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BackgroundPoor access to health care providers was among the contributing factors to less prompt and ineffective malaria treatment. This limitation could cause severe diseases in remote areas. This study examined the sub-national disparities and predictors in accessing anti-malarial drug treatment among adults in Eastern Indonesia.MethodsThe study analyzed a subset of the 2018 National Basic Health Survey conducted in all 34 provinces in Indonesia. We extracted socio-demographic data of 4655 adult respondents diagnosed with malaria in the past 12 months in five provinces in Eastern Indonesia. The association between socio-demographic factors and the access to anti-malarial drug treatment was assessed using logistic regression.ResultsOver 20% of respondents diagnosed with malaria within last 12 months admitted that they did not receive anti-malarial drug treatment (range 12–29.9%). The proportion of untreated cases was 12.0% in East Nusa Tenggara, 29.9% in Maluku, 23.1% in North Maluku, 12.7% in West Papua, and 15.6% in Papua. The likelihood of receiving anti-malarial drug treatment was statistically lower in Maluku (adjusted OR = 0.258; 95% CI 0.161–0.143) and North Maluku (adjusted OR = 0.473; 95% CI 0.266–0.840) than those in Eastern Nusa Tenggara (reference). Urban respondents were less likely to receive malaria treatment than rural (adjusted OR = 0.545; 95% CI 0.431–0.689).ConclusionsThis study found that there were sub-national disparities in accessing anti-malarial drug treatment in Eastern Indonesia, with a high proportion of untreated malaria cases across the areas. Findings from this study could be used as baseline information to improve access to anti-malarial drug treatment and better target malaria intervention in Eastern Indonesia.

Tsunami potential from high dip-angle splay faults is an understudied topic, although such splay faults can significantly amplify coastal tsunami heights as compared with ordinary thrust faults. Here, we identify a hotspot for tsunamis from splay faulting in the Molucca Sea arc–arc collision zone in eastern Indonesia, which accommodates one of the world’s most complicated tectonic settings. The November 2019 Mw 7.2 earthquake and tsunami are studied through teleseismic inversions assuming rupture velocities in the range 1.5–4.0 km/s followed by tsunami simulations. The normalized root mean square error index was applied and revealed that the best model has a rupture velocity of 2.0 km/s from the steeply dipping plane. The recent high dip-angle reverse 2019 Mw 7.2 and 2014 Mw 7.1 earthquakes combined with numerous similar seismic events may indicate that this region is prone to splay faulting. This study highlights the need for understanding tsunamis from splay faulting in other subduction zones.

Sago palm has the highest starch content compared to the other source of carbohydrate crops such as cereal and tuberous crops. Sago palm can produce about 200-400 kg per trunk after 7 to 10 years. This research aimed to characterize several sago palm accessions in Aimas, Sorong District, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Eight sago palm accessions were studied, Waruwo, Wasulagi, Wasenan, Wayuluk, Wagelik, Wanegles, Wawun and Wafabala. Among these accessions, there were many diff erences based on trunk morphological characteristics which includes trunk height, diameter, circumference, and bark thickness, leaf number, length of rachis, length of petiole, and spine. Five accessions with potential yield of more than 200 kg dry starch per sago trunk are Waruwo, Wasulagi, Wasenan, Wayuluk and Wagelik. Stem morphological characters aff ect palm sago production, because the starch is located in the pith of the stem.

Background Development in Eastern Indonesia tends to be left behind compared to other Indonesian regions, including development in the health sector. The study aimed at analyzing the health insurance ownership disparities in hospital delivery in Eastern Indonesia. Methods The study draws on secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The study population was women aged 15–49 years who had given birth in the last five years in Eastern Indonesia. The study analyzes a weighted sample size of 2299 respondents. The study employed hospital-based birth delivery as a dependent variable. Apart from health insurance ownership, other variables analyzed as independent variables are province, residence type, age group, marital status, education level, employment status, parity, and wealth status. The final stage analysis used binary logistic regression. Results The results showed that insured women were 1.426 times more likely than uninsured women to undergo hospital delivery (AOR 1.426; 95% CI 1.426–1.427). This analysis indicates that having health insurance is a protective factor for women in Eastern Indonesia for hospital delivery. There is still a disparity between insured and uninsured women in hospital-based birth deliveries in eastern Indonesia. Insured women are nearly one and a half times more likely than uninsured women to give birth in a hospital. Conclusion The study concludes that there are health insurance ownership disparities for hospital delivery in eastern Indonesia. Insured women have a better chance than uninsured women for hospital delivery.

© Copyright 2021 The Author(s). We studied the February 23rd, 1969 M7.0 Majene, Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami. It was followed by tsunami reported at five locations. At least 64 people were killed and severe damage on infrastructures were reported in Majene region. Based on damage data, we estimated that the maximum intensity of the earthquake was MMI VIII. Focal mechanisms, derived using first motion polarity analysis, indicated that the earthquake had a thrust mechanism. Furthermore, we built hypothetical earthquake scenarios based on a rectangular fault plane of 40 km × 20 km with a homogeneous slip model of 1.5 m. We run the Open Quake and the JAGURS code to validate the macroseismic and tsunami observation data, respectively. Our best-fitted earthquake model generates maximum intensity of 8+ which is in line with the reported macroseismic data. However, the maximum simulated tsunami height from all scenario earthquakes is 2.25 m which is smaller than the 4 m tsunami height observed at Pelattoang. The possibility of contribution of another mechanism to tsunami generation requires further investigation. Royal Society, UK (grant number CHL\R1\180173).

Eastern Indonesia is one of the world’s most complex regions in terms of tsunami hazards, as it accommodates numerous seismic and non-seismic tsunami sources with a history of deadly tsunamis. This study is an effort to enhance tsunami hazard knowledge in eastern Indonesia where limited data and analyses exist. We provide a brief understanding of eastern Indonesia’s tsunami hazards by modelling selected deterministic tsunami scenarios from tectonic, submarine mass failure (SMF), and volcanic sources. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tsunami hazards modelling from such diverse sources in Indonesia has been performed. Our methodology is a deterministic tsunami hazard analysis considering credible tsunami sources from historical and contemporary data, modelling them using state-of-the-art simulation tools. We modelled two Mw7.8 tsunamigenic earthquake scenarios on the Flores back-arc thrust, one rupturing the basal fault (FBT-BF) and the other rupturing the splay fault (FBT-SF), showing that the two scenarios produce maximum tsunami amplitudes of$$\sim$$∼5.3 m and$$\sim$$∼4.2 m, respectively, which are comparable to the deadly 1992 Flores tsunami. We modelled potential SMF-generated tsunamis in the Makassar Strait with SMF volumes of 5$$\hbox {km}^3$$km3and 225$$\hbox {km}^3$$km3which yielded maximum tsunami heights of$$\sim$$∼1.1 m and$$\sim$$∼4.3 m along the eastern coast of Kalimantan Island and$$\sim$$∼2.9 m and$$\sim$$∼11.1 m along the west shore of Sulawesi Island, respectively. The 1871 Ruang volcanic tsunami is studied through existing historical documents and a source model is proposed comprising a flank collapse with volume of$$0.10\ \mathrm{km}^3$$0.10km3. Such a source model successfully reproduced the 25 m runup reported in a historical account.

Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) is known as part of intracellular signaling transduction for bacterial phagocytosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is intracellular pathogenic bacteria that is recognized by this receptor, and genetic variation of TLR-8 might alter susceptibility of the host towards pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study aimed to determine whether TLR-8 gene polymorphisms were associated to PTB in Kupang, Indonesia. This case-control study compared demographic and clinical data between 115 PTB patients and 115 controls, then two TLR-8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) were explored using the GoldenGate® Genotyping for VeraCode® / BeadXpress Illumina®. There is no significant difference between sex distribution of patient vs control groups. The polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in this population (p > 0.05). The distribution of major vs minor genotypes and alleles of TLR-8 polymorphisms in PTB patients were as followed: rs3764880 (GG vs GA vs AA, 50.0% vs 21.4% vs 28.6% ; G vs A, 60.9% vs 39.1% ) and rs3788935 (GG vs GA vs AA, 53.0% vs 21.7% vs 25.3%; G vs A, 62.9% vs 37.1%). Neither genotypes nor alleles were associated with PTB in this population (P > 0.05). Besides, when the analyses were stratified by gender, none of the alleles of polymorphism in both genders were associated with PTB cases. None of the TLR-8 polymorphisms have associated the risk of developing PTB in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara population (as opposed to other studies in different ethnic groups). These might reflect the diversity of genetic polymorphisms in eastern Indonesia populations, suggesting different genetic backgrounds with western part of Indonesia.

As the world's largest archipelagic country in Earth's most active tectonic region, Indonesia faces a substantial earthquake and tsunami threat. Understanding this threat is a challenge because of the complex tectonic environment, the paucity of observed data and the limited historical record. Here we combine information from recent studies of the geology of Indonesia's Banda Sea with Global Positioning System observations of crustal motion and an analysis of historical large earthquakes and tsunamis there. We show that past destructive earthquakes were not caused by the supposed megathrust of the Banda outer arc as previously thought but are due to a vast submarine normal fault system recently discovered along the Banda inner arc. Instead of being generated by coseismic seafloor displacement, we find the tsunamis were more likely caused by earthquake-triggered submarine slumping along the fault's massive scarp, the Weber Deep. This would make the Banda detachment representative not only as a modern analogue for terranes hyper-extended by slab rollback but also for the generation of earthquakes and tsunamis by a submarine extensional fault system. Our findings suggest that low-angle normal faults in the Banda Sea generate large earthquakes, which in turn can generate tsunamis due to earthquake-triggered slumping. Low-angle normal faults in the Banda Sea have caused large earthquakes that indirectly generated tsunamis due to earthquake-triggered submarine slumping, according to an analysis of historical earthquake and tsunami events and GPS observations.

The isolating languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have no bound morphology, as well elaborate numeral clas-sifier systems, and quinary-decimal numeral system. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect adult language acquisition of a language of Sulawesi, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I propose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language belonging to the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario.

Constructions with multiple verbal elements have posed a long-standing challenge to linguistic analysis. Most studies of verb serialisation have been confined to single languages rather than looking at crosslinguistic patterns. This book provides the first in-depth account into the areal characteristics of multi-verb constructions (MVCs) in Eastern Indonesia. By collating published data as well as corpus data from 32 Austronesian and Papuan languages, the study traces commonalities as well as differences in MVC use across the area. Analysis takes place on two levels: first, the morpho-syntactic behaviour of MVCs is taken into account. As this plane of analysis arguably does not provide any meaningful insights into why MVCs are construed and used the way they are, a semantic account of MVCs is presented. One of the main hypotheses advanced in this book is that the crucial driving force behind multi-verb construals is semantic interaction between the verbs, leading to four principal techniques of event formation: merging, staging, modification, and free juxtaposition. The study aims at showing that while all four techniques are, to varying degrees, in use in Eastern Indonesian languages, the morpho-syntactic output does not necessarily mirror these underlying differences in event conception. Applying insights from Davidsonian event semantics as well as from predicate decomposition, the book provides a model of event interaction that helps to explain differences in MVC behaviour such as issues in constituent order or operator assignment.

The genus Waminoa currently contains two described species, which each contains two types of endosymbiotic algae. Warninoa individuals are basically brown in body color, derived from these algal symbionts, and their body shape has been described as "discoid to obcordate". They have been found as associates of various anthozoans (Cnidaria) in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and the Red Sea. In order to reveal the diversity of the genus Wanunoa and their hosts, we conducted phylogenetic and morphological analyses on acoelomate flatworms specimens collected from Japan, Palau and Indonesia. At least 18 Waminoa morphotypes were found on at least 20 anthozoan host species, and two specimens were found on species of two sea stars. Overall, there were two main body shapes of specimens; obcordate, as seen in W. Titus and W. brickneri, and the other molar-like with an elongated body. These two body shapes each represented a separate Glade in 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) phylogenetic trees, with W. brickneri included in the obcordate subclade. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analyses on COI sequences of our specimens revealed the presence of at least five operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These five OTUs consisted of one large group of all obcordate animals, three OTUs consisting of one specimen each within the molar-like Glade, and one large group of the remaining molar-like specimens. Both clades contain numerous morphotypes and were associated with a variety of hosts. Finally, based on genetic distances, the molar-like specimens are considered as an unnamed genus group separate from Waminoa, which needs to be clarified in future studies.

This article critically examines engagements of village leaders in an NGO-facilitated participatory conservation program in eastern Indonesia. It explores how the program’s implementation strengthened leadership legitimacy of a dominant customary social group. Customary leaders ensured distribution according to particular norms, and in organizing village governance upheld specific interests and claims over natural resources. Villagers outside of the customary group remained marginalized in village governance, despite being important stakeholders. Findings reveal complex relationships between leaders and villagers that were strongly framed by orders of power and cultural history, which influenced how and to what extent peripheral groups participated. The case study concludes that village leaders can form effective avenues to deliver on conservation outcomes. However, in their preoccupation with maintaining leadership legitimacy, they may inadequately address dynamic intra-community tensions that could jeopardize long-term outcomes. Co-management partners can play significant roles in adapting management and prompting more inclusive governance processes.

This dissertation is based on my research into distinction processes (Calhoun, 1994; Cerulo 1997) between tourists and inhabitants of West Sumba in Eastern Indonesia. The imaginiaries (Castoriadis, 1987; Strauss, 2006; Lacan, 1977; Anderson, 1991; Salazar, 2012) of West Sumbanese people about foreigners also emerge from diving rumors (Bysow, 1928; Allport and Postman, 1947/1965). Their origins, dissemination, and sharpening processes, as well as their consequences will be analysed herein. This case study demonstrates how mental models of otherness are formed and reified, how they clash, and for what purposes they may be utilized. It will also analyze how imaginaries influence behavior and may lead to miscommunication in West Sumba.

Eastern Indonesia is known as the center of marine biodiversity of the world as well as habitat and marine mammal migration path. Not all marine mammal events in eastern Indonesia are well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of marine mammals in eastern Indonesia in 2016. Data collection done through observation, indepth interview with the community and experts. The results of this study were 8 (eight) occurrences of marine mammals which were in Mollucas, North Mollucas and West Papua Provinces with the highest incidence in August. That marine mammals were Duyung (Dugong dugon), Sperm Whale (Physetermacrocephalus), Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus), and 2 types of unidentified Whales. The marine mammals exist were deliberately netted by people, stranded, trapped in fishing nets or deliberately commercialized. This marine mammals stranded occurence indicate the requirement of strategies development for handling these protected marine ‘biota’ to store their population.

Indonesian Food Security Council in 2009 issued a Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA) which stated that there were 100 districts in Indonesia which were most vulnerable to food insecurity and 79% of which were located in eastern region. By using Susenas regular data in 2008, this study aimed to analyze determinants of household food security in eastern compared to western region. The ordered logistic regression model was employed to investigate the determinants of household food security. The result showed that most of households in Indonesia were vulnerable to food insecurity (41.76%). The percentage in eastern region (48.56%) was higher than that in western region (41.76%). Increase in expenditure equivalent, age and education level of household head, female household head, small household size, household head’s occupation in non-agriculture and urban household would increase the probability of a household to become food secure in both regions. The difference was in the factor of access to electricity in eastern and access to safe drinking water and loan in western region. Policies which aim to increase education, credit access, and intensive family planning have big roles in improving household food security.

Latar Belakang: Ketidakhadiran tenaga kesehatan merupakan salah satu masalah yang sering di temukan di fasilitas kesehatan dan menjadi hambatan manajemen puskesmas. Tenaga kesehatan merupakan faktor penggerak organisasi dari keseluruhan proses manajemen dan berperan penting dalam memberikan kontribusi ke arah pencapaian tujuan puskesmas secara efektif dan efisien. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan ketidakhadiran petugas puskesmas kota dan desa di wilayah Indonesia Timur dengan menggunakan data IFLS East 2012.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan analisis data sekunder Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) East 2012 dengan unit analisis tenaga kesehatan dan desain cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh tenaga kesehatan yang tersebar di tujuh provinsi Indonesia bagian Timur (Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Tenggara, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua, Papua Barat). Sampel penelitian sebanyak 1809 tenaga kesehatan. Analisis dengan menggunakan STATA versi 12.Hasil: Hasil analisis bivariabel pada variabel jenis kelamin, jenis tenaga, masa kerja, lokasi puskesmas menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan ketidakhadiran petugas puskesmas (p value < 0,05). Hasil multivariabel menunjukkan bahwa nilai OR pada lokasi puskesmas kota dan desa terhadap ketidakhadiran petugas puskesmas tidak ada perbedaan yang berarti.Kesimpulan: Ketidakhadiran petugas puskesmas dipengaruh oleh berbagai multifaktor terutama jenis kelamin, jenis tenaga, masa kerja dan lokasi puskesmas. Peningkatan kapasitas manejerial kepala puskesmas, kewenangan yang luas guna penegakan disiplin, dan monitoring dari masyarakat di harapkan dapat menurunkan ketidakhadiran petugas puskemas., Absenteeism among primary health center workers: an analysis of the 2012 IFLS in Eastern IndonesiaPurposeThe study aimed to determine the determinants for absence of health centre employees in urban and rural areas in the eastern Indonesian region using data IFLS East 2012.MethodsThis study was a quantitative research using secondary data analysis of Indonesian family life survey (IFLS) East 2012 with health professionals using a cross-sectional design. The population was all health workers in seven provinces in Eastern Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara Timur, East Kalimantan, South East Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, West Papua). The research sample totaled 1809 health workers. Analysis used STATA version 12.ResultsThe results of bivariable analysis on the variables gender, type of health worker, tenure, health center locations showed a significant relationship with absenteeism the health center employee. The results showed from the multivariable analysis showed higher odds ratio at rural health centers versus urban locations with absenteeism of health center employee, but there was no significant difference.ConclusionThe absenteeism of health center employees is influenced by various multi-factors especially gender, types of health worker, tenure and health center locations. Increased capacity in the management by health center managers, broader authority to enforce discipline, and monitoring by the community is expected to decrease absenteeism of health center employees.

Expanding on previously published research into folk classification of birds in the eastern part of the Indonesian island of Sumba, this article reports new information on bird categories and classification recorded by the author in 2015. New folk taxa are described and identified and scientific identifications for previously reported taxa are added or revised. Information on local bird classification from the Kambera region is compared with data recorded in the 1970s in the district of Rindi, and these are shown to reveal only minor differences. Employing Berlin’s well-known analytical scheme, the main features of the taxonomy are summarized and totals are enumerated for monotypic and polytypic folk-generics and both named and unnamed (covert) folk-intermediates. Additional information is provided concerning symbolic uses of bird categories, including bird names used as place names and local beliefs about nightjars (Camprimulgus spp.) which correspond to ideas encountered on the ethnozoologically better-known neighboring island of Flores.

An anthropological literature dealing with conflict such as has afflicted Indonesia in recent years is beginning to emerge. The present article is one of a series dealing with different incidents and forms of conflict and violence in a region of eastern Indonesia. It furthers a discussion on contested claims for precedence. Such claims in Indonesia are often made by means of legends of origin. Descent groups claiming outside origin may, nevertheless, demand political power from those claiming to be autochthonous. The latter may or not concede those functions to others, but they commonly assert a mystical authority based on local origin. In Witihama, eastern Adonara, two branches of Lama Tokan clan dispute their relative status. One, which has long provided political leadership, claims to have originated in the Moluccas. The other, which attempts to preserve its mystical authority, deems itself to have originated at the top of the Boleng volcano, but its autochthonous origin is disputed by others. This particular dispute has parallels elsewhere. Unlike other incidents in the past, it seems both peaceable and permanent.Une littérature anthropologique sur le conflit, tels ceux qui ont endeuillé l’Indonésie ces dernières années, commence à se constituer. Cet article fait partie d’une série d’articles sur divers incidents et sur les formes de conflit et de violence dans une région de l’Indonésie orientale. Il poursuit un débat sur les revendications contestées d’antériorité. En Indonésie, ces revendications sont souvent fondées sur des légendes d’origines. Des groupes de descendance se réclamant d’origines étrangères peuvent cependant exiger le pouvoir politique de ceux se réclamant d’origines autochtones. Ces derniers peuvent ou non concéder ces fonctions, mais généralement affirment leur autorité mystique, fondée sur leurs origines locales. A Witihama (île d’Adonara orientale), deux branches du clan Lama Tokan sont en désaccord sur leur statut relatif. L’une, qui a longtemps fourni les chefs politiques, prétend être originaire des Moluques. L’autre, qui tente de préserver son autorité mystique, se considère originaire du sommet du volcan Boleng, mais ces origines autochtones sont contestées par d’autres. Cette dissension particulière, qui trouve des parallèles ailleurs, semble à la fois pacifique et permanente, contrairement à d’autres incidents passés.

Alors qu’islam et christianisme tendent à être perçus dans le discours national comme fortement antagonistes, les Riung de Florès (Indonésie orientale), musulmans ou catholiques, ne les traitent pas en catégories mutuellement exclusives. Le système local d’organisation sociale et de parenté et la relation asymétrique entre donneurs et preneurs de femmes demeurant solides, les liens d’alliances matrimoniales et ancestrales cimentent les relations entre acteurs sociaux, qu’ils soient ou non de même religion. Comme l’adoption historique locale des grandes religions, la conversion moderne par mariage est surtout pragmatique et le « flux de vie » lié au transfert des femmes s’accompagne d’un incessant « flux religieux ». La société riung, issue d’une longue tradition de flexibilité et de tolérance, continue de fonctionner au-delà des distinctions identitaires religieuses et les fêtes chrétiennes ou musulmanes, comme les cérémonies traditionnelles, sont autant d’occasions pour les groupes d’échange locaux de réaffirmer la nature de leur relation et d’entretenir l’orientation du flux de vie.While Islam and Christianity tend in the national discourse to be perceived as highly contradictory, the Riung of Flores (Eastern Indonesia), Moslems and Catholics alike, view them as non mutually exclusive categories. As the local system of social organization and kinship and the asymmetrical relationship between wife givers and wife takers remain momentous, ancestral and matrimonial alliances still sustain social relations, irrespective of differing faiths. Just like the historical local conversion to Christianity and Islam, current conversion through intermarriage is mainly an ad hoc decision, and the “flow of life” connected to the transfer of women is paralleled by a steady “religious flux”. Riung society, with its long tradition of flexibility and tolerance, still functions despite differing religious identities, and Moslem or Christian holy days, like traditional ceremonies, represent as many opportunities for local exchange groups to validate the nature of their bonds and sustain the direction of the flow of life.

The Dutch deposed Raja Lorenzo II of Larantuka, Flores, in 1904 and exiled him to Java. After his son Servus reached maturity, they appointed him Raja. By then the office had largely been reduced to a principally administrative function at the bottom of the colonial bureaucracy, although the Dutch called the rajas in the Dutch East Indies “self-governors”.Servus seems to have been demoralized by an attack on his life which he survived only after six hours of swimming in the sea. Eventually both the Dutch officials and the local Catholic missionaries became dissatisfied with him and he was forced to resign. Later the Dutch were forced to leave and the Indonesian state completed the job of bureaucratizing local administration by abolishing the office of raja.Les Hollandais ont déposé le raja Lorenzo II de Larantuka en 1904 et l’ont exilé à Java. Lorsque son fils Servus a atteint sa maturité, ils l’ont nommé raja. Alors, le poste avait été largement réduit à une fonction surtout administrative au bas de la bureaucratie coloniale, même si les Hollandais appelaient les rajas des Indes orientales Hollandaises « gouverneurs autonomes ». Servus semble avoir perdu le moral après une agression à laquelle il ne survécut qu’après une nage de six heures dans la mer. Au final, il déçut à la fois les fonctionnaires hollandais et les missionnaires catholiques locaux qui l’obligèrent à démissionner. Par la suite, les Hollandais furent contraints au départ et l’état indonésien termina le travail de bureaucratisation de l’administration locale en mettant fin à la fonction de raja.

The Dutch deposed Raja Lorenzo II of Larantuka, Flores, in 1904 and exiled him to Java. After his son Servus reached maturity, they appointed him Raja. By then the office had largely been reduced to a principally administrative function at the bottom of the colonial bureaucracy, although the Dutch called the rajas in the Dutch East Indies “self-governors”.Servus seems to have been demoralized by an attack on his life which he survived only after six hours of swimming in the sea. Eventually both the Dutch officials and the local Catholic missionaries became dissatisfied with him and he was forced to resign. Later the Dutch were forced to leave and the Indonesian state completed the job of bureaucratizing local administration by abolishing the office of raja. Les Hollandais ont déposé le raja Lorenzo II de Larantuka en 1904 et l’ont exilé à Java. Lorsque son fils Servus a atteint sa maturité, ils l’ont nommé raja. Alors, le poste avait été largement réduit à une fonction surtout administrative au bas de la bureaucratie coloniale, même si les Hollandais appelaient les rajas des Indes orientales Hollandaises « gouverneurs autonomes ». Servus semble avoir perdu le moral après une agression à laquelle il ne survécut qu’après une nage de six heures dans la mer. Au final, il déçut à la fois les fonctionnaires hollandais et les missionnaires catholiques locaux qui l’obligèrent à démissionner. Par la suite, les Hollandais furent contraints au départ et l’état indonésien termina le travail de bureaucratisation de l’administration locale en mettant fin à la fonction de raja.

Resolving contestations over resource management rights around coastal villages remains a focal challenge for co-management initiatives in remote coastal zones. Contemporary socio-political settings increasingly see local people having to negotiate between local long-standing (horizontal) relationships and new emerging (vertical) relationships which involve collaborations with outside actors who try to assume neutral mediating positions. Using two conflicts, this article examines the rise and fall of a participatory coastal resource management program in eastern Indonesia involving a fishing community engaged in a co-management arrangement with a conservation non-government organisation (NGO). An actor-oriented approach is applied to analyse how these conflicts shape, drive and direct collaborations across the community–NGO interface. We discuss how these impact the implementation of the conservation ethics and sustainable natural resource management practices, and show how particular mediating capacities of an NGO may overcome, and even build forth on, conflict in some contexts but fall short in others. We argue that local resource user groups and conservation teams operate according to strong local relationships that are entrenched in cultural–historical hierarchies of power. We moreover note that these local relationships significantly influence the extent of neutrality of external groups in their mediating, coordinating and technical advisory roles. The effectiveness of co-management partnerships hinges on the ability to balance actors’ mediating capacity with their local dependence for operation.

An anthropological literature dealing with conflict such as has afflicted Indonesia in recent years is beginning to emerge. The present article is one of a series dealing with different incidents and forms of conflict and violence in a region of eastern Indonesia. It furthers a discussion on contested claims for precedence. Such claims in Indonesia are often made by means of legends of origin. Descent groups claiming outside origin may, nevertheless, demand political power from those claiming to be autochthonous. The latter may or not concede these functions to others, but they commonly assert a mystical authority based on local origin. In Witihama, eastern Adonara, two branches of Lama Tokan clan dispute their relative status. One, which has long provided political leadership, claims to have originated in the Moluccas. The other, which attempts to preserve its mystical authority, deems itself to have originated at the top of the Boleng volcano, but its autochthonous origin is disputed by others. This particular dispute has parallels elsewhere. Unlike other incidents in the past, it seems both peaceable and permanent. Une littérature anthropologique sur le conflit, tels ceux qui ont endeuillé l'Indonésie ces dernières années, commence à se constituer. Cet article fait partie d'une série d'articles sur divers incidents et sur les formes de conflit et de violence dans une région de l'Indonésie orientale. Il poursuit un débat sur les revendications contestées d'antériorité. En Indonésie, ces revendications sont souvent fondées sur des légendes d'origines. Des groupes de descendance se réclamant d'origines étrangères peuvent cependant exiger le pouvoir politique de ceux se réclamant d'origines authochtones. Ces derniers peuvent ou non concéder ces fonctions, mais généralement affirment leur autorité mystique, fondée sur leurs origines locales. A Witihama (ile d'Adonara orientale), deux branches du clan Lama Tokan sont en désaccord sur leur statut relatif. L'une, qui a longtemps fourni les chefs politiques, prétend être originaire des Moloques. L'autre, qui tente de préserver son autorité mystique, se considère originaire du sommet du volcan Boleng, mais ces origines autochtones sont contestées par d'autres. Cette dissension particulière, qui trouve des parallèles ailleurs, semble à la fois pacifique et permanente, contrairement à d'autres incidents passés.

Primaquine (PQ) is a key drug in the malaria pre-elimination stage. However, PQ can trigger acutehemolysis for people with G6PD defciency (G6PDd). In 2013, 15–25 million Indonesian people were infected with malaria, with 30,000–38,000 deaths each year mostly in eastern Indonesia with API= 15.6 %. Recently, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia announced a plan to reach the pre-elimination stage based on WHO guidelines. This study assesses whether eastern Indonesia should proceed with the activities of malaria pre-elimination. A total 555 healthy people in fve subdistricts in eastern Indonesia were selected by systematic random samping. All data were collected using a standard questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory tests. PCR and DNA sequencing protocols followed respective manufacture’s instructions. Statistical analysis by bivariate with α= 0.05 and 95% CI were performed using the SPSS software package. Based on the nested PCR, the result showed a malaria prevalence of 32.6% with being the dominant species (52.5%). Malaria cases were found in all study sites and not using a bed net was the moost signifcant risk factors with Exp B= 1.54 with 95% CI= 0.99–2.38. G6PDd prevalence was 16.6%, the highest G6PDd ever found in Indonesia with variant molecular dominant 10.883 T>C and one sample with a heterozygous female. Malaria pre-elimination in eastern Indonesia should be delayed. High risk patients should be tested for enzyme G6PD activities before antimalarial administration.

Background: Social health insurance in Indonesia is carried by social insurance mechanism aims to provide social security protection to the community so their basic health needs can be met adequately. Social insurance is expected to increase access and utilization of health services as well as reducing the risk of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) that resulting in catastrophic expenditures and poverty. Objective: To analyze the utilization of inpatient care, health insurance and hospitalization OOP expense ratio based on living area, type of health facility and type of social health insurance in Eastern Indonesia. Methods: This study uses secondary data analysis using Indonesian Family Life Survey East 2012 data. This is a quantitative approach using cross-sectional design, and multivariate analysis using linear regression at 95% confidence level. Results: The use of hospitalization in Eastern Indonesia by insurance users is 54.6%, while those who do not use insurance is 45.4%. A total of 24.6% insurance owner do not use insurance at the time of hospitalization. Multivariate analysis showed no significant difference in the cost of hospitalization OOP based living area and type of health facility. OOP costs of hospitalization for Jamsostek/other members were higher than Askes and Jamkesmas members. Conclusion: The government needs to implement a social health insurance system that is of a better quality and comprehensive in order to protect users from the burden of high health care cost. Latar belakang: Jaminan kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dilakukan dengan mekanisme asuransi sosial bertujuan untuk memberi jaminan perlindungan sosial kepada masyarakat agar dapat terpenuhi kebutuhan dasar hidupnya secara layak, khususnya di bidang kesehatan. Asuransi sosial diharapkan dapat meningkatkan akses dan utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan serta mengurangi resiko pengeluaran biaya out of pocket (OOP) yang bisa berdampak pada pengeluaran katastropik serta kemiskinan. Tujuan: Menganalisis pemanfaatan rawat inap, asuransi kesehatan dan perbandingan biaya OOP rawat inap berdasarkan area tinggal, jenis fasilitas kesehatan dan jenis asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia Timur. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data sekunder dengan sumber data Indonesian Family Life Survey East 2012. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi linier pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil: Pemanfaatan rawat inap di Indonesia Timur oleh pengguna asuransi sebesar 54,6% sedangkan yang tidak menggunakan asuransi sebesar 45,4%. Sebanyak 24,6% pemilik asuransi tidak menggunakan asuransinya pada saat kunjungan rawat inap. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan biaya OOP rawat inap yang signifikan berdasarkan area tinggal dan jenis fasilitas kesehatan. Biaya OOP rawat inap pengguna Jamsostek/lainnya ternyata lebih tinggi dari pengguna Askes dan Jamkesmas. Kesimpulan: Pemerintah perlu menerapkan sistem asuransi kesehatan sosial yang lebih bermutu dan komprehensif agar dapat melindungi penggunanya dari beban biaya kesehatan yang tinggi, agar utilisasi asuransi kesehatan lebih berkualitas di masa mendatang.

The causes of maternal death are well known, and are largely preventable if skilled health care is received promptly. Complex interactions between geographic and socio-cultural factors affect access to, and remoteness from, health care but research on this topic rarely integrates spatial and social sciences. In this study, modeling of travel time was integrated with social science research to refine our understanding of remoteness from health care. Travel time to health facilities offering emergency obstetric care (EmOC) and population distribution were modelled for a district in eastern Indonesia. As an index of remoteness, the proportion of the population more than two hours estimated travel time from EmOC was calculated. For the best case scenario (transport by ambulance in the dry season), modelling estimated more than 10,000 fertile aged women were more than two hours from EmOC. Maternal mortality ratios were positively correlated with the remoteness index, however there was considerable variation around this relationship. In a companion study, ethnographic research in a subdistrict with relatively good access to health care and high maternal mortality identified factors influencing access to EmOC, including some that had not been incorporated into the travel time model. Ethnographic research provided information about actual travel involved in requesting and reaching EmOC. Modeled travel time could be improved by incorporating time to deliver request for care. Further integration of social and spatial methods and the development of more dynamic travel time models are needed to develop programs and policies to address these multiple factors to improve maternal health outcomes.

Sponges of the genus Petrosia (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) are large and characteristic components of many Indonesian reefs. We identify and provide descriptions of seven species of Petrosia collected recently on SW Sulawesi reefs (Eastern Indonesia), two of which are new to science: Petrosia (Petrosia) alfiani spec. nov. and Petrosia (Petrosia) hoeksemai spec. nov. Additional species recorded are Petrosia (Petrosia) lignosa Wilson, 1925, Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1897, Petrosia (Petrosia) plana Wilson, 1925, Petrosia (Strongylophora) corticata (Wilson, 1925) and Petrosia (Strongylophora) strongylata Thiele, 1903. The species are discussed and compared with Petrosia records from other Indonesian and neighbouring Indo-West Pacific areas. We also present a key to the common Petrosia species of Sulawesi.

Alors qu’islam et christianisme tendent à être perçus dans le discours national comme fortement antagonistes, les Riung de Florès (Indonésie orientale), musulmans ou catholiques, ne les traitent pas en catégories mutuellement exclusives. Le système local d’organisation sociale et de parenté et la relation asymétrique entre donneurs et preneurs de femmes demeurant solides, les liens d’alliances matrimoniales et ancestrales cimentent les relations entre acteurs sociaux, qu’ils soient ou non de même religion. Comme l’adoption historique locale des grandes religions, la conversion moderne par mariage est surtout pragmatique et le « flux de vie » lié au transfert des femmes s’accompagne d’un incessant « flux religieux ». La société riung, issue d’une longue tradition de flexibilité et de tolérance, continue de fonctionner au-delà des distinctions identitaires religieuses et les fêtes chrétiennes ou musulmanes, comme les cérémonies traditionnelles, sont autant d’occasions pour les groupes d’échange locaux de réaffirmer la nature de leur relation et d’entretenir l’orientation du flux de vie. While Islam and Christianity tend in the national discourse to be perceived as highly contradictory, the Riung of Flores (Eastern Indonesia), Moslems and Catholics alike, view them as non mutually exclusive categories. As the local system of social organization and kinship and the asymmetrical relationship between wife givers and wife takers remain momentous, ancestral and matrimonial alliances still sustain social relations, irrespective of differing faiths. Just like the historical local conversion to Christianity and Islam, current conversion through intermarriage is mainly an ad hoc decision, and the “flow of life” connected to the transfer of women is paralleled by a steady “religious flux”. Riung society, with its long tradition of flexibility and tolerance, still functions despite differing religious identities, and Moslem or Christian holy days, like traditional ceremonies, represent as many opportunities for local exchange groups to validate the nature of their bonds and sustain the direction of the flow of life.

In eastern Flores, on the Tanjung Bunga peninsula (among Western Lamaholot speakers), several times a year, ritual narratives (opak) are performed on a square dancing area, where all the clans of the same ceremonial land meet. Three types of narrative are sung, according to three kinds of rituals. The article explains the context, content and performance details of these stories, performed all night long. Why do the various clans continue to sing all these narrative? What values do these long poems have for people who sing them? Until now, studies on this subject have been remarkably few, and not even a partial transcription or translation of these narratives is available. This article offers a preliminary insight into these sung narratives, to show how vital they still are in eastern Flores.

International audience; The Sama-Bajau, or Bajo diaspora, extends from the southern Philippines and Sabah (Malaysian Borneo) to the eastern part of Indonesia. The Indonesian Bajo, now scattered along the coasts of Sulawesi (Celebes) and East Kalimantan, the Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku, were once mostly nomadic fishermen of the sea or ocean freight carriers. Today, the Bajo are almost all fishermen and settled. Their former and present ways of life made them favour intangible forms of culture: it is impossible to transport bulky artefacts when moving frequently by boat, or when living in stilt houses, very close to the sea or on a reef. It is therefore an intangible legacy that is the essence of the Bajo’s culture. Sandro healers have a vast range of expertise that allows them to protect and heal people when they suffer from natural or supernatural diseases. On the other hand, music and especially oral literature are very rich. In addition to song and the pantun poetry contests, the most prestigious genre is the iko-iko, long epic songs that the Bajo consider to be historical rather than fictional narratives. The Bajo’s intangible heritage is fragile, since it is based on oral transmission. In this article, I give a description of this heritage, dividing it into two areas: the knowledge that allows them to “protect and heal” on the one hand, and to “distract and relax”, on the other.

This article presents a diachronic perspective on the exchange of cloths (kain timur) and the transformations in their importance over time with social and political changes in the Bird's Head region of the province of West Papua. Providing insight into the transformations in kain timur exchange sheds light on the history of the region, long characterised by influences from other islands in Eastern Indonesia while simultaneously displaying distinctly Papuan cultural and linguistic features. The exchange of kain timur has evolved amid colonial and post-colonial influences such as missionisation, government administration, education, migration, and the exploitation of resources. The most prominent current meaning of the exchange of kain timur is the safeguarding of the moral community in regard to marriage practices and married life. As material objects kain timur are considered authentic cultural products that mark local identity. In contrast to other Melanesian art forms kain timur has to date attracted little attention from art collectors, anthropologists, and tourists.

Primary production of tropical seagrass meadows was studied between April and August 1990 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Oxygen evolution studies in enclosures over seagrass vegetation revealed gross community production values between 900 and 4400 mg C m-2 day-1. Assumed community respiration ranged from 800 to 1800 mg C m-2 day-1 in non-vegetated areas and from 1400 to 5100 mg C m-2 day-1 for areas with varying amounts of seagrass. Benthic community respiration varied considerably in response to diurnal fluctuations in the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water column. Net production was small (less than 500 mg C m-2 day-1) and slightly negative on seven of 12 occasions. Light compensation points ranged from 50 to 340 muE m-2 s-1. Bell jar measurements revealed no significant differences in seagrass production between coastal and reef island habitats. Leaf marking experiments with Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle revealed significantly higher leaf growth in a coastal muddy area (3.1+/-0.8 cm per shoot day-1) than at an offshore sandy reef site (1.6+/-0.5 cm per shoot day-1), but relative growth rates were comparable between the two habitats (0.019+/-0.005 g g-1 leaf biomass (AFDW) day-1 and 0.012+/-0.003 g g-1 AFDW day-1, respectively). Leaf marking and plastochrone interval methods revealed similar results for net leaf production in a monospecific stand of Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. at a reef site which averaged 1.6 g C m-2 day-1. Rhizome tagging experiments revealed net rhizome production values of 0.1-0.3 g C m-2 day-1 for Thalassia hemprichii at this reef site. Relative growth rate of leaves of Thalassia hemprichii (0.039+/-0.010 g g-1 AFDW day-1) at the reef site was significantly higher than that of E. acoroides (0.012+/-0.003 g g-1 AFDW day-1). The pioneering seagrass species Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Aschers. and Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hempr. ex Aschers. had considerably higher horizontal apical rhizome growth rates (0.7-0.8 cm per apex day-1) than the constant species Thalassia hemprichii (0.1 cm per apex day-1). The suitability of different methods to measure seagrass productivity is evaluated.

International audience; Eastern Indonesia possesses more linguistic diversity than any other region in Southeast Asia, with both Austronesian (AN) languages that are of East Asian origin, as well as non-Austronesian (NAN) languages of likely Melanesian origin. Here, we investigated the genetic history of human populations from seven eastern Indonesian islands, including AN and NAN speakers, as well as the relationship between languages and genes, by means of nonrecombining Y-chromosomal (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis. We found that the eastern Indonesian gene pool consists of East Asian as well as Melanesian components, as might be expected based on linguistic evidence, but also harbors putative indigenous eastern Indonesian signatures that perhaps reflect the initial occupation of the Wallacea by aboriginal hunter-gatherers already in Palaeolithic times. Furthermore, both NRY and mtDNA data showed a complete lack of correlation between linguistic and genetic relationships, most likely reflecting genetic admixture and/or language shift. In addition, we noted a small fraction of the NRY and mtDNA data shared between eastern Indonesians and Australian Aborigines likely reflecting an ancient link between Asia and Australia. Our data thus provide insights into the complex genetic ancestry history of eastern Indonesian islanders characterized by several admixture episodes and demonstrate a clear example of the lack of the often-assumed correlation between the genes and languages of human populations.

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol4no1.20094An active convergence of continental margin is probably generated in Gondwanaland during Permian to Triassic period which is characterized by the presence of magmatic and volcanic belts and back-arc ba- sins occupied respectively by Permian to Triassic rocks. The magmatic belt is occupied by peraluminous granitic plutons showing characteristics of S- type granite and is considered as tin-bearing granites. The back-arc basins are occupied by the Southern Papua and Galille-Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney Basins. Those large basins are respectivelly filled by fluvial, fluvio- deltaic to marine Permian-Triassic sediments, which are unconformably overlain by the Jurrassic-Cretaceous marine succession. The paleomagnetic data, confirmed by flora content found in Australia and Papua, indicate that those areas initially belong to the Gondwanaland before part of them were drifted and rotated into the present day position. Tectonically, the presence of those Permian-Triassic magmatic-volcanic belts and back-arc basins in behind, indicates that at the time there were huge compressive activities: convergence of paleo-oceanic Pasific Plate moving westward, collided and subducted into the Southeastern Gondwana Continental Plate, moved relatively eastwards. This phenomenon resembles to the formation of Sumatera Tertiary tectonic zones producing back-arc basins, i.e. South Sumatera, Central, and North Sumatera Basins including the Tertiary Magmatic Arc. Concerning the similarity of Permian-Triassic geological condition of the magmatic arc and back-arc basins in Eastern Indonesia and Eastern Australia including paleoposition, paleotectonic setting, strati- graphic succession, and lithologic composition, it is suggested to carry out an increase in a more intens- ive tin exploration in the Eastern Indonesia, e.g. Bird Head area and Banggai Sula Island, and also for hydrocarbon target (coal, coalbed methane, oil and gas, and oil shale) in the Southern Papua Basin, East Indonesia. This suggestion is confirmed by cassiterite and hydrocarbon discoveries and exploitation activ- ity in the Eastern Australia and also a new seismic data of the Semai Basin a part of Southern Papua Basin. This seismic record shows a more complete stratigraphic sucession and a number of large structure traps of stratigraphic levels in which the Permian-Triassic units are included within the sequence.

Parenté et marchandisation : transformations au cours de l’histoire. – Cet article aborde un certain nombre de thèmes essentiels aux études comparées sur la parenté, la personne et les pratiques matrimoniales, en se fondant sur des exemples ethnographiques de Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée et d’Indonésie orientale. Ainsi l’esclavage, parce qu’il représente par excellence la transformation d’une personne en marchandise, est-il pris comme paradigme du rapport entre personne et échange. Toutefois, l’analyse des données laisse à penser qu’il s’agit là d’une interprétation par trop simpliste. Il est ensuite question des échanges de personnes dans certaines formes (élémentaires) de mariage, en même temps que de la façon dont de tels sytèmes se sont modifiés avec l’introduction de nouvelles marchandises et leur utilisation dans le prix de la fiancée. Enfin, les auteurs traitent de la récente marchandisation des relations sociales dans les Hautes-Terres de Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée, et montrent comment ces changements ont modifié les liens de parenté, notamment les processus d’affiliation des enfants au groupe de parenté. This paper reviews a number of themes pertinent to comparative studies in kinship, personhood, and marriage practices, based on cases drawn from the ethnography of New Guinea and Eastern Indonesia. The case of “slavery” is taken initially as a test for ideas about personhood and exchange, since slavery may be taken to represent the transformation of a person into a commodity. However, examination of the data suggests that this interpretation is too simple. Person for person exchanges in restricted (elementary) forms of marriage are next considered, along with ways in which such systems change with the introduction of new commodities and the entry of these into bridewealth payments. Finally, we consider contemporary commoditizations of social relations in general in highlands Papua New Guinea and discuss how these changes have impacted kinship ties, including processes of affiliation of children to kin groups.

International audience; This paper presents an internally and globally consistent model of plate evolution in eastern Indonesia from Middle Miocene to Present time. It is centered on the Banda Sea region located in the triple junction area between the Pacific–Philippine, Australia and South–East Asia plates. The geological and geophysical data available from Indonesia were until recently insufficient to define a unique plate tectonic model. In this paper, the new data taken into account clearly restrict the possible interpretations. Owing to a great number of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies, the major plate boundaries (the Sunda–Banda subduction zone to the south, the Tarera–Aiduna Fault zone and the Seram Thrust to the east, and the Sorong Fault zone and Molucca Sea collision zone to the north) are now clearly identified. The age of the major tectonic structures isalso better known. Geodetic measurements well constrain the Present time plate kinematics. We also consider the deformation history within eastern Indonesia, where numerous short-lived microplates and their related microcontinents successively accreted to the Asiatic margin. Moreover, magnetic anomalies identification of the North and South Banda Sea basins allows a precise kinematic reconstruction of the back-arc opening. We used the Plates software to test the coherency of our model, presented as a series of 4 plate reconstruction maps from 13 Ma to the present. Finally, the origin of oceanic domains restored by our reconstruction is discussed.

Sponges of the genus Petrosia (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) are large and characteristic components of many Indonesian reefs. We identify and provide descriptions of seven species of Petrosia collected recently on SW Sulawesi reefs (Eastern Indonesia), two of which are new to science: Petrosia (Petrosia) alfiani spec. nov. and Petrosia (Petrosia) hoeksemai spec. nov. Additional species recorded are Petrosia (Petrosia) lignosa Wilson, 1925, Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1897, Petrosia (Petrosia) plana Wilson, 1925, Petrosia (Strongylophora) corticata (Wilson, 1925) and Petrosia (Strongylophora) strongylata Thiele, 1903. The species are discussed and compared with Petrosia records from other Indonesian and neighbouring Indo-West Pacific areas. We also present a key to the common Petrosia species of Sulawesi.

Most of the national transport using sea transportation, especially the eastern part of Indonesia. Characteristics of geography on land and sea and the existing infrastructure in eastern Indonesia supports the transport more efficient use of sea transport. However, the cost of logistics in eastern Indonesia is more expensive than the West. The effort to improve the connectivity between ports in Indonesia, particularly Eastern Indonesia is believed to be able to reduce the cost of logistics that exist today. The aim of this study is to analyze the connectivity between ports in eastern Indonesia. The analysis is using Gravity method. The results of this study are expected to know how to rate density of connectivity ports eastern Indonesia. Based on the existing level of connectivity density, the analysis regarding the pattern of connectivity between ports in eastern Indonesia become more efficient and policy recommendations needed to improve the connectivity between these ports have conducted.