, mediasi, dan arbitrase. Sedangkan perlindungan hukum pidana mengatur ancaman pidana seperti pidana penjara atau denda bagi dokter yang terbukti melakukan malapraktik medis. Di sisi lain, perlindungan hukum administratif memberikan mekanisme pengaduan kepada pasien, memastikan bahwa Pemerintah dan Majelis Kehormatan akan memberikan sanksi administratif kepada dokter yang terbukti melakukan malapraktik medis. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan agar Pemerintah terus memperkuat dan meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat mengenai hak-hak pasien dan mekanisme perlindungan hukum yang ada, terutama di masa pandemi COVID-19. Peran ini sangat penting untuk memberdayakan masyarakat agar dapat melindungi diri dari potensi malapraktik medis. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan harus diberikan dukungan maksimal melalui penyediaan fasilitas dan peralatan yang memadai, serta peningkatan kapasitas melalui pelatihan dan pendidikan berkelanjutan, agar mereka dapat memberikan layanan kesehatan yang optimal dalam menghadapi tantangan pandemi ini. Selain itu, perlu adanya penguatan sistem pengawasan dan peraturan perundang-undangan untuk mencegah dan menangani kasus malapraktik medis secara efektif.

In this article, it will be treated the concept and content about precautionary measures with deprivation of liberty as well as which will be their application to a specific crime how it can be the crime of rape with attempted homicide what can measure of its importance as for the consideration of his foresight nature for the celebration of a further process., En este artículo, se va a tratar el concepto y contenido de las medidas cautelares con privación de libertad así como también cuál podría ser su aplicación a algún delito concreto como puede ser el delito de violación con tentativa de homicidio, lo que puede dar la medida de su importancia en cuanto a la consideración sobre su carácter previsor para la celebración de un ulterior proceso.

The object of analysis is the incipient regulation of the crime of those who refuse the state the services owed to it, including it in the Penal Code of 1822. To carry it out, the circumstances that cause this regulation are considered, analyzing the impact in the context of its time. Trying to optimize the collection to cover the need to obtain the necessary funds from the public administration of the time. Spain underwent a profound political transformation that made possible the modernization of our country, its entry into the contemporary world. During this century, Spain went from an absolutist monarchy, with no freedoms, to a parliamentary and liberal regime. The change of regime was not simple but constituted a long process of promulgation and annulment of constitutional texts, conspiracies, military pronunciamientos, with frequent armed confrontations between supporters of different ideas., El objeto de análisis es la incipiente regulación del delito de los que rehúsan al estado los servicios que le deben, incluyéndolo en el Código Penal de 1822. Para llevarlo a cabo se tiene en cuenta las circunstancias que provocan esta regulación, analizando el impacto en el contexto de su época. Intentando optimizar la recaudación para poder cubrir la necesidad de obtener los fondos necesarios de la administración pública de entonces. En España se produjo una profunda transformación política que posibilitó la modernización de nuestro país, su entrada en el mundo contemporáneo. Tengamos en cuenta que durante este siglo se pasó de una monarquía absolutista, sin libertades, a un régimen parlamentario y liberal. El cambio de régimen no fue sencillo, sino que constituyó un largo proceso de promulgación y anulación de textos constitucionales, conspiraciones, pronunciamientos militares, con frecuentes enfrentamientos armados entre partidarios de distintas ideas.

Human trafficking is one of the fastest growing crimes in the world, the International Labour Organisation estimate that there are 50 million people in modern slavery. In Denmark 294 trafficking victims were identified between 2019-2022, but only two traffickers were convicted of the crime. Trafficking victims are identified as such by Danish courts but also criminalized for crimes committed whilst trafficked. The questions this study seek to answer are “how can a trafficking victim be a criminal?” and “what does the conviction and criminalization of trafficking victims tell us of how international human rights law is implemented in Denmark?” This is analyzed through six court cases and three appeals of identified trafficking victims convicted for criminal acts whilst trafficked in Denmark between 2009-2021, along with six interviews of experts with experience of working with trafficking victims in Denmark. A content and discourse analysis with theory of the human rights-based approach, a law- enforcement approach and international law is implemented in national law is analyzed with the data. This study is anchored in a pre-theoretical commitment that the implementation of international human rights law in national law is important for a state to fulfil their human rights commitments in the field of human trafficking. Based on this study, it can be said that a victim can be a criminal due to the lack of non-punishment through the implementation of international human rights law in Danish national law of identified trafficking victims in Denmark.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka behandlarens respektive klientens upplevelser av behandling riktade kring beteendemönster som är kriminellt normbrytande, där mottaglighet till behandling beaktas särskilt utifrån principerna risk, behov och mottaglighet. Studien utgick från en induktiv kvalitativ ansats med nio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Frågeställningar har besvarats av fem praktiker från frivården och av fyra före detta kriminella män som genomgått någon form av behandling för att motverka återfall i brott. Intervjumaterialet har sedan bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska modell och Jönsons perspektivansats. Det framkom från både behandlare och respondenter att orsaker till normbrytande beteende ofta hänger samman med en dysfunktionell uppväxt vilket sedan lett till kriminalitet i vuxenlivet. Andra faktorer kan vara en bristande skolgång med utanförskap som följd. Det framkom av både behandlare och klienter att diagnoser är en försvårande faktor. Andra viktiga aspekter som lyftes fram var att det måste finns ett behov av samordnade insatser för personer som är beroende av olika utförare med ett bättre samarbete mellan olika professionella yrkesgrupper som kan axla både diagnoser, psykisk problematik tillsammans med missbruk och med fokus på individens behov samt förutsättningar. Studiens slutsats är att både behandlare och klienter har en samsyn kring om att det måste finnas en medvetenhet, självkännedom och fokus på ett ömsesidigt samspel vilket ökar både tilliten och mottagligheten., The purpose of this study was to examine the therapist's and the client's experiences of treatment directed at behaviour patterns that are criminally norm-breaking, where especially responsivity to treatment is considered based on the risk, need and responsivity principles. The study was based on an inductive qualitative approach with nine semi-structured interviews. Questions have been answered by five counsellors from the Swedish correctional service and by four ex-criminal men who have undergone various behaviour treatments to prevent recidivism. The interview material has been processed and analysed using Bronfenbrenner's developmental ecology model and Jönson's perspective approach. The results emphasize that causes of norm-breaking behaviour are often related to limited complex mechanisms such as upbringing conditions, unhealthy environments, scarce resources et cetera. These variables could increase the risk for the individual to continue with crime in adulthood. Other contributing factors can be a lack of schooling with exclusion as a consequence. It emerged from both counsellors and clients that neuropsychiatric diagnoses are an aggravating factor. Important identified aspect was the need for coordinated services. Clients that have multiple conditions struggle since each service provider only provide a service for their specialized area. This report concluded that the lack of collaboration between service providers effected the client on several levels. Service providers need to collaborate and be inclusive rather than exclusive. Clients that struggled with mental health issues and addiction was excluded since the mental health service does not address the drug issue and vice versa. Client needs and conditions should be the primary focus rather than a way out for the service provider. The report identified several levels of challenges whereby clients were marginalized and excluded because of several multiple conditions. Different service provider needs to a

Området kriminalitet och brott är ett väl diskuterat ämne i dagens samhälle. Då unga begår brott finns idag fler olika insatser inom det sociala arbetet, exempelvis inom öppenvården där unga personer kan få hjälp genom ungdomsbehandling, kontaktperson, familjebehandling, socialsekreterarstöd och Sociala insatsgruppen (SIG). Inom slutenvården kan placeringar på HVB-hem och SIS bli aktuella inom det sociala arbetet. Åström m.fl. (2013) beskriver att det upplevs som svårt för socialsekreterare att hitta rätt och framför allt matchande insatser som står i paritet till ungdomarnas behov. Brottslighet och kriminalitet som socialt problem medför stor orolighet och otrygghet för medborgarna, bidrar till samhällsekonomiska utmaningar och hotar rättssäkerheten i samhället. I den politiska debatten debatteras huruvida exempelvis straffskalorna för kriminella handlingar ska höjas och vilka effekterna det skulle bli av en sådan lagreglering, vilket i sig är en viktig fråga. Dock är detta i ett skede när brottsligheten redan utvecklats hos en individ, en reaktiv handling från samhället, och behandlar inte roten till problemets uppkomst, vilket i stället skulle vara ett proaktivt försök att genom socialt arbete tidigt se och bemöta riskfaktorer för ingången i kriminaliteten. Av dessa anledningar pekar forskningen på ett än större behov kring att de samhälleliga resurserna dels fortsätter utveckla de nuvarande insatserna som finns inom det sociala arbetet, dels att ekonomiska resurser behöver öronmärkas till det förebyggande arbetet i tidigt skede för att samhället inte ska utmanas med att försöka släcka bränder i framtiden. Därav syftar vår studie till att försöka förstå vilka riskfaktorer som är, sett ur tidigare kriminellas egna erfarenheter, bidragande till ingången och engagemanget i en kriminell livsstil. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex tidigare kriminella har studien kartlagt vilka insatser som intervjupersonerna själva anser behövs, i det förebyggande arbetet med

Denna intervjustudie fokuserar på processen av att lämna ett kriminellt liv. Inför riksdagsvalet 2022 var brottslighet den mest omdiskuterade valfrågan, vilket kan bero på den ökning av dödsskjutningar som skett i Sverige de senaste åren. Undersökningen ämnar därför att belysa det som anställda i avhopparverksamheter anser är viktiga faktorer som kan underlätta avhopparprocessen för kriminella individer då detta blivit väldigt aktuellt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad anställda på avhopparverksamheter anser är drivkrafter och motivationer som katalyserar viljan att lämna en kriminell livsstil samt avgörande resurser för att en avhopparprocess ska vara framgångsrik. Detta är en kvalitativ studie och materialinsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda i avhopparverksamheter. Det insamlade materialet organiserades med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus kapitalteori för att ge struktur till resultatet samt bidra till en fördjupad diskussion om hur tillgång till olika resurser kan påverka människors livsstil. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av konventionell innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Resultatet visade att de anställda upplevde att de tre största motivationerna för att lämna ett kriminellt liv är hotbild, relationer (signifikanta andra utanför det kriminella nätverket), samt att man blir utbränd. Resultatet visade även att resurser såsom socialt nätverk, emotionellt stöd, ny miljö och terapi kan vara avgörande för ex-kriminella att bibehålla en laglydig livsstil.

Land deed officers have existed as public servants for less time than the notary institution, which extends back more than three centuries. If we take a look at the Basic Agrarian Law included in Law No. 5/1960, we can see that it does not specify the specific responsibilities of Land Deed Officers while creating land deeds. The objective of this research is to analyze a comprehensive overview of the professional practice of land deed officials, who assume that the obligation to register land is upheld in addition to elevating the status of land from conventional rights, in which evidence of ownership is indicated by Petok D, Girik, or Letter C, as well as legal actions related to the acquisition, transfer, and deletion. The method employed in this research is a normative juridical method, and it includes the using legislation, conceptual, historical, and systems approaches as well as literature or law found in books. When land deed officers are requested to testify in civil proceedings, particularly in criminal cases, the repudiation rights of land deed officers that have been established in this legislation and regulation have various problems in their implementation. However, it should be remembered that repudiation rights are "rights" not obligations. Deed of land deed officers who contain legal defects either due to land deed officers' mistakes, negligence, or due to the intention of the land deed officers themselves, the land deed officers must be able to provide accountability both morally and legally.

The title of this research is: " Deconstruction of the Criminal Offense of Minimal Drug Possession and its Impact on the Principles of Reasonableness and Proportionality, Chimbote 2022". The General Objective is to determine to what extent the penalty for the minimum possession of two or more types of drugs for immediate consumption violates the principles of proportionality and reasonability in the criminal typification of art. 299 of the Penal Code, Chimbote 2022. We used the type of basic exegetical research with a mixed approach. The main methods employed are legal-dogmatic, comparative, analysis-synthesis, historical, and exegetical. The technique used includes a survey of legal practitioners and documentary analysis. The results reflect that more than half of the respondents disagree with maintaining the penalty for those who possess two or more types of drugs for immediate consumption, as this does not strengthen the fight against that crime. The principle of minimum intervention should be applied, as it is neither proportional nor reasonable. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis and confirming the results with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, indicating that the instrument used is reliable., El Titulo de esta investigación es “Deconstrucción del Tipo Penal Posesión Mínima de Droga y la Afectación de los Principios de Razonabilidad y Proporcionalidad, Chimbote 2022”. El Objetivo General es “Determinar en qué medida la sanción por posesión mínima de dos o más tipos de drogas para el inmediato consumo, vulnera los principios de proporcionalidad y razonabilidad en la tipicidad penal del art. 299 del CP, Chimbote 2022, utilizamos el tipo de investigación básica exegética, con un enfoque mixto, los principales métodos son el dogmático jurídico, comparativo, de análisis síntesis, histórico y exegético, le técnica que se utilizó es la encuesta a operadores del derecho y el análisis documental. Los resultados reflejan que más de la mitad de los encuestados, está en desacuerdo que se mantenga la sanción para los que posean dos o más tipos de drogas para su inmediato consumo, ya que eso no fortalece la lucha contra ese delito, debiendo aplicarse el principio de mínima intervención, además que no es proporcional ni razonable, descartándose de esta manera la hipótesis nula, corroborándose los resultados con coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach, lo cual significa que el instrumento es confiable.

The title of this research is: " Deconstruction of the Criminal Offense of Minimal Drug Possession and its Impact on the Principles of Reasonableness and Proportionality, Chimbote 2022". The General Objective is to determine to what extent the penalty for the minimum possession of two or more types of drugs for immediate consumption violates the principles of proportionality and reasonability in the criminal typification of art. 299 of the Penal Code, Chimbote 2022. We used the type of basic exegetical research with a mixed approach. The main methods employed are legal-dogmatic, comparative, analysis-synthesis, historical, and exegetical. The technique used includes a survey of legal practitioners and documentary analysis. The results reflect that more than half of the respondents disagree with maintaining the penalty for those who possess two or more types of drugs for immediate consumption, as this does not strengthen the fight against that crime. The principle of minimum intervention should be applied, as it is neither proportional nor reasonable. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis and confirming the results with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, indicating that the instrument used is reliable., El Titulo de esta investigación es “Deconstrucción del Tipo Penal Posesión Mínima de Droga y la Afectación de los Principios de Razonabilidad y Proporcionalidad, Chimbote 2022”. El Objetivo General es “Determinar en qué medida la sanción por posesión mínima de dos o más tipos de drogas para el inmediato consumo, vulnera los principios de proporcionalidad y razonabilidad en la tipicidad penal del art. 299 del CP, Chimbote 2022, utilizamos el tipo de investigación básica exegética, con un enfoque mixto, los principales métodos son el dogmático jurídico, comparativo, de análisis síntesis, histórico y exegético, le técnica que se utilizó es la encuesta a operadores del derecho y el análisis documental. Los resultados reflejan que más de la mitad de los encuestados, está en desacuerdo que se mantenga la sanción para los que posean dos o más tipos de drogas para su inmediato consumo, ya que eso no fortalece la lucha contra ese delito, debiendo aplicarse el principio de mínima intervención, además que no es proporcional ni razonable, descartándose de esta manera la hipótesis nula, corroborándose los resultados con coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach, lo cual significa que el instrumento es confiable.

Objective: This study delves further into the application of restorative justice to the problems faced by young people in Indonesia who have been exposed to terrorism. Restorative justice is advocated as a feasible approach for addressing this complex issue because of its focus on restoration and readjustment. Methods: This subject is affected by legal norms and philosophy. The constraints of restorative justice and the necessity for stakeholder engagement limit its potential advantages in combating juvenile terrorism. Results: This research shows that restorative justice is part of a broader approach to prevent youth radicalization, including effective education, quick intervention, and support for at-risk families and communities. This research also emphasizes the necessity for legal, educational, family, and community involvement with teen terrorists. Restorative justice programs work best when they are part of a larger plan that identifies at-risk individuals, intervenes on their behalf, and supports their families and communities, according to the research. Conclusion: This research examines restorative justice for Indonesian teenage terrorists. Restorative justice's emphasis on rehabilitation and reintegration makes it useful for rehabilitating teen terrorists. The idea allows victims and community members a say in decisions.

Currently, social networks allow people to learn and interact with others directly and immediately. Through them, personal interrelationships are produced cybernetically, without the need for physical contact, and even, it is not necessary to know each other. This leads to the massive use of social networks and to the fact that several subjects spend a lot of time browsing through electronic devices such as cell phones and computers in their vast majority. When entering social networks, users provide information of a personal nature and are in a state of violation of their image, photographs, information and personal data found in the profiles of the different existing social networks, therefore, it allows others people, who commit crimes through social networks, which, for the most part, go unpunished for not being able to identify the author of a criminal offense. The objective of this project is to determine the need to determine the need to incorporate into the Comprehensive Criminal Organic Code, what refers to the infractions committed through social networks. The methodology that we propose is descriptive with a qualitative approach, which was carried out through a bibliographic review and scientific journals, in order to obtain the information. we accessed several databases, such as: Scielo, Scopus, Google Scholar, Dialnet and Redalyc; With the data obtained, we used an analysis of a socio-legal nature within the Ecuadorian legal system. In conclusion, we establish the need to incorporate into the Ecuadorian legal system, a special regulation that regulates criminal offenses that are committed through social networks, so that they do not go unpunished and the perpetrator of the crime receives a sanction., En la actualidad, las redes sociales permiten a las personas informarse e interactuar con otras de manera directa e inmediata. Mediante aquellas, las interrelaciones personales se producen de forma cibernética, sin la necesidad de existir contacto físico, e inclusive, no hace falta conocerse entre sí. Esto conlleva al uso masivo de las redes sociales y a que varios sujetos, empleen mucho tiempo en la navegación a través de dispositivos electrónicos como celulares y computadores en su gran mayoría. Al ingresar a las redes sociales, los usuarios proporcionan información de índole personal y, se encuentran en estado de vulneración de su imagen, fotografías, información y datos personales que se encuentran en los perfiles de las distintas redes sociales existentes, pues permite a otras personas, que cometan ilícitos a través de las redes sociales que, en su mayoría, quedan en la impunidad por no poder identificar al autor de una infracción penal. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue determinar la necesidad de incorporar al Código Orgánico Integral Penal, lo referente a las infracciones cometidas a través de las redes sociales. La metodología que planteamos es de nivel descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, que se realizó mediante la revisión bibliográfica y revistas científicas, con el fin de obtener la información. Accedimos a varias bases de datos, tales como: Scielo, Scopus, Google Académico, Dialnet y Redalyc; con los datos obtenidos, empleamos un análisis de carácter socio-jurídico dentro del ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano. En conclusión, establecemos la necesidad que se incorpore en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano, una normativa especial que regule las infracciones penales que se cometen a través de las redes sociales, para que éstas no queden en la impunidad y el autor del ilícito reciba una sanción.

Enactment of the Law on Job Creation (Act 11/2020) which brought the impact of changes to the laws it accommodated, one of which was the Law on Environmental Protection and Management (Act 32/2009). There are consequences with the accommodation of Act 32/2009 in Act 11/2020 in the form of changes and abolition of norms regarding sanctions and criminal responsibility for the environment in Act 11/2020. This study aims to provide insight into the potential for new crimes that arise due to changes in criminal sanctions and responsibility for the environment in Act 11/2020. This research is a normative juridical type with a law and conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that changes in the norms of sanctions and criminal responsibility for the environment: the emergence of potential crimes in implementation and the environment in Indonesia, the emergence of potential arbitrariness of state businesses in issuing state administrative decisions because they are related to governance regarding state business governance administrative decisions complex state efforts are abolished, as well as weakening access to justice for people affected by previous environmental problems because the government has difficulty in carrying out responsibilities based on mistakes, which has the convenience of having strict principles of responsibility in environmental crime cases. Given the importance of the environment in daily life, it is essential to anticipate the consequences above so that they do not occur massively. When there is an opportunity to commit a crime, the law must be present to provide protection and justice.

Enactment of the Law on Job Creation (Act 11/2020) which brought the impact of changes to the laws it accommodated, one of which was the Law on Environmental Protection and Management (Act 32/2009). There are consequences with the accommodation of Act 32/2009 in Act 11/2020 in the form of changes and abolition of norms regarding sanctions and criminal responsibility for the environment in Act 11/2020. This study aims to provide insight into the potential for new crimes that arise due to changes in criminal sanctions and responsibility for the environment in Act 11/2020. This research is a normative juridical type with a law and conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that changes in the norms of sanctions and criminal responsibility for the environment: the emergence of potential crimes in implementation and the environment in Indonesia, the emergence of potential arbitrariness of state businesses in issuing state administrative decisions because they are related to governance regarding state business governance administrative decisions complex state efforts are abolished, as well as weakening access to justice for people affected by previous environmental problems because the government has difficulty in carrying out responsibilities based on mistakes, which has the convenience of having strict principles of responsibility in environmental crime cases. Given the importance of the environment in daily life, it is essential to anticipate the consequences above so that they do not occur massively. When there is an opportunity to commit a crime, the law must be present to provide protection and justice.

Background: Children of incarcerated parents run a high risk of poor health and own delinquency and positive parenting is vital for their healthy development. Internationally, parenting interventions for incarcerated parents suggest impacts on parenting and child behaviour outcomes. The intervention For Our Children’s Sake (FOCS), was developed for incarcerated parents in Sweden and evaluated in a controlled trial with a parallel process evaluation during 2019–2021. This study constitutes part of the process evaluation and aims to describe barriers and facilitators for the implementation of FOCS, and how the intervention targets parents’ needs, as perceived by delivering group leaders and responsible correctional inspectors. Methods: In this mixed-methods study, group leaders (n = 23) and correctional inspectors (n = 12) in both intervention and control group of the FOCS trial responded to a quantitative questionnaire regarding factors of importance for intervention implementation. Group leaders (n = 12) and correctional inspectors (n = 6) in the intervention group also participated in qualitative interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and comparison of means. Qualitative data were analysed inductively using qualitative content analysis. Results: A synthesis of the quantitative and qualitative results showed that the topic of parenting and child issues in general was perceived as highly important to work with in prison, and FOCS to be an important programme in specific. At the same time, the implementation of FOCS was perceived as reliant on the individual engagement of group leaders and correctional inspectors and implementation was described as a struggle due to the scarce resources that were allowed for FOCS. Thus, additional resources and support from the Prison and Probation Service’s management were called for to facilitate implementation of FOCS, and to make it an automatic part of prison activities. Conclusion: This study sh

Der Forschungsbericht enthält eine exemplarische Evaluation des Hauses des Jugendrechts Frankfurt am Main-Höchst, das in seiner Anlaufphase bereits Gegenstand eines Vorgängerprojekts in den Jahren 2010 bis 2012 war. Dort arbeiten wie in den meisten "Häusern des Jugendrechts" Jugendstaatsanwaltschaft, Polizei und Jugendgerichtshilfe zusammen, hinzu kommt als lokale Besonderheit die Einbeziehung des von einem freien Träger angebotenen Täter-Opfer-Ausgleichs. Die Förderung von Diversionsmaßnahmen und die Vermeidung von Haft gelten vor Ort als wichtige Ziele. Erstmals untersucht wurde, ob junge Beschuldigte, die im Haus des Jugendrechts Höchst betreut werden, nach Abschluss des Verfahrens weniger oft rückfällig werden als vergleichbare Personen aus anderen Frankfurter Stadtteilen, wo das traditionelle Jugendstrafverfahren praktiziert wurde. Dazu wurden Bundeszentralregisterdaten und die Einträge des bei den Staatsanwaltschaften in Hessen eingeführten Vorgangsverwaltungssystems MESTA untersucht. Die Legalbewährung wurde aufgrund von Auskünften aus dem Bundeszentralregister mit einem Beobachtungszeitraum von mindestens vier Jahren untersucht. Dabei blieben in der Experimentalgruppe (N = 250) aus dem Haus des Jugendrechts 70 % der Jugendlichen und Heranwachsenden ohne Folgeeintragung, während in der Kontrollgruppe (N = 130) die Fälle erneuter Eintragungen mit einem Anteil von insgesamt 59 % deutlich im Vordergrund standen. Allerdings waren die beiden Gruppen wegen deutlich unterschiedlicher Fallstrukturen und Verfahrensweisen der Staatsanwaltschaft nur eingeschränkt vergleichbar. In der ergänzenden Befragung berichteten die vier interviewten Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter des Hauses des Jugendrechts Höchst von einer positiven interdisziplinären Kooperation und zeigten sich vom Konzept des Hauses des Jugendrechts überzeugt. Besonders positiv seien der persönliche Kontakt untereinander und die kurzen Wege.

This article addresses the social reintegration of young people studying in the prison of La Araucanía, Chile. Our objective is to describe the social representation of young people between 19 and 29 years old, who are currently serving a custodial sentence, in their reintegration process after secondary education. We start off with the acknowledgement that both social mobility and educational career are historically marked by the reproduction of sociocultural inequality: Educational structures do not fulfill the mission of providing tools for a persons' life. Our article is based on a unique case study in which a current phenomenon is investigated; in this case, social reintegration within an authentic context - prison. Semi‐structured interviews were applied during our research and participants' narratives were methodologically triangulated. Our article concludes that, given the presence of homogenizing and inefficient study plans, young people demand deep changes that are linked to a social pedagogy, which values their skills and life project through an awareness process. This process would enable them to explore their reality and cultural action in order to become conscious young people and co‐creators of their future once in freedom.

Este ensayo analiza un grupo de textos incautados por las autoridades coloniales de Cuba a hombres negros que se reunían de forma clandestina en La Habana en 1839. Estos documentos muestran la existencia de una esfera comunicacional privada, alternativa a la de los blancos en uno de los momentos más importantes de expansión del capital en la isla. Este artículo muestra como en este momento circulaban de forma oral y escrita, textos literarios y políticos que fueron intervenidos por las autoridades no tanto por las pruebas que podían delatar una sublevación de negros, sino por la capacidad que estos tenían de comunicar símbolos y referencias culturales exógenas a la cultura española. En los documentos que analizamos aquí, estas referencias son de origen africano, árabe y políticas, que competían con el imaginario social institucionalizado del poder. Por eso, además de discutir textos literarios afrodescendientes, incautados en este proceso, el artículo muestra su correspondencia con la literatura producida por dos escritores negros de la época: el poeta esclavo Juan Francisco Manzano y el mulato libre Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, más conocido por el nombre de Plácido. El marco teórico que utiliza está compuesto por las ideas de Bronislaw Baczko en relación con el control del imaginario social, la tesis de Jacques Derrida sobre el “mal de archivo” y el concepto de esfera pública desarrollado por Jürgen Habermas.

Currently, social networks allow people to learn and interact with others directly and immediately. Through them, personal interrelationships are produced cybernetically, without the need for physical contact, and even, it is not necessary to know each other. This leads to the massive use of social networks and to the fact that several subjects spend a lot of time browsing through electronic devices such as cell phones and computers in their vast majority. When entering social networks, users provide information of a personal nature and are in a state of violation of their image, photographs, information and personal data found in the profiles of the different existing social networks, therefore, it allows others people, who commit crimes through social networks, which, for the most part, go unpunished for not being able to identify the author of a criminal offense. The objective of this project is to determine the need to determine the need to incorporate into the Comprehensive Criminal Organic Code, what refers to the infractions committed through social networks. The methodology that we propose is descriptive with a qualitative approach, which was carried out through a bibliographic review and scientific journals, in order to obtain the information. we accessed several databases, such as: Scielo, Scopus, Google Scholar, Dialnet and Redalyc; With the data obtained, we used an analysis of a socio-legal nature within the Ecuadorian legal system. In conclusion, we establish the need to incorporate into the Ecuadorian legal system, a special regulation that regulates criminal offenses that are committed through social networks, so that they do not go unpunished and the perpetrator of the crime receives a sanction., En la actualidad, las redes sociales permiten a las personas informarse e interactuar con otras de manera directa e inmediata. Mediante aquellas, las interrelaciones personales se producen de forma cibernética, sin la necesidad de existir contacto físico, e inclusive, no hace falta conocerse entre sí. Esto conlleva al uso masivo de las redes sociales y a que varios sujetos, empleen mucho tiempo en la navegación a través de dispositivos electrónicos como celulares y computadores en su gran mayoría. Al ingresar a las redes sociales, los usuarios proporcionan información de índole personal y, se encuentran en estado de vulneración de su imagen, fotografías, información y datos personales que se encuentran en los perfiles de las distintas redes sociales existentes, pues permite a otras personas, que cometan ilícitos a través de las redes sociales que, en su mayoría, quedan en la impunidad por no poder identificar al autor de una infracción penal. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue determinar la necesidad de incorporar al Código Orgánico Integral Penal, lo referente a las infracciones cometidas a través de las redes sociales. La metodología que planteamos es de nivel descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, que se realizó mediante la revisión bibliográfica y revistas científicas, con el fin de obtener la información. Accedimos a varias bases de datos, tales como: Scielo, Scopus, Google Académico, Dialnet y Redalyc; con los datos obtenidos, empleamos un análisis de carácter socio-jurídico dentro del ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano. En conclusión, establecemos la necesidad que se incorpore en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano, una normativa especial que regule las infracciones penales que se cometen a través de las redes sociales, para que éstas no queden en la impunidad y el autor del ilícito reciba una sanción.

This article discusses the film adaptation of the novel 59 Degrees and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango by Álex de la Iglesia, contextualizing Barry Gifford's literature, his cinematographic imaginary, his relationship with industry, and with other directors. We consider the references on which the book's plot and the adaptation are based, as well as we also consider links, influences and omissions on which the film is founded. The article concludes with the postmodernist correlation of both stories, in which the quotation is articulated as a rememoration of the cinematographic image in the social imaginary., Este artículo analiza la adaptación cinematográfica de la novela 59 Degrees and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango de Álex la Iglesia, contextualizando la literatura de Barry Gifford, su imaginario cinematográfico, su relación con la industria y con otros directores. Se consideran los referentes sobre los que se sistematiza el argumento del libro y su adaptación, así como los nexos, influencias y omisiones en los que se fundamenta el trasvase. El trabajo concluye con la correlación postmodernista de ambos relatos, en los que se articula la cita como una rememoración de la imagen cinematográfica en el imaginario colectivo.

This article discusses the film adaptation of the novel 59 Degrees and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango by Álex de la Iglesia, contextualizing Barry Gifford's literature, his cinematographic imaginary, his relationship with industry, and with other directors. We consider the references on which the book's plot and the adaptation are based, as well as we also consider links, influences and omissions on which the film is founded. The article concludes with the postmodernist correlation of both stories, in which the quotation is articulated as a rememoration of the cinematographic image in the social imaginary., Este artículo analiza la adaptación cinematográfica de la novela 59 Degrees and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango de Álex la Iglesia, contextualizando la literatura de Barry Gifford, su imaginario cinematográfico, su relación con la industria y con otros directores. Se consideran los referentes sobre los que se sistematiza el argumento del libro y su adaptación, así como los nexos, influencias y omisiones en los que se fundamenta el trasvase. El trabajo concluye con la correlación postmodernista de ambos relatos, en los que se articula la cita como una rememoración de la imagen cinematográfica en el imaginario colectivo.

In this article, the relationship between law and the media will be exposed, from the pragmatic exercise, on the scenarios in which they are presented, such as television, radio and press in relation to judicial procedures. At the same time, an analysis is carried out on the media and their role in judicial processes, evidencing how society would be influenced through media manipulation, determining a social position regarding different criminal cases with a subjective burden; ignoring the procedures and legal analysis, without denoting the legal impartiality that is required by the issuers and thus, excluding the legal field of the same. This analysis is carried out from the hermeneutic method, ethnographic method, bibliographic collection and interpretation of statistical data from secondary sources, evidencing the effect of media manipulation in judicial cases of public interest., En este artículo se expone la relación entre el derecho y los medios de comunicación, desde el ejercicio pragmático, sobre los escenarios en que se presentan, como la televisión, la radio y la prensa, en relación con los procedimientos judiciales. Se analiza el papel de los medios de comunicación en los procesos judiciales, evidenciando la influencia en la sociedad mediante la manipulación mediática, lo cual determina la posición social respecto de diversos casos penales con una carga subjetiva que desconoce los procedimientos y análisis jurídicos, sin denotar la imparcialidad legal que se requiere por parte de los emisores para excluir el campo jurídico que lo afecta. Este análisis se realiza desde el método hermenéutico, método etnográfico, recolección bibliográfica e interpretación de datos estadísticos de fuentes secundarias.

The importance of this project is to analyze how the philosophy of morality affects every moment of the cases of murder of children because its importance starts from the thought of the murderer, then it was analyzed from the perspective and opinion of people who know this kind of issues and the comments they have about the criminal, all from a moral vision. And finally, how all these events affect the decision making of judges to issue a sentence; the objectives to be achieved are to understand and try to give an answer to why people commit these actions, what motivates them to do it, and what motivates them to do it. The methodology used was quantitative, and in reference to the descriptive, deductive, inductive, analytical and simple methods, and the technique used was the survey., La importancia de este proyecto es analizar como la filosofía de la moral afecta en cada momento de los casos de asesinato a los niños debido a que su importancia empieza desde el pensamiento del asesino, luego se analizó desde la perspectiva y la opinión de las personas que conocen este tipo de asuntos y los comentarios que tiene al respecto del criminal, todo desde una visión moral. Y por último como todo estos sucesos afectan a la toma de decisión de los jueces para dictar una sentencia; los objetivos a alcanzar es entender e intentar dar una respuesta a ¿porque las personas comenten estas acciones?, ¿que los motiva a realizarlo?. La metodología empleada fue cuantitativa, y en referente a los métodos descriptivo, deductivo inductivo, analítico, simple, y la técnica que se utilizo fue la encuesta.

La presente investigación tiene por principal objeto el establecimiento de una relación directa entre el auge de las series televisivas criminales y el deterioro del género cinematográfico slasher, a partir del hallazgo de usos particulares de este último en las narrativas contemporáneas del serial killer. Se tendrá como principal caso de estudio la serie Dexter de James Manos Jr. (2006-2013).

This study aims to investigate the position of the DGT’s Civil Servant Investigator in relation to their duty to enforce taxation criminal. The law enforcement of taxation criminal in Indonesia is involving several institution like Civil Servant Investigator (Directorate General of Taxes Institution), Police Investigator (Indonesian Police Institution), and Attorney Investigator (Attorney Institution). This involving, which lately leads to the position and authority problem of each institution. This study will be focused on the position of civil servant investigator of Directorate General of Tax and its relation with other party like Supervisory Coordinator which occupied by police investigator, and also other investigator from another institution. The method which is used in this study is normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive specification. Based on that method, then the researcher will compare between the position of DGT’s Civil Servant Investigator ‘in legislation’ and ‘in its practice’ through library study and field research. The researcher carry out this research based on the researcher’s consideration about the importance of state income from the taxation sector, so that the unlawful act that detrimental from the taxpayer and any related party of it can be eradicated immediately. The results shows that the position of the DGT Civil Servant Investigator in the framework of eradicating taxation criminal was emphasized as the primary investigator. This position is based on Law No. 16 of 2009 as lex specialis derogat legi generalis against Law No. 8 of 1981. Based on this position, there some friction that occurs between the DGT Civil Servant Investigator and other officer from another institution. For example, the DGT Civil Servant Investigator of the West Sumatra-Jambi Regional Office, which was designated as a suspect by the Police investigator, and the Mobile 8 tax restitution was handled by the Attorney Investigator. One of the factors tha, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam kerangka pemberantasan tindak pidana perpajakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam kerangka pemberantasan tindak pidana perpajakan ditekankan sebagai penyidik utama. Kedudukan tersebut sebagaimana berdasarkan UU No. 16 Tahun 2009 sebagai lex specialis derogat legi generalis terhadap UU No. 8 Tahun 1981. Adapun beberapa pergesekan antara PPNS DJP dengan instansi lainnya dapat dilihat dalam beberapa kasus. Misalnya kasus PPNS DJP Kanwil Sumbar-Jambi yang ditetapkan sebagai tersangka oleh Polri, serta kasus restitusi pajak Mobile 8 yang ditangani oleh Penyidik Kejaksaan. Salah satu faktor penyebab gesekan tersebut adalah perbedaan budaya organisasi masing-masing instansi terkait. Oleh karena itu, disarankan agar setiap institusi harus memahami dengan seksama apa fungsi utamanya dalam menangani tindak pidana perpajakan sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman dan potensi overlapping antar institusi yang dapat mengganggu proses penegakan hukum. Perbedaan budaya antar institusi yang menghasilkan egosentrisme harus dikesampingkan. Salah satu solusi terkait egosentrisme adalah setiap instansi terkait membuat kerjasama dengan melalui MoU sehingga setiap institusi terkait dapat saling memahami budaya antar organisasi.

La presente investigación tiene por principal objeto el establecimiento de una relación directa entre el auge de las series televisivas criminales y el deterioro del género cinematográfico slasher, a partir del hallazgo de usos particulares de este último en las narrativas contemporáneas del serial killer. Se tendrá como principal caso de estudio la serie Dexter de James Manos Jr. (2006-2013).

Solomon Islands’ law and justice sector has received substantial donor support in the two decades since the end of the civil unrest known as the Tensions. Building capacity and coordination across key agencies was an integral part of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). International development partners acknowledge the importance of access to justice for successful peacebuilding. The Australian government views its commitment to the Solomon Islands justice sector as a ‘30-year plus engagement’. Since RAMSI’s departure in June 2017, there has been considerable interest in evaluating progress and addressing ongoing challenges in this area. This is the first in a series of three In Briefs drawing on findings from the Solomon Islands Access to Justice Survey commissioned by the Solomon Islands government and supported by the Australian government and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2019a). The findings presented in this series are from the national survey reported in the Survey Summary Report (UNDP 2019b). The survey was designed around closed-response questions with preset response options — including a free-text response — that were developed, tested and validated in Solomon Islands prior to their application. Interested readers should consult the main study reports. This In Brief examines the types of disputes commonly reported, who experienced them and their impacts. The following In Briefs in this series examine perceptions of access to justice and pathways to dispute resolution.

This is the second part in a series of three In Briefs highlighting findings from the Solomon Islands Access to Justice Survey commissioned by the Solomon Islands government and supported by the Australian government and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2019a). The findings are drawn from the Survey Summary Report (UNDP 2019b). The survey assessed justice needs and barriers to effective dispute resolution, particularly among groups recognised as having unmet justice needs, including women and people with disabilities. This In Brief highlights key survey findings concerning perceptions of access to justice. Interested readers should consult the main study reports.

This is the final in a series of three In Briefs highlighting key findings from the Solomon Islands Access to Justice Survey commissioned by the Solomon Islands government and supported by the Australian government and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2019a). The findings presented are drawn from the Survey Summary Report (UNDP 2019b). The survey assessed justice needs and barriers to effective dispute resolution in Solomon Islands, particularly for groups with recognised unmet needs, in the period following the withdrawal of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). This In Brief summarises the survey findings relating to pathways to dispute resolution. Interested readers should consult the main study reports.

This study aims to investigate the position of the DGT’s Civil Servant Investigator in relation to their duty to enforce taxation criminal. The law enforcement of taxation criminal in Indonesia is involving several institution like Civil Servant Investigator (Directorate General of Taxes Institution), Police Investigator (Indonesian Police Institution), and Attorney Investigator (Attorney Institution). This involving, which lately leads to the position and authority problem of each institution. This study will be focused on the position of civil servant investigator of Directorate General of Tax and its relation with other party like Supervisory Coordinator which occupied by police investigator, and also other investigator from another institution. The method which is used in this study is normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive specification. Based on that method, then the researcher will compare between the position of DGT’s Civil Servant Investigator ‘in legislation’ and ‘in its practice’ through library study and field research. The researcher carry out this research based on the researcher’s consideration about the importance of state income from the taxation sector, so that the unlawful act that detrimental from the taxpayer and any related party of it can be eradicated immediately. The results shows that the position of the DGT Civil Servant Investigator in the framework of eradicating taxation criminal was emphasized as the primary investigator. This position is based on Law No. 16 of 2009 as lex specialis derogat legi generalis against Law No. 8 of 1981. Based on this position, there some friction that occurs between the DGT Civil Servant Investigator and other officer from another institution. For example, the DGT Civil Servant Investigator of the West Sumatra-Jambi Regional Office, which was designated as a suspect by the Police investigator, and the Mobile 8 tax restitution was handled by the Attorney Investigator. One of the factors tha, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam kerangka pemberantasan tindak pidana perpajakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam kerangka pemberantasan tindak pidana perpajakan ditekankan sebagai penyidik utama. Kedudukan tersebut sebagaimana berdasarkan UU No. 16 Tahun 2009 sebagai lex specialis derogat legi generalis terhadap UU No. 8 Tahun 1981. Adapun beberapa pergesekan antara PPNS DJP dengan instansi lainnya dapat dilihat dalam beberapa kasus. Misalnya kasus PPNS DJP Kanwil Sumbar-Jambi yang ditetapkan sebagai tersangka oleh Polri, serta kasus restitusi pajak Mobile 8 yang ditangani oleh Penyidik Kejaksaan. Salah satu faktor penyebab gesekan tersebut adalah perbedaan budaya organisasi masing-masing instansi terkait. Oleh karena itu, disarankan agar setiap institusi harus memahami dengan seksama apa fungsi utamanya dalam menangani tindak pidana perpajakan sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman dan potensi overlapping antar institusi yang dapat mengganggu proses penegakan hukum. Perbedaan budaya antar institusi yang menghasilkan egosentrisme harus dikesampingkan. Salah satu solusi terkait egosentrisme adalah setiap instansi terkait membuat kerjasama dengan melalui MoU sehingga setiap institusi terkait dapat saling memahami budaya antar organisasi.

Settlement of crimes by the criminal justice subsystem as a whole often does not run optimally. The position of the subsystems that are under the executive branch is sometimes used as a tool by the authorities to achieve their political goals regardless of the prevailing legal principles. This study aims to provide an overview of the position and function of criminal justice subsystems and focuses on finding the ideal system concept so that the implementation of an independent criminal justice system can be optimally realized by implementing a systems approach and restructuring the legal system. This study uses a normative juridical research method with a statute approach which is studied using a descriptive analysis. Based on the research results, the components of the criminal justice subsystem seem separate from one another, giving rise to sectoral egos and not yet showing the independence of each criminal justice subsystem. On that basis, to create an integrated, free and independent criminal justice system without any influence from power, it must provide a clear space for judicial independence (judicial power), thus placing the Supreme Court as the supervisor and controller of the entire criminal law enforcement process. The criminal justice subsystems must be under one door, not fragmented in other state institutions so that it is hoped that these subsystems can work optimally and be free from the influence of power.

Hate Speech and violent language detection with Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools are up-to-theminute. If such technology could be applied to criminal jargon, it would give law enforcement agencies new resources to speed up investigations and evidence gathering against organised crime. This paper foresees the innovative approach of using computational tools and Machine Learning (ML) to detect Mafia language in electronic surveillance transcriptions used in Italian courts as evidence. Starting from a null hypothesis, this research will try to demonstrate the alternative hypothesis, that the variable Mafia and no-Mafia language can be differentiated. The first part of the investigation will determine the extent to which NLP tools detect Mafia language features, contrasting them with no-Mafia criminal jargon. The second part will describe an experiment to demonstrate how ML tools can recognise the Mafia variable for investigative purposes. In the conclusions, the effectiveness of the proposal as a pioneering method to fight the Mafia using its language will be discussed, defending the work of linguists and leaving the door open to new perspectives.