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2. Reflection on two Ambio papers by P. J. Crutzen on ozone in the upper atmosphere:This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Ozone Layer
- Author
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Merete Bilde and Ole John Nielsen
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Greenhouse Effect ,Ozone ,P. J. Crutzen ,Supersonic transport ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Political action ,Atmospheric sciences ,Atmosphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ozone layer ,Montreal Protocol ,Environmental Chemistry ,Stratospheric ozone depletion ,Stratosphere ,Nitrous oxide ,Ecology ,Stratospheric Ozone ,Nuclear explosions ,Chloro-fluoro-carbons ,General Medicine ,Ozone depletion ,Anniversaries and Special Events ,chemistry ,Perspective ,Environmental science - Abstract
We here reflect on two important articles on stratospheric ozone depletion written by P. J. Crutzen (1974) and P. J. Crutzen and D. H. Ehhalt (1977) in the early 1970s. These articles provide a clear description of the stratosphere and the most important chemical reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion. They present modeling results and provide recommendations for future research on stratospheric ozone depletion caused by chloro-fluoro-carbons, supersonic transport, nitrous oxide, and nuclear explosions. These two articles represent the beginning of a scientific era, which led to discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole and political action in the form of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments.
- Published
- 2021
3. Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic
- Author
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J. P. D. Abbatt, W. R. Leaitch, A. A. Aliabadi, A. K. Bertram, J.-P. Blanchet, A. Boivin-Rioux, H. Bozem, J. Burkart, R. Y. W. Chang, J. Charette, J. P. Chaubey, R. J. Christensen, A. Cirisan, D. B. Collins, B. Croft, J. Dionne, G. J. Evans, C. G. Fletcher, M. Galí, R. Ghahremaninezhad, E. Girard, W. Gong, M. Gosselin, M. Gourdal, S. J. Hanna, H. Hayashida, A. B. Herber, S. Hesaraki, P. Hoor, L. Huang, R. Hussherr, V. E. Irish, S. A. Keita, J. K. Kodros, F. Köllner, F. Kolonjari, D. Kunkel, L. A. Ladino, K. Law, M. Levasseur, Q. Libois, J. Liggio, M. Lizotte, K. M. Macdonald, R. Mahmood, R. V. Martin, R. H. Mason, L. A. Miller, A. Moravek, E. Mortenson, E. L. Mungall, J. G. Murphy, M. Namazi, A.-L. Norman, N. T. O'Neill, J. R. Pierce, L. M. Russell, J. Schneider, H. Schulz, S. Sharma, M. Si, R. M. Staebler, N. S. Steiner, J. L. Thomas, K. von Salzen, J. J. B. Wentzell, M. D. Willis, G. R. Wentworth, J.-W. Xu, J. D. Yakobi-Hancock, Department of Chemistry [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Environment and Climate Change Canada, School of Engineering [Guelph], University of Guelph, Department of Chemistry [Vancouver] (UBC Chemistry), University of British Columbia (UBC), Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère [Montréal] (SCTA), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Institute for Atmospheric Physics [Mainz] (IPA), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics [Vienna], University of Vienna [Vienna], Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Department of Chemistry [Lewisburg], Bucknell University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (CHEM ENG), Department of Geography and Environmental Management [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Biology [Québec], Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Departement de Biologie [Québec], School of Earth and Ocean Sciences [Victoria] (SEOS), University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Centre d'Applications et de Recherches en TELédétection [Sherbrooke] (CARTEL), Département de géomatique appliquée [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Particle Chemistry Department [Mainz], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Air Quality Processes Research Section, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Institute of Ocean Sciences [Sidney] (IOS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Department of Mathematics [Isfahan], University of Isfahan, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary], University of Calgary, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Alberta Environment and Parks (AEP), National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
- Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph] ,Arctic haze ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Global warming ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Mineral dust ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Sea surface microlayer ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Atmospheric Sciences ,Aerosol ,lcsh:Chemistry ,Climate Action ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Arctic ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,13. Climate action ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,lcsh:Physics ,Astronomical and Space Sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Motivated by the need to predict how the Arctic atmosphere will change in a warming world, this article summarizes recent advances made by the research consortium NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments) that contribute to our fundamental understanding of Arctic aerosol particles as they relate to climate forcing. The overall goal of NETCARE research has been to use an interdisciplinary approach encompassing extensive field observations and a range of chemical transport, earth system, and biogeochemical models. Several major findings and advances have emerged from NETCARE since its formation in 2013. (1) Unexpectedly high summertime dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were identified in ocean water (up to 75 nM) and the overlying atmosphere (up to 1 ppbv) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Furthermore, melt ponds, which are widely prevalent, were identified as an important DMS source (with DMS concentrations of up to 6 nM and a potential contribution to atmospheric DMS of 20 % in the study area). (2) Evidence of widespread particle nucleation and growth in the marine boundary layer was found in the CAA in the summertime, with these events observed on 41 % of days in a 2016 cruise. As well, at Alert, Nunavut, particles that are newly formed and grown under conditions of minimal anthropogenic influence during the months of July and August are estimated to contribute 20 % to 80 % of the 30–50 nm particle number density. DMS-oxidation-driven nucleation is facilitated by the presence of atmospheric ammonia arising from seabird-colony emissions, and potentially also from coastal regions, tundra, and biomass burning. Via accumulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a significant fraction of the new particles grow to sizes that are active in cloud droplet formation. Although the gaseous precursors to Arctic marine SOA remain poorly defined, the measured levels of common continental SOA precursors (isoprene and monoterpenes) were low, whereas elevated mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were inferred to arise via processes involving the sea surface microlayer. (3) The variability in the vertical distribution of black carbon (BC) under both springtime Arctic haze and more pristine summertime aerosol conditions was observed. Measured particle size distributions and mixing states were used to constrain, for the first time, calculations of aerosol–climate interactions under Arctic conditions. Aircraft- and ground-based measurements were used to better establish the BC source regions that supply the Arctic via long-range transport mechanisms, with evidence for a dominant springtime contribution from eastern and southern Asia to the middle troposphere, and a major contribution from northern Asia to the surface. (4) Measurements of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic indicate that a major source of these particles is mineral dust, likely derived from local sources in the summer and long-range transport in the spring. In addition, INPs are abundant in the sea surface microlayer in the Arctic, and possibly play a role in ice nucleation in the atmosphere when mineral dust concentrations are low. (5) Amongst multiple aerosol components, BC was observed to have the smallest effective deposition velocities to high Arctic snow (0.03 cm s−1).
- Published
- 2019
4. Reply to Comment by Zhang et al. on the Paper 'Long-Term Variations of Exospheric Temperature Inferred FromfoF1Observations: A Comparison to ISR Ti Trend Estimates' by Perrone and Mikhailov
- Author
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Loredana Perrone and Andrey V. Mikhailov
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Geophysics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Zhàng ,Environmental science ,Thermosphere ,Ionosphere ,Atmospheric sciences ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Term (time) - Published
- 2018
5. Author responses to reviewer comments on paper 'Observational evidence of EPP–NOx interaction with chlorine curbing Antarctic ozone loss'
- Author
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Annika Seppälä
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Observational evidence ,Ozone ,chemistry ,Chlorine ,Environmental science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Atmospheric sciences ,NOx - Published
- 2020
6. Regulating Paper Humidity
- Author
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Leanne McPhee
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Humidity ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences - Published
- 2020
7. Reviewer comments on the paper 'Aerosol-induced high precipitation events near the Himalayan foothills'
- Author
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Kuvar Satya Singh
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Environmental science ,Foothills ,Precipitation ,Atmospheric sciences ,Aerosol - Published
- 2020
8. Response to RC1 comments on the submitted paper Reconciling the surface temperature–surface mass balance relationship in models and ice cores in Antarctica over the last two centuries
- Author
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Marie G. P. Cavitte
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Surface (mathematics) ,Glacier mass balance ,Ice core ,Atmospheric sciences ,Geology - Published
- 2020
9. Reply to 'Comment on ‘Two Papers About the Generalized Complementary Evaporation Relationships by Crago et al.’'
- Author
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Russell J. Qualls, Richard D. Crago, and Jozsef Szilagyi
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Evapotranspiration ,Evaporation ,Environmental science ,Boundary value problem ,Energy budget ,Atmospheric sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2020
10. Comment on Two Papers About the Generalized Complementary Evaporation Relationships by Crago et al
- Author
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Xiaoyang Han, Haixiang Zhou, Zhi Li, and Wenzhao Liu
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Evapotranspiration ,Evaporation ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2020
11. PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR PAPER DRIER FOR SMALL-SCALE PAPER SHEET PRODUCTION
- Author
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Mikael Hjort and Daniel E. Thomas
- Subjects
Paper sheet ,Engineering ,Scale (ratio) ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Latent heat ,Evaporation ,Paper production ,Production (economics) ,business ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a paper drier operating on solar-heated hotwater. A small-scale prototype of a flat tank paper drier was built and tested in a variety of conditions and witha variety of handmade paper types. The tests showed consistent performance, with a specific energyconsumption of about 3.5 MJ per kg of water evaporated from the paper. This corresponds to a drier efficiencyof up to 80%, with reference to the latent heat of evaporation. Drier temperature variations were minimal, andthe performance was considered satisfactory to continue with further development of the drier for localhandmade paper production facilities. Measured drying rates compared well with predicted values calculatedusing correlations based on Stefan's law.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i1.19491
- Published
- 2014
12. The influence of atmospheric emissions from the pulp and paper industry on the radial growth of the Scots pine in Arctic zone
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O S Barzut, M V Surso, and U V Porshneva
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Coefficient of determination ,biology ,business.industry ,Scots pine ,Air pollution ,food and beverages ,Paper mill ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Atmospheric sciences ,complex mixtures ,Radial growth ,Arctic ,Dendrochronology ,medicine ,Environmental science ,business ,Atmospheric emissions - Abstract
The peculiarities of the radial growth of pine in the conditions of air pollution in the Arctic zone are considered. The results of measurements of the width of annual rings of pine growing at different distances from the emission source are presented. The variability of annual radial growth of pine trees varies in a wide range: from moderate to very high. Age changes in the width of annual rings of pine are corresponding to the regularities of the curve of the "large growth". The average annual radial growth begins to decrease in plants older than 70 years. The dependence of the average annual radial growth of pine on age is approximated by an exponential equation. The accuracy of the approximation (coefficient of determination) is very high. Comparative analysis of the width of the annual rings and the value of gross emissions of the APPM in the year of formation of the annual layer did not show a clear synchronicity or asynchrony in the dynamics of these indicators for all plots. In most cases, the relationship between the total annual emissions of the APPM into the atmosphere and the width of the annual rings of pine was insignificant. The analysis of dendrochronology did not reveal a significant influence of atmospheric emissions of the Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill on the growth of pine. The correlation coefficients between total annual atmospheric emissions and radial annual increments did not show a relationship between them, both when comparing these parameters year-on-year and with a delay of one year. For the period from 2001 to 2018 significant direct or delayed negative effect of emissions from Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill in the atmosphere in the investigated areas of pine forests have not been identified.
- Published
- 2019
13. U-type Cross-Counter Indirect Evaporative Cooler made of Plastic/Paper
- Author
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Nea-Hyun Kim
- Subjects
020209 energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,02 engineering and technology ,Atmospheric sciences ,Evaporative cooler - Published
- 2016
14. TDIM ionospheric model TEC maps of the high-latitude northern hemisphere, used in the paper titled 'Hemispherical Shifted Symmetry in Polar Cap F-Region Patch Occurrence: A Survey of GPS TEC data from 2015 to 2018'
- Author
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David, Michael, Sojka, Jan J., and Utah State University
- Subjects
Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
TDIM ionospheric model was run for the year 2018 at 10-day intervals and 2-hr intervals in UT.
- Published
- 2019
15. The influence of atmospheric emissions from Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill on radial growth of spruce
- Author
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O S Barzut and M V Surso
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business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,fungi ,Paper mill ,Atmospheric pollution ,engineering.material ,Atmospheric sciences ,Annual growth % ,Radial growth ,engineering ,Environmental science ,business ,Bioindicator ,Atmospheric emissions - Abstract
Spruce is sensitive to atmospheric pollution and can serve as a bioindicator of environmental quality. Dendrochronological studies revealed no significant changes in the radial growth of spruce in the zone of influence of the Arkhangelsk PPM. Correlation coefficients between the total annual emissions of the Arkhangelsk PPM into the atmosphere and the values of the radial annual growth of individual trees during the period from 2001 to 2016 did not prove the connection between them, both when comparing these parameters in the year of the event and with the delay for the year.
- Published
- 2019
16. Dynamics of sulfur-containing admixtures in the atmosphere around a point source—the Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant on the southeast coast of Lake Baikal
- Author
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L. P. Golobokova, U. G. Filippova, Tamara V. Khodzher, V. L. Potemkin, Vladimir L. Makukhin, V. A. Obolkin, Masaki Takeuchi, K. Khirota, Tomoaki Obata, and Kei Toda
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Chemical transformation ,business.industry ,Point source ,Pulp (paper) ,Thermal power station ,chemistry.chemical_element ,engineering.material ,Oceanography ,Spatial distribution ,Atmospheric sciences ,Sulfur containing ,Sulfur ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Coal ,business ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
A complex of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds have been measured for the first time in the vicinity of a point anthropogenic source—the Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant (BPPP) on the southeast coast of Lake Baikal; their spatial distribution and possible chemical transformation depending on the meteorological conditions and the time of day have been estimated. It is shown that the different heights of the emission of the sulfur compounds by departments of the plant and the coal thermal power station are responsible the different behavior of the corresponding admixtures in the plant’s surrounding.
- Published
- 2010
17. A methodological critique on using temperature-conditioned resampling for climate projections as in the paper of Gerstengarbe et al. (2013) winter storm- and summer thunderstorm-related loss events in Theoretical and Applied Climatology (TAC)
- Author
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Maximilian Wechsung and Frank Wechsung
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Global warming ,Winter storm ,02 engineering and technology ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Stars ,Resampling ,Climatology ,Thunderstorm ,Spatial ecology ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Downscaling - Abstract
The STatistical Analogue Resampling Scheme (STARS) statistical approach was recently used to project changes of climate variables in Germany corresponding to a supposed degree of warming. We show by theoretical and empirical analysis that STARS simply transforms interannual gradients between warmer and cooler seasons into climate trends. According to STARS projections, summers in Germany will inevitably become dryer and winters wetter under global warming. Due to the dominance of negative interannual correlations between precipitation and temperature during the year, STARS has a tendency to generate a net annual decrease in precipitation under mean German conditions. Furthermore, according to STARS, the annual level of global radiation would increase in Germany. STARS can be still used, e.g., for generating scenarios in vulnerability and uncertainty studies. However, it is not suitable as a climate downscaling tool to access risks following from changing climate for a finer than general circulation model (GCM) spatial scale.
- Published
- 2015
18. A Study on the Humidity Paper for Indicating Moisture Absorbed in R-22
- Author
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Si-Young Kim and Chang-Sik Ju
- Subjects
Materials science ,Moisture ,Critical relative humidity ,Refrigerator car ,Humidity ,Atmospheric sciences - Published
- 2014
19. Comments on the paper 'TEC variations during geomagnetic storm/substorm with PC5/PI2 pulsation signature' by A.M. Hamada, A.M. Mahrous, I. Fathy, E. Ghamry, K. Groves, K. Yumoto
- Author
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O. S. Bolaji
- Subjects
Geomagnetic storm ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,TEC ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Geophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Substorm ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Signature (topology) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Published
- 2016
20. Review of WES paper by Sanz Rodrigo et al, 2016: 'Atmospheric boundary layer modeling based on mesoscale tendencies and data assimilation at microscale'
- Author
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Bert Holtslag
- Subjects
Data assimilation ,Planetary boundary layer ,Mesoscale meteorology ,Atmospheric sciences ,Microscale chemistry ,Geology - Published
- 2016
21. Quantifying the impact of heat on human physical work capacity; part III: the impact of solar radiation varies with air temperature, humidity, and clothing coverage
- Author
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Josh Foster, James W. Smallcombe, George Havenith, Andreas D. Flouris, Ollie Jay, Lars Nybo, and Simon Hodder
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Male ,Atmospheric Science ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Hot Temperature ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Wet-bulb globe temperature ,Performance ,Radiation ,Atmospheric sciences ,Heat Stress Disorders ,01 natural sciences ,Heat stress ,Clothing ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Thermal ,Faculty of Science ,Humidex ,Humans ,Relative humidity ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Sunlight ,Original Paper ,Labor capacity ,Ecology ,Temperature ,Humidity ,030229 sport sciences ,13. Climate action ,UTCI ,Environmental science ,WBGT ,Skin Temperature - Abstract
Heat stress decreases human physical work capacity (PWC), but the extent to which solar radiation (SOLAR) compounds this response is not well understood. This study empirically quantified how SOLAR impacts PWC in the heat, considering wide, but controlled, variations in air temperature, humidity, and clothing coverage. We also provide correction equations so PWC can be quantified outdoors using heat stress indices that do not ordinarily account for SOLAR (including the Heat Stress Index, Humidex, and Wet-Bulb Temperature). Fourteen young adult males (7 donning a work coverall, 7 with shorts and trainers) walked for 1 h at a fixed heart rate of 130 beats∙min−1, in seven combinations of air temperature (25 to 45°C) and relative humidity (20 or 80%), with and without SOLAR (800 W/m2 from solar lamps). Cumulative energy expenditure in the heat, relative to the work achieved in a cool reference condition, was used to determine PWC%. Skin temperature was the primary determinant of PWC in the heat. In dry climates with exposed skin (0.3 Clo), SOLAR caused PWC to decrease exponentially with rising air temperature, whereas work coveralls (0.9 Clo) negated this effect. In humid conditions, the SOLAR-induced reduction in PWC was consistent and linear across all levels of air temperature and clothing conditions. Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature and the Universal Thermal Climate Index represented SOLAR correctly and did not require a correction factor. For the Heat Stress Index, Humidex, and Wet-Bulb Temperature, correction factors are provided enabling forecasting of heat effects on work productivity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00484-021-02205-x.
- Published
- 2021
22. Estimates of Carrington-class solar particle event radiation exposures as a function of altitude in the atmosphere of Mars☆☆This paper was presented during 62nd IAC in CapeTown
- Author
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Charles M. Werneth, Jamie A. Anderson, Anne M. Adamczyk, and Lawrence W. Townsend
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Solar storm of 1859 ,Altitude ,Olympus Mons ,Impact crater ,Meteorology ,Solar particle event ,Aerospace Engineering ,Environmental science ,Terrain ,Mars Exploration Program ,Atmosphere of Mars ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
Radiation exposure estimates for crew members on the surface of Mars may vary widely because of the large variations in terrain altitude. The maximum altitude difference between the highest (top of Olympus Mons) and the lowest (bottom of the Hellas impact basin) points on Mars is about 32 km. In this work estimates of radiation exposures as a function of altitude, from the Hellas impact basin to Olympus Mons, are made for a solar particle event proton radiation environment comparable to the Carrington event of 1859. We assume that the proton energy distribution for this Carrington-type event is similar to that of the Band Function fit of the February 1956 event. In this work we use the HZETRN 2010 radiation transport code, originally developed at NASA Langley Research Center, and the Computerized Anatomical Male and Female human geometry models to estimate exposures for aluminum shield areal densities similar to those provided by a spacesuit, surface lander, and permanent habitat as a function of altitude in the Mars atmosphere. Comparisons of the predicted organ exposures with current NASA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are made.
- Published
- 2013
23. Author Response to Referee #2, 'Review of the paper by Saad et al. entitled Seasonal Variability of Stratospheric Methane: Implications for Constraining Tropospheric Methane Budgets Using Total Column Observations'
- Author
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Katherine Saad
- Subjects
Troposphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences ,Column (database) ,Methane - Published
- 2016
24. Response to RC1:'Review of the paper « Tropospheric Ozone Seasonal and Long-term Variability as seen by lidar and surface measurements at the JPL-Table Mountain Facility, California' by Maria Jose Granados-Munoz and Thierry Leblanc.', Anonymous Referee
- Author
-
Maria Jose Granados-Muñoz
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Lidar ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Tropospheric ozone ,Atmospheric sciences ,Term (time) - Published
- 2016
25. A Survey Paper on Solar Irradiance Forecasting Methods
- Author
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Kishan Bhushan Sahay and Sanjay Kumar Prajapati
- Subjects
Computer science ,020209 energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,02 engineering and technology ,Atmospheric sciences ,Solar irradiance - Published
- 2016
26. Comment on the paper 'Total solar eclipse of July 22, 2009: Its impact on the total electron content and ionospheric electron density in the Indian zone' by Sharma et al
- Author
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Libo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le
- Subjects
Physics ,Atmospheric Science ,Electron density ,Geophysics ,COSMIC cancer database ,Total electron content ,Space and Planetary Science ,Solar eclipse ,Local time ,Sunrise ,Variation (astronomy) ,Atmospheric sciences ,Eclipse - Abstract
By analyzing COSMIC data, Sharma et al. (2010) found more than 50% reduction in electron density during a solar eclipse at the F2-layer and above, with the peak of similar to 70% at 370 km. So great eclipse effect on topside ionosphere was very abnormal and much different from previous studies. However, by comparing the cosmic data with IRI results, we find that the abnormal reduction comes mainly from the significant local time variation at sunrise, not from the eclipse effect. Furthermore, we simulated the eclipse effect by using a theoretical model to confirm our analysis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2011
27. ‘Mixing in rapidly changing environments—probing matter at the extremes’—summary of papers
- Author
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Joseph Niemela, Snezhana I. Abarzhi, and Serge Gauthier
- Subjects
Environmental science ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atmospheric sciences ,Mathematical Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Mixing (physics) - Published
- 2018
28. Variation and correlation between ultraviolet index and tropospheric ozone during COVID-19 lockdown over megacities of India
- Author
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Soumik Saha, Nairita Sengupta, Biswajit Bera, Sumana Bhattacharjee, and Pravat Kumar Shit
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Cloud cover ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Wind speed ,Atmosphere ,Troposphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental Chemistry ,Relative humidity ,Tropospheric ozone ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Concentration of O3 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Water Science and Technology ,Original Paper ,COVID-19 ,020801 environmental engineering ,Megacity ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Ultraviolet index ,Lockdown phase ,UV index - Abstract
Worldwide spread out of COVID-19 in a short-time has brought a significant decline of road traffic, tourist flow and industrial ventures. During this emergency period, the restricted human dealings with nature have appeared as blessing for health of the total environment. The variation of atmospheric O3 may modulate the range of UV index (UVI) at any region of the earth. The objective of the study is to examine the variation of UV index over the megacities of India with respect to tropospheric O3 level modification during COVID-19 lockdown. The meteorological or environmental data (temperature in °C, gust in km/h, wind speed km/h, relative humidity in %, air pressure in mb and cloud cover in okta) of four selective megacities of India (Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai) during and pre lockdown period have been obtained to comprehend about the variation of UV index and tropospheric O3. The descriptive statistical applications i.e. standard deviation, standard errors and K-means clustering have been done through standard statistical software. In the present study, t-test has been used to understand level of significance of surface O3 and UVI during pre-lockdown (2019) and lockdown (2020) phase. The result shows that the four major megacities in India namely New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have experienced the vibrant diminution in terms of the concentration of UV index with slightly increasing the tropospheric O3 level during the lockdown phase. The higher accumulation of O3 during the lockdown in the lower atmosphere of four megacities does not exceed the permissible limit. The excess amount of O3 has remarkably contributed to trap the harmful UV radiation which has lowered the UVI in these worst polluted megacities of India. In the meantime, the prominent reduction of NOx during the lockdown period decreases the titration impact to O3 and this mechanism helps to revitalize the ozone concentration level. The uniqueness of the current study is highlighted the ground reality regarding reduction of UV index and amplification of tropospheric O3 concentration during lockdown phase. This study definitely assists to make new environmental policy, act and law for recover the health of the total environment.
- Published
- 2021
29. Seasonal variation in the canopy color of temperate evergreen conifer forests
- Author
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Bijan Seyednasrollah, Barry A. Logan, Koen Hufkens, Zoran Nesic, Rui Cheng, T. Andrew Black, Peter D. Blanken, Andrew D. Richardson, Christian Frankenberg, Adam M. Young, M. Altaf Arain, David R. Bowling, Beverly E. Law, Troy S. Magney, David Y. Hollinger, Julia C. Yang, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Rosvel Bracho, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Utah, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Bowdoin College [Brunswick], University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Canopy ,Physiology ,Climate ,Plant Biology & Botany ,AmeriFlux ,Plant Science ,Land cover ,Forests ,Photochemical Reflectance Index ,Atmospheric sciences ,phenology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,PhenoCam ,xanthophyll ,Photosynthesis ,Full Paper ,evergreen conifer ,Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,seasonality ,Phenology ,Research ,Vegetation ,Full Papers ,Biological Sciences ,15. Life on land ,Evergreen ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Evergreen forest ,Plant Leaves ,Tracheophyta ,030104 developmental biology ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,North America ,Environmental science ,Seasons ,PRI ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Evergreen conifer forests are the most prevalent land cover type in North America. Seasonal changes in the color of evergreen forest canopies have been documented with near-surface remote sensing, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these changes, and the implications for photosynthetic uptake, have not been fully elucidated. Here, we integrate on-the-ground phenological observations, leaf-level physiological measurements, near surface hyperspectral remote sensing and digital camera imagery, towerbased CO 2 flux measurements, and a predictive model to simulate seasonal canopy color dynamics. We show that seasonal changes in canopy color occur independently of new leaf production, but track changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, the photochemical reflectance index, and leaf pigmentation. We demonstrate that at winter-dormant sites, seasonal changes in canopy color can be used to predict the onset of canopy-level photosynthesis in spring, and its cessation in autumn. Finally, we parameterize a simple temperature-based model to predict the seasonal cycle of canopy greenness, and we show that the model successfully simulates interannual variation in the timing of changes in canopy color. These results provide mechanistic insight into the factors driving seasonal changes in evergreen canopy color and provide opportunities to monitor and model seasonal variation in photosynthetic activity using color-based vegetation indices.
- Published
- 2020
30. Developmental changes in the reflectance spectra of temperate deciduous tree leaves and implications for thermal emissivity and leaf temperature
- Author
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David Basler, Leonard M. Hanssen, Christopher D. Muir, Donald M. Aubrecht, Koen Hufkens, Andrew D. Richardson, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Harvard University [Cambridge], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Hawaii, and National Institute of Standards and Technology [Boulder] (NIST)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Cuticle ,Energy balance ,Plant Science ,Temperate deciduous forest ,Atmospheric sciences ,phenology ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,Trees ,mid-infrared (MIR) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Emissivity ,Spectroscopy ,Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) ,Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) ,Full Paper ,Chemistry ,Phenology ,Spectrum Analysis ,Research ,Temperature ,directional-hemispherical reflectance (DHR) ,mid‐infrared (MIR) ,Full Papers ,leaf temperature ,15. Life on land ,Plant Leaves ,directional‐hemispherical reflectance (DHR) ,Wavelength ,030104 developmental biology ,thermal remote sensing ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,cuticle ,Seasons ,leaf development ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Leaf optical properties impact leaf energy balance and thus leaf temperature. The effect of leaf development on mid-infrared (MIR) reflectance, and hence thermal emissivity, has not been investigated in detail. We measured a suite of morphological characteristics, as well as directional-hemispherical reflectance from ultraviolet to thermal infrared wavelengths (250 nm to 20 µm) of leaves from five temperate deciduous tree species over the 8 wk following spring leaf emergence. By contrast to reflectance at shorter wavelengths, the shape and magnitude of MIR reflectance spectra changed markedly with development. MIR spectral differences among species became more pronounced and unique as leaves matured. Comparison of reflectance spectra of intact vs dried and ground leaves points to cuticular developmentand not internal structural or biochemical changesas the main driving factor. Accompanying the observed spectral changes was a drop in thermal emissivity from about 0.99 to 0.95 over the 8 wk following leaf emergence. Emissivity changes were not large enough to substantially influence leaf temperature, but they could potentially lead to a bias in radiometrically measured temperatures of up to 3 K. Our results also pointed to the potential for using MIR spectroscopy to better understand species-level differences in cuticular development and composition.
- Published
- 2020
31. Trees as net sinks for methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the lowland tropical rain forest on volcanic Réunion Island
- Author
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Ülo Mander, Kaido Soosaar, Katerina Machacova, Claudine Ah-Peng, Libor Borak, Thomas Schindler, Thomas Agyei, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (GCRI), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences [Tartu], University of Tartu, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This research was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (17-18112Y), transnational Environmental Research Infrastructure (ENVRIplus) access supported by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 - Research and Innovation Action (H2020-INFRADEV-1-2014-1, Grant Agreement: 654182), SustES - Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). Also, financial support was provided by the Estonian Research Council (PRG-352 and MOBERC20) and by the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (EcolChange Centre of Excellence). Logistical support was provided by the Feder project (DIVINES), Reunion National Park, Office National des Forets and OSU-Reunion., European Project: 654182,H2020,H2020-INFRADEV-1-2014-1,ENVRI PLUS(2015), and Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Wet season ,tree stem ,Rainforest ,Physiology ,Nitrous Oxide ,cryptogams ,Wetland ,Plant Science ,basaltic lava flows ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,Sink (geography) ,Trees ,soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,methane flux ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Full Paper ,tropical lowland rain forest ,Research ,15. Life on land ,Carbon Dioxide ,Full Papers ,nitrous oxide flux ,030104 developmental biology ,Volcano ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,uptake ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,Reunion ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; . Trees are known to emit methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), with tropical wetland trees being considerable CH4 sources. Little is known about CH4 and especially N2O exchange of trees growing in tropical rain forests under nonflooded conditions. . We determined CH4 and N2O exchange of stems of six dominant tree species, cryptogamic stem covers, soils and volcanic surfaces at the start of the rainy season in a 400-yr-old tropical lowland rain forest situated on a basaltic lava flow (R eunion Island). We aimed to understand the unknown role in greenhouse gas fluxes of these atypical tropical rain forests on basaltic lava flows. . The stems studied were net sinks for atmospheric CH4 and N2O, as were cryptogams, which seemed to be co-responsible for the stem uptake. In contrast with more commonly studied rain forests, the soil and previously unexplored volcanic surfaces consumed CH4. Their N2O fluxes were negligible. . Greenhouse gas uptake potential by trees and cryptogams constitutes a novel and unique finding, thus showing that plants can serve not only as emitters, but also as consumers of CH4 and N2O. The volcanic tropical lowland rain forest appears to be an important CH4 sink, as well as a possible N2O sink.
- Published
- 2020
32. Characterizing PAH emission concentrations in ambient air during a large-scale joss paper open-burning event
- Author
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Chien-Wei Chu, Min-Der Lin, Jui-Yeh Rau, Ming-Yen Wey, Ming-Chi Wei, Yu-Hao Lin, Ching-Hwa Lee, and Hui-Hsin Tseng
- Subjects
Paper ,Persistent organic pollutant ,Air Pollutants ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Environmental engineering ,Air pollution ,Particulates ,Atmospheric sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,Pollution ,Ambient air ,Asian country ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Polycyclic Compounds ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Air quality index ,Vehicular Emissions ,Public awareness - Abstract
Large-scale open burning of joss paper is an important ritual practice for deity worshipping during Buddhist and Taoist festivals. Since Buddhism and Taoism are two of the most popular religions in Chinese societies and some Asian countries, the impact of joss paper burning on the air quality needs further investigation. This study explores the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air during one of the most important festivals, in which large-scale burning of joss paper occurs in temples and in people's houses. The PAH concentrations were measured simultaneously at a temple site and a background site during both the festival and non-festive (ordinary) periods. Each ambient sample was extracted by the Soxhlet analytical method (for both particle-bound and gas-phase) and analyzed with gas chromatography. Experimental results indicate that the total PAH concentration during the festival period is approximately 4.2 times higher than that during the ordinary period (5384 ng m−3 vs. 1275 ng m−3). This study also employed statistical methods including diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the possible PAH emission sources. Joss paper burning and vehicular emissions are identified as the principal sources of airborne PAHs during the large-scale open-burning event. The results of this work provide useful information for public awareness concerning PAH emission from the open burning of joss paper.
- Published
- 2007
33. Climate change in tropical fresh waters (comment on the paper ‘Plankton dynamics under different climatic conditions in space and time’ by de Senerpont Domiset al., )
- Author
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Jean-Pierre Descy, André Megali Amado, and Hugo Sarmento
- Subjects
Ecology ,Tropical marine climate ,Dry season ,Phytoplankton ,Temperate climate ,Environmental science ,Tropics ,Climate change ,Precipitation ,Aquatic Science ,Plankton ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
SUMMARY 1. de Senerpont Domis et al. (2013, Freshwater Biology, 58, 463–482) forecasted changes in plankton dynamics in temperate, polar and tropical regions resulting from climate change. For tropical regions, they predicted an increase in precipitation intensity that would increase nutrient loading, increasing phytoplankton biomass and select for plankton adapted to flushing. 2. We do not agree with these predictions, as regional projections from the IPCC did not forecast a major increase in precipitation in tropical regions. The only regions where a slight increase in precipitation was projected were eastern Africa and South-East Asia. In eastern Africa, the major freshwater bodies are large, deep lakes that have very long residence times and are unlikely to be affected by flushing. Moreover, nutrient inputs from their catchment represent a small fraction of their total nutrient loading. 3. Several independent studies carried out in this region have provided evidence of a decrease in primary productivity in some of these large tropical lakes due to climate change. The major process providing nutrients to the euphotic layer is internal loading, which has been reduced as warming of the surface waters has increased the temperature gradient and the water column stability. Moreover, reduced velocity of trade winds during the dry season has affected the mixed layer depth and decreased internal nutrient fluxes. Therefore, the trend for large tropical lakes in a warming climate is oligotrophication, not eutrophication. 4. In tropical South America, the rainfall increase is not the dominant scenario; thus, the predicted changes in plankton dynamics do not stand. 5. Therefore, we believe that the predictions presented in the paper for tropical systems under a changing climate are invalid for most tropical systems.
- Published
- 2013
34. Tree stems and tides – A new approach and elements of reflexion (reviewed paper)
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Kurt Holzknecht and Ernst Zürcher
- Subjects
Ecology ,Forestry ,Context (language use) ,Biology ,Atmospheric sciences ,Tree (graph theory) - Abstract
In the context of chronobiological research on trees, a high-sensitivity device was developed to measure low-potential electric currents along the bole of two trees growing under open conditions. Rhythmic variations of the(bio-)electric potentials are found, linked on the one hand to daily photoperiods and on the other to lunar periodicities,depending on the physiological phase of the trees.
- Published
- 2006
35. High resolution mapping of nighttime light and air pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan
- Author
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Yuyuan Fu, Eric Lichtfouse, Yu Sun, Chengjie Zhang, Sheng Zheng, Yueshe Wang, Zhejiang University, Fudan University [Shanghai], Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42007194), MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (Grant No. 17YJCZH264), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (KHK1907), Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) (Grant No. FDLAP19003), Research Fund for Teaching and Research Development of Liberal Arts Teachers in Zhejiang University, Basic Science Center Program for Ordered Energy Conversion of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51888103), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
- Subjects
Wuhan ,Pollution ,Ozone ,Human activity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Air pollution ,SO2 ,NOx ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,11. Sustainability ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Precipitation ,Air quality index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Pollutant ,Original Paper ,COVID-19 ,Particulates ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,CO ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Air quality ,Radiance ,Environmental science ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,[CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other ,0210 nano-technology ,Nighttime Light - Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has induced unprecedented improvements of air quality due to drastic shrinking of human activities during the pandemic lockdown in 2020. While declines of most air pollutants have been globally evidenced in most cities worldwide, there is few detailed spatial knowledge at local scale. Therefore, we present here a high resolution mapping of the 2018–2020 evolution of human activities and air pollutants in Wuhan. Human activities were assessed by nighttime light radiance. We measured the air quality index (AQI) as the maximum value among air quality sub-indices of SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and particulate matter. We also compared mean monthly pollutant concentration during January–April in 2018, 2019 and 2020. Mapping results show that variations of nighttime light radiance were heterogenous at local scale, showing both rises and declines in the same district. The radiance decreased in eight districts located mostly in the city center, as a result of lower human activity, but the radiance increased in the five surrounding districts, as a consequence of people staying at home. AQI was low during lockdown, averaging at 57, but showed strong daily variations with a slight pollution around February 5 with AQI rising to 126. During this pollution event, particulate matter, SO2, NO2 and CO levels were positively correlated, suggesting common sources, but were not correlated with ozone; and particulate matter, SO2, NO2 and CO decreased with relative humidity, suggesting removal by precipitation. Comparison of 2020 data with previous years shows that particulate matter and NO2 were highly reduced, CO was less reduced due to ongoing power industries, SO2 first declined then increased to exceed 2018–19 values due to coal combustion, and ozone levels was more abundant due both to less NOx pollution and the weekend effect. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-021-01222-x.
- Published
- 2021
36. Characterization of the bioaerosol in a natural thermal cave and assessment of the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus
- Author
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Silvia Crognale, Eleonora Carota, Mauro Scungio, Davide Lelli, and G. Calabrò
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Viral droplets ,SARS-CoV-2 virus ,Atypical indoor environments ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Thermal cave ,Natural (archaeology) ,law.invention ,Cave ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,law ,Risk of transmission ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pandemics ,Aerosolization ,Bioaerosol ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Water Science and Technology ,Aerosols ,Original Paper ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,Humidity ,General Medicine ,Aerosol ,Caves ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Environmental science - Abstract
Thermal caves represent an environment characterized by unique chemical/physical properties, often used for treatment and care of musculoskeletal, respiratory, and skin diseases. However, these environments are poorly characterized for their physical and microbiological characteristics; furthermore, the recent pandemic caused by COVID-19 has highlighted the need to investigate the potential transmission scenario of SARS-CoV-2 virus in indoor environments where an in-depth analysis of the aerosol concentrations and dimensional distributions are essential to monitor the spread of the virus. This research work was carried out inside a natural cave located in Viterbo (Terme dei Papi, Italy) where a waterfall of sulfur–sulfate–bicarbonate–alkaline earth mineral thermal water creates a warm-humid environment with 100% humidity and 48 °C temperature. Characterization of the aerosol and bioaerosol was carried out to estimate the personal exposure to aerosol concentrations, as well as particle size distributions, and to give an indication of the native microbial load. The data obtained showed a predominance of particles with a diameter greater than 8 µm, associated with low ability of penetration in the human respiratory system. A low microbial load was also observed, with a prevalence of noncultivable strains generated by the aerosolization of the thermal waters. Finally, the estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by means of mathematical modeling revealed a low risk of transmission, with a decisive effect given by the mechanical ventilation system, which together with the adoption of social distancing measures makes the risk of infection extremely low. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s10653-021-00870-w)
- Published
- 2021
37. Methane emissions from tree stems in neotropical peatlands
- Author
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Vincent Gauci, Andy Siegenthaler, Sofie Sjögersten, Benjamin L. Turner, Paul Aplin, and Omar R. Lopez
- Subjects
tropical forest ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Wet season ,Time Factors ,Peat ,Panama ,Physiology ,Water table ,Plant Science ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,tree species ,Species Specificity ,neotropics ,greenhouse gases ,Hardwood ,Ecosystem ,peatlands ,Campnosperma ,Tropical Climate ,Geography ,Plant Stems ,Full Paper ,biology ,Research ,methane ,tree emissions ,Full Papers ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,Water level ,030104 developmental biology ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,Regression Analysis ,Environmental science ,Volatilization ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
1.Neotropical peatlands emit large amounts of methane (CH4) from the soil surface, but fluxes from tree stems in these ecosystems are unknown. In this study we investigated CH4 emissions from five tree species in two forest types common to neotropical lowland peatlands in Panama.2.Methane from tree stems accounted for up to 30% of net ecosystem CH4 emissions. Peak CH4 fluxes were greater during the wet season when the water table was high and temperatures were lower. Emissions were greatest from the hardwood tree Campnosperma panamensis, but most species acted as emitters, with emissions declining exponentially with height along the stem for all species. 3.Overall, species identity, stem diameter, water level, soil temperature and soil CH4 fluxes explained 54% of the variance in stem CH4 emissions from individual trees. On the landscape level, the high high emission from Campnosperma panamensis forest these emitted comparable amounts of CH4 from tree stems as mixed forests at 340 kg CH4 day‐1 during flooded periods despite their substantially lower areal cover. 4.We conclude that emission from tree stems is an important emission pathway for CH4 flux from Neotropical peatlands, and that these emissions vary strongly with season and forest type.
- Published
- 2019
38. Reply to the comments of Le et al. (2011) on the paper 'Total solar eclipse of July 22, 2009: Its impact on the total electron content and ionospheric electron density in the Indian Zone' by Sharma et al. (2010)
- Author
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N. Dashora, Praveen Galav, Shweta Sharma, and R.A. Pandey
- Subjects
Physics ,Atmospheric Science ,Electron density ,Total electron content ,Solar eclipse ,TEC ,Ionospheric electron density ,Geophysics ,Atmospheric sciences ,Physics::Geophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Physics::Space Physics ,Computer Science::Symbolic Computation ,Ionosphere ,Eclipse - Abstract
This short note is a reply to the comments by Le et al. (accepted for publication) on the paper by Sharma et al. (2010) that is concerned with the eclipse time observation of ionospheric TEC and electron density.
- Published
- 2011
39. Non-stop industries were the main source of air pollution during the 2020 coronavirus lockdown in the North China Plain
- Author
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Mengying Li, Xue Chen, Yibo Zhang, Eric Lichtfouse, Jiali Li, Shaocai Yu, Pengfei Li, Yapping Jiang, Weiping Liu, Zhen Li, Zhejiang University, Agricultural University of Hebei, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu)
- Subjects
Pollution ,Haze ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Air pollution ,Atmospheric sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,Wind speed ,Beijing ,North China Plain ,[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic matter ,Relative humidity ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,media_common ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Original Paper ,COVID-19 ,[CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis ,Spring festival ,ozone ,chemistry ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,HYSPLIT ,Environmental science - Abstract
Despite large decreases of emissions of air pollution during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in 2020, an unexpected regional severe haze has still occurred over the North China Plain. To clarify the origin of this pollution, we studied air concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NO2, O3, PM10, SO2, and CO in Beijing, Hengshui and Baoding during the lockdown period from January 24 to 29, 2020. Variations of PM2.5 composition in inorganic ions, elemental carbon and organic matter were also investigated. The HYSPLIT model was used to calculate backward trajectories and concentration weighted trajectories. Results of the cluster trajectory analysis and model simulations show that the severe haze was caused mainly by the emissions of northeastern non-stopping industries located in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei, and Tianjin. In Beijing, Hengshui and Baoding, the mixing layer heights were about 30% lower and the maximum relative humidity was 83% higher than the annual averages, and the average wind speeds were lower than 1.5 m s-1. The concentrations of NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, organics and K+ were the main components of PM2.5 in Beijing and Hengshui, while organics, K+, NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ were the main components of PM2.5 in Baoding. Contrary to previous reports suggesting a southerly transport of air pollution, we found that northeast transport caused the haze formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-021-01314-8.
- Published
- 2022
40. Simulating the growth response of aspen to elevated ozone: a mechanistic approach to scaling a leaf-level model of ozone effects on photosynthesis to a complex canopy architecture☆☆This paper was presented at the IUFRO 19th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems, held in Houghton, Michigan, 28–31 May 2000
- Author
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Kathryn E. Lenz, George E Host, M. J. Martin, and J.G. Isebrands
- Subjects
Ozone ,biology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Growing season ,Carbon sink ,General Medicine ,Carbon sequestration ,Toxicology ,biology.organism_classification ,Atmospheric sciences ,Photosynthesis ,Pollution ,Carbon cycle ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Salicaceae ,Botany ,Environmental science ,Tropospheric ozone - Abstract
Predicting ozone-induced reduction of carbon sequestration of forests under elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations requires robust mechanistic leaf-level models, scaled up to whole tree and stand level. As ozone effects depend on genotype, the ability to predict these effects on forest carbon cycling via competitive response between genotypes will also be required. This study tests a process-based model that predicts the relative effects of ozone on the photosynthetic rate and growth of an ozone-sensitive aspen clone, as a first step in simulating the competitive response of genotypes to atmospheric and climate change. The resulting composite model simulated the relative above ground growth response of ozone-sensitive aspen clone 259 exposed to square wave variation in ozone concentration. This included a greater effect on stem diameter than on stem height, earlier leaf abscission, and reduced stem and leaf dry matter production at the end of the growing season. Further development of the model to reduce predictive uncertainty is discussed.
- Published
- 2001
41. SI2N overview paper: ozone profile measurements: techniques, uncertainties and availability
- Author
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B. Hassler, I. Petropavlovskikh, J. Staehelin, T. August, P. K. Bhartia, C. Clerbaux, D. Degenstein, M. De Mazière, B. M. Dinelli, A. Dudhia, G. Dufour, S. M. Frith, L. Froidevaux, S. Godin-Beekmann, J. Granville, N. R. P. Harris, K. Hoppel, D. Hubert, Y. Kasai, M. J. Kurylo, E. Kyrölä, J.-C. Lambert, P. F. Levelt, C. T. McElroy, R. D. McPeters, R. Munro, H. Nakajima, A. Parrish, P. Raspollini, E. E. Remsberg, K. H. Rosenlof, A. Rozanov, T. Sano, Y. Sasano, M. Shiotani, H. G. J. Smit, G. Stiller, J. Tamminen, D. W. Tarasick, J. Urban, R. J. van der A, J. P. Veefkind, C. Vigouroux, T. von Clarmann, C. von Savigny, K. A. Walker, M. Weber, J. Wild, and J. Zawodny
- Subjects
010309 optics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ozone ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Environmental chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Peak stratospheric chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and other ozone depleting substance (ODS) concentrations were reached in the mid to late 1990s. Detection and attribution of the expected recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer in an atmosphere with reduced ODSs as well as efforts to understand the evolution of stratospheric ozone in the presence of increasing greenhouse gases are key current research topics. These require a critical examination of the ozone changes with an accurate knowledge of the spatial (geographical and vertical) and temporal ozone response. For such an examination, it is vital that the quality of the measurements used be as high as possible and measurement uncertainties well quantified. In preparation for the 2014 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, the SPARC/IO3C/IGACO-O3/NDACC (SI2N) initiative was designed to study and document changes in the global ozone profile distribution. This requires assessing long-term ozone profile data sets in regards to measurement stability and uncertainty characteristics. The ultimate goal is to establish suitability for estimating long-term ozone trends to contribute to ozone recovery studies. Some of the data sets have been improved as part of this initiative with updated versions now available. This summary presents an overview of stratospheric ozone profile measurement data sets (ground- and satellite-based) available for ozone recovery studies. Here we document measurement techniques, spatial and temporal coverage, vertical resolution, native units and measurement uncertainties. In addition, the latest data versions are briefly described (including data version updates as well as detailing multiple retrievals when available for a given satellite instrument). Archive location information is for each data set is also given.
- Published
- 2013
42. A tree’s quest for light—optimal height and diameter growth under a shading canopy
- Author
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Oskar Franklin, Åke Brännström, and Peter Fransson
- Subjects
life history ,Canopy ,Physiology ,Allocation ,Plant Science ,Stratification (vegetation) ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,Trees ,optimal control ,allocation ,Life history ,Mathematics ,Ekologi ,Ecology ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,Crown size ,Growth strategy ,Crown (botany) ,Forestry ,Vegetation ,Tree (graph theory) ,tree ,Optimal control ,growth strategy ,Available light ,Shading ,Tree ,Research Paper - Abstract
For trees in forests, striving for light is matter of life and death, either by growing taller toward brighter conditions or by expanding the crown to capture more of the available light. Here, we present a mechanistic model for the development path of stem height and crown size, accounting for light capture and growth, as well as mortality risk. We determine the optimal growth path among all possible trajectories using dynamic programming. The optimal growth path follows a sequence of distinct phases: (i) initial crown size expansion, (ii) stem height growth toward the canopy, (iii) final expansion of the crown in the canopy and (iv) seed production without further increase in size. The transition points between these phases can be optimized by maximizing fitness, defined as expected lifetime reproductive production. The results imply that to reach the canopy in an optimal way, trees must consider the full profile of expected increasing light levels toward the canopy. A shortsighted maximization of growth based on initial light conditions can result in arrested height growth, preventing the tree from reaching the canopy. The previous result can explain canopy stratification, and why canopy species often get stuck at a certain size under a shading canopy. The model explains why trees with lower wood density have a larger diameter at a given tree height and grow taller than trees with higher wood density. The model can be used to implement plasticity in height versus diameter growth in individual-based vegetation and forestry models.
- Published
- 2020
43. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour
- Author
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Silvere Vialet-Chabrand, Jack S A Matthews, and Tracy Lawson
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Light ,Physiology ,guard cells ,stomata ,Irradiance ,Plant Science ,Photosynthesis ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Guard cell ,Red light ,signalling ,Review Papers ,Blue light ,photosynthesis ,Low fluence ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,fungi ,Carbon Dioxide ,red light ,Plant Leaves ,Light intensity ,030104 developmental biology ,Plant Stomata ,Environmental science ,Shading ,mesophyll ,osmoregulation ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Plants experience changes in light intensity and quality due to variations in solar angle and shading from clouds and overlapping leaves. Stomatal opening to increasing irradiance is often an order of magnitude slower than photosynthetic responses, which can result in CO2 diffusional limitations on leaf photosynthesis, as well as unnecessary water loss when stomata continue to open after photosynthesis has reached saturation. Stomatal opening to light is driven by two distinct pathways; the ‘red’ or photosynthetic response that occurs at high fluence rates and saturates with photosynthesis, and is thought to be the main mechanism that coordinates stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis; and the guard cell-specific ‘blue’ light response that saturates at low fluence rates, and is often considered independent of photosynthesis, and important for early morning stomatal opening. Here we review the literature on these complicated signal transduction pathways and osmoregulatory processes in guard cells that are influenced by the light environment. We discuss the possibility of tuning the sensitivity and magnitude of stomatal response to blue light which potentially represents a novel target to develop ideotypes with the ‘ideal’ balance between carbon gain, evaporative cooling, and maintenance of hydraulic status that is crucial for maximizing crop performance and productivity., We review stomatal signalling and osmoregulatory processes in response to red and blue light, with the aim of tuning stomatal sensitivity to enhance crop performance.
- Published
- 2019
44. Seasonal variations of electrical signals of Pinus halepensis Mill. in Mediterranean forests in dependence on climatic conditions
- Author
-
Rodolfo Zapata, Lenin-Guillermo Lemus-Zúñiga, Jose-Vicente Oliver-Villanueva, David Fuente, Juan Carlos Moreno Esteve, Jorge E. Luzuriaga, and Miguel A. Mateo Pla
- Subjects
Mediterranean climate ,Climate ,Seasonal variation ,Bushfire risk ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,Climatic conditions ,15.- Proteger, restaurar y promover la utilización sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar de manera sostenible los bosques, combatir la desertificación y detener y revertir la degradación de la tierra, y frenar la pérdida de diversidad biológica ,Trees ,Electrical signals ,Mediterranean forests ,medicine ,Mill ,13.- Tomar medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos ,Mediterranean Region ,Voltage ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Pinus ,Short-circuit current ,Electrophysiological Phenomena ,%22">Pinus ,ARQUITECTURA Y TECNOLOGIA DE COMPUTADORES ,FISICA APLICADA ,Plant electrophysiology ,INGENIERIA AGROFORESTAL ,Seasons ,Pinus halepensis ,Short circuit ,Research Paper - Abstract
[EN] The temporal evolution of the electrical signal generated by Pinus halepensis was measured in a sample of 15 trees. Weekly experiments were carried out during a long-term campaign lasting over a year, while trials with a high frequency of measurements were also performed during several days. In the latter case, day-night oscillations of the electrical magnitudes were observed. Additionally, punctual meteorological events such as rainfall and electrical storms affect the electrical signal as well. The measured electrical intensity grows exponentially with the voltage. In fact, no electrical intensity that exceeds the threshold of 0.01 ¿A is gathered when voltage values are lower than 0.6 V. In general, higher electrical signals were gathered during the rainy seasons with moderate temperatures; while very low signals, including few measures of zero intensity, were obtained during the most stressful periods over the year, mainly by mid-summer. There is a strong correlation between the rainfall and the electrical signal. The rain-intensity correlation, together with sustained intensity values during the reproductive period in spring, suggests that this electrical magnitude could be an indicator of the physiological state of the tree and thus used for in situ and minimally invasive forest monitoring.
- Published
- 2021
45. Using Relative Humidity Indicator Paper to Measure Seed and Commodity Moisture Contents
- Author
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Pedro Bello, Kent J. Bradford, and Peetambar Dahal
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,0106 biological sciences ,Hydrology ,Measure (data warehouse) ,Moisture ,lcsh:S ,Soil Science ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Atmospheric sciences ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Agriculture ,Environmental science ,Relative humidity ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Water content ,Commodity (Marxism) ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Declines of seed viability in storage and losses of stored commodities due to fungal spoilage and insect pests are promoted by high moisture content. However, measuring seed or grain moisture content in the field can be difficult, particularly in rural locations in developing countries. Because seed/commodity moisture content is uniquely related to equilibrium relative humidity at a given temperature, moisture content can be estimated by measuring the relative humidity of a sample enclosed in a sealed container. Relative humidity can be measured using electronic meters, or even more inexpensively using indicator paper that changes color in response to relative humidity. We describe this method and provide a spreadsheet to convert relative humidity to moisture content for many common seeds and commodities. This simple method can be used in the field for quickly estimating seed or commodity moisture content to determine whether further drying is needed or is suitable for storage, milling or other uses.
- Published
- 2016
46. Comment on the paper: On the design of practicable numerical experiments to investigate stratospheric temperature change, by S. Hareet al. (2005)
- Author
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John Austin
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
If stratospheric temperature trends are to be understood, coupled chemistry climate models will need to be run. Simulations with fixed ozone trends might provide a misleading indication of future temperature trends. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2005
47. Elliptical pollen corona from North American boreal paper birch trees (Betula papyrifera): strong fall orientations for near-spherical particles
- Author
-
Kenneth Sassen
- Subjects
Meteorology ,Light ,Optical Phenomena ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Atmospheric sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Atmosphere ,Optics ,Pollen ,medicine ,Photography ,Scattering, Radiation ,Business and International Management ,Particle Size ,Betula ,business.industry ,Reproduction ,Elevation ,Radius ,Corona ,Boreal ,Particle ,Seasons ,business ,Geology ,Atmospheric optics ,Alaska - Abstract
It has only recently been realized that solar corona can be generated by dispersions of tree pollen grains suspended in the atmosphere, and these studies have come almost exclusively from Scandinavia. Using corona photographic and surface pollen analyses, it is shown here that paper birch trees in the interior of Alaska regularly generate solar corona during the boreal green-out in mid-May. Although near-spherical in shape, these ∼27 μm average diameter particles have three surface protrusions involved in germination that are indicated to aid in the generation of elliptical corona, for which a strong preferential particle orientation is needed. For observations at solar elevation angles of ∼35°–40°, an axis ratio of about 1.2 and average radius of 2.5° (for the second-order red band) are found. Because oriented particles of a particular shape tend to fall slower than randomly oriented ones, this microdesign promotes the lateral spread of pollen and enhances tree reproductive opportunities, an especially important trait for pioneering species.
- Published
- 2011
48. Paper for URSI 2011, Istanbul
- Author
-
Shane Lawrence
- Subjects
Physics ,Geophysics ,Ionosphere ,Atmospheric sciences ,Term (time) - Abstract
Extreme electromagnetic anomalies in the ionosphere and and their future implications. There are many unusual and interesting anomalies in the ionosphere resulting from abnormal and even severe electromagnetic conditions. These anomalies are not often recognised as being any more significant than simply unusual. However they may have long term implications which should be considered in the light of the continually changing global atmosphere. This paper will not attempt to cover the whole gamut of ionospheric anomalies but will suggest somereasoning behind the occurrence of some of them, which gives opportunities for future consideration of the phenomenon.
- Published
- 2011
49. Effects of Particle concentration, deposition and accumulation on Photovoltaic device surface
- Author
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Kun Zhou, Ke Sun, Quan Yue, and Liu Shaojie
- Subjects
020209 energy ,Photovoltaic system ,Short paper ,02 engineering and technology ,Atmospheric sciences ,020401 chemical engineering ,Aerosol deposition ,Particle dynamics ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,Particle ,0204 chemical engineering ,Deposition (chemistry) ,Deposition process - Abstract
The efficiency of solar photovoltaic system is affected by many factors, among which the influence of dust deposition on photovoltaic panels is a prominent problem. In the desert which has sufficient radiation, the problem of dust deposition is quite serious. In some developed cities, photovoltaic devices are affected by dust or aerosol deposition. This short paper, thus, briefly summarizes studies of dust deposition on PV panels of urban and desert areas in recent years, and analyses the influence of dust deposition on the panel, particle characteristics and dust deposition process based on these studies. In general, there are three fields that suggests more research: (1) study on characteristics of sand or dust combined with local environmental characteristics; (2) modeling and simulation of particle dynamics around photovoltaic array; (3) comprehensive laboratory designed experiments to understand the specific influencing factors.
- Published
- 2019
50. Coalescence Enhancement in large Multicell Storms Caused by the Emissions from a Kraft Paper Mill
- Author
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Graeme K. Mather
- Subjects
Coalescence (physics) ,Atmospheric Science ,Buoyancy ,Meteorology ,Atmospheric circulation ,Storm ,engineering.material ,Atmospheric sciences ,law.invention ,law ,Convective storm detection ,engineering ,Mill ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Radar - Abstract
While conducting a randomized seeding experiment, a storm was selected whose microphysical characteristics were so far from what was expected, given the existing thermodynamic environment, that some explanation was needed to account for the apparent errant behavior of this storm. More than a decade of sampling at −10°C using the project Lear jet has led to a simple classification technique, based on cloud-base temperature and buoyancy, which predicts the absence or presence, and to some extent the degree of coalescence (coalescence-freezing) precipitation growth in local convective storms. The unusual nature of this storm was recognized against this extensive microphysical database. The probable cause is attributed to emissions from a Kraft paper mill 10 km south of the storm's position. The mill had recently undergone an expansion program that had quadrupled its output of paper products. Using the radar characteristics of this unusual storm as a guide, a search of one season of radar data reveal...
- Published
- 1991
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