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To investigate superiority of a telerehabilitation programme for COVID-19 (TERECO) over no rehabilitation with regard to exercise capacity, lower limb muscle strength (LMS), pulmonary function, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and dyspnoea.Parallel-group randomised controlled trial with 1:1 block randomisation.Three major hospitals from Jiangsu and Hubei provinces, China.120 formerly hospitalised COVID-19 survivors with remaining dyspnoea complaints were randomised with 61 allocated to control and 59 to TERECO.Unsupervised home-based 6-week exercise programme comprising breathing control and thoracic expansion, aerobic exercise and LMS exercise, delivered via smartphone, and remotely monitored with heart rate telemetry.Primary outcome was 6 min walking distance (6MWD) in metres. Secondary outcomes were squat time in seconds; pulmonary function assessed by spirometry; HRQOL measured with Short Form Health Survey-12 (SF-12) and mMRC-dyspnoea. Outcomes were assessed at 6 weeks (post-treatment) and 28 weeks (follow-up).Adjusted between-group difference in change in 6MWD was 65.45 m (95% CI 43.8 to 87.1; p0.001) at post-treatment and 68.62 m (95% CI 46.39 to 90.85; p0.001) at follow-up. Treatment effects for LMS were 20.12 s (95% CI 12.34 to 27.9; p0.001) post-treatment and 22.23 s (95% CI 14.24 to 30.21; p0.001) at follow-up. No group differences were found for lung function except post-treatment maximum voluntary ventilation. Increase in SF-12 physical component was greater in the TERECO group with treatment effects estimated as 3.79 (95% CI 1.24 to 6.35; p=0.004) at post-treatment and 2.69 (95% CI 0.06 to 5.32; p=0.045) at follow-up.This trial demonstrated superiority of TERECO over no rehabilitation for 6MWD, LMS, and physical HRQOL.ChiCTR2000031834.

In the present era of evidence-based medicine (EBM), integrating best research evidence into the clinical practice necessitates developing skills to critically evaluate and analyze the scientific literature. Critical appraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results, and relevance to inform clinical decision-making. All components of a clinical research article need to be appraised as per the study design and conduct. As research bias can be introduced at every step in the flow of a study leading to erroneous conclusions, it is essential that suitable measures are adopted to mitigate bias. Several tools have been developed for the critical appraisal of scientific literature, including grading of evidence to help clinicians in the pursuit of EBM in a systematic manner. In this review, we discuss the broad framework for the critical appraisal of a clinical research paper, along with some of the relevant guidelines and recommendations.

Background A portfolio of supporting information (SI) reflecting a doctor’s entire medical practice is now a central aspect of UK appraisal for revalidation. Medical revalidation, introduced in 2012, is an assessment of a doctor’s competence and passing results in a five yearly license to practice medicine. It assesses of a doctor’s professional development, workplace performance and reflection and aims to provide assurance that doctors are up-to-date and fit to practice. The dominant assessment mechanism is a portfolio. The content of the revalidation portfolio has been increasingly prescribed and the assessment of the SI is a fundamental aspect of the appraisal process which ultimately allows Responsible Officers (ROs) to make recommendations on revalidation. ROs, themselves doctors, were the first to undergo UK revalidation. This qualitative study explored the perceptions of ROs and their appraisers about the use of this portfolio of evidence in a summative revalidation appraisal. Methods 28 purposefully sampled London ROs were interviewed following their revalidation appraisal and 17 of their appraisers participated in focus groups and interviews. Thematic analysis was used to identify commonalities and differences of experience. Results SI was mostly easy to provide but there were challenges in gathering certain aspects. ROs did not understand in what quantities they should supply SI or what it should look like. Appraisers were concerned about making robust judgements based on the evidence supplied. A lack of reflection from the process of collating SI and preparing for appraisal was noted and learning came more from the appraisal interview itself. Conclusions More explicit guidance must be available to both appraisee and appraiser about what SI is required, how much, how it should be used and, how it will be assessed. The role of SI in professional learning and revalidation must be clarified and further empirical research is required to examine how best to use this evidence to make judgments as part of this type of appraisal.

Our paper contends that interpreters and translators cannot be regarded as mere conduits of non-contextualized meanings, but rather that they perform ‘readings’ of texts against situational and cultural contexts. Such performers are also liable to be constrained by their position as perhaps unconscious agents of their employers or ‘patrons’, whose influence is exerted on the ways in which the interpreters produce their readings. Using an analysis of two live televised presidential interviews and speeches with real-time translation for an Iranian audience, we suggest that extra-linguistic factors such as the ideological stance of the ‘patron’, led to attitudinal shifts during interpretation tasks in the Iranian political context of the time. These shifts were traced using the Appraisal framework (Martin and White 2005), where literal (English) translations of both the source texts and the interpreted texts by one of the authors allowed us to compare the evaluative resources used in each. The results of analysis demonstrate an interdependency between what is being said in the original language and the degree of the interpreters’ mediation in the communicative process. We present evidence of the interpreters’ inclination to mediate in the communicative process, apparently to ensure preserving the patrons’ stance in the political and ideological context in which they operate.

Background Exposure to health claims, particularly in the media and social media, is pervasive, and the information conveyed is often inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. Some young people of high school ages are already making decisions about using readily available health interventions (such as sports drinks and beauty products).Although previous research has assessed adults’ understanding of health claims, no research has examined this issue in young adults who are attending high school. Objective To explore high school students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, concepts relevant to assessing health information and claims. Design A qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 27 Australian high school students. Responses were recorded, transcribed and a thematic analysis performed. Three themes emerged as follows: (i) Variability in sources of health information and claims, and general understanding of their creation and accuracy of content, (ii) The use of substitute indicators to assess health information and claims and make judgements about their trustworthiness, (iii) Uncertainty about, and literal interpretation of, the language of health claims. Despite general scepticism of health claims and admitted uncertainty of research terminology, many students were generally convinced. Students had poor understanding about how health claims are generated and tended to rely on substitute indicators, such as endorsements, when evaluating the believability of claims. Conclusion School students’ lack of awareness of basic health research processes and methods of assessing the accuracy of health information and claims makes them vulnerable to distorted and misleading health information. This restricts their ability to make informed health decisions – a skill that increases in importance as they become adults.

The central concern of this paper is the exploration of the way that some instances of negation can be employed by a writer or speaker to imply evaluative stance, especially on the part of the addressee(s), without the use of any explicitly attitudinal lexis. Under the analytical approach which informs this paper, that of the Appraisal framework (Martin & White 2005, White 1997, 2007), negation or “disclaim: deny” is treated as a sub-type of Engagement, a set of the resources by which the speaker/writer engages dialogically with prior or potential respondents to the current utterance. This paper proposes that the use of ‘negative operators’ may imply or 'project' an attitude on the part of interlocutors or third parties, with little, or no explicitly attitudinal lexis in the co-text. Instead, attitude may be implied (or invoked) on the part of the audience, by means of an array of intra and inter-textual signals, sometimes teamed with culturally shared assumptions. The paper identifies three broad functional sub-categories of disclaim: deny based on a combined corpus and attitude analysis of a small set (55,000 running words) of written interactive texts.

This study examined the effects of appraisal of sexual stimuli on sexual arousal in women with superficial dyspareunia (n = 50) and sexually functional women (n = 25). To elicit different appraisals of an erotic film fragment, participants received an instruction prior to viewing it, with a focus on genital pain or on sexual enjoyment. A neutral instruction served as a control condition. Assignment to instruction condition was randomized. Genital arousal (vaginal pulse amplitude) and self-report ratings of affect and genital sensations were obtained in response to the erotic stimulus. As predicted, appraisal of the erotic stimulus affected genital responding, albeit marginally significant. Follow-up tests indicated that women who received the genital pain instruction responded with marginally significant lower genital arousal levels than women who received the sexual enjoyment instruction (d = 0.67). A significant instruction effect for negative affect was found, signifying that negative affect ratings were highest after the genital pain instruction and lowest after the sexual enjoyment instruction (d = 0.80). A marginally significant group by instruction interaction effect was observed for positive affect, indicating that women with dyspareunia reported significantly less positive affect than controls after the sexual enjoyment instruction (d = 1.48). Whereas women with dyspareunia reported overall marginally significant more negative affect than controls (d = 0.48), there were no differences in genital responsiveness between groups. These results provided preliminary evidence for the modulatory effects of appraisal of sexual stimuli on subsequent genital responding and affect in women with and without sexual complaints.

Background:Sociodemographic inequalities in the stage of diagnosis and cancer survival may be partly due to differences in the appraisal interval (time from noticing a bodily change to perceiving a reason to discuss symptoms with a health-care professional). A number of symptom appraisal models have been developed describing the psychological factors that underlie how people make sense of symptoms, although none explicitly focus on sociodemographic characteristics.Methods:We therefore conducted a conceptual review synthesising all symptom appraisal models, and focus on potential links with sociodemographics that could be the focus of future research.Results:Common psychological elements across nine symptom appraisal models included knowledge, attention, expectation and identity, all of which could be sensitive to sociodemographic factors. For example, lower socioeconomic status (SES), male sex and older age are associated with lower health literacy generally and lower cancer symptom knowledge. Limited attentional resources, lower expectations about health and lack of social support also hamper symptom interpretation, and would be likely to be more prevalent in those from lower SES backgrounds. Symptom heuristics (‘rules of thumb’) may lead to symptoms being normalised because they are common within the social network, potentially disadvantaging older populations.Conclusions:A better understanding of the processes through which people interpret their symptoms, and the way these processes differ by sociodemographic factors, could help guide the development of interventions with the aim of reducing inequalities in cancer outcomes.British Journal of Cancer advance online publication, 3 March 2015; doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.39 www.bjcancer.com.

The present work aims to investigate the relation between appraisals, emotions, and emotion regulation strategies by creating a structural equation model which integrates these three aspects of the emotion process. To reach this aim, Italian students (N = 610) confronted with their high school diploma examination completed a questionnaire 3 weeks before the beginning of the exam. Results showed that they experienced primarily three types of emotions—anxiety/fear, frustration/powerlessness, positive emotions—which were related to specific appraisal profiles. Importantly, these appraisal profiles and emotions were associated with the use of different strategies for regulating emotions: anxiety/fear was associated with focusing on the exam, drug use, and an inability to distance oneself from the exam; frustration/powerlessness, with use of suppression, distancing, and drugs; positive emotion, with reappraisal and problem focused strategies. The effectiveness of these different strategies will be discussed.

This paper examines existing digital library practices at Virginia Tech University Libraries, and explores changes in documentation and practice that will foster a more environmentally sustainable collections platform. Published version Yes, full paper (Peer reviewed?)

PurposeOrganizational change is usually stressful and destabilizing for employees, for whom coping with the induced stress is primordial to commit to the change. This paper aims to unravel how and when change recipients can enact different coping strategies and, ultimately, manifest different forms of commitment to change.Design/methodology/approachWe propose a theoretical model that identifies challenge appraisal and hindrance appraisal as two primary appraisals of organizational change that fuel, respectively, proactive and preventive coping strategies and, indirectly, affective and normative forms of commitment to change. Moreover, this framework suggests that coping strategies and commitment are influenced by the secondary appraisal of two vital resources – resilience and POS – allowing individuals to react effectively to primary change-related appraisals. Finally, the relationship between coping strategies and the components of commitment to change is proposed to be moderated by employees' regulatory focus.FindingsUsing appraisal theory and conservation of resources theory as guiding frameworks, our integrated model describes the antecedents, processes and boundary conditions associated with coping with the stress of organizational change and how they ultimately influence commitment to it.Originality/valueThis is the first theoretical paper to identify a conditional dual path to disclose the different reactions that change recipients can manifest in response to the stressful aspects of organizational change.

Second-generation (2G) biofuels are promoted worldwide as remedy to sustainable-energy challenges in the transport sector and as response to the criticism of first-generation biofuels. By utilizing agriculture and forest residues, 2G biofuels claim to support agricultural livelihoods and boost rural economies. Quantitative estimates exist of the availability of "waste" or "unused" or "surplus" biomass that could be fed into producing bioenergy. Most of current discourse on 2G bioethanol is about developing efficient technologies and supportive policies for biomass utilization and energy distribution, while availability and supply of that biomass are often taken for granted. This paper challenges these presumptions of biomass availability and technological feasibility. Following a social-constructivist analysis of technology and focusing on how political actors, scientists, industry, green-revolution and organic farmers envision biomass, this paper argues that the innovation for 2G is hybrid and complex, rather than merely logistical and economic. Biomass as feedstock is not an off-the-shelf commodity, but a dynamic and fluid entity, the availability of which is dependent on a number of cultural, social, technological and economic factors. Policies are needed that recognize the multiplicity of agricultural practices if a sustainable biofuel system is to be developed.

Resumen Esta investigación propone la adopción de un enfoque argumentativo para la exploración de las funciones retóricas de los sistemas de actitud en el discurso académico. Dicho enfoque constituye un cruce metodológico entre el Modelo de la Valoración y el modelo argumentativo de Toulmin. A través del análisis valorativo-argumentativo de 20 introducciones de tesis de maestría, este estudio demuestra que el análisis de la valoración a partir de esquemas argumentativos permite una descripción más delicada del funcionamiento de la actitud que análisis centrados en la estructura global del texto. La identificación de las relaciones retóricas sostenidas entre las realizaciones de actitud y de los patrones argumentativos en los que tienen lugar constituye una aportación que podría ampliar la comprensión actual de la influencia retórica del lenguaje valorativo en el discurso, resultando asimismo en un mayor potencial de aplicación de este tipo de conocimiento a diversos procesos académicos y sociales del lenguaje en español y otras lenguas. Abstract In this paper I propose an argumentative approach for analyzing the rhetorical functions of the systems of attitude in academic discourse. Such an approach consists of a methodological crossing between the Appraisal model and Toulmin’s Argumentation Model. Through the evaluative-argumentative analysis of 20 MA thesis introductions, this paper demonstrates the analysis of appraisal resources within the framework of argumentative schemes allows for a more delicate description of the workings of resources of attitude than those developed on the basis of the global structure of texts. The identification of both the rhetorical relations held among realizations of attitude and the argumentative patterns in which they take place constitutes a methodological innovation that could help improve our current understanding of the rhetorical influence of evaluative language in discourse. This might in turn increase the potential of this kind of knowledge to be applied to various academic and social linguistic processes in Spanish and other languages. Résumé Cette recherche empirique propose une approche argumentative pour l’exploration des fonctions rhétoriques des systèmes d’attitude dans le discours académique. Une telle approche consiste à croiser méthodologiquement le Model de l’Évaluation et le Model Argumentatif de Toulmin. Après l’analyse évaluatif-argumentatif de 20 introductions de thèses de master, les résultats de l’étude ont démontré que l’analyse de l’évaluation basée sur des schèmes argumentatifs permet une description plus délicate du fonctionnement des ressources d’attitude que ceux produites à partir de la structure globale du texte. L’identification des relations rhétoriques entre les réalisations d’attitude, ainsi que les patrons argumentatifs dans lesquels ils se déroulent, constitue une contribution innovative qui pourrait élargir la compréhension actuelle de l’influence rhétorique du langage évaluative dans le discours. Cela pourrait aussi augmenter le potentiel d’application de ce type de connaissance sur nombreux processus académiques et sociales du langage en espagnol et des autres langues.

In this paper I propose an argumentative approach for analyzing the rhetorical functions of the systems of ATTITUDEin academic discourse. Such an approach consists of a methodological crossing between the Appraisalmodeland Toulmin’s ArgumentationModel. Through the evaluative-argumentative analysis of 20 MA thesis introductions, this paper demonstrates the analysis of appraisal resources within the framework of argumentative schemes allows for a more delicate description of the workings of resourcesof attitude than those developed on the basis of the global structure of texts. The identification of both the rhetorical relations held among realizations of ATTITUDEand the argumentative patterns in which they take place constitutes a methodological innovation that could help improve our current understanding of the rhetorical influence of evaluative language in discourse.This might in turn increase the potential of this kind of knowledge to be applied to various academicand social linguistic processesin Spanish and other languages.

Performance measurements have been described as a tool by which management can communicate expected standards of behavior as well as a shared meaning among members regarding the intended direction of the firm. In parallel, the organizational identity field relies on the premise that members can answer the question “who are we as an organization?” through a sense of shared understanding. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the implications a performance measurement system has on the employees’ perception of “who we are“, related to the theoretical framework of organizational identity. This paper utilizes a qualitative research method, a case-based approach of a Swedish life science company which is conducted in an exploratory manner. The case company is chosen due to its contextual setting regarding the newly implemented performance measurement system, along with the inherent characteristics of the industry in general, which is typically considered to be incongruent with such quantitative measurements. The empirical data is collected through eight interviews with members from the chosen case company, as well as through internal documents describing its performance measurement system. The authors propose a revised theoretical framework in which performance measurements and organizational identity are investigated through a conceptual model which explores their dynamic relationship. The findings reinforce well-known ideas of performance measurements and organizational identity, along with providing new insights on the dynamics between them. Keywords: Organizational Identity, Performance Measurement System, Performance Management, Identity-Dynamics

eHealth is an opportunity cost, competing for limited available funds with other health priorities such as clinics, vaccinations, medicines and even salaries. As such, it should be appraised for probable impact prior to allocation of funds. This is especially pertinent as recognition grows for the role of eHealth in attaining Universal Health Coverage. Despite optimism about eHealth’s potential role, in Africa there remain insufficient data and skills for adequate economic appraisals to select optimal investments from numerous competing initiatives. The aim of this review is to identify eHealth investment appraisal approaches and tools that have been used in African countries, describe their characteristics and make recommendations regarding African eHealth investment appraisal in the face of limited data and expertise. Methods: Literature on eHealth investment appraisals conducted in African countries and published between January 1, 2010 and June 30, 2020 was reviewed. Selected papers’ investment appraisal characteristics were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for economic evaluations and a newly developed Five-Case Model for Digital Health (FCM-DH) checklist for investment appraisal. 5 papers met inclusion criteria. Their assessments revealed important appraisal gaps. In particular, none of the papers addressed risk exposure, affordability, adjustment for optimism bias, clear delivery milestones, practical plans for implementation, change management or procurement, and only 1 paper described plans for building partnerships. Discussion: Using this insight, an extended 5-Case Model is proposed as the foundation of an African eHealth investment appraisal framework. This, combined with building local eHealth appraisal capabilities, may promote optimal eHealth investment decisions, strengthen implementations and improve the number and quality of related publications.

According to recent estimates (Reuters), the cost of implementing the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030 will be USD 176 trillion. This amount seems unattainable, even when considering the public resources currently available to governments that are part of the United Nations. It is undoubtedly necessary to involve the private financial sector, within the so-called finance for sustainable development. To achieve the SDGs, it may be also necessary to schedule local-level initiatives and actions that consider the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, which can be used to source forms of private finance for sustainable development and contribute to the implementation of the SDGs. Based on these observations, this article deals with the study of clearly defined parameters: (1) the factors that should be considered when assessing the sustainability of a (local) real-estate project and, in particular, of a housing project, in order for the project to be considered sustainable and participate, albeit pro rata, in achieving one (or more) of the eleven SDG sub-goals; and (2) funding opportunities in the world of sustainable-development finance. The specific goal of the research contribution presented in this paper was to use the Delphi method to define a set of local-level evaluation criteria and indicators for real-estate projects, specifically housing projects, with an ESG matrix and in line with some of the SDG 11 targets, considering the Florence Metropolitan Area as a case study. The application of the Delphi method to the case study made it possible to test the usability of this method for the definition of the criteria and indicators, at the local level, for assessing the level of implementation of the SDGs. Specifically, a set of 48 criteria and 74 indicators were defined for assessing the consistency of housing projects with SDG 11 and ESG criteria.

This paper aims to discuss how Facebook users reacted to the news that the Federal University of Bahia (Brazil) introduced social quotas for socially vulnerable transsexuals, immigrants and refugees. It tries to understand how lexicogrammatical choices might represent the various social entities which are present in users’ comments. Data was automatically scraped from Facebook using Netvizz, and “R” scripts were written to process and analyse linguistic features. Results show that most of the comments are related to the interactions amongst users during the process of taking a stand in favour and against the system of quotas. There are also comments related to prejudice against northeast citizens and states. Grammatical patterns could be identified for each of those general themes present in the comments. This paper aims to discuss how Facebook users reacted to the news that the Federal University of Bahia (Brazil) introduced social quotas for socially vulnerable transsexuals, immigrants and refugees. It tries to understand how lexicogrammatical choices might represent the various social entities which are present in users’ comments. Data was automatically scraped from Facebook using Netvizz, and “R” scripts were written to process and analyse linguistic features. Results show that most of the comments are related to the interactions amongst users during the process of taking a stand in favour and against the system of quotas. There are also comments related to prejudice against northeast citizens and states. Grammatical patterns could be identified for each of those general themes present in the comments.

The objective of this paper is to know about strategic management. Strategic management is an important dimension of management. Motive of this paper is to understand the meaning and level of strategies. This paper covers meaning of strategic management, how strategic management process formulate and implement for achieving goals, how strategic management plays important part in success of organization and what are the benefit of strategic management.

The overall aim of the thesis is to investigate the knowledge problem in regional public transport planning. The knowledge problem is twofold. How do transport policy arrive at the desirable actions they take and how do they assess the alternatives, and what can we say about the contributions of already implemented transport schemes. Paper 1 explores how policy objectives in regional public transport are translated into action and to investigate how public transport measures are evaluated. Paper 2 presents a case study of Spårväg syd, a light rail project in Stockholm, with the ambition to understand the use of appraisal tools and discuss how these can be improved. Paper 3 investigates the links between accessibility, as well as the composition of accessibility and real estate values. Paper 4 analyses the causal effect of a train station on local labour income among current residents as well as the labour income of the residents that the place attracts. Finally, paper 5 explores the association between the accessibility that train stations provide and local labour income more broadly across Sweden. For paper 1, the results indicate that decision-makers ask for knowledge on ongoing trends such as patronage and market share in relation to all motorized transport, an increased interest in understanding the impacts of transport on society, the strategies of PT are connected to long term regional ambitions. Paper 2 highlights that particular projects are tightly connected to long term ambitions. Spårväg syd was on the agenda long before a formal cost-benefit analysis was conducted. The project is also tightly connected to political goals of land-use development. The findings from paper 3 reinforce the evidence that real estate values are positively associated with accessibility. Also, the paper finds that the composition of accessibility, namely the degree to which the accessibility is built up by one or several modes of transport, is positively associated to real estate values as well. The policy implication of this finding is that transport appraisal could add assessments not only of marginal accessibility changes, but also the marginal change in the composition of accessibility. The results from paper 4 indicate an absence of a causal link between train stations on local labour income. Both in terms of the longitudinal analysis and the spatial sorting analysis. For paper 5, accessibility through the national railway network was found to be associated with local labour incomes. The thesis increases the evidence of effects of transport on income and real estate prices. Moreover, the thesis concludes that regional public transport planning seems to be subject to different motivations and trade-offs depending on project and context, which complicates the seeking for a universal appraisal procedure.

Within this paper, the relationship between citizens’ emotional reactions to political reporting and their judgment of trust in politicians is investigated. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion, this paper seeks to answer the question whether affect predicts trust judgments and which emotion plays what role. Findings of two media effects studies, one in the context of the 2013 German televised debate and in the context of the 2014 EU elections, supported the assumption that (1) emotions play a role over and above cognitive evaluations of politicians and (2) effects of affective states differ depending on the appraisal of the emotion. Emotions that can be characterized by other-control appraisals (anger) and no-control appraisals (happiness) do affect trust in politicians, while emotions with situational control appraisal (fear, sadness) or self-control appraisal (pride) do not have an effect. The studies confirm that emotions play a crucial role for subsequent trust judgment over and above evaluations of politicians and also support the idea that valence-based approaches are too simplistic to explain the relationship of emotions and trust judgments. Das vorliegende Manuskript umfasst zwei Studien, die emotionale Reaktionen als Mediatoren der Wirkung medialer politischer Information auf Vertrauensurteilen untersuchen. Aufbauend auf appraisal Theorien der Emotion, soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob verschiedene Emotionen unterschiedlich starke Einflüsse auf politische Vertrauensurteile haben. Hierzu wurden zwei Medienwirkungsstudien im Rahmen des TV-Duells zur Bundestagswahl 2013 in Deutschland und den Wahlen zum europäischen Parlament 2014 durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass (1) emotionale Reaktionen einen Einfluss auf politische Vertrauensurteile über klassische, kognitive Variablen wie die Parteiidentifikation hinaus haben und dass (2) die Einflüsse der Emotion auf das Vertrauensurteil von der Valenz, aber auch vom control-appraisal der Emotion abhängen. Emotionen wie Wut oder Freude beeinflussen das Vertrauensurteil, während Emotionen mit situationalem control-appraisal eher keinen Einfluss auf das wahrgenommene Politikervertrauen haben. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Emotionen eine wichtige Rolle bei der politischen Urteilsbildung und der Erklärung von Effekten politischer Kommunikation spielen. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass es von Bedeutung ist, welche emotionale Reaktion (z. B. Angst vs. Wut) auf mediale politische Information gezeigt wird.

Background & Aim: The quality of Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) reports can significantly affect trust towards the results. However, the quality of RCTs published in Persian nursing journals has rarely been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of RCTs published in Persian nursing journals. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample included 62 RCTs published from March 2015 to June 2016 in eight Persian nursing journals with at least 10 years of publishing history. A checklist, designed based on the CASP scale, was used to gather data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Out of 62 RCT papers, only three fully met the criteria. Only half of the papers used a formula to calculate the sample size. 48.39% of the papers did not report the type of randomization method and 74.20% did not explain how to allocate the participants to study groups. In 51.61% of the RCTs, the study groups were so different, which might have affected the results. In 53.33% of the articles, there was no report about blinding of the study. Although 98.39% of the papers reported the P value of the tests, only 4.84% of them reported the confidence interval. Conclusion: Most of the RCTs had deficiencies in reporting methodology and results. Deficiency in reporting the sample size calculation, randomization and allocation method, blinding method, and the confidence interval, were the most common problems in the RCTs.

Although there is general consensus on the necessity of evaluation for decision support in major transport projects, there is no method that is universally accepted. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is often suggested as the alternative for the dominant but much-criticised (social) cost benefit analysis (CBA), especially in complex multi-stakeholder projects. The paper argues that especially in this type of projects the applicability of conventional MCA techniques is limited because they require the project to be structured as a ranking-choice problem with multiple well-defined mutually exclusive decision alternatives. This often does not suit the planning question in the strategic early project phase, which is characterised by uncertainties relating to design, preferences and impacts.

This study was conducted purposely to assess the degree of school effectiveness among public secondary schools of Zamfara State, Nigeria. In order to achieve this fundamental objective, one research question was formulated. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. Population of the study comprised the entire 2361 classroom teachers deployed in the 158 public secondary schools of Zamfara State-Nigeria. From the population of the study, a sample size of 266 teachers was extracted using a ‘Multistage Random Sampling Technique’. A semi-structured questionnaire developed by Lezzote and Snyder (2011) on a five Likert type scale instrument with 21 items was employed as an instrument for data collection. The instrument composite reliability was computed using Cronbach’s alpha method and obtained the value of .949. All data covered in the study were collected through a field survey approach. Analytically, the current study discovered that, the degree of school effectiveness was at a high extent with mean score (M=3.68, SD=0.15). Based on this finding, the paper recommends that, stakeholders in educational sector comprising government’s ministries, departments and agencies, policy-makers, secondary schools’ principals, instructional teachers as well as the learners and their parents/guardians should reciprocally work together in the process of appropriate perpetration and advancement of effective school system and its practices., {"references":["Ajayi, I.A., & Ekundayo, T.H. (2011). Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Secondary Schools in Nigeria. Kamla-Raj Anthropologists, 13(1), 33-38. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09720073.2011.11891174?journalCode=ranp20.","Al Ahbabi, N.M. (2018). Perceptions of School Effectiveness and School Improvement in Abu Dhabi, UAE. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 8(6), 55-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n6p7","Almustapha, J., Abubakar, B., & Tukur, N. (2021). Teachers' Perceptions on the Level of Availability of Instructional Materials in Public Secondary Schools in Gusau Local Government Area, Zamfara State. Unpublished Bachelor's Degree Research Project, Department of Educational Foundations: Federal University, Gusau.","Dahiru, A. S., & Gbolahan, K. O. (2022). Mediating Role of Teacher Empowerment on the Relationship between Instructional Leadership and School Effectiveness. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(2), 514 – 528. https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/12333/mediating-role-of-teacher-empowerment-on-the-relationship-between-instructional-leadership-and-school-effectiveness.pdf","Dahiru, A.S., Basri, R., & Pihie, Z.A. (2017). Effective School Characteristics as Antecedents of Teacher Empowerment. 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Retrieved August 28, 2021, from https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/National-Policy-on-Education.pdf","Gula, L. P. & Nune, J. L. (2022). A Collaborative Auto- Ethnographical Study on the Emerging Phenomena of the 21st Century Practice- Teaching Journey. Partners Universal International Research Journal, 1(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727056","Ikegbusi, N.G. & Iheanacho, R.C. (2016). Factors Militating Against Effective Administration of Secondary Schools in Anambra State. World Journal of Educational Research, 3(1), 1-14.","Ikegbusi, N.G. (2014). Towards Enhancing Staff Personnel Management in Secondary Schools in Anambra State. Journal of Educational Research, 2(3), 117-124.","Isoken, E.C., & Nkoyo, A.D. (2020). Principal's Leadership Styles in Secondary Schools in Nigeria: Implications for Teachers' Job Performance. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Educational Planning and Administration: National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) Ondo State, Nigeria, 5(2), 158-164. https://niepa.gov.ng/wp- content/uploads/2020/06/JOURNAL_2020-NEW.pdf","Lezotte, K.M. & Snyder, K.M. (2011). What Effective Schools Do: Re-Envisioning the Correlates. Solution Tree Press. Retrieved February 18, 2022, from http://web.archive.org/web/20211203104636/https://ir- library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/10756","Marzano, R.J., Waters, T., & McNulty, B. A. (2005). School Leadership that Works: From Research to Results. Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development. Retrieved December 31, 2018, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED509055","Montgomery, J. J. (2022). Assessing the Digital Technology Competencies of Certified Public Accountants: A Gaze into Ilokano Workplace Context. Universal Journal of Educational Research. 1(2), 26-36. https://www.ujer.org/v1-i2-a4","Ofojebe, W. N., Chukwuma, E. T. C., & Onyekwe, E. C. (2016). Role of Internal Supervision on Teaching/Learning Effectiveness in the Management of Public Secondary Education in Anambra State. UNIZIK Journal of Educational Management and Policy, 1(1), 206-222.","Scheerens, J. (2013). What is Effective Schooling? A Review of Current Thought and Practice, University of Twente, the Netherlands. A Publication of International Baccalaureate Organization. Retrieved October, 11, 2021, from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/What-is-effective-schooling-A-review-of-current-and- Scheerens/bcce2c8709b77442dd9106da15da38abee8b67d3.","Sharp, D.C. (2009). A Study of the Relationship between Teacher Empowerment and Principal Effectiveness. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Baker University. https://www.bakeru.edu/images/pdf/SOE/EdD_Theses/Sharp_David.pdf","Udo, A.O. (n.d). Teachers Assessment of Secondary School Effectiveness in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. npp. https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/school+effectiveness+school.html","Universal Basic Education. (2002). A Training Manual for Nigerian Primary School Inspectors and Supervisors. Unpublished Documents, Abuja, Nigeria.","Wu, C. S. (2014). School Administration (7ed.). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological Press.","Zamir, N. A. (2020). A Review of School Effectiveness Theory for School Improvement. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(3), 113–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i3/7028."]}

Assessment of travel time reliability as a fundamental factor in travel behaviour has become a very important aspect in both transport modelling and economic appraisal. Improved reliability could provide a significant economic benefit if it is adequately calculated in cost-benefit analyses for which the theoretical background has already been set. However, methods to forecast travel time reliability as well as travel behaviour models including its effects are rather scarce and there is a need for development in this field. Another important aspect could be the influencing factor of reliability in travel demand management and related policy-making. Therefore, this paper intends to further analyse reliability focusing exclusively on urban road transport based on automatic measurements of journey times and traffic volumes from a dataset of the city of Budapest. The main finding and the novelty of the study is a model which can forecast the standard deviation of travel times based on the volume-capacity ratio and the free-flow travel time. The paper also provides a real-life numerical experiment in which the proposed model has been compared with other, existing ones. It proves that besides existing mean-delay-based models, travel time reliability can be forecasted based on the volume-capacity ratio with an adequate accuracy.

It is generally accepted that the concept of sustainability is not straightforward, but is subject to on-going ambiguities, uncertainties and contestations. Yet literature on sustainability transitions has so far only engaged in limited ways with the resulting tough questions around what sustainability means, to whom and in which contexts. This paper makes a contribution to this debate by unpacking sustainability in India and Thailand in the context of solar photovoltaic and urban mobility experimentation. Building on a database of sustainability experiments and multicriteria mapping techniques applied in two workshops, the paper concludes that sustainability transition scholarship and associated governance strategies must engage with such questions in at least three important ways. First, there is a need for extreme caution in assuming any objective status for the sustainability of innovations, and for greater reflection on the normative implications of case-study choices. Second, sustainability transition scholarship and governance must engage more with the unpacking of uncertainties and diverse possible socio-technical configurations even within (apparently) singular technological fields. Third, sustainability transition scholarship must be more explicit and reflective about the specific geographical contexts within which the sustainability of experimentation is addressed.

This paper explores the recontexualisation of issues surrounding NAPLAN test in the media through the lens of Systemic Functional Linguistics. In particular, this paper considers interpersonal meanings shared by journalists or media regarding the construal of NAPLAN test in Australian context. To obtain a comprehensive view regarding the construal, Appraisal analysis is deployed. Two different texts about a controversy of NAPLAN test in Australia are selected to be analysed: a hard news story and a comment piece. In addition to text analysis, an image accompanying the hard news story and a cartoon relating to the controversy of NAPLAN test are analysed to find out the realisation of meanings across two semiotic modes (texts and images). The results suggest that there are distinct patterns of realisation of evaluative meanings in these two texts. On the one hand, the hard news story tends to use indirect evaluation of either judgment or appreciation when dealing with the issue. On the other hand, evaluative meanings shared throughout the comment piece tend to be direct, negatively evaluating NAPLAN test and the educational system pertinent to the testing policy. In terms of text-image relations, results of analyses suggest that both texts and images orient readers to align with shared values regarding the construal of the controversial NAPLAN test in the Australian context.

International audience; The paper develops and tests theory that explains under what conditions the extent of email use is appraised as a stressor. Integrating concepts from information acquisition and person environment fit theories, we hypothesize that individuals appraise their extent of email use as stressful based on the mismatch between their current and desired extents of email use. We define such match as email fit and mismatch as email misfit. We first develop a conceptual framework that associates email misfit with the individual’s experience of three key workplace stressors – work relationship stressor, job control stressor and job conditions stressor. We then develop hypotheses framing the relationship between email fit and misfit, and these stressors. We test our hypotheses by applying quadratic polynomial regressions and surface-response analysis, to survey data obtained from 118 working individuals. The paper makes three theoretical contributions. Firstly, in reporting a theoretical and empirical construction of email fit and misfit and their relationship to workplace stressors, it shows that, email misfit is appraised as stress-creating. That is, both too much and too little email compared to what the individual desires, are associated with stressors. In doing so and secondly, it shows that IT use (in this case, email) is appraised as stressful both when it exceeds (i.e., associated with overload) and fails to meet (i.e., associated with underload), the user’s expectation and preference. Thirdly, it suggests the person environment approach as a theoretically novel way to conceptualize the cognitive appraisal and judgement associated with information under - and over – acquisition, and shows workplace stressors as potentially new effects associated with them.

In this paper we ask the question if the value of travel time savings (VTTS) is increasing over time and continue to investigate this based on a pooled cross-section model. The analysis is based on data originating from a large-scale Danish national ongoing travel survey from 2006 to 2016 consisting of more than 400,000 trips. The period is interesting from a research perspective as it offers substantial variation in income, is characterised by structural changes due to increased urbanisation and congestion and at the same time represents a phasing-in period for mobile broadband solutions from almost no coverage to full national coverage. Several things are revealed from the analysis. It is shown that the financial crisis impacts VTTS and that the impact differs across income groups. It is also found that, over the period, VTTS increases by approximately 10%. Although this largely correspond to the growth in the disposable income, it is not possible to point to precise confounders and their relative importance. Rather the paper suggest that the increase in VTTS is caused by a mix of different cofounders, which include (but is not limited to) increasing travel distances, increasing congestion and increasing income.

This paper focuses on the role of the principal in establishing a meaningful appraisal process. The journey of one urban primary school is explored from the perspective of the principal as the teaching staff transition from an ineffective system to a process that has teacher growth and learners’ achievement at the centre. We acknowledge that the leadership team and teachers played an important role in implementing any changes, however, the key focus of this paper is the principal’s actions. Audio-recorded interviews with the principal and five teachers, followed by three years of participant observations of regular meetings and conversations recorded in field notes, chart the principal’s journey. We argue the principal’s leadership strategies developed a community of practice supporting teacher professional development, which in turn paved the way to shift teachers’ perceptions and produce a meaningful appraisal process. This shift is evidenced in surveys taken at the beginning and end of the three-year period which show a marked change in teachers’ attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of the appraisal purpose. We conclude with implications for school leaders interested in revising their appraisal process.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze translation procedures applied and the changes of attitude subsystems in Indonesian edition of Confessions, published by Penerbit Haru and translated by Clara Canceriana and Andry Setiawan. The analysis is based on translation theory and types by Dewi and Wijaya (2021) and applying the appraisal theory by Martin and White (2005) as the focus of the research. The sample of the research is chapter one of Japanese and Indonesian edition of Confessions. This research used Sketch Engine, Antconc, and SegmentAnt as the chosen corpus tools to process the data. The findings show that there is a considerable number of attitude subsystem changes, in which the number of subsystems in Indonesian edition is higher than that in Japanese edition

The world is currently witnessing its largest surge of urban growth in human history; a trend that draws attention to the need to understand and address health impacts of urban living. Whilst transport is instrumental in this urbanisation wave, it also has significant positive and negative impacts on population health, which are disproportionately distributed. In this paper, we bring together expertise in transport engineering, transport and urban planning, research and strategic management, epidemiology and health impact assessment in an exercise to scope and discuss the health impacts of transport in urban areas. Adopting a cross-disciplinary, co-production approach, we explore the key driving forces behind the current state of urban mobility and outline recommendations for practices that could facilitate positioning health at the core of transport design, planning and policy. Current knowledge on the health-related impacts of urban transport shows that motor vehicle traffic is causing significant premature mortality and morbidity through motor vehicle crashes, physical inactivity and traffic-related environmental exposures including increases in air pollution, noise and temperature levels, as well as reductions in green space. Trends of rapid and car-centred urbanisation, mass motorisation and a tendency of policy to favour car mobility and undervalue health in the transport and development agenda has both led to, and exacerbated the negative health impacts of the transport systems. Simultaneously, we also argue that the benefits of new transport schemes on the economy are emphasised whilst the range and severity of identified health impacts associated with transport are often downplayed. We conclude the paper by outlining stakeholders’ recommendations for the adoption of a cross-disciplinary co-production approach that takes a health-aware perspective and has the potential to promote a paradigm shift in transport practices.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar criações neológicas como recurso avaliativo em mídia social. Para isso, foram analisados comentários sobre postagens da página de verificação de notícias, agência Lupa, no Facebook, próximo ao segundo turno das eleições presidenciais no Brasil. Devido à predominância de discursos de ódio, optou-se por analisar os neologismos que expressavam avaliação negativa desses candidatos e de seus apoiadores, sob a perspectiva dos campos semânticos do sistema de Avaliatividade (MARTIN e WHITE, 2005), na busca de possíveis padrões linguísticos. Para melhor compreensão de como os neologismos eram construídos, recorreu-se ao processo de formação de palavras da gramática normativa da língua portuguesa (CUNHA e CINTRA, 2016). Notou-se que há uma preferência pelo processo de composição por aglutinação e, em mais da metade dos comentários analisados, o neologismo acrescenta uma avaliação diferente do complexo oracional. Em termos de padrão, somente em relação ao ex-presidente Lula há um único tipo julgamento: o de propriedade. The purpose of this paper is to analyze neological creations in Brazilian Portuguese as an evaluative resource in social media. For this, comments were analyzed on posts on the news verification page, Lupa agency, on Facebook, close to the second round of presidential elections in Brazil, in 2018. Due to the predominance of hate discourse, it was decided to analyze the neologisms that expressed a negative appraisal of these candidates and their supporters, from the perspective of the semantic fields of Appraisal Discourse (MARTIN and WHITE, 2005), in search of possible linguistic patterns. For a better understanding of how neologisms happened, the process of word formation in the grammar of the Portuguese language was used (CUNHA and CINTRA, 2016). As a result, there is a preference for the composition process by agglutination and in the majority of cases analyzed the neologism added a different appraisal of the clause complex. In terms of standard, only in relation to former president Lula is there a single type of judgment: property.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of theoretical knowledge related to financial behaviour and especially anchor effects. Design/methodology/approach The study design is based upon an experiment divided into two parts, before and after the development of the course curriculum for the course introducing behavioural finance for undergraduate real estate students. Findings The study concludes that the anchor effect is persistent also after introducing theoretical knowledge regarding financial behaviour and anchor effects. To conclude the results, in this study, indicates that the appraisal of properties are dependent on the individual’s cognitive capacity to mitigate anchor effects. There are epistemological assumptions underlying the belief in the individuals’ capacity to handle anchor effects that might provide biased appraisals. These assumptions need to be carefully tested and treated to increase the accuracy of property appraisals. Practical implications The study result also highlights the possibility that current literature in valuation, and learning activities, does not emphases and stimulate readers to critical thinking. This paper would, therefore, propose also other real estate education programmes to be aware of the potential lack of critical thinking among the students. Originality/value It provides an insight regarding how appraisal of properties is dependent on the individual’s cognitive capacity to mitigate anchor effects.

The growing interest in issues to do with the administration, enhancement and sale of public building stock has increased the need for their valuation and, as a result, has increasingly highlighted the need to identify suitable methods for estimating value that take into account the peculiarities of public buildings. In Italy, public buildings often boast ‘special’ architectural features (interfloor distance, layout, finishings, type of wiring/heating systems, etc.) that render them ‘extra-ordinary’ assets; in some cases, these features also confer grand and/or historical importance to such buildings. Thus when carrying out valuation work in Italy, it is necessary to adopt suitable valuation methods designed for buildings boasting special features prior to drafting any administration plans, enhancement projects or even plans for the sale of public building stock. Given the lack of comparable examples or income-based parameters specifically concerning buildings with special features, the Cost Approach is the only method that can be used to estimate the market value of such properties. This paper aims to identify the ways the Cost Approach can be applied when estimating the market value of properties with special features that fall into the ‘extra-ordinary’ category. The theoretical part will be supported by a practical section where the Cost Approach will be used to estimate the market value of an extra-ordinary landmark building in the EUR district: the “Palazzo della Scienza Universale”, previously owned by the EUR S.p.A. company (formerly known as the Ente EUR), which was recently sold (2015).

Safety conformity is an industrial practice to obtain enhanced safety performance and improved worker-management-government relationships. In this paper, a novel method to model and predict the conformity of bottling process operations and activities to safety rules and accident prevention is presented. Inspired by the machine guarding literature in safety compliance, this research extends the regression model beyond the machine operations domain, to cover activities in beverage testing unit (BTU), shuttle vehicle flotilla (SVF), stockroom, and suppliers. Data from practice in a bottling plant in Nigeria demonstrates the model's effectiveness. The coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.8454, 0.3891, 0.8156, 1 and 0.8156), showed the predictive competence of the warehousing, manufacturing hallway (MH), BTU, SVF, and suppliers' variables, respectively. These R2 values were derived from computations and tabulated by the software program used, and BTU and suppliers' values for R2 were obtained as the same from the program software. The relative importance of the bottling segmental factors was evaluated through ANOVA. The bottling process data results revealed the most significant variables at (p

The requirement for statistical techniques in the appraisal process is far-reaching for every country. Market price accuracy for properties is mean in economics filed, mass appraisal, and for all users of appraisals reports. Studies were developing for econometric models that can be applied in real estate issues. Literature dominates for the USA and UK and stands a need to be tested for emerging (developing) markets. The paper aims to give some hints of the logic, the problems, benefits, and a guide of the ANN (Artificial neuronal network) technique. In the study, much practical information for ANN's representing an encouragement and a tool for other emerging countries to append the technique. We conclude that ANN is critical to be applied in property valuation for emerging countries in the global environment.

Prestationsmätning används inom organisationer för att bland annat utvärdera, förbättra, motivera och styra organisationer i önskad riktning. Med New Public Management reformer ökades fokuset på att styra och mäta resultat mer effektivt inom den offentliga sektorn. Det ledde till en högre arbetsintensitet och ökad stressnivå för medarbetarna. Den större delen av tidigare forskningen inom prestationsledning och prestationsmätning är baserat på normala förhållanden. En krissituation sätter däremot organisationer på prov och de behöver anpassa sig för att kunna hantera krisen. När organisationer sätts på prov och behöver strukturera om för att hantera en kris förändras även förutsättningarna för att mäta prestationer. För att undersöka hur prestationsmätning används i krissituationer har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts för att få en djupare förståelse för medarbetarnas upplevelser. Data är insamlad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio medarbetare, som arbetar inom sjukvården och på sjukhus. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats med hjälp av ett konceptuellt analysverktyg som är uppdelad i tre teman: utvärdering, prestationsmätningens form och motivation. Studiens resultat styrker dels den tidigare forskning men bidrar även med nya insikter. Studien visade att prestationsmätning påverkas av krissituationer på grund av tidsbrist då de formella prestationsmätningsaktiviteterna i de flesta fall har behövts prioriteras bort. De informella aktiviteterna har å andra sidan fått mer utrymme och bidragit till en mer informell och möjliggörande styrning inom organisationer. Utvärderingen baseras främst på subjektiva värden, observationer och rykten vilket medarbetarna har blandande upplevelser om huruvida rättvis bedömning cheferna kan göra. Studien har även visat att medarbetarna motiveras av prestationsmätningen när den är kopplad till incitament som högre lön och individuella utvecklingsmål. Däremot finns det inte tillräckligt med resurser för att fokusera på sina mål. Performance measurements or appraisals are used within organizations to, among other things, evaluate, improve, motivate, and steer organizations in the desired direction. New Public Management reforms initiated an emphasis on managing and measuring results more efficiently in the public sector. This caused a higher work intensity and increased employee stress levels. Most of the previous research in performance management and performance measurement are based on normal conditions. A crisis puts organizations to the test, and they need to adapt to be able to deal with the crisis. When organizations are put to the test and need to restructure to deal with a crisis, the conditions for measuring performance also change. To examine how performance measurements are used in a crisis, a qualitative research method has been used to gain a deeper understanding of employees' experiences. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with ten employees, who work in healthcare and hospitals. The collected empirical data has been analysed using a conceptual analysis tool that is divided into three themes: evaluation, the form of the performance measurement and motivation. The results of the study partly strengthen previous research but also contribute to new insights. The study showed that performance measurement is affected by crises, due to a lack of time, formal performance measurement activities have in most cases been prioritized away. The informal activities have on the other hand been given more space and contributed to more informal and enabling control within organizations. Evaluations are mainly based on subjective values, observations, and rumours, which the employees have mixed experiences about whether a manager can make a fair assessment. This research paper has also shown that employees are motivated by performance measurements when they are linked to incentives such as higher salaries and individual development goals, but on the other hand, there are not enough resources to focus on their goals.

Google Translate’s mission is “to enable everyone, everywhere, to understand the world and express themselves across languages” (Pitman, 2021). But are algorithms capable of leading us beyond the translation of the word toward an understanding of the world? Computational linguistics research has been interested in assessing this kind of real-world effects of technology and invited other disciplines to join their effort. With this purpose, this study examines the ways the algorithmic agency (Maly, 2022) elicits a ‘movement of meanings’ (Silverstone, 1999) when mediating news reports from English to Portuguese – the official language of Brazil, the country with the greatest use of Google Translate (Turovsky, 2016). For that, it investigates how algorithms convert appraisal and semiotic elements that carry ideological stances. The bilingual sample consists of six news articles on the U.S. Capitol attack published in U.S. outlets, two each of right, center, and left political leaning, along with their translations obtained through Google Translate. The analytical framework encompasses Fairclough’s (2003) CDA methods that allow an exploration of how discourses embedded in these texts represent the social phenomena that are being depicted. This lens is complemented by the Appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005) to investigate how value positions are constructed within texts through evaluation. A third analytical tool is necessary to engage with the ways in which meanings are moved from source to target texts. For this, van Leeuwen’s (2008) notion of recontextualization affords an assessment of the processes inherent to translations. The analysis showed that algorithms neutralized appraisal through lexical choices, changed semiotic elements through recontextualization, and blurred stances by standardizing the target language. The paper, thus, concludes that Google Translate constructed power by renaming reality and enacted it by reshaping evaluations, advancing research that seeks to examine algorithms’ impacts on digital discourse. Speaking from the epistemic locus of the Global South, this thesis proposes a critical reflection on the ideologies concealed by the self-proclaimed discourse of the universality of digital technologies.

Evaluating the success of projects should be a key process in project management. However, there are only a few studies that address the evaluation process in practice. In order to help fill this gap, this paper presents the results of an exploratory survey with experienced information systems project managers. Results show that opportunities for lessons learned and project management improvement are being missed due to the lack of formal evaluation of success., This work has been supported by FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within the R&D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020.

This article investigates how writers to The Times, formerly a daily national newspaper, used APPRAISAL strategies in letters to the editor to form the bonds that unified an imagined community of readership. The couplings of interpersonal and ideational meaning around which the community affiliated are revealed by an APPRAISAL analysis. Conclusions drawn from this information indicate the nature of the imagined community in terms of how the members viewed their agency, and the cohesion of the group. Main findings show that the community affiliated around evaluations of South Africa’s ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), and its leader at the time, Jacob Zuma, but did so very differently. The Times’ writers also tended to be individualistic and did not rely on other community members to solve the problems they identified.

The paper analyses some 15th century chronicles from canons regular monasteries in Silesia and Kłodzko, which relate to the kings of Bohemia of this century. The chroniclers perceive the rulers in the context of the events in Silesia and Kłodzko and in the context of their links with the monasteries of the canon regulars. They also take note of the origins of the rulers and their relationship with the Roman Catholic Church and then with the Hussites.

Learner autonomy has become the prevailing theme of language education for nearly four past decades, especially its three constructs such as responsibilities, abilities and behaviors. Thus, the current study embraced salient traits of a survey research design to scrutinize these constructs as appraised by the Vietnamese tertiary learners. The study recruited the participation of 80 English-majored students at Hung Vuong University, Vietnam. Their appraisal was elucidated by a quantitative instrument, that is, a 28-item questionnaire whose descriptive statistics were yielded by SPSS 22.0. The study found that a greater proportion of the informants ultimately recognized their autonomous responsibilities, acknowledged their autonomous abilities, and estimated some autonomous behaviors both inside and outside the classroom. Brief conclusion was made at the end of the paper.

This study explores the function of expressing external viewpoints with stance-neutral frames in academic writing. While a growing number of studies have established that appropriately evaluating external viewpoints is vital in advanced academic writing, the function of using stance-neutral formulations has long been unexplored despite the fact that many external viewpoints in academic writing are introduced into the discourse with a stance-neutral formulation. This study performs quantitative and qualitative analyses on the introductory chapters of PhD theses in history to explore the functions of these formulations. It finds that because of their absence of an evaluative stance, external propositions expressed without a specific stance flexibly realize various kinds of evaluative processes. Such processes involve taking into account the reader response to a proposition since the blankness in stance plays a role in constructing a discourse that gradually persuades the reader. This paper concludes that each of the neutrally presented viewpoints in the successfully constructed text uniquely forms an important strategic process of gradual value assignment and that stance-neutrality is not a representation of the writer's failure to clarify stance. This paper emphasizes the need to implement the strategic use of stance-neutral formulations inpedagogicsettings.

Structural balance is a classic property of signed graphs satisfying Heider's seminal axioms. Mathematical sociologists have studied balance theory since its inception in the 1040s. Recent research has focused on the development of dynamic models explaining the emergence of structural balance. In this paper, we introduce a novel class of parsimonious dynamic models for structural balance based on an interpersonal influence process. Our proposed models are gradient flows of an energy function, called the dissonance function, which captures the cognitive dissonance arising from violations of Heider's axioms. Thus, we build a new connection with the literature on energy landscape minimization. This gradient flow characterization allows us to study the transient and asymptotic behaviors of our model. We provide mathematical and numerical results describing the critical points of the dissonance function.

More than one hundred years after his death, the life of the controversial Irish nationalist and British consular official Roger Casement is still of great interest to historians and novelists alike. In this paper I explore the discursive representation of Roger Casement in Sabina Murray’s Valiant Gentlemen (2016). In the light of theories on trauma and memory (Olick, Vinitzky-Seroussi, Levy 2011) I analyse the character’s development in relation to his experiences in the Congo and the Amazon. From a critical linguistic perspective (Fowler 1996) combined with the system of Appraisal within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Martin, White 2005), I analyse the construction of this character’s identity in the process of his transformation from a loyal British subject to an Irish revolutionary., Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies, Vol. 11 (2021)

Newspaper Opposite-Editorial articles (Op-Eds) represent an important form of intellectual debate that communicate views on issues of public policy and help shape public opinion. They are challenging, information rich, and persuasive short media texts imbued with worldviews, arguments, sarcasms, and biases, hence provide saliency cues regarding key national and international affairs. Recent police killings of citizens in the US have attracted massive coverage in the media, predominantly in the Op-Ed section of The New York Times in 2015. Instances of killing unarmed African Americans have come to the forefront of the discussion on race and race relations. Informed by Critical Discourse Analysis, this case study is a multi-layered qualitative analysis of the Baltimore unrest media coverage, particularly in one article authored by a guest contributor in The New York Times. To identify how the case of the Baltimore unrest is rhetorically represented in media discourse, the study is premised on an eclectic approach drawing on Appraisal Theory, Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and Systemic Functional Grammar. The paper aims to: first, pinpoint the inherent appraisal resources used by Connolly to frame his argument and dialogically position the intended audiences in (dis)alignment with his worldviews; second, showcase the metaphoric repertoire that serves his ideological stance; third, highlight the overall transitivity profile that frames his argument of the Baltimore unrest. Despite the fact that emotional, ethical, and logical appeals are invested on, the writer makes calculated choices, leaning the most on the last two to promote, persuade, and strengthen his arguments, on the one hand, and to align the intended readers with the ideologically laden messages therein, on the other.

Introduction: The article questions the relations between archives and memory starting from archival functions of document evaluation. Objective: To use contemporary memory studies to reflect on the act of evaluating documents and their respective assessment of "values" for permanent custody. Methodology: bibliographic analysis and systematization of concepts of "sociotransmitters", forgetfulness, multidirectional memory and memorial governance. Results: the paper proposes an extention of the relations between memory, heritage and archives, overcoming the idea of archive just as a “place of memory” to accommodate the archival functions, its concepts, terms and theories. Conclusions: the concepts of "multidirectional memory", "memorial governance", and the document evaluation activity are approximated.

A lo largo de este trabajo analizaremos la STS Pleno, núm. 35/2021, de 27-1-2021 que, por primera vez, se pronuncia respecto a la preceptiva restitución del gasto de tasación tras la declaración de nulidad de la cláusula de gastos de formalización del préstamo hipotecario, asumiendo así la doctrina fijada por la STJUE de 16-7-2020. Asimismo, estudiaremos la oportunidad de este criterio mediante el examen de la normativa relativa a la tasación y de las distintas posturas doctrinales al respecto. Finalmente, exploraremos las distintas posibilidades a disposición de los consumidores que ya hubieran obtenido una sentencia firme que declarara la nulidad de su cláusula de gastos en relación con los efectos de la cosa juzgada material y la preclusión de las acciones, e identificaremos el plazo de prescripción de la acción restitutoria, Throughout this paper we will analyze the Spanish Supreme Court ruling, of 01-27-2021, which, for the first time, orders the restitution of the appraisal expense after the declaration of nullity of the expenses clause, thus assuming the doctrine established by the CJUE ruling of 16-7-2020. Likewise, we will study the appropriateness of this criterion by examining appraisal regulations and the different doctrinal positions in this regard. Finally, we will explore the different possibilities available to consumers who had already obtained a final judgment declaring the nullity of their expenses clause in relation to the res judicata and preclusion effects, and we will also identify the limitation period of the restitutory action, Trabajo realizado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación PGC2018-098683-B-I00, del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU) y la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) titulado “Protección de consumidores y riesgo de exclusión social” y dirigido por Ángel Carrasco Perera y Encarna Cordero Lobato; y en el marco de la Ayuda para la realización de proyectos de investigación científica y transferencia de tecnología, de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha cofinanciadas por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), para el Proyecto titulado “Protección de consumidores y riesgo de exclusión social en Castilla-La Mancha” (PCRECLM) con SBPLY/19/180501/000333, dirigido por Ángel Carrasco Perera y Ana Isabel Mendoza Losana

This paper analyzes the appraisal situation in the administration of the different Autonomous Communities from Spain, through the study of the generated documents in the appraisal process, that are published in its archives pages. Its objective is to know the development degree of the appraisal systems in the respective Autonomous Communities and if those systems are transparent and their results are actively published. First, the conceptual framework for documentary appraisal is presented and the documents generated in the process are identified. Then, it is analyzed whether these valuation documents are published in the archives pages, to present the development degree of the documentary appraisal in the Autonomous Communities and their transparency. Finally, some general recommendations are proposed to improve the existing information on the web about the documentary appraisal. Este artículo analiza la situación de la valoración documental en la administración de las diferentes comunidades autónomas de España, a través del estudio de los documentos generados en el proceso de la valoración que se publican en sus páginas de archivos. Su objetivo es conocer el grado de desarrollo de los sistemas de valoración en las respectivas comunidades autónomas y si esos sistemas son transparentes y publican de forma activa sus resultados. En primer lugar, se presenta el marco conceptual de la valoración documental y se identifican los documentos que se generan en el proceso. Después, se analiza si esos documentos de la valoración están publicados en las páginas de archivos para presentar el grado de desarrollo de la valoración documental en las Comunidades Autónomas y su transparencia. Finalmente, se proponen unas recomendaciones generales para conseguir mejorar la información existente en la web sobre la valoración documental.