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Pellicle biofilm-forming bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are the major spoilage microorganisms of soy products. Due to their inherent resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, pellicle biofilms formed are difficult to eliminate and represent a threat to food safety. Here, we assessed linalool’s ability to prevent the pellicle of two spoilage B. amyloliquefaciens strains. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of linalool against B. amyloliquefaciens DY1a and DY1b was 4 μL/mL and 8 μL/mL, respectively. The MBIC of linalool had a considerable eradication rate of 77.15% and 83.21% on the biofilm of the two strains, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that less wrinkly and thinner pellicle biofilms formed on a medium supplemented with 1/2 MBIC and 1/4 MBIC linalool. Also, linalool inhibited cell motility and the production of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins of the biofilm matrix. Furthermore, linalool exposure reduced the cell surface hydrophobicity, zeta potential, and cell auto-aggregation of B. amyloliquefaciens. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that linalool interacted strongly with quorum-sensing ComP receptor and biofilm matrix assembly TasA through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic contacts, and van der Waals forces interacting with site residues. Overall, our findings suggest that linalool may be employed as a potential antibiofilm agent to control food spoilage B. amyloliquefaciens.

Pectobacterium spp. infect many horticultural crops worldwide and lead to serious crop losses. Zinc-uptake-regulator (Zur) proteins are present widely in prokaryotes and play an important role in pathogenicity. To uncover the role of Zur in P. odoriferum, we constructed mutant (ΔZur) and overexpression [Po (Zur)] strains of a Zur, and a virulence assay showed that the Po (Zur) was of significantly lower virulence, while the ΔZur displayed significantly increased virulence on Chinese cabbage compared to their respective control strains, wild-type P. odoriferum (Po WT) and P. odoriferum harboring an empty vector (Po (EV)) (p < 0.05). The growth curves of the ΔZur and Po (Zur) showed no obvious differences from those of the control strains. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that Zur overexpression in P. odoriferum induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to flagellum and cell motility, while mutating Zur resulted in DEGs mainly corresponding to divalent-metal-ion transport and membrane transport. Phenotypic experiments on the Po (Zur) showed that flagellum numbers and cell motility were reduced in comparison with the control, while those of the ΔZur did not change. Collectively, these results show that the Zur negatively regulates the virulence of P. odoriferum and might function via a dual mechanism dependent on dose.

Les organismes vivants, qu'ils soient simples ou complexes, ont acquis des stratégies pour s'adapter aux changements environnementaux. Ces changements correspondent à un large éventail de signaux chimiques, physiques ou mécaniques qui doivent être transmis en messages intracellulaires. Dans la cellule, des réseaux de signalisation sont modulés avec une grande précision pour transmettre ces messages et générer une réponse cellulaire appropriée. Les protéines d'échafaudage jouent un rôle crucial dans la sélectivité et la modulation spatio-temporelle de la transduction du signal. Par divers mécanismes moléculaires, elles médient l’organisation de complexes multimoléculaires impliqués dans plusieurs processus biologiques. CNK est une protéine d'échafaudage découverte par le biais d’études génétiques chez la drosophile où elle agit comme modulateur positif de la signalisation RAS/MAPK. Cependant, les fonctions physiologiques des homologues de CNK de mammifères (CNK1, CNK2 et CNK3) et leurs contributions aux pathologies humaines sont mal caractérisées. De plus, il existe peu d’évidences rapportant leur implication dans la signalisation RAS/MAPK. Elles ont plutôt été associées à des voies de signalisation contrôlées par les guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) des familles ARF et RHO. Dans un premier manuscrit, nous avons montré que CNK2 est requise pour la migration et l'invasion des cellules cancéreuses en couplant le récepteur tyrosine kinase (RTK) prométastatique AXL à l'activation de la GTPase ARF6. D'un point de vue mécanistique, la signalisation induite par AXL favorise le recrutement de CNK2 à la membrane plasmique de manière dépendante de PI3K. Ensuite, CNK2 promeut l’activation d’ARF6 via son interaction aux ARF Guanosine exchange factors (GEFs) cytohésines et à la protéine adaptatrice SAMD12. Nous démontrons également qu’ARF6 coordonne l'activité des GTPases RAC1 et RHOA. Enfin, l'ablation génétique de CNK2 ou SAMD12 réduit considérablement les lésions métastatiques hépatiques et pulmonaires dans un modèle de xénogreffe de souris. Dans une série d’expériences de BioID supplémentaires utilisant le mutant gain-de-fonction ARF6 Q67L, nous avons identifié PLD1 et ITGB1 comme candidats potentiels pouvant médier la signalisation RAC1 et RHOA en aval d’ARF6. Dans une autre série d’expériences, nous avons caractérisé l'interaction entre les CNKs et la sous-famille des kinases Misshapen (MSN). Les trois membres de cette sous-famille, MAP4K4, TNIK et MINK1, ont été identifiés comme principaux interacteurs proximaux de CNK2A et CNK3 dans les expériences de BioID. Toutefois, leur interaction ne semble pas être impliquée dans la fonction promigratoire de CNK2A. Par des expériences de cartographie, nous démontrons que les domaines CRIC et DUF1170 de CNK2/3 et la région coiled-coil de MAP4K4 sont importants pour leur interaction. Nos travaux suggèrent également que SAMD10 compétitionne avec MAP4K4 pour se lier à CNK2 et que SAMD10/12 modulent la stabilité de CNK2. Enfin, nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent que MAP4K4 induit la phosphorylation de CNK2/3. Cependant, la pertinence biologique de ces évènements reste à déterminer. Dans l'ensemble, nos travaux révèlent une fonction inattendue de CNK2 dans la régulation de la motilité des cellules cancéreuses et identifient une nouvelle voie de signalisation qui pourrait être ciblée pour limiter les métastases. En outre, nos travaux identifient plusieurs pistes pour approfondir le rôle de CNK dans les cellules de mammifères., All living organisms, whether simple or complex, have acquired sophisticated strategies to adapt to their changing environment. These environmental changes correspond to a breadth of chemical and mechanical signals that need to be transmitted into intracellular information. In cells, dense signalling networks are put into place and modulated with great precision to transmit messages and generate appropriate cellular responses. Scaffolding proteins play a crucial role in the selectivity and spatiotemporal modulation of signal transduction. Through various molecular mechanisms, they mediate the organization of multimolecular complexes implicated in various biological processes. CNK is a scaffolding protein discovered through genetic studies in drosophila where it acts as an important positive regulator of the highly oncogenic RAS/MAPK pathway. In contrast, the physiological functions of human CNKs and their roles in human diseases are poorly characterized. Moreover, evidence supporting their requirement for RAS/MAPK signalling remains sparse. Rather, they have been linked to signalling pathways controlled by the ARF and RAS homologous (RHO) subfamilies of GTPases. In a first manuscript, we found that mammalian CNK2 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by coupling the pro-metastatic RTK AXL to downstream activation of ARF6 GTPase. Mechanistically, we showed that AXL signalling induces PI3K-dependent recruitment of CNK2 to the plasma membrane where it stimulates ARF6 via its interaction with the cytohesin ARF GEFs and the adaptor protein SAMD12. We also showed that ARF6 coordinates RAC1 and RHOA GTPase activity. Finally, the genetic ablation of CNK2 or SAMD12 potently reduces liver and lung metastatic lesions in a mouse xenograft model. In a series of supplemental BioID experiments using the gain-of-function ARF6 Q67L mutant, we identified PLD1 and ITGB1 as potential candidates that could mediate RAC1 and RHOA signalling downstream of ARF6. In another study, we characterized the interaction between CNKs and the MSN subfamily of kinases. The three members of this subfamily, namely MAP4K4, TNIK and MINK1, were identified as top proximal interactors of CNK2A and CNK3 in the BioID experiments. However, their interaction does not appear to be involved in the pro-migratory function of CNK2A. Through mapping experiments, we found that the CRIC and DUF1170 domains of CNK2 and CNK3 and the coiled-coil region of MAPK4K4 are important for their interaction. In addition, we found that SAMD10 competes with MAP4K4 for binding to CNK2 and that SAMD10/12 proteins also modulate CNK2 stability. Finally, our preliminary results suggest that MAP4K4 induces CNK2/3 phosphorylation. However, the biological relevance of these interactions and phosphorylation events remains to be addressed. Overall, our work uncovers an unanticipated function of CNK2 in regulating cancer cell motility and identifies a novel signalling pathway that could be targeted to restrain metastasis. Moreover, it identifies several avenues for further study into CNK function in mammalian cells.

Filopodia, a finger-like structure and actin-rich plasma-membrane protrusion at the leading edge of the cell, has important roles in cell motility. However, the mechanisms of filopodia generation are not well-understood via the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cells. We previously have demonstrated that PRR11 associates with the ARP2/3 complex to regulate cytoskeleton-nucleoskeleton assembly and chromatin remodeling. In this study, we further demonstrate that PRR11 involves in filopodia formation, focal adhesion turnover and cell motility through ARP2/3 complex. Cell phenotype assays revealed that the silencing of PRR11 increased cellular size and inhibited cell motility in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, PRR11 recruited and co-localized with Arp2 at the membrane protrusion to promote filopodia formation but not lamellipodia formation. Notably, PRR11 mutant deletion of the proline-rich region 2 (amino acid residues 185–200) abrogated the effect of filopodia formation. In addition, PRR11-depletion inhibited filopodial actin filaments assembly and increased the level of active integrin β1 in the cell surface, whereas reduced the phosphorylation level of focal adhesion kinase (FAKY397) to repress focal adhesion turnover and cell motility in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that PRR11 has critical roles in controlling filopodia formation, focal adhesion turnover and cell motility by recruiting ARP2/3 complex, thus dysregualted expression of PRR11 potentially facilitates tumor metastasis in NSCLC cells.

Neuroblastoma cells highly express the disialoganglioside GD2, a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, which is also expressed in neurons, skin melanocytes, and peripheral nerve fibers. Immunotherapy with monoclonal anti-GD2 antibodies has a proven efficacy in clinical trials and is included in the standard treatment for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, the strong neuro-toxicity associated with anti-GD2 antibodies administration has hindered, until now, the possibility for dose-escalation and protracted use, thus restraining their therapeutic potential. Strategies to increase the efficacy of anti-GD2 antibodies are actively sought, with the aim to enable chronic treatments that could eradicate minimal residual disease and subsequent relapses, often occurring after treatment. Here, we report that Nanofenretinide and Nanospermidine improved the expression of GD2 in neuroblastoma cells (CHP-134) and provided different effects in combination with the anti-GD2 antibody naxitamab. In particular, Nanofenretinide significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of naxitamab while Nanospermidine inhibited cell motility at extents proportional to naxitamab concentration. In neuroblastoma cells characterized by a low and heterogeneous basal expression of GD2, such as SH-SY5Y, which may represent the cell heterogeneity in tumors after chemotherapy, both Nanofenretinide and Nanospermidine increased GD2 expression in approximately 50% of cells, thus shifting the tumor population towards improved sensitivity to anti-GD2 antibodies.

Polypeptide growth factors have been intensively studied since their initial discovery as pivotal regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in multicellular organisms more than 70 years ago. Despite their name, many elicit multiple cellular responses during embryogenesis and throughout adulthood; dysregulated signaling can also contribute to disease. Few factors illustrate these principles as thoroughly as hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf), also known as scatter factor (SF). As evident from its pseudonyms, Hgf pleiotropism has been a striking feature from its initial discovery more than two decades ago by several groups with interests in liver regeneration, cell growth control, motility and morphogenesis. Thousands of scientific publications now document the critical contributions of Hgf signaling to normal development, adult homeostasis and several forms of cancer. Hgf protein and the related macrophage stimulating protein (MSP; also known as Hgf-like protein) comprise a small but distinct growth factor subfamily related to plasminogen serine proteinases, though they are devoid of proteolytic activity. In humans, a single gene encodes five HGF isoforms produced through mRNA splicing: two full-length forms that differ by only five residues and three substantially shorter forms. The more abundant full-length forms are secreted as inactive single chain polypeptides that are proteolytically converted to biologically active disulfide-linked heterodimers at the target cell surface. All isoforms bind strongly to heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a feature that profoundly influences their local and systemic distribution, receptor binding, and biological impact. Hgf signaling is primarily paracrine: it is secreted by mesenchymal cells in many tissues and acts on a broad spectrum of cellular targets that express the receptor tyrosine kinase known as Met. Hgf-related research has identified molecular pathways important for tissue protection, tissue regeneration and oncogenesis, with the promise to advance tissue engineering, regenerative medicine as well as cancer diagnosis and treatment., This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (USA) grants Z01 BC005626 and ZIA BC011124 to D. P. Bottaro.

Motility is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic cells maintained across different organisms over millions of years of evolution. Cell motility is critical in many biological processes, including embryonic development, immune response, and wound healing. Errors in the motility mechanisms can have serious consequences, such as the metastatic spread of cancer cells. Cell motility is a very complex phenomenon with numerous molecular components. Although many of these components and basic processes are well characterized, there is a need to integrate this wealth of data and conceptualize the fundamental mechanisms that shape motility behavior. The motility properties vary dramatically between different cell types in different conditions. Nevertheless, some properties and relations seem to be universal, as they have been observed in many cell types and conditions. Studying these universal constitutive relations is the first step toward understanding the fundamental mechanisms of motility. In this thesis, we start by developing two analysis tools that can integrate the experimental data obtained from imaging the cell cytoskeleton and edge morphodynamics. We demonstrated the potential of the analysis workflows to quantitatively characterize the impact of specific molecules on the architecture of the cytoskeleton and the cell morphodynamics. Following the introduction of the analysis tools, we introduced a biophysical model to understand the underlying mechanisms that give rise to the constitutive relations in cell motility. The biphasic adhesion-velocity relation is the first universal observation in cells we studied. We used our experimental data on the MDA-MB-231 cells that were restricted to 1-dimensional motion by Fibronectin coating micro-lanes and introduced a model to obtain a quantitative understanding of how the effect of adhesion on the forces pushing the front and resisting motion at the back leads to the biphasic adhesion-velocity relation. Our model reproduces the measured adhesion-velocity relation in 4 different cell types. The model suggests that the polymerization force at the leading edge, which drives the retrograde flow, is also the force pushing the front. Drag forces along the cell length resist motion. All the forces promoting and resisting motion are velocity-dependent and controlled by adhesion. We find that cells exhibit adhesion-dependent intrinsic length. Our model suggests an elastic force mediates the interaction between cell front and back. We extended our model to include the well-established clutch mechanism. Based on our experimental evidence, a back protrusion is also added to the model. The extended model reproduced coexisting dynamic states of cells. The mechanical competition of protrusions introduced in our model could explain another universal observation in cell motility, the USCP law. Our mechanism suggests retrograde flow speed be the primary determinant of the stability of a protrusion. The proposed mechanical system can explain three universal experimental observations, the biphasic adhesion-velocity relation, the coexistence of oscillatory and steady morphodynamics, and the UCSP law. The main components of the model required to explain those relations are the noisy clutch mechanism, the interaction of back and front protrusions through elastic mechanical force, and the integrin signaling, which determines the parameters of the mechanical system. The universality of the components of our model explains the universality of the experimentally observed relations., Motilität ist ein grundlegendes Merkmal eukaryontischer Zellen, das sich über Millionen von Jahren der Evolution in verschiedenen Organismen erhalten hat. Die Zellmotilität ist für viele biologische Prozesse von entscheidender Bedeutung, darunter die Embryonalentwicklung, die Immunantwort und die Wundheilung. Fehler in den Motilitätsmechanismen können schwerwiegende Folgen haben, wie etwa die metastatische Ausbreitung von Krebszellen. Die Zellmotilität ist ein sehr komplexes Phänomen mit zahlreichen molekularen Komponenten. Obwohl viele dieser Komponenten und grundlegenden Prozesse gut charakterisiert sind, besteht die Notwendigkeit, diese Fülle an Daten zu integrieren und die grundlegenden Mechanismen zu konzeptualisieren, die das Motilitätsverhalten bestimmen. Die Motilitätseigenschaften variieren dramatisch zwischen verschiedenen Zelltypen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen. Dennoch scheinen einige Eigenschaften und Beziehungen universell zu sein, da sie bei vielen Zelltypen und unter verschiedenen Bedingungen beobachtet wurden. Die Untersuchung dieser universellen konstitutiven Beziehungen ist der erste Schritt zum Verständnis der grundlegenden Mechanismen der Motilität. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir zunächst zwei Analysewerkzeuge, die die experimentellen Daten aus der Bildgebung des Zellzytoskeletts und der Morphodynamik des Zellumrisses integrieren können. Wir haben das Potenzial der Analyse-Workflows demonstriert, indem wir die Auswirkungen spezifischer Moleküle auf die Architektur des Zytoskeletts und die Morphodynamik der Zellen quantitativ charakterisierten. Nach der Einführung der Analysewerkzeuge führten wir ein biophysikalisches Modell ein, um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen zu verstehen, die zu den konstitutiven Beziehungen in der Zellmotilität führen. Die biphasische Adhäsions-Geschwindigkeits-Beziehung ist die erste universelle Beobachtung in den von uns untersuchten Zellen. Wir haben unsere experimentellen Daten von MDA-MB-231-Zellen verwendet, die durch die Fibronectin-Beschichtung in Mikrostreifen auf eine eindimensionale Bewegung beschränkt waren. Wir haben ein Modell eingeführt, um ein quantitatives Verständnis dafür zu erlangen, wie die Wirkung der Adhäsion auf die Kräfte, die die Vorderseite antreiben und der Bewegung auf der Rückseite Widerstand entgegen setzen, zu der biphasischen Adhäsions-Geschwindigkeits-Beziehung führen. Unser Modell reproduziert die gemessene Adhäsions-Geschwindigkeits-Beziehung in 4 verschiedenen Zelltypen. Das Modell legt nahe, dass die Polymerisationskraft an der Vorderkante, die den retrograden Fluss antreibt, auch die Kraft ist, die die vordere Membran schiebt. Widerstandskräfte entlang der Zelllänge widerstehen der Bewegung. Alle Kräfte, die die Bewegung fördern und ihr widerstehen, sind geschwindigkeitsabhängig und werden durch Adhäsion gesteuert. Wir stellen fest, dass die Zellen eine von der Adhäsion abhängige intrinsische Länge aufweisen. Unser Modell legt nahe, dass eine elastische Kraft die Wechselwirkung zwischen Zellvorder- und -rückseite vermittelt. Wir haben unser Modell erweitert, um den bekannten nichtlineare Reibung zwischen bewegtem Aktinnetzwerk und stationären Strukturen einzubeziehen, die auch Kupplung genannt wird. Auf der Grundlage unserer experimentellen Beweise wurde dem Modell auch eine zweite Protrusion auf der Rückseite hinzugefügt. Das erweiterte Modell reproduzierte koexistierende dynamische Zustände von Zellen. Die mechanische Konkurrenz der Protrusionen in unserem Modell könnte eine weitere universelle Beobachtung in der Zellmotilität erklären, die Beziehung zwischen Geschwindigkeit und Persistenzzeit (USCP). Unser Mechanismus deutet darauf hin, dass die retrograde Fließgeschwindigkeit die wichtigste Determinante für die Stabilität einer Protrusion ist. Das vorgeschlagene mechanische System kann drei universelle experimentelle Beobachtungen erklären: die biphasische Adhäsions-Geschwindigkeits-Beziehung, die Koexistenz von oszillatorischer und stabiler Morphodynamik und das UCSP-Gesetz. Die Hauptkomponenten des Modells, die zur Erklärung dieser Beziehungen erforderlich sind, sind der verrauschte Kupplungsmechanismus, die Interaktion von hinteren und vorderen Protrusionen durch elastische mechanische Kraft und der Integrin-Signalweg, der die Parameter des mechanischen Systems bestimmt. Die Universalität der Komponenten unseres Modells erklärt die Universalität der experimentell beobachteten Beziehungen.

International audience; In rod-shaped bacteria, type IV pili (Tfp) promote twitching motility by assembling and retracting at the cell pole. In Myxococcus xanthus, a bacterium that moves in highly coordinated cell groups, Tfp are activated by a polar activator protein, SgmX. However, while it is known that the Ras-like protein MglA is required for unipolar targeting, how SgmX accesses the cell pole to activate Tfp is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a polar beacon protein, FrzS, recruits SgmX at the cell pole. We identified two main functional domains, including a Tfp-activating domain and a polarbinding domain. Within the latter, we show that the direct binding of MglA-GTP unveils a hidden motif that binds directly to the FrzS N-terminal response regulator (CheY). Structural analyses reveal that this binding occurs through a novel binding interface for response regulator domains. In conclusion, the findings unveil the protein interaction network leading to the spatial activation of Tfp at the cell pole. This tripartite system is at the root of complex collective behaviours in this predatory bacterium.

All-trans retinoic acid (RA), the primary metabolite of vitamin A, controls the development and homeostasis of organisms and tissues. RA and its natural and synthetic derivatives, both known as retinoids, are promising agents in treating and chemopreventing different neoplasias, including breast cancer (BC). Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a crucial regulator of cell migration, and its overexpression is associated with tumor metastatic behavior. Thus, pharmaceutical FAK inhibitors (FAKi) have been developed to counter its action. In this work, we hypothesize that the RA plus FAKi (RA + FAKi) approach could improve the inhibition of tumor progression. By in silico analysis and its subsequent validation by qPCR, we confirmed RARA, SRC, and PTK2 (encoding RARα, Src, and FAK, respectively) overexpression in all breast cells tested. We also showed a different pattern of genes up/down-regulated between RA-resistant and RA-sensitive BC cells. In addition, we demonstrated that both RA-resistant BC cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) display the same behavior after RA treatment, modulating the expression of genes involved in Src-FAK signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that although RA and FAKi administered separately decrease viability, adhesion, and migration in mammary adenocarcinoma LM3 cells, their combination exerts a higher effect. Additionally, we show that both drugs individually, as well as in combination, induce the expression of apoptosis markers such as active-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP1. We also provided evidence that RA effects are extrapolated to other cancer cells, including T-47D BC and the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. In an orthotopic assay of LM3 tumor growth, whereas RA and FAKi administered separately reduced tumor growth, the combined treatment induced a more potent inhibition increasing mice survival. Moreover, in an experimental metastatic assay, RA significantly reduced metastatic lung dissemination of LM3 cells. Overall, these results indicate that RA resistance could reflect deregulation of most RA-target genes, including genes encoding components of the Src-FAK pathway. Our study demonstrates that RA plays an essential role in disrupting BC tumor growth and metastatic dissemination in vitro and in vivo by controlling FAK expression and localization. RA plus FAKi exacerbate these effects, thus suggesting that the sensitivity to RA therapies could be increased with FAKi coadministration in BC tumors.

HMGB1/RAGE is identified as a ligand-receptor pair that plays an important role in tumorogenesis. HMGB1 and RAGE levels are higher in most human tumors and their overexpression is associated with tumor progression. The causes of breast cancer are still poorly understood. One reason might be the existence of subtypes within various cellular mechanisms as hormone-dependent and hormone -independent malignant processes. We investigated the effect of HMGB1 protein and its truncated form lacking the C terminus on the RAGE expression and cell motility of breast cancer cell lines; MCF7-noninvasive, MDA-MB-231-invasive and normal breast epithelial one MCF10. The results demonstrate that the effects of HMGB1 and HMGB1∆C through RAGE association are observed exclusively for the hormone independent MDA-MB-231 cell line. The mobility of MDA-MB-231 cells was stimulated only by the full length HMGB1. Our results suggest that HMGB1/RAGE signaling should be considered as an essential process for the development of hormone independent breast cancers with great invasive potential. The truncated form plays the role of a blocking molecule that ”locks” the receptor and inactivates it. This makes the tailless molecule a promising therapeutic agent that competes for the biologically active HMGB1 ligand and prevents the downstream signaling through RAGE.

Cell migration is a fundamental mechanism in biology, including cancer or embryogenesis. Actin turnover plays a fundamental role in cell motility and it acts as an engine for the affective motion of motile cells by means of protrusive and retractile mechanisms conditioned also by myosin motors. Different mathematical and numerical models have appeared in literature to model cell migration. In this work we propose to use a FE model to describe and understand cell migration.

International audience; Bacterial flagella are nanomachines that enable cells to move at high speeds. Comprising 25 and more different types of proteins, the flagellum is a large supramolecular assembly organized into three widely conserved substructures: a basal body including the rotary motor, a connecting hook, and a long filament. The whole flagellum from Escherichia coli weighs ∼20 MDa, without considering its filament portion, which is by itself a ∼1.6 GDa structure arranged as a multimer of ∼30,000 flagellin protomers. Breakthroughs regarding flagellar structure and function have been achieved in the last few years, mainly because of the revolutionary improvements in 3D cryo-EM methods. This review discusses novel structures and mechanistic insights derived from such high-resolution studies, advancing our understanding of each one of the three major flagellar segments. The rotation mechanism of the motor has been unveiled with unprecedented detail, showing a two-cogwheel machine propelled by a Brownian ratchet device. In addition, by imaging the flagellin-like protomers that make up the hook in its native bent configuration, their unexpected conformational plasticity challenges the paradigm of a two-state conformational rearrangement mechanism for flagellin-fold proteins. Finally, imaging of the filaments of periplasmic flagella, which endow Spirochete bacteria with their singular motility style, uncovered a strikingly asymmetric protein sheath that coats the flagellin core, challenging the view of filaments as simple homopolymeric structures that work as freely whirling whips. Further research will shed more light on the functional details of this amazing nanomachine, but our current understanding has definitely come a long way.

Dent disease 1; Cellular models Enfermedad de Dent 1; Modelos celulares Malaltia de Dent 1; Models cel·lulars Dent disease 1 (DD1) is a rare X-linked renal proximal tubulopathy characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria and variable degree of hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis and/or nephrolithiasis, progressing to chronic kidney disease. Although mutations in the electrogenic Cl−/H+ antiporter ClC-5, which impair endocytic uptake in proximal tubule cells, cause the disease, there is poor genotype–phenotype correlation and their contribution to proximal tubule dysfunction remains unclear. To further discover the mechanisms linking ClC-5 loss-of-function to proximal tubule dysfunction, we have generated novel DD1 cellular models depleted of ClC-5 and carrying ClC-5 mutants p.(Val523del), p.(Glu527Asp) and p.(Ile524Lys) using the human proximal tubule-derived RPTEC/TERT1 cell line. Our DD1 cellular models exhibit impaired albumin endocytosis, increased substrate adhesion and decreased collective migration, correlating with a less differentiated epithelial phenotype. Despite sharing functional features, these DD1 cell models exhibit different gene expression profiles, being p.(Val523del) ClC-5 the mutation showing the largest differences. Gene set enrichment analysis pointed to kidney development, anion homeostasis, organic acid transport, extracellular matrix organization and cell-migration biological processes as the most likely involved in DD1 pathophysiology. In conclusion, our results revealed the pathways linking ClC-5 mutations with tubular dysfunction and, importantly, provide new cellular models to further study DD1 pathophysiology. This work was supported in part by Asdent Patients Association and grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF201459945-R and SAF201789989-R to A.M.), the Fundación Senefro (SEN2019 to A.M.) and Red de Investigación Renal REDinREN (12/0021/0013). A.M. group holds the Quality Mention from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR).

Integrin Adhesion Complexes (IACs) serve as links between the cytoskeleton and extracellular environment, acting as mechanosensing and signaling hubs. As such, IACs participate in many aspects of cellular motility, tissue morphogenesis, anchorage-dependent growth and cell survival. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) has emerged as a critical organizer of IAC signaling events due to its early recruitment and diverse substrates, and thus has become a genetic and therapeutic target. Here we present the design and characterization of simple, reversible, and scalable Bimolecular Complementation sensors to monitor FAK phosphorylation in living cells. These probes provide novel means to quantify IAC signaling, expanding on the currently available toolkit for interrogating FAK phosphorylation during diverse cellular processes.

Osteoclasts are multinucleated bone-resorbing cells that are formed by the fusion of macrophages. Recently, we identified Rab44, a large Rab GTPase, as an upregulated gene during osteoclast differentiation that negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Rab44 negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation remain unknown. Here, we found that the GDP form of Rab44 interacted with the actin-binding protein, Coronin1C, in murine macrophages. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the interaction of Rab44 and Coronin1C occurred in wild-type and a dominant-negative (DN) mutant of Rab44, but not in a constitutively active (CA) mutant of Rab44. Consistent with these findings, the expression of the CA mutant inhibited osteoclast differentiation, whereas that of the DN mutant enhanced this differentiation. Using a phase-contrast microscope, Coronin1C-knockdown osteoclasts apparently impaired multinuclear formation. Moreover, Coronin1C knockdown impaired the migration and chemotaxis of RAW-D macrophages. An in vivo experimental system demonstrated that Coronin1C knockdown suppresses osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, the decreased cell formation and fusion of Coronin1C-depleted osteoclasts might be due to the decreased migration of Coronin1C-knockdown macrophages. These results indicate that Coronin1C is a GDP-specific Rab44 effector that controls osteoclast formation by regulating cell motility in macrophages., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (12), art. no. 6619; 2022

Single molecule imaging has shown that part of actin disassembles within a few seconds after incorporation into the dendritic filament network in lamellipodia, suggestive of frequent destabilization near barbed ends. To investigate the mechanisms behind network remodeling, we created a stochastic model with polymerization, depolymerization, branching, capping, uncapping, severing, oligomer diffusion, annealing, and debranching. We find that filament severing, enhanced near barbed ends, can explain the single molecule actin lifetime distribution, if oligomer fragments reanneal to free ends with rate constants comparable to in vitro measurements. The same mechanism leads to actin networks consistent with measured filament, end, and branch concentrations. These networks undergo structural remodeling, leading to longer filaments away from the leading edge, at the +/- 35° orientation pattern. Imaging of actin speckle lifetimes at sub-second resolution verifies frequent disassembly of newly-assembled actin. We thus propose a unified mechanism that fits a diverse set of basic lamellipodia phenomenology.

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie neurodégénérative du système nerveux central (SNC) caractérisée par une démyélinisation, une perte axonale, une activation des cellules gliales et une accumulation de cellules immunitaires dans le parenchyme cérébral. Les lymphocytes T (LT) jouent un rôle clé dans la mise en place d’un tel environnement neuroinflammatoire. Notre compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans le dialogue entre les LT et les astrocytes reste cependant incomplète. Les astrocytes représentent les premières cellules que rencontrent les LT lors de leur migration dans le parenchyme cérébral. Cette interaction est essentielle et peut être modulée par différents processus inflammatoires. Afin d’étudier comment l’inflammation modifie la rencontre des LT avec les cellules neurales, nous avons développé un modèle de co-culture de cellules neurales primaires humaines et de LT CD8+ humains permettant la visualisation de ces interactions par la microscopie en temps réel. Le suivi vidéo des LT a permis de montrer que la réponse des astrocytes et des neurones à la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-1β augmente la motilité des LT. L’analyse visuelle appuyée par une analyse statistique de différents paramètres spatiotemporels a montré que les LT adoptent des comportements différents associés à des interactions stables de type synapse ou dynamiques de type kinapse. Nous avons montré que l’inflammation des astrocytes affecte la dynamique de certains comportements et que l’expression des molécules du CMH de classe I par les astrocytes contribue à la mise en place des comportements de type synapse. Parmi les cytokines impliquées dans la physiopathologie de la SEP, l’interleukine-27 (IL-27) semble être associée à des effets bénéfiques en modulant l’activité des cellules immunitaires périphériques. Notre équipe a démontré que dans le cerveau des patients atteints de la SEP, des niveaux élevés d’IL-27 sont observés ainsi que la présence de son récepteur (IL-27R) sur des astrocytes et des lymphocytes T infiltrants. Afin d’évaluer l’impact de l’IL-27 sur les astrocytes humains, nous avons réalisé une analyse transcriptomique des astrocytes exposés à l’IL-27. Les astrocytes exposés à l’IL-27 augmentent l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la modulation de la réponse inflammatoire. La co-culture de ces cellules gliales avec des LT CD4+ et CD8+ a démontré que les astrocytes exposés à l’IL-27 modifient l’expression de facteurs de transcription impliqués dans la polarisation des LT, ainsi que l’expression de molécules impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire. Enfin, l’utilisation de notre modèle de microscopie sur cellules vivantes a révélé que les astrocytes exposés à l’IL-27 augmentent la motilité des LT CD8+ provenant de patients atteints de la SEP et de donneurs sains, mais que les LT provenant des patients présentent une motilité accrue comparés aux LT de donneurs sains. En conclusion, nos résultats fournissent de nouveaux éléments permettant de mieux comprendre l’interaction des LT avec des astrocytes et des neurones humains. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de la réponse des astrocytes à différentes cytokines et leur implication dans la modulation de la réponse des LT dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques comme la SEP., Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an important demyelination, axonal loss, glial activation and accumulation of immune cells in the brain parenchyma. Among immune infiltrating cells, T lymphocytes are key players of the neuroinflammatory processes observed in MS. Our understanding of the dialogue between T lymphocytes and astrocytes in this context of neuroinflammation is still incomplete. Upon their entry in the CNS, T lymphocytes come into close contact with astrocytes. This physical and molecular interaction can be modulated by the inflammatory context. In order to study how inflammatory context affects the interactions of human T lymphocytes with human neural cells, we have developed a co-culture model allowing the visualization of T lymphocytes interacting with primary human astrocytes and neurons using time lapse microscopy. Individual T lymphocyte tracking showed that astrocytes and neurons exposed to the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β increase T lymphocyte motility. Visual interpretation supported by statistical analysis of T lymphocytes spatio-temporal variables allowed us to identify four different behaviors that can be associated to stable synapse-like interactions or dynamic kinapse-like interactions. Finally, we showed that inflammation of astrocytes specifically affects T cell behaviors and that MHC class I expression by inflamed astrocytes is implicated in synapse-like behaviors. Among the cytokines implicated in MS physiopathology, the interleukine-27 (IL-27) has been associated with beneficial effects by modulating peripheral immune cell activity. Our group has shown that IL-27 is elevated in the brain of MS patients and that both astrocytes and infiltrating T lymphocytes express the receptor of IL-27. To evaluate the impact of IL-27 on human astrocytes, we analyzed gene and protein expression of astrocytes exposed to IL-27. We found that most of the IL-27-induced differentially expressed genes in astrocytes are involved in immune responses and immune modulation. Moreover, IL-27-exposed astrocytes when co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes specifically induce the expression of transcriptional factors involved in T lymphocytes polarization and surface molecules that can actively modulate immune processes. Finally, using our live imaging co-culture model, we showed that IL-27-treated astrocytes increase the motility of CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors and MS patients. Notably, T lymphocytes form MS patients have an increased motility compared with those from healthy donors after contact with IL-27-treated astrocytes. In conclusion, our results provide a better understanding of the complex dialogue between human T lymphocytes and human astrocytes and neurons and highlight the role of neural cell responses to different cytokines in physiological and pathological conditions.

N-Myc downstream-regulated 1 (NDRG1) has inconsistent oncogenic functions in various cancers. We surveyed and characterized the role of NDRG1 in head and neck cancer (HNC). Cellular methods included spheroid cell formation, clonogenic survival, cell viability, and Matrigel invasion assays. Molecular techniques included transcriptomic profiling, RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, in vitro phosphorylation, immunofluorescent staining, and confocal microscopy. Prognostic significance was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. NDRG1 participated in diverse oncogenic functions in HNC cells, mainly stress response and cell motility. Notably, NDRG1 contributed to spheroid cell growth, radio-chemoresistance, and upregulation of stemness-related markers (CD44 and Twist1). NDRG1 facilitated cell migration and invasion, and was associated with modulation of the extracellular matrix molecules (fibronectin, vimentin). Characterizing the 3R-motif in NDRG1 revealed its mechanism in the differential regulation of the phenotypes. The 3R-motif displayed minimal effect on cancer stemness but was crucial for cell motility. Phosphorylating the motif by GSK3b at serine residues led to its nuclear translocation to promote motility. Clinical analyses supported the oncogenic function of NDRG1, which was overexpressed in HNC and associated with poor prognosis. The data elucidate the multifaceted and intricate mechanisms of NDRG1 in HNC. NDRG1 may be a prognostic indicator or therapeutic target for refractory HNC.

The potential to migrate is one of the most fundamental functions for various epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells. Image analysis of motile cell populations, both primary and cultured, typically reveals an intercellular variability in migration speeds. However, cell migration chromatography, the sorting of large populations of cells based on their migratory characteristics, cannot be easily performed. The lack of such methods has hindered our understanding of the direct correlation between the capacity to migrate and other cellular properties. Here, we report two novel, easily implementable and readily scalable methods to sort millions of live migratory cancer and immune cells based on their spontaneous migration in two-dimensional and three-dimensional microenvironments, respectively. Correlative downstream transcriptomic, molecular and functional tests reveal marked differences between the fast and slow subpopulations in patient-derived cancer cells. We further employ our method to reveal that sorting the most migratory cytotoxic T lymphocytes yields a pool of cells with enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This phenotypic assay opens new avenues for the precise characterization of the mechanisms underlying hither to unexplained heterogeneities in migratory phenotypes within a cell population, and for the targeted enrichment of the most potent migratory leukocytes in immunotherapies.

Background The efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy is thought to depend on the intrinsic heterogeneity of MSC cultures isolated from different tissue sources as well as individual MSCs isolated from the same tissue source, neither of which is well understood. To study this, we used MSC cultures isolated from horses. The horse is recognized as a physiologically relevant large animal model appropriate for translational MSC studies. Moreover, due to its large size the horse allows for the simultaneous collection of adequate samples from multiple tissues of the same animal, and thus, for the unique collection of donor matched MSC cultures from different sources. The latter is much more challenging in mice and humans due to body size and ethical constraints, respectively. Methods In the present study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on primary equine MSCs that were collected from three donor-matched tissue sources; adipose tissue (AT), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood (PB). Based on transcriptional differences detected with scRNA-seq, we performed functional experiments to examine motility and immune regulatory function in distinct MSC populations. Results We observed both inter- and intra-source heterogeneity across the three sources of equine MSCs. Functional experiments demonstrated that transcriptional differences correspond with phenotypic variance in cellular motility and immune regulatory function. Specifically, we found that (i) differential expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) between MSC cultures from the three donor-matched tissue sources translated into altered cell motility of BM-derived MSCs when RNA interference was used to knock down this gene, and (ii) differences in C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6) expression in clonal MSC lines derived from the same tissue source correlated with the chemoattractive capacity of PB-derived MSCs. Conclusions Ultimately, these findings will enhance our understanding of MSC heterogeneity and will lead to improvements in the therapeutic potential of MSCs, accelerating the transition from bench to bedside.

Scribble (Scrib) and Lethal giant larvae 1 (Lgl1) are conserved polarity proteins that play important roles in different forms of cell polarity. The roles of Scrib and Lgl1 in apical-basal cell polarity have been studied extensively, but little is known about their roles in the cell polarity of migrating cells. Furthermore, the effect of Scrib and Lgl1 interaction on cell polarity is largely unknown. In this study, we show that Scrib, through its leucine-rich repeat domain, forms a complex in vivo with Lgl1. Scrib also forms a complex with myosin II, and Scrib, Lgl1, and myosin II colocalize at the leading edge of migrating cells. The cellular localization and the cytoskeletal association of Scrib and Lgl1 are interdependent, as depletion of either protein affects its counterpart. In addition, depletion of either Scrib or Lgl1 disrupts the cellular localization of myosin II. We show that depletion of either Scrib or Lgl1 affects cell adhesion through the inhibition of focal adhesion disassembly. Finally, we show that Scrib and Lgl1 are required for proper cell polarity of migrating cells. These results provide new insights into the mechanism regulating the cell polarity of migrating cells by Scrib, Lgl1, and myosin II.

Endogenous electrical fields play an important role in various physiological and pathological events. Yet the effects of electrical cues on processes such as wound healing, tumor development or metastasis are still rarely investigated, though it is known that direct current electrical fields can alter cell migration or proliferation in vitro. Several 2D experimental models for studying cell responses to direct current electrical fields have been presented and characterized but suitable experimental models for electrotaxis studies in 3D are rare. Here we present a novel, easy-to-produce, multi-well-based galvanotactic-chamber for the use in 2D and 3D cell experiments for investigations on the influence of electrical fields on tumor cell migration and tumor spheroid growth. Our presented system allows the simultaneous application of electrical field to cells in four chambers, either cultured on the bottom of the culture-plate (2D) or embedded in hydrogel filled channels (3D). The set-up is also suitable for, live-cell-imaging. Validation tests show stable electrical fields and high cell viabilities inside the channel. Tumor spheroids of various diameters can be exposed to direct current electrical fields up to one week.

Although mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are being explored in numerous clinical trials as proangiogenic and proregenerative agents, the influence of tissue origin on the therapeutic qualities of these cells is poorly understood. Complicating the functional comparison of different types of MSCs are the confounding effects of donor age, genetic background, and health status of the donor. Leveraging a clinical setting where MSCs can be simultaneously isolated from discarded but healthy bone and thymus tissues from the same neonatal patients, thereby controlling for these confounding factors, we performed an in vitro and in vivo paired comparison of these cells. We found that both neonatal thymus (nt)MSCs and neonatal bone (nb)MSCs expressed different pericytic surface marker profiles. Further, ntMSCs were more potent in promoting angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and they were also more motile and efficient at invading ECM in vitro. These functional differences were in part mediated by an increased ntMSC expression of SLIT3, a factor known to activate endothelial cells. Further, we discovered that SLIT3 stimulated MSC motility and fibrin gel invasion via ROBO1 in an autocrine fashion. Consistent with our findings in human MSCs, we found that SLIT3 and ROBO1 were expressed in the perivascular cells of the neonatal murine thymus gland and that global SLIT3 or ROBO1 deficiency resulted in decreased neonatal murine thymus gland vascular density. In conclusion, ntMSCs possess increased proangiogenic and invasive behaviors, which are in part mediated by the paracrine and autocrine effects of SLIT3., Comparison of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) from the human neonatal thymus and bone revealed that the axon guidance molecule SLIT3 is important for MSC proangiogenic effects. Not only is SLIT3 an endothelial cell stimulatory factor, but it also promotes MSC migration and invasion in an autocrine fashion via the ROBO1 receptor. Deficiency of either SLIT3 or ROBO1 can decrease the vascularization of the neonatal thymus.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a high mortality rate among urological malignancies, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Steroid receptor RNA coactivator (SRA) belongs to the long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and has been demonstrated to be closely related to various types of cancer. In the present study, the decreased expression level of SRA was first confirmed in RCC tissues and cell lines by RT‑qPCR. Using knockdown or overexpression systems, it was then found that SRA inhibited the proliferation of RCC cell lines and promoted their apoptosis. In addition, SRA suppressed the migration and invasion, and altered EMT‑related markers in RCC cells. More importantly, it was demonstrated that SRA reduced percentage of CD44+/CD24‑ cells and the sphere‑forming efficiency. SRA also attenuated the expression levels of CD44, SOX‑2, ABCG2 and OCT‑4, which are all associated with cancer cell stemness characteristics. Although SRA increased the phosphorylation of extracellular‑regulated protein kinase (ERK), the ERK1/2 pathway could not further interfere with the alteration of EMT‑related markers mediated by SRA. Notably, the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, abolished ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas it did not exert any marked effects on cell proliferation and EMT‑related markers mediated by SRA. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate that SRA is an important molecule that inhibits the migration, invasion and stem cell characteristics of RCC cells; the ERK signaling pathway may not be involved in this process.

Among the three nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) paralogs, NM 2A and 2B, but not 2C, are detected in endothelial cells. To study the role of NM2 in vascular formation, we ablate NM2 in endothelial cells in mice. Ablating NM2A, but not NM2B, results in reduced blood vessel coverage and increased vascular branching in the developing mouse skin and coronary vasculature. NM2B becomes essential for vascular formation when NM2A expression is limited. Mice ablated for NM2B and one allele of NM2A develop vascular abnormalities similar to those in NM2A ablated mice. Using the embryoid body angiogenic sprouting assay in collagen gels reveals that NM2A is required for persistent angiogenic sprouting by stabilizing the endothelial cell cortex, and thereby preventing excessive branching and ensuring persistent migration of the endothelial sprouts. Mechanistically, NM2 promotes focal adhesion formation and cortical protrusion retraction during angiogenic sprouting. Further studies demonstrate the critical role of Rho kinase–activated NM2 signaling in the regulation of angiogenic sprouting in vitro and in vivo.

Lung cancer is the primary cause of death among cancer patients in China, among which nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes up the great majority. Hence, it is imperative to identify the biomarkers and mechanisms involved in NSCLC oncogenesis. Our present research found that KIAA1199 expression was significantly increased in NSCLC and closely related to cell proliferation, motility, and poor prognosis. We demonstrated that knockdown of KIAA1199 reduced NSCLC cell growth and motility in vitro whereas overexpression of KIAA1199 had the opposite effect. Inhibition of KIAA1199 significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse NSCLC xenograft models. Mechanistically, as an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐binding protein, KIAA1199 promotes EGFR signaling and regulates EGFR‐dependent Src, Erk, and Akt phosphorylation, as well as downstream kinases in the EGF‐mediated EMT pathway. We demonstrated that KIAA1199 can function as a direct binding target for miR‐486‐5p and that miR‐486‐5p overexpression can attenuate proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells via regulating the EGFR signaling pathways. To conclude, our results defined KIAA1199 as an oncogenic protein that promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating EGF‐mediated signaling pathways. This study provided new insight into NSCLC oncogenesis, which could lead to the development of innovative therapeutic plans for NSCLC., In this study, we defined KIAA1199 as an oncogenic protein whose expression is markedly higher in lung cancer tissues and is regulated by miR‐486‐5p. KIAA1199 promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating EGFR‐mediated signaling pathways. These findings may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.

The human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis targets epithelial cells lining the genital mucosa. We observed that infection of various cell types, including fibroblasts and epithelial cells resulted in the formation of unusually stable and mature focal adhesions that resisted disassembly induced by the myosin II inhibitor, blebbistatin. Superresolution microscopy revealed in infected cells the vertical displacement of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase from the signaling layer of focal adhesions, whereas vinculin remained in its normal position within the force transduction layer. The candidate type III effector TarP, which localized to focal adhesions during infection and when expressed ectopically, was sufficient to mimic both the reorganization and blebbistatin-resistant phenotypes. These effects of TarP, including its localization to focal adhesions, required a post-invasion interaction with the host protein vinculin through a specific domain at the C terminus of TarP. This interaction is repurposed from an actin-recruiting and -remodeling complex to one that mediates nanoarchitectural and dynamic changes of focal adhesions. The consequence of Chlamydia-stabilized focal adhesions was restricted cell motility and enhanced attachment to the extracellular matrix. Thus, via a novel mechanism, Chlamydia inserts TarP within focal adhesions to alter their organization and stability.

Directional cell migration drives embryonic development, cancer metastasis, and tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we examine the role of intraflagellar transport (IFT) 20 (Ift20) during polarized migration of epidermal cells. IFT20 is implicated in regulating cell migration independently of the primary cilium, but how IFT proteins integrate with the cell migration machinery is poorly understood. We show that genetic ablation of IFT20 in vitro slows keratinocyte migration during wound healing. We find that this phenotype is independent of the primary cilium and instead can be attributed to alterations in integrin-mediated mechanotransduction and focal adhesion (FA) dynamics. Loss of Ift20 resulted in smaller and less numerous FAs and reduced the levels of activated FA kinase. Studies of FA dynamics during microtubule-induced FA turnover demonstrated that Ift20 loss specifically impaired the reformation, but not the disassembly, of FAs. In the absence of Ift20 function, β1 integrins endocytosed during FA disassembly are not transferred out of Rab5 (+) endosomes. This defective transit from the early endosome disrupts eventual recycling of β1 integrins back to the cell surface, resulting in defective FA reformation. In vivo, conditional ablation of Ift20 in hair follicle stem cells (HF-SCs) similarly impairs their ability to invade and migrate during epidermal wound healing. Using explant studies, lineage tracing, and clonal analysis, we demonstrate that Ift20 is required for HF-SC migration and their contribution to epidermal regeneration. This work identifies a new Ift20 mechanotrafficking mechanism required for polarized cell migration and stem cell–driven tissue repair.

The roles of RNA m6A modification in carcinogenesis have attracted much interest recently. However, the dysregulation of RNA m6A regulators (writers, readers, and erasers) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has never been reported. In this study, we showed that METTL3, one of the writers, was upregulated in NPC. Functional studies revealed that METTL3 promoted the migration and invasion of NPC cells. However, METTL3 knockdown reversed this effect and inhibited the migration, invasion and metastasis of NPC cells. METTL3 activated the luciferase activity of TOPflash (a reporter for beta‐catenin/TCF signaling), and downregulation of METTL3 inhibited the expression of beta‐catenin/TCF target genes vimentin and N‐cadherin, which are two regulators of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Moreover, dominant negative beta‐catenin blocked the migration and invasion of NPC cells. Further mechanistic studies showed that METTL3 silencing decreased the m6A methylation and total mRNA levels of Tankyrase, a negative regulator of axin. Moreover, Tankyrase overexpression abrogated the repressive effects of METTL3 silencing on the migration of NPC cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates the oncogenic roles of METTL3 in NPC, and suggests that METTL3 might be a therapeutic target for NPC.

Progranulin (PGRN) mediates cell cycle progression and cell motility as a pleiotropic growth factor and acts as a universal regulator of cell growth, migration and transformation, cell cycle, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and cytotoxic drug resistance as a secreted glycoprotein. PGRN overexpression can induce the secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, -6,-10, TNF-α. At the same time, this protein can promote tumor proliferation and the occurrence and development of many related diseases such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, renal injury, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammatory, human atherosclerotic plaque, hepatocarcinoma, acute kidney injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In short, PGRN plays a very critical role in injury repair and tumorigenesis, it provides a new direction for succeeding research and serves as a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thus warranting further investigation. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility and the effect of PGRN on the relationship between inflammation and cancer.

Dynactin is a principal regulator of the minus-end directed microtubule motor dynein. The sidearm of dynactin is essential for binding to microtubules and regulation of dynein activity. Although our understanding of the structure of the dynactin backbone (Arp1 rod) has greatly improved recently, structural details of the sidearm subcomplex remain elusive. Here, we report the flexible nature and diverse conformations of dynactin sidearm observed by electron microscopy. Using nanogold labeling and deletion mutant analysis, we determined the domain organization of the largest subunit p150 and discovered that its coiled-coil (CC1), dynein-binding domain, adopted either a folded or an extended form. Furthermore, the entire sidearm exhibited several characteristic forms, and the equilibrium among them depended on salt concentrations. These conformational diversities of the dynactin complex provide clues to understanding how it binds to microtubules and regulates dynein.

Although the cardiovascular pharmacological actions of Tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) have been extensively studied, research on its roles in cardiac regeneration is still insufficient. The present study employed the cardiac myoblast cell line H9c2 to evaluate the possible roles of TanIIA in cardiac regeneration. It was found that certain concentration of TanIIA inhibited cell proliferation by suppressing the expression of proteins related to the cell cycle [cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)4, CDK6 and cyclin D1] and proliferation [c‑Myc, octamer‑binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] without inducing apoptosis. In this process, the expression of cardiac troponin in the treated cells was significantly increased and the migration of the treated cells toward the wound area was significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, TanIIA inhibited the canonical signaling pathway through increasing the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‑3β) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and increased the expression of Wnt11 and Wnt5a in the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway. Following β‑catenin agonist WAY‑262611 intervention, the effect of TanIIA on the promotion of cardiac differentiation and improved cell migration was significantly reduced. In conclusion, it was hypothesized that TanIIA could promote cardiac differentiation and improve cell motility by modulating the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. These results suggest that TanIIA may play beneficial roles in myocardial regeneration following stem cell transplantation.

G protein–coupled receptor signaling is required for the navigation of immune cells along chemoattractant gradients. However, chemoattractant receptors may couple to more than one type of heterotrimeric G protein, each of which consists of a Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunit, making it difficult to delineate the critical signaling pathways. Here, we used knockout mouse models and time-lapse microscopy to elucidate Gα and Gβ subunits contributing to complement C5a receptor-mediated chemotaxis. Complement C5a-mediated chemokinesis and chemotaxis were almost completely abolished in macrophages lacking Gnai2 (encoding Gα(i2)), consistent with a reduced leukocyte recruitment previously observed in Gnai2(−/−) mice, whereas cells lacking Gnai3 (Gα(i3)) exhibited only a slight decrease in cell velocity. Surprisingly, C5a-induced Ca(2+) transients and lamellipodial membrane spreading were persistent in Gnai2(−/−) macrophages. Macrophages lacking both Gnaq (Gα(q)) and Gna11 (Gα(11)) or both Gna12 (Gα(12)) and Gna13 (Gα(13)) had essentially normal chemotaxis, Ca(2+) signaling, and cell spreading, except Gna12/Gna13-deficient macrophages had increased cell velocity and elongated trailing ends. Moreover, Gnaq/Gna11-deficient cells did not respond to purinergic receptor P2Y(2) stimulation. Genetic deletion of Gna15 (Gα(15)) virtually abolished C5a-induced Ca(2+) transients, but chemotaxis and cell spreading were preserved. Homozygous Gnb1 (Gβ(1)) deletion was lethal, but mice lacking Gnb2 (Gβ(2)) were viable. Gnb2(−/−) macrophages exhibited robust Ca(2+) transients and cell spreading, albeit decreased cell velocity and impaired chemotaxis. In summary, complement C5a-mediated chemotaxis requires Gα(i2) and Gβ(2), but not Ca(2+) signaling, and membrane protrusive activity is promoted by G proteins that deplete phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Background Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (HMT) is a strictly anaerobic, spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium capable of hyper-butanol production through the well-known acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation process. Recently, five putative RRNPP-type QSSs (here designated as QSS1 to QSS5) were predicted in this bacterial strain, each of which comprises a putative RRNPP-type regulator (QssR1 to QssR5) and a cognate signaling peptide precursor (QssP1 to QssP5). In addition, both proteins are encoded by the same operon. The functions of these multiple RRNPP-type QSSs are unknown. Results To elucidate the function of multiple RRNPP-type QSSs as related to cell metabolism and solvent production in N1-4 (HMT), we constructed qssR-deficient mutants ΔR1, ΔR2, ΔR3 and ΔR5 through gene deletion using CRISPR–Cas9 and N1-4-dcas9-R4 (with the QssR4 expression suppressed using CRISPR–dCas9). We also constructed complementation strains by overexpressing the corresponding regulator gene. Based on systematic characterization, results indicate that QSS1, QSS2, QSS3, and QSS5 positively regulate the sol operon expression and thus solvent production, but they likely negatively regulate cell motility. Consequently, QSS4 might not directly regulate solvent production, but positively affect cell migration. In addition, QSS3 and QSS5 appear to positively regulate sporulation efficiency. Conclusions Our study provides the first insights into the roles of multiple RRNPP-type QSSs of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum for the regulation of solvent production, cell motility, and sporulation. Results of this study expand our knowledge of how multiple paralogous QSSs are involved in the regulation of essential bacterial metabolism pathways.

We describe a novel method to achieve a universal, massive, and fully automated analysis of cell motility behaviours, starting from time-lapse microscopy images. The approach was inspired by the recent successes in application of machine learning for style recognition in paintings and artistic style transfer. The originality of the method relies i) on the generation of atlas from the collection of single-cell trajectories in order to visually encode the multiple descriptors of cell motility, and ii) on the application of pre-trained Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network architecture in order to extract relevant features to be used for classification tasks from this visual atlas. Validation tests were conducted on two different cell motility scenarios: 1) a 3D biomimetic gels of immune cells, co-cultured with breast cancer cells in organ-on-chip devices, upon treatment with an immunotherapy drug; 2) Petri dishes of clustered prostate cancer cells, upon treatment with a chemotherapy drug. For each scenario, single-cell trajectories are very accurately classified according to the presence or not of the drugs. This original approach demonstrates the existence of universal features in cell motility (a so called “motility style”) which are identified by the DL approach in the rationale of discovering the unknown message in cell trajectories.

The fundamental problem in axon growth and guidance is understanding how cytoplasmic signaling modulates the cytoskeleton to produce directed growth cone motility. Live imaging of the TSM1 axon of the developing Drosophila wing has shown that the essential role of the core guidance signaling molecule, Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase, is to modulate the organization and spatial localization of actin in the advancing growth cone. Here, we dissect in detail the properties of that actin organization and its consequences for growth cone morphogenesis and motility. We show that advance of the actin mass in the distal axon drives the forward motion of the dynamic filopodial domain that defines the growth cone. We further show that Abl regulates both the width of the actin mass and its internal organization, spatially biasing the intrinsic fluctuations of actin to achieve net advance of the actin, and thus of the dynamic filopodial domain of the growth cone, while maintaining the essential coherence of the actin mass itself. These data suggest a model whereby guidance signaling systematically shapes the intrinsic, stochastic fluctuations of actin in the growth cone to produce axon growth and guidance.

In this study, a series of synthesized 3-(4-substituted benzyl)-5-isopropyl-5-phenylhydantoin derivatives as a potential antiproliferative and antimigratory agents were investigated. The possible antitumor mechanisms of investigated hydantoin derivatives were examined on human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The cells were treated with different concentrations of compounds (from 0.01 µM to 100 µM) during 24 h and 72 h. The proliferation index, nitric oxide production, apoptosis rate, and migration capacity were measured. The cell invasion potential was examined by measuring the level of MMP-9 and COX-2 gene expression. All tested compounds expressed antiproliferative activity and induced dose- and time-dependent increase in the level of nitrites. The investigated molecules significantly decreased cell survival rate, migration capacity and the expression levels of genes included in the process of tumor invasion. Obtained data suggest that the tested hydantoin derivatives express considerable antitumor activity by reducing cell division rate, elevating apoptosis level, and inhibiting the motility and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. The results obtained in this study indicate that investigated compounds express potential as a novel chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer growth and progression. Keywords: Hydantoin derivatives, Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, Proliferation, Apoptosis, Cell motility, Nitric oxide

The fundamental problem in axon growth and guidance is to understand how cytoplasmic signaling modulates the cytoskeleton to produce directed growth cone motility. We here dissect this process using live imaging of the TSM1 axon of the developing Drosophila wing. We find that the growth cone is almost purely filopodial, and that it extends by a protrusive mode of growth. Quantitative analysis reveals two separate groups of growth cone properties that together account for growth cone structure and dynamics. The core morphological features of the growth cone are strongly correlated with one another and define two discrete morphs. Genetic manipulation of a critical mediator of axon guidance signaling, Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase, shows that while Abl weakly modulates the ratio of the two morphs it does not greatly change their properties. Rather, Abl primarily regulates the second group of properties, which report the organization and distribution of actin in the growth cone and are coupled to growth cone velocity. Other experiments dissect the nature of that regulation of actin organization and how it controls the spatial localization of filopodial dynamics and thus axon extension. Together, these observations suggest a novel, probabilistic mechanism by which Abl biases the stochastic fluctuations of growth cone actin to direct axon growth and guidance.

This supplement contains the python software that was used to perform Bayesian data analysis of migrating neutrophils. Results and experimental data as well as details of the approachare contained in"Anomalous diffusion and asymmetric tempering memory in neutrophil chemotaxis" by Dieterich, Lindemann, Moskopp, Tauzin, Huttenlocher, Klages, Chechkin, Schwab (2022). The givenpython3 programsrequires the installation of the python interface to the nested sampling algorithm PyMultiNestof JohannesBucher (see http://johannesbuchner.github.io/PyMultiNest/install.html). In addition, numpy, scipy and pandas libraries are used. myCov.py contains the covariance matrices of positions < x(t) x(t') > of fractional Brownian motion (fBm), power-law and exponentially tempered fBm and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. A_CovSimData.py allows the simulation of paths for stochastic processes based on the covariances that are defined in myCov.py. Simulated paths are saved in an excel filesimulatedPaths_data.xlsx. B_BayesianAnalysis.py performs parameter estimation (fit) of the corresponding stochastic model. It reads simulated or experimental data from the excel filesimulatedPaths_data.xlsx. Furtherdetails on the usage are given as comments withthe source code. An example is also given for the simulation of fBm with H = 0.75, DH = 50, vd = 8, dt = 1, L = 200, Ntra = 100. #python3 -u A_CovSimData.py The resulting simulated data are contained insimulatedPaths_data.xlsx. Taking these data for B_BayesianAnalysis.py #python3 -u B_BayesianAnalysis.py fBm 100 200 bayesian performs the Bayesiananalysis for the fBm model with Ntra = 100 paths, each with L = 200 points. This generatesthe results in the directory chains-bayesian. Parameter estimates and evidences are found in 1-stats.dat. Nested Sampling Global Log-Evidence : -0.693084281285445904E+05 +/- 0.243291143601513438E+00 ... Dim No. Mean Sigma 1 0.751769979578737702E+00 0.455083467192393416E-02 2 0.498035123200753063E+02 0.942398486544506864E+00 3 0.769194950342420203E+01 0.221286113968375997E+00 The estimated parameters [H, DH, vd]and their uncertainties are given in lines starting with 1, 2, 3. They are in good agreement with the parameters used for simulations H = 0.75, DH = 50 and vd = 8. in addition, the logarithmic evidence is given that can be used to calculate model probabilities. Further details on the information contained in the other result files can be found here:http://johannesbuchner.github.io/PyMultiNest/

The coupling of the internal mechanisms of cell polarization to cell shape deformations and subsequent cell crawling poses many interdisciplinary scientific challenges. Several mathematical approaches have been proposed to model the coupling of both processes, where one of the most successful methods relies on a phase field that encodes the morphology of the cell, together with the integration of partial differential equations that account for the polarization mechanism inside the cell domain as defined by the phase field. This approach has been previously employed to model the motion of single cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, a widely used model organism to study actin-driven motility and chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells. Besides single cell motility, Dictyostelium discoideum is also well-known for its collective behavior. Here, we extend the previously introduced model for single cell motility to describe the collective motion of large populations of interacting amoebae by including repulsive interactions between the cells. We performed numerical simulations of this model, first characterizing the motion of single cells in terms of their polarity and velocity vectors. We then systematically studied the collisions between two cells that provided the basic interaction scenarios also observed in larger ensembles of interacting amoebae. Finally, the relevance of the cell density was analyzed, revealing a systematic decrease of the motility with density, associated with the formation of transient cell clusters that emerge in this system. This model is a prototypical active matter system for the investigation of the emergent collective dynamics of deformable, self-driven cells with a highly complex, nonlinear coupling of cell shape deformations, self-propulsion and repulsive cell-cell interactions., Comment: 25 pages, 12 Figures and 1 Table

Resource patchiness and aqueous phase fragmentation in soil may induce large differences local growth conditions at submillimeter scales. These are translated to vast differences in bacterial age from cells dividing every thirty minutes in close proximity to plant roots to very old cells experiencing negligible growth in adjacent nutrient poor patches. In this study, we link bacterial population demographics with localized soil and hydration conditions to predict emerging generation time distributions and estimate mean bacterial cell ages using mechanistic and heuristic models of bacterial life in soil. Results show heavy-tailed distributions of generation times that resemble a power law for certain conditions, suggesting that we may find bacterial cells of vastly different ages living side by side within small soil volumes. Our results imply that individual bacteria may exist concurrently with all of their ancestors, resulting in an archive of bacterial cells with traits that have been gained (and lost) throughout time-a feature unique to microbial life. This reservoir of bacterial strains and the potential for the reemergence of rare strains with specific functions may be critical for ecosystem stability and function. ISSN:1553-734X ISSN:1553-7358

Background The infestation with Echinococcus multilocularis larvae may persist in humans for up to decades without evident clinical symptoms. Longitudinal investigations are needed to understand the dynamic immunological processes in alveolar echinococcosis (AE) patients associated with an active and progressive, a stable or a regressive course of disease. Methodology/Principal findings This study evaluated the E. multilocularis specific antibody responses, systemic cytokine, and chemokine serum levels over a 10-year follow-up period, as well as cellular responsiveness in AE patients. Our results demonstrate a rapid decrease in antibodies against E. multilocularis specific antigen Em2+. Especially in cured patients, these antibodies remained negative, making them a significant predictor for cured AE. E. multilocularis specific IgG4, and indirect hemagglutination IHA decreased later in time, after around 5 years. While total IgE did not show significant dynamics over the course of disease, E. multilocularis specific IgE decreased after one to two years, and increasing levels were a significant predictor of progressive disease. There was no significant change in systemic IL-8, IL-9, CCL18 or CCL20 serum levels over time. Univariate analysis across groups indicated lower IL-8 levels in cured patients; however, this result could not be confirmed by multivariate analysis. Levels of CCL17 decreased during treatment, especially in cured patients, and thus might serve as a predictive or risk factor for progressive disease. Levels of IL-10 and CCL13 decreased during disease, especially after five and ten years of intervention. The E. multilocularis antigen (EmAg) inducible cellular productions of MCP1(CCL13), TARC(CCL17) and PARC(CCL18) were lowest in patients with cured AE and infection-free controls, while the EmAg inducible cellular production of IFN-γ increased after cure. Significant positive cytokine and chemokine correlations were observed in AE patients for IL-9, IL-10, CCL13(MCP-4), CCL17(TARC) and CCL20(LARC)(for all p, Author summary Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, the fox tapeworm. Humans exposed to E. multilocularis may develop severe AE with progressive tissue and organ infiltrating growth of the larval stage. The E. multilocularis larvae appear to have developed effective immune evasion mechanisms which facilitate an asymptomatic incubation and an extended host and parasite coexistence for decades. Over a 10-year follow-up, this investigation aimed to gain a better understanding of the immunological process associated with an active and progressive, a stable or a regressive course of AE. In summary, the rapid decrease of antibodies against the E. multilocularis specific antigen Em2+, especially in cured patients, makes them a significant predictor for cured AE. The positive relation of E. multilocularis specific IgG4 responses and chemokine levels of TARC can indicate AE progression when both enhance over time. Enhanced levels of cytokines IL-8, IL-10, and chemokines MCP4 and LARC may predict AE regression. Repeated biomarker surveys are advisable to evaluate progression or regression of AE during longitudinal follow up, and such analyses can support imaging techniques and improve staging of AE patients.

Transcription factor EB (TFEB) belongs to the microphthalmia family of bHLH-leucine zipper transcription factors and was first identified as an oncogene in a subset of renal cell carcinomas. In addition to exhibiting oncogenic activity, TFEB coordinates genetic programs connected with the cellular response to stress conditions, including roles in lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and modulation of metabolism. As is the case for other transcription factors, the activities of TFEB are not limited to a specific cellular condition such as the response to stress, and recent findings indicate that TFEB has more widespread functions. Here, we review the emerging roles of TFEB in regulating cellular proliferation and motility. The well-established and emerging roles of TFEB suggest that this protein serves as a hub of signaling networks involved in many non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, ischaemic diseases and immune disorders, drug resistance mechanisms, and tissue generation.

International audience; To investigate which cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are involved in the immunopathogenesis of idiopathic uveitis, and whether cytokine profiles are associated with. Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples of 75 patients with idiopathic uveitis were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. Infectious controls consisted of 16 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis all confirmed by intraocular fluid analyses. Noninfectious controls consisted of 7 patients with Behçet disease related uveitis and 15 patients with sarcoidosis related uveitis. The control group consisted of AH and serum samples from 47 noninflammatory control patients with age-related cataract. In each sample, 27 immune mediators ± IL-21 and IL-23 were measured. In idiopathic uveitis, 13 of the 29 mediators, including most proinflammatory and vascular mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IP-10, TNF-α and VEGF, were significantly elevated in the aqueous humor when compared to all controls. Moreover, IL-17, IP-10, and IL-21, were significantly elevated in the serum when compared to all controls. We clustered 4 subgroups of idiopathic uveitis using a statistical analysis of hierarchical unsupervised classification, characterized by the order of magnitude of concentrations of intraocular cytokines. The pathogenesis of idiopathic uveitis is characterized by the presence of predominantly proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and vascular endothelial growth factor with high expression levels as compared to other causes of uveitis. There are indications for obvious Th-1/ IL21-Th17 pathways but also IL9-Th9 and increased IFN-γ-inducing cytokine (IL12) and IFN-γ-inducible CXC chemokine (IP-10). The combined data suggest that immune mediator expression is different among idiopathic uveitis. This study suggests various clusters among the idiopathic uveitis group rather than one specific uveitis entity.

Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to attenuate increased systemic and gut inflammation that contribute to morbidity and mortality in chronic HIV infection despite potent antiretroviral therapy (ART). The goal of this study is to use preclinical models of chronic treated HIV to determine whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory apoA-I mimetic peptides 6F and 4F attenuate systemic and gut inflammation in chronic HIV. We used two humanized murine models of HIV infection and gut explants from 10 uninfected and 10 HIV infected persons on potent ART, to determine the in vivo and ex vivo impact of apoA-I mimetics on systemic and intestinal inflammation in HIV. When compared to HIV infected humanized mice treated with ART alone, mice on oral apoA-I mimetic peptide 6F with ART had consistently reduced plasma and gut tissue cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and chemokines (CX3CL1) that are products of ADAM17 sheddase activity. Oral 6F attenuated gut protein levels of ADAM17 that were increased in HIV-1 infected mice on potent ART compared to uninfected mice. Adding oxidized lipoproteins and endotoxin (LPS) ex vivo to gut explants from HIV infected persons increased levels of ADAM17 in myeloid and intestinal cells, which increased TNF-α and CX3CL1. Both 4F and 6F attenuated these changes. Our preclinical data suggest that apoA-I mimetic peptides provide a novel therapeutic strategy that can target increased protein levels of ADAM17 and its sheddase activity that contribute to intestinal and systemic inflammation in treated HIV. The large repertoire of inflammatory mediators involved in ADAM17 sheddase activity places it as a pivotal orchestrator of several inflammatory pathways associated with morbidity in chronic treated HIV that make it an attractive therapeutic target., Author summary Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to attenuate increased systemic and gut inflammation that contribute to morbidity and mortality in chronic HIV infection despite potent antiviral therapy. In this study we used preclinical models of chronic HIV (humanized mice and gut tissues from HIV infected persons) to determine whether antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents called apoA-I mimetic peptides could attenuate systemic and gut inflammation in chronic HIV. Our preclinical data suggest that apoA-I mimetic peptides can target increased levels of a protein called ADAM17 and its proinflammatory activity that contributes to systemic and gut inflammation in HIV. The large repertoire of inflammatory mediators involved in ADAM17 sheddase activity places it as a pivotal orchestrator of several inflammatory pathways associated with morbidity in chronic treated HIV that make it an attractive therapeutic target.

In the field of cell and tissue engineering, there is an increasing demand for techniques to spatially control the adhesion of cells to substrates of desired sizes and shapes. Here, we describe two novel methods for fabricating a substrate for adhesion of cells to a defined area. In the first method, the surface of the coverslip or plastic dish was coated with Lipidure, a non-adhesive coating material, and air plasma was applied through a mask with holes, to confer adhesiveness to the surface. In the second method, after the surface of the coverslip was coated with gold by sputtering and then with Lipidure; the Lipidure coat was locally removed using a novel scanning laser ablation method. These methods efficiently confined cells within the adhesive area and enabled us to follow individual cells for a longer duration, compared to the currently available commercial substrates. By following single cells within the confined area, we were able to observe several new aspects of cell behavior in terms of cell division, cell–cell collisions, and cell collision with the boundary between adhesive and non-adhesive areas.

Cell sorting, whereby a heterogeneous cell mixture segregates and forms distinct homogeneous tissues, is one of the main collective cell behaviors at work during development. Although differences in interfacial energies are recognized to be a possible driving source for cell sorting, no clear consensus has emerged on the kinetic law of cell sorting driven by differential adhesion. Using a modified Cellular Potts Model algorithm that allows for efficient simulations while preserving the connectivity of cells, we numerically explore cell-sorting dynamics over very large scales in space and time. For a binary mixture of cells surrounded by a medium, increase of domain size follows a power-law with exponent n = 1/4 independently of the mixture ratio, revealing that the kinetics is dominated by the diffusion and coalescence of rounded domains. We compare these results with recent numerical studies on cell sorting, and discuss the importance of algorithmic differences as well as boundary conditions on the observed scaling., Author summary Cell sorting describes the spontaneous segregation of identical cells in biological tissues. This phenomenon is observed during development or organ regeneration in a variety of biological systems. Minimization of the total surface energy of a tissue, in which adhesion strengh between homotypic and heterotypic cells are different, is one of the mechanisms that explain cell sorting. This mechanism is then similar to the one that drives demixing of two immiscible fluids. Because of the high sensibility of this process to finite-size and finite-time effects, no clear consensus has emerged on the scaling law of cell sorting driven by differential adhesion. Using an efficient numerical code, we were able to investigate this scaling law on very large binary mixtures of cells. We show that on long times, cell sorting obeys a universal power law, which is independent of the mixture ratio and boundary conditions.

Resource patchiness and aqueous phase fragmentation in soil may induce large differences local growth conditions at submillimeter scales. These are translated to vast differences in bacterial age from cells dividing every thirty minutes in close proximity to plant roots to very old cells experiencing negligible growth in adjacent nutrient poor patches. In this study, we link bacterial population demographics with localized soil and hydration conditions to predict emerging generation time distributions and estimate mean bacterial cell ages using mechanistic and heuristic models of bacterial life in soil. Results show heavy-tailed distributions of generation times that resemble a power law for certain conditions, suggesting that we may find bacterial cells of vastly different ages living side by side within small soil volumes. Our results imply that individual bacteria may exist concurrently with all of their ancestors, resulting in an archive of bacterial cells with traits that have been gained (and lost) throughout time-a feature unique to microbial life. This reservoir of bacterial strains and the potential for the reemergence of rare strains with specific functions may be critical for ecosystem stability and function., PLoS Computational Biology, 18 (2), ISSN:1553-734X, ISSN:1553-7358

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is involved in the etiology of multiple hematologic and epithelial human cancers. EBV+ tumors employ multiple immune escape mechanisms, including the recruitment of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg). Here, we show some EBV+ tumor cells express high levels of the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 both in vitro and in vivo and that this expression mirrors the expression levels of expression of the EBV LMP1 gene in vitro. Patient samples from lymphoblastic (Hodgkin lymphoma) and epithelial (nasopharyngeal carcinoma; NPC) EBV+ tumors revealed CCL17 and CCL22 expression of both tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic origin, depending on tumor type. NPCs grown as mouse xenografts likewise showed both mechanisms of chemokine production. Single cell RNA-sequencing revealed in vivo tumor cell-intrinsic CCL17 and CCL22 expression combined with expression from infiltrating classical resident and migratory dendritic cells in a CT26 colon cancer mouse tumor engineered to express LMP1. These data suggest that EBV-driven tumors employ dual mechanisms for CCL17 and CCL22 production. Importantly, both in vitro and in vivo Treg migration was effectively blocked by a novel, small molecule antagonist of CCR4, CCR4-351. Antagonism of the CCR4 receptor may thus be an effective means of activating the immune response against a wide spectrum of EBV+ tumors., Author summary The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with many cancers worldwide, including both lymphomas and solid tumors. EBV+ tumors have been reported to have increased numbers of infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg), a cell type that counteracts the body’s natural antitumor response. Here we show that EBV+ tumors actually have amongst the highest levels of Treg of all human tumors, as well as having very high levels of the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22, signaling molecules that promote the migration of Treg. We found that CCL17 and CCL22 production in different EBV+ tumor cell lines mirrored the levels of production of the EBV protein LMP1, and that the LMP1 gene on its own was sufficient to trigger chemokine expression and Treg migration into a mouse tumor model. Depending on the particular EBV+ tumor type, this CCL17 and CCL22 expression could be coming from the tumor cells themselves, infiltrating host immune cells, or a combination of the two. A recently developed drug that blocks the activity of CCL17 and CCL22 blocked Treg migration into EBV+ and LMP1+ tumors, suggesting that this may be part of an effective treatment for EBV+ tumors in the clinic, helping to reduce the over 140,000 annual deaths from this group of cancers.

Background Cytotoxic effects of radiation play an important role in the treatment of head and neck cancer. However, irradiation is known to lead to the migration of various cancer cells, including those of head and neck cancer. Recently, fibroblasts in the cancer microenvironment have been reported to be involved in this mechanism. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying migration of head and neck cancer cells remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to elucidate this migration mechanism induced by irradiation in terms of the interaction of head and neck cancer cells with fibroblasts. Methods We used the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines SAS and FaDu as well as fibroblast cell lines. These cells were irradiated and their viability was compared. In fibroblasts, changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion caused by irradiation were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cell migration ability of cancer cells was evaluated via a migration assay using a semipermeable membrane. HNSCC cells were cocultured with irradiated and nonirradiated fibroblasts, and their migration ability under each condition was compared. We also examined the effect of IL-6 on the migration of HNSCC cells. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of fibroblast-derived IL-6 on the migration ability of HNSCC cells, we conducted a coculture study using IL-6 neutralizing antibody. Results Irradiation reduced the survival of HNSCC cells, whereas fibroblasts were resistant to irradiation. Irradiation also increased IL-6 secretion by fibroblasts. Migration of HNSCC cells was enhanced by coculture with fibroblasts and further enhanced by coculture with irradiated fibroblasts. We also confirmed that the migration of HNSCC cells was induced by IL-6. The enhanced migration of cancer cells caused by coculturing with fibroblasts was canceled by the IL-6 neutralizing antibody. Conclusion These results show that fibroblasts survive irradiation and induce the migration ability of HNSCC cells through increased secretion of IL-6.