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The primary lymphoma of the skull is very rare. We describe a case of a 48-year-old woman with a palpable, soft, painless swelling of the soft tissues of the right frontal region, in absence of neurological symptoms. The ultrasonography showed the presence of solid, very vascularized, subcutaneous, and intra-thecal tissue and bone erosion of the internal and external cranial theca. A CT scan of the skull, thorax, and abdomen was performed to exclude further manifestations of the disease and an MRI examination of the brain to exclude involvement of the intracranial structures. CT and MRI confirmed the presence of the intra-thecal and extra-thecal mass that infiltrated the external and internal cranial theca, the scalp, and the epidural region without infiltration of the cerebral cortex. The patient underwent mass removal surgery and histological analysis, which allowed the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma.

Simple Summary Uveal melanomas may undergo necrosis, both spontaneously or following radiotherapy. Nowadays radiotherapy is the preferred treatment, whereas enucleation of the eye is used in selected cases. In order to differentiate the effects of radiotherapy from spontaneous degenerative changes in uveal melanomas, we compared the appearance of necrosis, both from a histopathological point of view and from the perspective of MR imaging, in two groups of patients with uveal melanoma: a group who had undergone previous proton beam radiotherapy (secondary enucleation); a control group who had undergone enucleation without any previous radiotherapy treatment (primary enucleation). Irradiated and nonirradiated uveal melanomas differ on the basis of the histological appearance, the MR imaging appearance and the distribution of necrosis. We hope that the findings we observed could be extended to all patients with uveal melanomas treated with radiotherapy, and may enhance the accuracy of radiologists in evaluating MR examinations after radiotherapy. Abstract Necrosis in uveal melanomas can be spontaneous or induced by radiotherapy. The purpose of our study was to compare the histopathologic and MRI findings of radiation-induced necrosis of a group of proton beam-irradiated uveal melanomas with those of spontaneous necrosis of a control group of patients undergoing primary enucleation. 11 uveal melanomas who had undergone proton beam radiotherapy, MRI and secondary enucleation, and a control group of 15 untreated uveal melanomas who had undergone MRI and primary enucleation were retrospectively identified. Within the irradiated and nonirradiated group, 7 and 6 eyes with histological evidence of necrosis respectively, were furtherly selected for the final analysis; the appearance of necrosis was assessed at histopathologic examination and MRI. Irradiated melanomas showed a higher degree of necrosis as compared with nonirradiated tumors. Irradiated and nonirradiated lesions differed based on the appearance and distribution of necrosis. Irradiated tumors showed large necrotic foci, sharply demarcated from the viable neoplastic tissue; nonirradiated tumors demonstrated small, distinct foci of necrosis. Radiation-induced necrosis, more pigmented than surrounding viable tumor, displayed high signal intensity on T1-weighted and low signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The hemorrhagic/coagulative necrosis, more prevalent in nonirradiated tumors (4 out of 6 vs. 1 out of 7 cases), appeared hyperintense on T2-weighted and hypointense on T1-weighted images. Our study boosts the capability to recognize radiation-induced alterations in uveal melanomas at MRI and may improve the accuracy of radiologists in the evaluation of follow-up MR examination after radiotherapy.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure. The primary and insidious early post-SG complication is the gastric leak (GL). In literature, there are many studies describing the endoscopic stent placement as treatment of GL and few studies about stent placement performed by interventional radiology under fluoroscopic guide. Our aims were to describe the radiological stent placement technique, to compare endoscopic and radiological stent placement, to illustrate normal diagnostic features and summarise the incidence of complications after stent placement, removal, and their imaging features. This was a single centre retrospective study of 595 patients who underwent SG between 2011 and 2019. Inclusion criteria: patients who developed GL after SG and treated with gastro-oesophageal stent placement by endoscopy or interventional radiology; availability of medical history and imaging studies; follow-up time after stent removal (1 year). The rates of technical success, clinical success and complications after stent placement and removal were collected and compared between the two methods of stent positioning. A total of 17/595 (2.8%) patients developed a radiologically diagnosed GL after SG. The type II-III GLs (15/17) were treated with endoscopic or radiological stent placement. 9/15 (60%/Group A) patients underwent gastro-oesophageal stenting by interventional radiology and 6/15 (40%/Group B) were treated with endoscopic stent placement. The technical and clinical success rate was 100% for both groups. Stent migration occurred in 22% and 27% for Group A and B respectively. Post-extraction stenosis was the main late complication, occurring in 22% in Group A and 0% in Group B. Gastro-esophageal stent placement performed by interventional radiologists is a valid "mini-invasive" treatment for GL. This procedure is not inferior to endoscopic positioning regarding efficacy, periprocedural and postprocedural complication rate. It's necessary to be familiar with radiological findings after stent placement and removal. Computed tomography (CT) scan is the main radiological technique to identify stent placement complications. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series are the first radiological procedures used to detect late complications after stent removal.

Obesity is a widespread pathology among the population related to an increase in mortality and morbidity of patients. Bariatric surgery provides several forms of treatment for obese patients. Laparoscopic mini/one anastomosis gastric bypass (MGB/OAGB) is a recent low risk bariatric surgical procedure common in a large number of countries in the treatment of severe obesity. MGB/OAGB, compared to other bariatric surgery techniques, offers the significant technical improvement of requiring only one anastomosis in place of two. In this scenario, diagnostic imaging takes a significant role in the postoperative period, to evaluate the outcomes of surgical treatment and to detect possible complications both in early and late postoperative period. The prevalent radiological procedure to investigate suspicions of clinical post-operative complications is Computed tomography (CT) with oral and intravenous contrast administration. This pictorial essay aims to illustrate and identify normal radiological aspects of MGB/OAGB and post-surgery complication imaging features. We think that this article will serve to familiarize all the specialists with the diagnostic imaging of MGB/OAGB., Highlights • Laparoscopic mini/one anastomosis gastric bypass (MGB/OAGB) is a recent metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) technique that proved safe and valid for patients who were morbidly obese as a malabsorptive or metabolic gastric bypass. • Diagnostic imaging takes a significant role in the postoperative period, to detect possible complications both in the early and late postoperative period. • Water-soluble contrast upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series represent the first radiological modality in the detection of early postoperative complications. • Computed tomography (CT) is a more frequently used imaging technique in the clinical suspicion of possible early and late postoperative complications., Gastric bypass, Bariatric surgery, Radiology

Background: Currently, radiotherapy represents the most widely employed therapeutic option in patients with uveal melanoma. Although the effects of proton beam radiotherapy on uveal melanoma end ocular tissues have been histologically documented, their appearance at MR imaging is still poorly understood. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the magnetic resonance (MR) semiotics of radiotherapy-induced changes to neoplastic tissues and ocular structures in patients with uveal melanoma undergoing secondary enucleation after proton beam radiotherapy. Methods: Nine patients with uveal melanoma who had undergone proton beam radiotherapy, MR imaging, and subsequent secondary enucleation were retrospectively selected. The histopathologic findings evaluated for irradiated tumors were necrosis, fibrosis, and viable tumor, while the histopathologic findings evaluated for extratumoral ocular/periocular tissues were radiation-related intraocular inflammation, vitreous hemorrhage, optic nerve degeneration, iris neovascularization, and periocular fibrotic adhesions. On MR images, the appearance of the abovementioned histologic features was assessed on conventional and diffusion-weighted sequences. Results: T2-weighted sequences performed better in detecting radiation-induced necrosis, fibrosis, optic nerve degeneration, and periocular fibrotic adhesions. T1-weighted sequences were preferable for identifying cataracts, vitreous hemorrhage, and inflammatory complications. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences were irreplaceable in assessing iris neovascularization, and in confirming inflammatory complications. Conclusions: In the light of their increasing role in the multidisciplinary management of patients with uveal melanoma, radiologists should be aware of the MR appearance of the effects of radiotherapy on neoplastic and ocular tissue, in order to improve the accuracy of follow-up MR examinations.

Case series Patients: Female, 89-year-old • Male, 52-year-old Final Diagnosis: Segmental arterial mediolysis Symptoms: Abdominal pain • bleeding Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Radiology Objective: Rare disease Background: Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is an uncommon vascular pathology characterized by arteriopathy, mainly of medium-sized abdominal splanchnic vessels, without an atherosclerotic, inflammatory, infectious, or autoimmune underlying etiology. Segmental arterial mediolysis is clinically heterogeneous and symptoms may be completely nonspecific. The knowledge of radiological features of segmental arterial mediolysis and the exclusion of other pathologies should direct early diagnosis and refer patients for correct treatment. Case Report: In the last 2 years, we treated 2 different adult patients (an 89-year-old woman and a 52-year-old man) with spontaneous visceral bleeding, admitted to the Emergency Department due to acute onset of abdominal pain, anemia, and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) evidence of aneurysmatic, and stenotic alterations of splanchnic arteries. Based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological features, segmental arterial mediolysis was suspected. These 2 patients were referred to our Interventional Radiology Department and treated with super-selective transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE), performed by a minimally invasive approach, allowing an immediate clinical improvement with regression of symptoms and avoiding major surgical treatment. Conclusions: In patients with clinical, laboratory, and radiological signs of acute and/or chronic abdominal bleeding and radiological findings suggesting segmental arterial mediolysis, mini-invasive endovascular treatment is a safe, extremely reliable, and secure procedure and appears to be the first-choice treatment when available. Since abdominal bleeding could have fatal consequences in these patients, timely diagnosis and endovascular therapy are essential to treat visceral vascular alterations due to segmental arterial mediolysis.

Patient: Female, 28-year-old Final Diagnosis: Nutcracker phenomenon • Wilkie syndrome Symptoms: Epigastric pain • rapid weight loss • abdomen was tense and painful and pain increased after compression Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Radiology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Eagle syndrome is a vascular compression syndrome that is caused by a very elongated styloid process and/or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament compressing the vascular or nerve structures of the neck, resulting in vascular congestion, thrombosis, or neurological symptoms (eg, dysphagia, neck pain, ear pain). Stylo-jugular venous compression syndrome is a subtype of Eagle syndrome and is caused by compression of the internal jugular vein. Treatment varies according to the symptoms and the severity of the compression, and it can be pharmacological or surgical, with vascular stenting and/or removal of the styloid process. We describe a rare case of left cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and ipsilateral internal jugular vein stenosis sustained by excessive length of the left styloid process. Case Report: A 36-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of drug-resistant headache and recent memory disturbances. She underwent cerebral and neck multidetector computed tomography-angiography and Doppler ultrasound of the epiaortic vessels that respectively revealed thrombosis of the left cerebral venous sinus and left internal jugular vein stenosis due to a very long styloid process. The patient was treated with anticoagulant drugs and experienced a gradual remission of symptoms. Conclusions: Compression of the jugular vein by the styloid process is a rare entity, and it often goes undiagnosed when it is asymptomatic. Doppler ultrasound is a sensitive method for identifying jugular vein stenosis and can provide an estimated degree of stenosis, which is useful for treatment planning. Doppler ultrasound should be combined with multidetector computed tomography-angiography to rule out compression of other vascular structures and other causes of compression. Failure to treat these patients could have serious health consequences for them.

Vascular compression syndromes are rare alterations that have in common the compression of an arterial and/or venous vessel by contiguous structures and can be congenital or acquired. The best known are the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Nutcracker Syndrome, May–Thurner Syndrome, and Dunbar Syndrome. The incidence of these pathologies is certainly underestimated due to the non-specific clinical signs and their frequent asymptomaticity. Being a first-level method, Ultrasound plays a very important role in identifying these alterations, almost always allowing a complete diagnostic classification. If in expert hands, this method can significantly contribute to the reduction of false negatives, especially in the asymptomatic population, where the finding of the aforementioned pathologies often happens randomly following routine checks. In this review, we briefly discuss the best known vascular changes, the corresponding ultrasound anatomy, and typical ultrasound patterns.

Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs) represent a heterogeneous group of pathologies, which may be related to different causes. A low percentage of these lung diseases may be secondary to the administration of drugs or substances. Through the PubMed database, an extensive search was performed in the fields of drug toxicity and interstitial lung disease. We have evaluated the different classes of drugs associated with pulmonary toxicity. Several different high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns related to pulmonary drug toxicity have been reported in literature, and the most frequent ILDs patterns reported include Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP), Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP), Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP), Organizing Pneumonia (OP), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD). Finally, from the electronic database of our Institute we have selected and commented on some cases of drug-induced lung diseases related to the administration of common drugs. As the imaging patterns are rarely specific, an accurate evaluation of the clinical history is required and a multidisciplinary approach—involving pneumologists, cardiologists, radiologists, pathologists, and rheumatologists—is recommended.

Vasculitides represent a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated disorders, characterized by a systemic inflammatory destructive process of the blood vessels resulting either in ischemia or hemorrhage. The organ involved and vessel size influence the pattern of presentation of the pathology. The lung is commonly involved in systemic vasculitides, with heterogeneous clinical, radiological, and histopathological presentations. Primary vasculitides most commonly associated with lung parenchymal involvement include small-vessel antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Several studies have reported cases of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) associated with systemic vasculitis, particularly those positive for ANCA associated vasculitis/vasculitidis: AAV. We have selected from our case series different radiological features of pulmonary vasculitis (i.e., solitary or multiple nodules, cavitary lesions, nodules with centrilobular or peribronchial distribution, airspace consolidations, “crazy paving” appearance, interstitial disease), including cases with interstitial lung alterations. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the typical clinical manifestations of vasculitides and their main radiologic features (especially AAV).

Patient: Male, 27-year-old Final Diagnosis: Nutcracker syndrome Symptoms: Vomiting Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Endovascular stent grafting Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology • Radiology Objective: Rare disease Background: Nutcracker syndrome and Wilkie’s syndrome are rare vascular diseases due to the abnormal course of the superior mesenteric artery originating from the abdominal aorta with reduced angle (