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IntroductionMany patients with chronic inflammatory dermatosis such as psoriasis usually ask about the safety of COVID-19 vaccination and if it would affect the course of their disease. Indeed, many case reports, case series and clinical studies, reporting psoriasis exacerbation following vaccination against COVID-19, were published during the pandemic. Also, many questions arise regarding the existence of exacerbating factors of these flare ups, including environmental triggers such as the insufficiency of vitamin D levels.MethodsThis is a retrospective study that measures alterations in psoriasis activity and severity index (PASI) not exceeding 2 weeks after the first and second dose of COVID-19 vaccinations in the reported cases and assesses whether such changes have any association with patients’ vitamin D levels. We retrospectively reviewed the case records of all patients with a documented flare up after COVID-19 vaccination in our department as well as those who did not, during a year.ResultsAmong them, we found 40 psoriasis patients that had reported vitamin D levels in the form of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D within 3 weeks after vaccination, including 23 with exacerbation and 17 without exacerbation. Performing χ2 and t-test controls for psoriasis patients with and without flare-ups, a statistically significant dependence emerged in the seasons of summer [χ2(1) = 5.507, p = 0.019], spring [χ2(1) = 11.429, p = 0.001] and in the categories of vitamin D [χ2(2) = 7.932, p = 0.019], while the mean value of vitamin D for psoriasis patients who did not have exacerbation (31.14 ± 6.67 ng/mL) is statistically higher [t(38) = 3.655, p = 0.001] than the corresponding value of psoriasis patients who had an exacerbation (23.43 ± 6.49 ng/mL).DiscussionThis study indicates that psoriasis patients with insufficient (21–29 ng/mL) or inadequate (

Background/Aims: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterised by the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), which are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) using composite rodent tissue substrate. The IgG subclass distribution and clinical significance of IFL-detected AMA in patients with PBC have not been previously studied in detail. Methods: We have examined IgG subclass-specific AMA detected by IFL on rodent liver, kidney and stomach tissue substrate using affinity-purified IgG subclass monospecific antisera as revealing reagents in 95 AMA-positive PBC patients from Greece. Results: AMA of any of the IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 subclasses were present in 89/95 (93.7%) patients. Among those 89, 55 (61.8%) had IgG1, 2, 3 AMA positivity; eight (9%) had IgG1, 2; seven (7.9%) had IgG2, 3; eight (9%) had IgG1, 3; nine (10.1%) had IgG1 subclass and two (2.2%) single IgG3 AMA reactivity. IgG4 AMA was absent. IgG3 titres were higher than IgG2 and IgG1 (P

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)-specific anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), routinely detected by indirect immunofluoresnce, immunofix various mitochondrial antigens by immunoblot (IB). We have investigated whether there is a relationship between IFL-determined AMA titres and the number, intensity or pattern of IB-bands.By computer-assisted imaging technology, an IB analysis using human liver mitochondrial preparation was performed in 100 AMA positive PBC samples, subdivided in 5 groups each consisting of 20 cases with very high, high, intermediate, low or borderline IFL titres and in 19 AMA-negative cases.Reactivity to at least 1 mitochondrial band (range 1-12) was present in 114 (96%) cases. Reactivity to the major pyruvate dehydrogenase E2-subunit 74-kDa autoantigen positively correlated with AMA IFL titres but was absent in 25% IFL-positive cases. The intensity and number of IB-bands differed significantly among groups (p0.001). IFL AMA titres positively correlated with the total number (r=0.8, p0.001) and the intensity of the IB-bands (r=0.75, p0.001).Our study indicates that IFL-determined AMA relate to the number and intensity of immunofixed bands. Reactivity to PDC-E2 does not correlate with IFL titres in a considerable proportion of patients suggesting that detection methods of AMA need to be based in the entire spectrum of the disease-specific mitochondrial antigens.

The serological hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is the presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 subunit (PDC-E2) antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Anti-PDC-E2 antibodies cross-react specifically with mycobacterial hsp65, and we have demonstrated that the motif SxGDL[ILV]AE shared by PDC-E2(212-226) and hsp's is a cross-reactive target. Having found that this same motif is present only in beta-galactosidase of Lactobacillus delbrueckii (BGAL LACDE), we hypothesized that this homology would also lead to cross-reactivity. The mimics were tested via ELISA for reactivity and competitive cross-reactivity using sera from 100 AMA-positive and 23 AMA-negative PBC patients and 190 controls. An Escherichia coli (ECOLI) PDC-E2 mimic that has been pathogenetically linked to PBC but lacks this motif has been also tested. Anti-BGAL(266-280) LACDE antibodies were restricted to AMA-positive patients (54 of 95, 57%) and belonged to immunoglobulin (Ig) G3. Of the 190 controls, 22 (12%; P < .001) had anti-BGAL(266-280) antibodies, mainly of the IgG4 subclass. ECOLI PDC-E2 reactivity was virtually absent. BGAL(266-280)/PDC-E2(212-226) reactivity of the IgG3 isotype was found in 52 (52%) AMA-positive PBC patients but in only 1 of the controls (P < .001). LACDE BGAL(266-280)/PDC-E2(212-226) reactivity was due to cross-reactivity as confirmed via competition ELISA. Antibody affinity for BGAL(266-280) was greater than for PDC-E2 mimics. Preincubation of a multireactive serum with BGAL(266-280) reduced the inhibition of enzymatic activity by 40%, while marginal effect (12%) or no effect (2%) was observed in human or ECOLI PDC-E2 mimics. In conclusion, IgG3 antibodies to BGAL LACDE cross-react with the major mitochondrial autoepitope and are characteristic of PBC.

On the basis of the reported association between hepatitis B vaccination (HBvacc) and autoimmune demyelinating complications such as multiple sclerosis (MS), we have looked for aminoacid similarities between the small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (SHBsAg), and the MS-autoantigens myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) that could serve as targets of immunological cross-reactivity. Twenty-mer peptides spanning 4 SHBsAg/MOG and 1 SHBsAg/MBP mimicking pairs, were constructed and tested by ELISA as targets of cross-reactive responses. A total of 147 samples from 58 adults were collected before HBvacc (58/58), and post-HBvacc (48/58 before the second and 41/58 before the third boost). Eighty-seven sera from anti-SHBsAg antibody negative patients with various diseases were tested as pathological controls. Reactivity to at least one of the SHBsAg peptides was found in 8 (14%) pre-HBvacc subjects; amongst the remaining 50, reactivity to at least one of the SHBsAg peptides appeared in 47 (94%) post-HBvacc. Reactivity to at least one of the MOG mimics was present in 4 (8%) pre-HBvacc and in 30 (60%) post-HBvacc (p < 0.001). Overall 30/50 (60%) vaccinees had SHBsAg/MOG double reactivity on at least one occasion compared to none before-vaccination and in 2 (2%) of the pathological controls (p < 0.001 for both). SHBsAg/MOG double reactivity was cross-reactive as confirmed by inhibition studies. At 6 months post-vaccination, 3 of the 4 anti-MOG reactive cases before vaccination and 7 of the 24 (29%) of the anti-MOG reactive cases at 3 months post-vaccination had lost their reactivity to MOG5-24. There was no reactivity to the SHBsAg/MBP mimics. None of the vaccinees reported symptoms of demyelinating disorders. In view of the observed SHBsAg/MOG cross-reactivity, the vaccine's possible role as an immunomodulator of viral/self cross-reactivity must be further investigated.

Previous studies on Spanish patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) have shown extensive, disease-specific cross-reactivity between the 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65) of Mycobacterium gordonae and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 (PDC-E2), the major target of anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA). Studies on a British population were unable to substantiate these findings. Having found that there is an excellent and almost unique match between the PDC-E2 autoepitope and a sequence in mycobacterial hsp65s, we tested the corresponding peptides by ELISA for cross-reactivity using sera from 90 PBC patients, 40 Spanish and 50 British, and 84 pathological controls. Reactivity to the MYCGO hsp65(90-104)/human PDC-E2(212-226)pair was present in 19 (47.5%) Spanish PBC patients and in 2 (4%) of the 50 British. Reactivity was not seen in any of the controls. Simultaneous reactivity to mimics was due to cross-reactivity as confirmed by inhibition studies. Three dimensional modelling predicts mycobacterial hsp65(90-104)to be exposed on the surface of the protein. The affinity of anti-hsp65(90-104)antibody was higher than that of anti-PDC-E2(212-226). Hsp65(90-104)is a target of disease-specific cross-reactivity to PDC-E2(212-226). The geographical confinement of this phenomenon is probably the result of complex genetic, environmental and immunological interaction.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by the presence of high-titer disease specific autoantibodies directed against mitochondrial antigens (AMA) of the inner mitochondrial membrane, that are members of the 2-oxo acid complex. Among numerous other autoantibodies found in PBC the focus of ongoing studies is on the PBC-specific anti-nuclear antibodies, that are of diagnostic and clinical relevance since they can be used as a 'positive tool' in the diagnosis of AMA-negative PBC while at the same time identifying a subgroup of patients with more advanced liver disease.

Anti-mitochondrial antibody is the diagnostic hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis. Its role in the aetiology of primary biliary cirrhosis is controversial.Two cases of neonatal hepatitis seropositive for anti-mitochondrial antibody are described. Anti-mitochondrial antibody Ig isotype and epitopic specificity were investigated by immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassays.In both infants anti-mitochondrial antibody was of the G class, mainly G1 and G3 subclasses, and reacted with two synthetic peptides reproducing major M2 epitopicregions: innerlipoyl domain pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-E2(162-176) and PDC-E3 binding protein (PDC-E3BP)86-100. One infant also reacted with outer lipoyl domain PDC-E2(35-49), and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC)-E2(99-113). An identical pattern of reactivity was present in their mothers, indicating the maternal origin of the antibodies. Anti-mitochondrial antibody disappeared in the infants with the disappearance of the liver pathology.The simultaneous disappearance of hepatitis and anti-mitochondrial antibody in the infants suggests a possible causal link between the two.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterised by the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), which are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) using composite rodent tissue substrate. The IgG subclass distribution and clinical significance of IFL-detected AMA in patients with PBC have not been previously studied in detail.We have examined IgG subclass-specific AMA detected by IFL on rodent liver, kidney and stomach tissue substrate using affinity-purified IgG subclass monospecific antisera as revealing reagents in 95 AMA-positive PBC patients from Greece.AMA of any of the IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 subclasses were present in 89/95 (93.7%) patients. Among those 89, 55 (61.8%) had IgG1, 2, 3 AMA positivity; eight (9%) had IgG1, 2; seven (7.9%) had IgG2, 3; eight (9%) had IgG1, 3; nine (10.1%) had IgG1 subclass and two (2.2%) single IgG3 AMA reactivity. IgG4 AMA was absent. IgG3 titres were higher than IgG2 and IgG1 (P0.001) and IgG1 higher than IgG2 (P0.001). IgG3 AMA-positive patients had a histologically more advanced disease (P0.01) and were more frequently cirrhotic compared with those who were negative (P0.01). There was a positive correlation between AMA IgG3 titre and Mayo risk score (r=0.55, P=0.009, Spearman's correlation).Our findings suggest that AMA are not restricted to a specific IgG subclass. AMA of the IgG3 subclass are associated with a more severe disease course, possibly reflecting the peculiar ability of this isotype to engage mediators of damage.

Background/Aims : Previous studies on patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) have shown extensive cross-reactivity between the dominant B- and T-cell epitopes of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 (PDC-E2), and microbial mimics. Such observations have suggested microbial infection as having a role in the induction of anti-mitochondrial antibodies, through a mechanism of molecular mimicry. However the biological significance of these cross-reactivities is questionable, because PDC-E2 is so highly conserved among various species. Methods : Interrogating protein databases, ten non-PDC-E2 microbial sequences with high degree of similarity to PDC-E2 212–226 were found in Escherichia coli (6), Helicobacter pylori , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Cytomegalovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae . We report on a study testing reactivity and competitive cross-reactivity against these respective peptides, and in some cases the parent protein, using sera from 55 patients with PBC, compared to reactivity of 190 pathological and 28 healthy controls. Results : Cross-reactivity to E. coli mimics was commonly seen in PBC, and in a subset of pathological controls except where there was no evidence of urinary tract infection and correlated with anti-mitochondrial reactivity. Conclusions : E. coli /PDC-E2 cross-reactive immunity characterizes primary biliary cirrhosis; the large number of E. coli immunogenic mimics may account for the dominance of the major PDC-E2 autoepitope.

Antibodies to a cytosolic soluble liver antigen (SLA), originally detected by an inhibition ELISA using cytosolic liver fractions and proposed as marker of a third type of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) negative for other autoantibodies, have been also reported in anti-nuclear and/or -smooth muscle antibody type 1 AIH, liver kidney microsomal-type 2 AIH, and autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (1)(2)(3). Anti-SLA is specific for these autoimmune liver diseases, in which it is associated with a more severe disease course, whereas it is virtually absent in nonhepatic autoimmune disorders (1)(2)(3). The target of anti-SLA has recently been identified by several groups as a UGA serine tRNA-associated protein complex [tRNP(Ser)Sec], through the screening of cDNA libraries (4)(5)(6). On the basis that not all of the anti-SLA-positive sera identified by inhibition ELISA react with tRNP(Ser)Sec and referring to studies indicating that SLA is a mixture of distinct antigens, Ballot et al. (7) questioned the identity of tRNP(Ser)Sec as the molecular target of anti-SLA antibodies. These investigators set out to reassess the matter, using anti-SLA-positive sera against rat liver cytosolic fraction in one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting analyses. Through peptide mass fingerprint analysis after matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the authors identified four isoforms of α-enolase, a cytosolic enzyme of 50 kDa, as the major target of … [↵][1]aAuthor for correspondence. Fax 33-1-49283046; e-mail catherine.johanet{at}sat.ap-hop-paris.fr. [1]: #xref-corresp-2-1

TO THE EDITOR: We read with interest the article by Duchini et al. (1) reporting five cases of liver-kidney microsomal antibodies type-1 (LKM1)-positive autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the western United States, and we agree with their concluding remark that clinicians should be aware of this condition. We would like, however, to make a few comments