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Objective: to know concrete practices of teaching entrepreneurship, as well as the professional/academic background of teachers, in order to fill gaps observed in the literature on the subject. Method: data collection of entrepreneurship teachers recognized for their classroom practice (selected by the snowball procedure), through 10 semi-structured and in-depth interviews, examined by the content analysis technique. Results: identification of 30 best practices, categorized according to their emphases and respective bases, highlighted here in parentheses. They are: (a) learning (projects), (b) learning (problems), (c) reflective exercises, (d) expository (cases), (e) expository (invited entrepreneurs), and (f) expository (debates and quizzes). After detailing the activities, findings about the teachers' background were presented, in a complementary way, such as entrepreneurial experience, professional and international experiences, corroborating the existing literature on the subject. Theoretical/methodological contributions: by presenting boundaries, in terms of classroom approaches, the best practices contribute to the literature, as they strengthen the arguments in favor of experiential models, as well as project-based or problem-based learning. In addition, the results confirm what the literature points out in relation to the antecedents of entrepreneurship teachers. Originality/Relevance: this study deepens the understanding of best practices in entrepreneurship education, something previously mentioned as superficial and generic (Gedeon, 2014). Social/managerial contributions: the results allow entrepreneurship teachers to replicate best practices within their educational settings, as the paper provides a wide range of detailed pedagogical practices that they might employ. JEL Code: L23, I23, I28 e I25, Objetivo del estudio: conocer prácticas concretas de la enseñanza del emprendimiento y los antecedentes en la formación de los docentes, a fin de llenar los espacios en blanco observados en la literatura sobre el asunto. Metodología: recolección de datos de profesores de emprendimiento reconocidos por su práctica en clase (seleccionados por el procedimiento snowball), por medio de 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, examinadas por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados principales: identificación de 30 buenas prácticas, categorizadas conforme sus énfasis y las respectivas bases, destacadas aquí entre paréntesis. Son ellas: (a) aprendizaje (proyectos), (b) aprendizaje (problemas), (c) ejercicios reflexivos, (d) expositiva (casos), (e) expositiva (emprendedores invitados), e (f) expositiva (debates y quizzes). Tras el detallando de las actividades, fueron presentadas, de forma complementar, hallazgos sobre las experiencias de los docentes, como la vivencia emprendedora, experiencias profesionales e internacionales, corroborando la literatura existente acerca del tema. Aportes teóricos: por presentar fronteras, en términos de enfoques en clase, las buenas prácticas contribuyen para la literatura, pues fortalecen los argumentos favorables a los modelos experienciales, y a los basados en proyectos o problemas. Además, los resultados confirman lo que la literatura apunta con relación a las experiencias previas en la formación de docentes de emprendimiento. Originalidad: este artículo presenta un análisis profundo sobre buenas prácticas en la enseñanza de emprendimiento, algo anteriormente señalado de modo superficial y genérico (Gedeon, 2014). Contribuciones sociales: los resultados permiten la apropiación por parte de los profesores de emprendimiento, quienes encuentran, en este artículo, una amplia gama de prácticas detalladas para ser replicadas en otros contextos. Clasificación JEL: L23, I23, I28 e I25, Objetivo: conhecer práticas concretas do ensino de empreendedorismo e os antecedentes na formação de professores, a fim de preencher lacunas observadas na literatura sobre o assunto. Método: coleta de dados de professores de empreendedorismo reconhecidos por sua prática em sala de aula (selecionados pelo procedimento snowball), por meio de 10 entrevistas semiestruturadas e em profundidade, examinadas pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: identificação de 30 boas práticas, categorizadas conforme suas ênfases e as respectivas bases, destacadas aqui entre parênteses. São elas: (a) aprendizagem (projetos), (b) aprendizagem (problemas), (c) exercícios reflexivos, (d) expositiva (casos), (e) expositiva (empreendedores convidados), e (f) expositiva (debates e quizzes). Após o detalhamento das atividades, foram apresentadas, de forma complementar, descobertas sobre os antecedentes dos professores, como a vivência empreendedora, as experiências profissional e internacional, corroborando a literatura existente acerca do tema. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: por apresentar fronteiras, em termos das abordagens em sala de aula, as boas práticas contribuem para a literatura, pois fortalecem os argumentos favoráveis aos modelos vivenciais, e aos baseados em projetos ou problemas. Além disso, os resultados confirmam o que aponta a literatura em relação aos antecedentes na formação de professores de empreendedorismo. Originalidade: este artigo apresenta uma análise aprofundada sobre boas práticas no ensino de empreendedorismo, algo antes apontado de modo superficial e genérico (Gedeon, 2014). Contribuições sociais/para a gestão: os resultados permitem a apropriação e a replicação, em outros contextos, por parte de professores de empreendedorismo, do amplo espectro das práticas aqui elencadas. Classificação JEL: L23, I23, I28 e I25

As últimas conferências mundiais de meio ambiente e mudanças climáticas tiveram papel fundamental para difusão e inserção das energias renováveis na matriz elétrica mundial. Nesse contexto, as fontes renováveis de geração distribuída se destacam por apresentarem vantagens tanto no âmbito econômico quanto socioambiental. Este estudo analisa o contexto nacional e internacional da geração distribuída de energia solar fotovoltaica, através da comparação entre eles e proposição de estratégias para uma maior penetração e difusão desta modalidade de geração. É realizada também uma análise temporal da emissão de carbono na matriz elétrica, baseada principalmente na geração termelétrica, e verificada a projeção de emissões com base na evolução da geração distribuída, segundo o PDE 2026. A fim de materializar a redução da emissão, foi parametrizada e calculada a área em hectares de Mata Atlântica necessária para sequestrar dado volume de gás carbônico equivalente. As análises realizadas visam ampliar os estudos para expansão da participação da geração distribuída solar fotovoltaica na matriz elétrica.

Estimating leachate generation during a landfill lifespan is a key issue in reducing its potential risk. Hence, a useful tool is represented by empirical and computational models. In order to ratify the applicability of the Swiss Method, most applied tool in Brazil, and the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), most utilized in USA, the present article carried out a case study in the São Gonçalo Waste Treatment Center (CTR-SG), located in a humid subtropical climate. Firstly, climate data were collected with Brazil’s National Institute of Meteorology, and landfill structural and operational data were assembled with the company responsible for CTR-SG’ management, Foxx-Haztec, from 2014 to 2018. Subsequently, simulations were conducted on both tools, which indicated that: Swiss Method and HELP do not consider relevant variables for leachate prediction, such as: waste composition and moisture content, organic matter decomposition and dumping methods; thus, these techniques results vary mainly according to annual precipitation, landfill surface area and, for HELP, covering layer thickness. In addition, it was verified that the models forecasted approximately half of the actual volume of generated leachate. In this bias, despite the requirement of few and generally known parameters, these are not reliable tools for assertive prediction. Furthermore, it was found that the Swiss Method employs an imprecise variable, the compaction coefficient, which made pertinent the proposal of a new coefficient, suitable to tropical regions, which should be validated in other landfill scenarios.

The growing demand for electricity in large Brazilian cities and the distance to the region with the largest energy production have encouraged the construction of transmission lines thousands of kilometers long, crossing several states of the federation. Therefore, the heterogeneity of requirements in federal, state and district environmental laws tend to lead to uncertainty for the investor regarding procedures and investments necessary for the completion of the project, as well as the time that the requirements will take to be fulfilled. In the present study, we identify and compare the criteria used by the various environmental licensing agencies for classifying transmission system projects in the different procedures (simplified and ordinary) of environmental licensing. It was possible to expose the differences and demonstrate some inconsistencies in the legislation of some Brazilian states. In particular, we note an absence of proportionality between the licensing requirements and the expected environmental impacts for projects on the physical, biological and social environments. Additionally, it was identified subjectivity in the requirement for social participation through public hearings, demanded by the legislation for the projects classified in the ordinary procedure.

The aim of this study is to relate the condition of paraplegia due to schistosomal myeloradiculopathy with an initial diagnosis of polyradiculoneuropathy in a patient from an endemic area This disease is the most severe and disabling ectopic form of Schistosoma mansoni infection being underreported of unknown prevalence and underestimated morbidity Its recognition and the early institution of treatment play a fundamental role in the prevention of severe and irreversible injuries as well as in the recovery of affected people usually young people in full production phase The diagnosis of schistosomal myeloradiculopathy is based on epidemiology clinical findings regarding neurological conditions and evidence of Schistosome mansoni in laboratory tests such as serological techniques or stool parasitological examination and other causes for the condition should be excluded In the case described the patient reported swimming in a lagoon in Sergipe an endemic zone which makes the epidemiology speak strongly in favor of the diagnostic hypothesis The clinical presentation presented by the patient is very similar to that of this myeloradiculopathy and that Schistosoma eggs were found in the feces and the serology and cerebrospinal fluid analysis CSF serology were positive for this parasite It is noteworthy that magnetic resonance imaging is a very sensitive propaedeutic method for the evaluation of schistosomal myeloradiculopathy although the diagnosed alterations are not specific for this disease The changes observed on magnetic resonance imaging MRI regress in parallel with the clinical improvement of the patient after treatment with schistosomicides and corticosteroids as can be observed in this case Finally the treatment was done with praziquantel ivermectin and corticosteroid therapy in association with motor physiotherapy The patient presented clinical improvement but maintained mild motor deficit

SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the interaction of the spike glycoprotein trimer via its receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the host's cellular receptor. Vaccines seek to block this interaction by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, most of which are directed toward the RBD. Many protein subunit vaccines require powerful adjuvants to generate a potent antibody response. Here, we report on the use of a SARS-CoV-2 dimeric recombinant RBD combined with Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), adsorbed on alum, as a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate. This formulation induces a potent and neutralizing immune response in laboratory animals, which is higher than that of the dimeric RBD alone adsorbed on alum. Sera of people vaccinated with this vaccine candidate, named Soberana01, show a high inhibition level of the RBD-ACE2 interaction using RBD mutants corresponding to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and wild-type expressed using the phage display technology. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the immunostimulation effect of N. meningitidis OMVs is evaluated in vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the interaction of the spike glycoprotein trimer

Controlling the global COVID-19 pandemic depends, among other measures, on developing preventive vaccines at an unprecedented pace. Vaccines approved for use and those in development intend to use neutralizing antibodies to block viral sites binding to the host’s cellular receptors. Virus infection is mediated by the spike glycoprotein trimer on the virion surface via its receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibody response to this domain is an important outcome of the immunization and correlates well with viral neutralization. Here we show that macromolecular constructs with recombinant RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid induce a potent immune response in laboratory animals. Some advantages of the immunization with the viral antigen coupled to tetanus toxoid have become evident such as predominant IgG immune response due to affinity maturation and long-term specific B-memory cells. This paper demonstrates that subunit conjugate vaccines can be an alternative for COVID-19, paving the way for other viral conjugate vaccines based on the use of small viral proteins involved in the infection process.

The electricity sector planning in Brazil aims to promote a reliable and safe supply of electricity to society. There are risks associated with planning out these projects in regard to environmental licensing (particularly with Transmission Systems). This paper presents a conceptual model for a solid analysis of the electricity sector by providing a regulatory and procedural assessment; it aims to connect issues with environmental licenses to those ventures. The results show that delays and uncertainties are related to the concession of energy transmission projects, which have not conducted any previous studies on the possible environmental impacts and have not applied the Environmental Impact Assessment as an instrument for decision-making. In order to minimize these uncertainties, studies on environmental planning should be conducted in the early stages of the project, prior to concession, as the venture is granted only once the projects have been demonstrated to be environmental viable.

The demand for solar sources of electrical energy is increasing in the Brazilian electricity market. Investments in the sector are expected to significantly increase, thereby creating a demand for a reliable environmental licensing process. Analysis of the international regulatory frameworks allows for a critical comparison to national- and state-level frameworks. The results obtained via this comparison have helped to identify different assessment criteria that can be used to define the typologies for environmental studies for the Brazilian states included in this study, and to show the subjectivity of the process. The development of guidance regulations is also recommended to establish more universally applicable criteria. The proposed adjustments aim to reduce the risks of delays, unexpected costs, and availability of the projects, thereby increasing reliability for electricity sector planning, the investors, and the consumers.

Highlights Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) provides a comprehensive overview of the environmental and social implications of Plans, Policies and Programs (PPP) proposals applied to various sectoral activities. In Brazil, it is possible to identify bottlenecks associated with the planning of the electric sector, mainly in relation to the environmental licensing process. Thus, there is significant potential for the application of SEA in this context, provided that the Brazilian characteristics of development are considered. Objectives The objective of this article is to identify and evaluate how the inclusion of the environmental variable in the planning of the Brazilian electric sector occurs and then to verify the applicability of the SEA in the scope of this planning. Methodology For the development of this work, the methodology of bibliographic research of qualitative approach was used. Specifically, existing publications, such as scientific articles, monographs, dissertations, theses, and official publications were consulted. It is worth highlighting the use of the "Good Practices Guide for Strategic Environmental Assessment - methodological guidelines" and the "Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan 2024”. Results The main result achieved by this work was the development of ways of adapting SEA in Brazil, based on considerations about the singularities of the Brazilian reality at each stage of SEA development. Based on this adaptation, it was concluded that the SEA can contribute significantly to an environmental and sustainable decision-making process in the planning of the Brazilian electric sector, including remedying environmental licensing bottlenecks. Limitations of Research The main limitation of the research and its results is the subjectivity of the political planning processes in the country, which directly affect the stages of development of the SEA. Practical Implications The study identifies the real potential of SEA in Brazil and presents guidelines and recommendations for the creation of a Brazilian SEA model in the electric sector. Originality/Value The article presents recommendations for adapting a SEA methodology applicable to the Brazilian electric sector, considering its singularities.

INTRODUCTIONThe COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing event disrupting lives, health systems, and economies worldwide. Clear data about the pandemic’s impact is lacking, namely regarding mortality. This work aims to study the impact of COVID-19 through the analysis of all-cause mortality data made available by different European countries, and to critique their mortality surveillance data.METHODSEuropean countries that had publicly available data about the number of deaths per day/week were selected (England and Wales, France, Italy, Netherlands and Portugal). Two different methods were selected to estimate the excess mortality due to COVID19: (DEV) deviation from the expected value from homologue periods, and (RSTS) remainder after seasonal time series decomposition. We estimate total, age- and gender-specific excess mortality. Furthermore, we compare different policy responses to COVID-19.RESULTSExcess mortality was found in all 5 countries, ranging from 10.6% in Portugal (DEV) to 98.5% in Italy (DEV). Furthermore, excess mortality is higher than COVID-attributed deaths in all 5 countries.DISCUSSIONThe impact of COVID-19 on mortality appears to be larger than officially attributed deaths, in varying degrees in different countries. Comparisons between countries would be useful, but large disparities in mortality surveillance data could not be overcome. Unreliable data, and even a lack of cause-specific mortality data undermine the understanding of the impact of policy choices on both direct and indirect deaths during COVID-19. European countries should invest more on mortality surveillance systems to improve the publicly available data.

Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause life-threatening infections mostly in infants, children, and elderly people. Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines provide serotype-dependent protection against S. pneumoniae infections but fail to protect against new emerging serotypes. To overcome these limitations, pneumolysin (Ply), a serotype-independent and conserved protein was selected. As such subunit vaccines lack immunogenicity, we engineered Ply to be attached to self-assembled polyester beads in order to boost immunogenicity. To display Ply at the surface of these polyester beads, it was translationally fused to the N-terminus of the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase (PhaC), which mediates PHB bead assembly inside recombinant Escherichia coli. We also chemically conjugated the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) 19F to isolated PHB beads to further assess their antigen carrier properties. CPS conjugated to soluble tetanus toxoid served as control. Balb/c mice immunized with Ply-PhaC beads and 19F-PhaC beads induced specific and higher IgG levels than the respective soluble counterparts. The induced IgG antibodies recognized Ply in whole cell lysates of six different serotypes of S. pneumoniae. Additionally, restimulated splenocytes from animals immunized with Ply-PhaC beads produced a balanced INF-γ/IL-17A profile unlike animals immunized with soluble Ply. The 19F-PhaC beads induced production of antibodies showing high opsonophagocytic titers against the homologous strain, serotype 19F, while CPS 19F only mixed with PhaC beads did not elicit any detectable immune response. This study provided insight into the design of PHB beads as a carrier of proteinaceous antigens and CPS in order to induce immune responses for the prevention of pneumococcal infections.

Visando analisar alguns dos motivos dos atrasos na implantacao e entrada em operacao dos projetos de sistemas de transmissao no Brasil, o presente estudo pondera sobre os prazos e definicoes dos regramentos Portaria MMA no 421/2011, Portaria Interministerial no 60/2015, Portaria MS/SVS 01/2014, IN IPHAN 001/2015 e IN FCP 01/2018 aplicaveis no licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos de transmissao de energia, passiveis de licenciamento ambiental federal simplificado, considerados de pequeno potencial de impacto ambiental pelo IBAMA e sua interface com orgaos envolvidos FCP, IPHAN e MS/SVS. Os regramentos e seus prazos foram aplicados no software MS Project e o resultado foi que o processo de licenciamento simplificado de projetos de sistemas transmissao de energia ficam controlados pelos prazos de manifestacao dos orgaos envolvidos e nao pelos prazos do orgao ambiental licenciador. Desta forma, apesar de todo o esforco em buscar um desenho do sistema de transmissao de energia com menor impacto socioambiental e, com isso, ser enquadrado pelo IBAMA como empreendimento de pequeno potencial de impacto ambiental, o cronograma de projeto nao sera compativel com o que esta definido na Portaria MMA no 421/2011.

Os mapas de inundação se configuram em um instrumento importante na prevenção, controle e gestão das inundações, pois por meio deles é possível definir as áreas de risco. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo mapear as áreas potenciais de risco de inundação na área urbana de Quebrangulo, município localizado no estado de Alagoas. O mapeamento se deu a partir de dados de população e domicílios, obtidos no censo demográfico do IBGE de 2010, e da modelagem hidrodinâmica, realizada pelo modelo computacional bidimensional IBER, que forneceu as laminas d’água de inundação ocorridas para cada localidade. Assim, com a utilização do programa ArcMap foi possível elaborar um mapa de risco com manchas de inundação para os períodos de retorno de 5, 10, 25, 50 e 100 anos, para dois diferentes cenários. As áreas identificadas como sendo as de maiores problemas em relação às inundações são aquelas localizadas nas proximidades do rio Paraíba, onde estão inseridas as populações ribeirinhas, principalmente devido à vulnerabilidade e à ocupação desordenada.

The different methodologies of leachate treatment are widely debated in the literature, promoting a great discussion among the scientific and academic community on the most efficient and propitious methods. Membrane treatment processes, especially Reverse Osmosis (RO), stand out as the best solution. The RO has pollutant removal rates higher than 99%, with operational cost and complexity competitive with other technologies. Its main disadvantage is the concentrated residue generated in the process that covers about 30% of the volume of leachate entering the system. Its recirculation in the body of the landfill arises as an alternative of low destination cost. Its effectiveness is directly related to the method of recirculation along the geological, climatological, technical and operational conditions of the landfills. Although already widespread, the treatment or destination of the concentrate requires a greater technological assertion. Further research is needed on the recirculation methods of the concentrate and its medium and long-term effects on leachate, settlement and landfills after care period. It is important to make a comparative analysis of landfills with similar characteristics, one with and another without recirculation of the concentrate. Alternatives to treat the concentrate are also of great interest whether they are economically viable in real scale.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:44:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-07-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:28:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1677-54492016000300234.pdf: 1403151 bytes, checksum: 9493ce8e711f726ca424ec2c930a7dce (MD5) The posterior tibial artery normally arises from tibial-fibular trunk at the popliteal fossa, together with the fibular artery. The classic course of the posterior tibial artery is to run between the triceps surae muscle and muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg before continuing its course posteriorly to the medial malleolus, while the fibular artery runs through the lateral margin of the leg. Studies of both arteries are relevant to the fields of angiology, vascular surgery and plastic surgery. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of an anastomosis between the posterior tibial artery and the fibular artery in their distal course. The two arteries joined in an unusual “X” format, before division of the posterior tibial artery into plantar branches. We also provide a literature review of unusual variations and assess the clinical and embryological aspects of both arteries in order to contribute to further investigations regarding these vessels. Hospital da Força Aérea do Galeão Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP

A Gestão de Projetos tornou-se um dos principais insumos de apoio à gestão das organizações para minimizar riscos, assegurar competitividade e continuidade dos negócios. Este artigo buscou expor a importância do elo entre a Gestão de Projetos e a Governança de TI evidenciando os benefícios que podem ser alcançados com a implementação de suas principais práticas.

This paper presents the evolution of the environmental licensing process in Brazil, with focus on transmission lines, identifying and evaluating its critical aspects. For this purpose, we analyze the modalities of insertion of the environmental variable in planning for the Brazilian electric power sector, present an overview of the complexities of energy transmission in the country and describe the evolution of the environmental licensing process, in particular its application to the Madeira transmission line, the world's longest high-voltage direct current line at 2375 km, which connects the northern and southern regions of the country. Finally, we succinctly describe the latest developments of the country's environmental legislation, presenting the advances achieved and future challenges.

Based on the Brazilian electric sector planning, by 2026 the transmission grid will be increased by 64 thousand km, so that the analysis of how to incorporate the environmental criteria in the discussions of route optimization are important for the decision-making of the various actors (government, environmental agencies and entrepreneurs). Therefore, this article aims to identify the challenges of the incorporation of the socio-environmental criteria for the route optimization as well as the deadlines and costs of the Xingu-Rio Transmission System known to be the largest transmission system in Brazil.

Population growth, especially in urban areas, combined with modern levels of social consumption, contribute for a significant increase of waste production. Among the environmental impacts resulting from the operation of landfills, the generation of leachate is certainly one of the most significant and most difficult to control. The composition of leachate is complex and varied; it contains physicochemical and biological characteristics that are aggressive to the soil, water resources, fauna and flora. The technical and operational difficulties to handle it are challenges for waste managers. There are several methods to treat leachate which are widely debated in the literature, each having advantages and disadvantages. The present paper has the objective of carrying out a bibliographical review of leachate treatment from landfills, addressing the main technologies, as well as discussing their applications, advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties. According to what was studied, the technologies that have been found to have the best practical results and, in general, reach the parameters for treated effluent provided for environmental legislations, are those that use filtering membranes. However, one of the major disadvantages of these processes is the generation of a concentrate, which is normally recirculated in the landfill itself.

Las vacunas conjugadas que consisten en polisacáridos bacterianos unidos a través de un enlace covalente a una proteína portadora, han tenido un gran impacto en los esquemas de vacunación infantil, disminuyendo de forma dramática la incidencia de infecciones bacterianas. En el caso de Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pesar de que se han descrito más de 90 serotipos basados en la estructura de las cápsulas polisacarídicas y que al menos 23 tienen una importancia clínica demostrada, solo un número limitado de siete, o más recientemente 10 y 13, están incluidos en las vacunas conjugadas licenciadas. Por otra parte, la necesidad creciente de estas vacunas en el mundo requiere la incorporación de nuevos productores que se enfrentan a una elevada complejidad tecnológica, pues en todo el procedimiento de conjugación no se pueden afectar las características estructurales por las que el polisacárido es reconocido inmunológicamente. Este trabajo implementó un procedimiento de conjugación para el polisacárido de la cápsula de Streptococcus pneumoniae serotipo 14. El procedimiento comprendió la fragmentación, oxidación peryódica y posterior conjugación del polisacárido a anatoxina tetánica o diftérica. Cada intermedio fue caracterizado por métodos físico-químicos. En todas las reacciones se obtuvieron rendimientos superiores al 50%. Los conjugados generaron altos títulos de anticuerpos específicos de tipo IgG y memoria inmunológica. Se concluyó que el procedimiento permitió la obtención de conjugados inmunogénicos de serotipo 14.

Neisseria meningitidis constitutes the main cause of meningococcal disease in infants. Serogroups A, B, C, W135, Y, and X have the higher incidence in young children and teenagers. The use of polyvalent conjugate carbohydrate-based vaccines has decreased the meningococcal infection around the world. Recently, the serogroup X has been found to be responsible of different outbreaks of meningococcal diseases, mainly in “Meningitis Belt” of Africa and the structure of the repetitive unit of the capsular polysaccharide has been confirmed through a monodimensional 13 C NMR study. No further characterization studies have been carried out, especially with the use of other nuclei. In this paper a novel method for quantification of the N. meningitidis serogroup X by proton qNMR is reported. Deep characterization of the serogroup X polysaccharide was also carried out by combination of correlation experiments involving 13 C, 1 H, and 31 P nuclei.

Even though there is a clear attempt to introduce the environmental conservation agenda into landmanagement policies, this trend is still in its infancy. This is mainly due to considerable challenges in matchingeconomic development and environmental protection, which often times have conflicting goals. Such challengesare even more significant in the context of the Brazilian coastline, where colonization started. Since then, thecoastline in Brazil has been the target of intense impacts related to human activities which has been depletingits natural environment significantly over the years. This work aims at helping understand the core of afederal coastline management policy (PROJETO ORLA) as a way to bring together urban and environmentalplanning. We pay specific attention to the project’s impact at the county-level, more specifically on definingincentives for sustainable economic activity. Our observations point to a clear overlap between legal issuesand public responsibilities as well as lack of coordinated and systemic effort on the part of the responsiblegovernment agencies and organizations. These uncoordinated, duplicated, and sometimes conflicting effortscause the dilution of already scarce resources and funding, rendering ineffective preventive and punitiveactions from the public sector. Through a case study taking place in the Armacao dos Buzios County in Rio deJaneiro, this work aims at improving Coastline Management, in particular at the county local level.

Environmental licensing is one of the main instruments of the National Environmental Policy, mainly due to its nature of prevention of the significance of environmental damages. After the enactment of complementary law no. 140/11, municipalities were given the explicit competence to license enterprises and activities whose environmental impact is classified as local, provided they have a qualified technical body and a municipal environmental council. After almost six years of enforcement of the aforementioned complementary law, it is verified that most municipalities have not yet been able to implement an efficient and effective environmental licensing system, configuring themselves as mere emitters of environmental licenses. The main problems encountered in municipal environmental licensing are addressed in this paper, such as inconsistencies in the definition of competence of the licensing body, deficiencies in the normative framework, mainly regarding legislation on land use and occupation (zoning), low technical capacity and Lack of independence of municipal environmental agencies, excessive bureaucracy and high processing time, as well as lack of transparency and social control. The analysis of these obstacles points to the need for improvements and effective changes in municipal environmental systems, making environmental licensing play the role of collective protection.

O presente projeto de negócio tem como missão a criação, divulgação e comercialização do cavalo lusitano, dando-lhe projeção internacional, tal como esta raça merece. Acresce a oferta de serviços de equitação e turismo equestre. Por forma a desenvolver este projeto foi criada a “Coudelaria Cardoso Pires”. Esta coudelaria está situada na “Herdade dos Félix”, na freguesia de Alter do Chão, concelho de Portalegre. Este terreno tem cerca de 25 hectares, é constituído maioritariamente por sobreiros e tem boas pastagens propícias à criação de cavalos. Esta entidade será formada por 2 (dois) sócios, e será constituída em janeiro de 2016 sob a forma jurídica Limitada (Lda.). A principal atividade será a criação de equinos, mais concretamente cavalos lusitanos. Paralelamente à criação do cavalo, este projeto terá também como propósito o ensino na vertente dirigida à equitação para crianças e jovens dando-lhes a oportunidade de um futuro em campeonatos de dressage. Acresce o desenvolvimento do turismo equestre na região, através dos diversos acordos e parcerias com as entidades locais, nacionais e estrangeiras. The present project of business has as its mission the creation, dissemination and marketing of the Lusitano horse, giving it international projection, as this race deserves. In addition to the provision of services to horse riding and equestrian tourism. In order to develop this project was created to "Stud Cardoso Pires". This stud is situated in "Herdade dos Felix", near Portalegre. The future entity is formed by two members, and shall be lodged in January 2016. The main activity is the creation of horses, specifically Lusitano horses. In parallel to the horse's creation, this project will also have implications for the education in Strand addressed to riding for children and youth by giving them the opportunity of a future in dressage championships. Moreover the development of equestrian tourism in the region through various agreements and partnerships with local, national and foreign entities.

Polysaccharide-protein conjugates as vaccines have proven to be very effective in preventing Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in industrialized countries. However, cost-effective technologies need to be developed for increasing the availability of anti- H. influenzae type b vaccines in countries from the developing world. Consequently, vaccine production with partially synthetic antigens is a desirable goal for many reasons. They may be rigidly controlled for purity and effectiveness while at the same time being cheap enough that they may be made universally available. We describe here the antigenicity and immunogenicity of several H. influenzae type b synthetic oligosaccharide-protein conjugates in laboratory animals. The serum of H. influenzae type b-immunized animals recognized our synthetic H. influenzae type b antigens to the same extent as the native bacterial capsular polysaccharide. Compared to the anti- H. influenzae type b vaccine employed, these synthetic versions induced similar antibody response patterns in terms of titer, specificity, and functional capacity. The further development of synthetic vaccines will meet urgent needs in the less prosperous parts of the world and remains our major goal.

Glycoconjugate vaccines provide effective prophylaxis against bacterial infections. To date, however, no commercial vaccine has been available in which the key carbohydrate antigens are produced synthetically. We describe the large-scale synthesis, pharmaceutical development, and clinical evaluation of a conjugate vaccine composed of a synthetic capsular polysaccharide antigen ofHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib). The vaccine was evaluated in clinical trials in Cuba and showed long-term protective antibody titers that compared favorably to licensed products prepared with the Hib polysaccharide extracted from bacteria. This demonstrates that access to synthetic complex carbohydrate–based vaccines is feasible and provides a basis for further development of similar approaches for other human pathogens.

INTRODUÇÃO: O ácido poli-L-láctico é usado na Europa, para fins cosméticos, desde 1999, e nos Estados Unidos, para tratamento de lipoatrofia pelo HIV, desde 2004. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar nossa experiência com o emprego do ácido poli-L-láctico para uso cosmético, visando restaurar a perda de volume facial decorrente do processo de envelhecimento. MÉTODO: Doze pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento no período de 2006 a 2012. O produto foi reconstituído em 5 ml de água destilada e, no momento da injeção, foram acrescentados 2 ml de lidocaína a 2% com adrenalina 1:200.000. O tratamento foi individualizado de acordo com o volume e o contorno faciais dos pacientes. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de fotografias pré e pós-procedimento, e de acordo com a percepção do médico e dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes mostraram-se satisfeitos com os resultados obtidos. Foram observados 4 casos de equimose no local da injeção, e 1 paciente apresentou nódulos na região periorbitária. CONCLUSÕES: O ácido poli-L-láctico pode ser utilizado como mais uma ferramenta para restaurar, corrigir e amenizar as deformidades faciais. BACKGROUND: Poly-l-lactic acid has been used in Europe since 1999 for cosmetic purposes and in the United States since 2004 for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus lipoatrophy. This paper aims to present the use of poly-l-lactic acid for the cosmetic purpose of restoring facial volume lost due to the aging process. METHODS: Twelve patients were treated in private practice between 2006 and 2012. The product was reconstituted in 5 ml of distilled water and mixed with 2 ml of xylocaine 2% and epinephrine at the time of injection. Individualized treatment was performed according to each patient's facial size and contour. We analyzed photographs taken before and after surgery as well as subjective evaluations made by the physician and patients. RESULTS: All patients were satisfied with the results. Adverse effects included 4 cases of ecchymosis at the injection site and 1 case of nodules in the periorbital region. CONCLUSIONS: Poly-l-lactic acid is another tool for restoring, correcting, and smoothing facial deformities.

It's impossible to imagine life nowadays without the use of electrical energy. However, most people don't imagine the impacts of its generation and transmission. Especially the transmission involves many impacts such as vegetal suppression, scaring the wildlife, habitat alteration, inducing erosion, losses and limitations of agricultural productive areas. That's why the construction and operation of transmission's lines must be planned and submitted to an impact analysis. This article aims to compare the procedure of impact analysis of transmission lines both in Europe and in Brazil. Therefore, it was analyzed the European Union (EU) and the Brazilian legislation, comparing the criteria and scope of the environmental analysis methodology used by each country.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of unripe Musa sapientum peel on the healing of surgical wounds in rats. METHODS: One hundred and twenty Wistar rats were divided into two treatment groups of 60 animals each: the control group (gel without the active ingredient) and experimental group (4% Musa sapientum peel gel). A 4 x 4 cm surgical wound was created on the back of each animal. The wound was cleaned daily with 0.9% saline, treated with 4% gel or natrosol gel (control), and covered with gauze. Animals from both groups were sacrificed after seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment; the tissue from the wound site was removed together with a margin of normal skin for histological analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences in wound contraction rates (p=0.982) were found between time points (seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment) in both groups. However, a significantly higher wound contraction rate was observed in the control group on day 21 compared with the experimental group (p=0.029). There were no significant differences in histomorphological features between groups. The experimental group showed an increased number of polymorphonuclear cells on day 7, with a significant reduction on day 21 (p=0.026). CONCLUSION: The use of 4% unripe Musa sapientum peel gel on surgical wounds in rats resulted in an increased number of polymorphonuclear cells on day 7, reduced wound contraction, reduced vascular proliferation and increased concentration of collagen fibers on day 21.

Diante de tantas abordagens sobre gestão da sustentabilidade, é natural que os tomadores de decisão fiquem confusos sobre quais adotar em suas estratégias de gestão da sustentabilidade, e sobre como integrá-las no modelo de negócios. Com o propósito de delinear um programa estratégico integrado de gestão para o desenvolvimento sustentável, o presente estudo analisou as contribuições do modelo de gestão da sustentabilidade de três empresas consideradas pioneiras e de vanguarda neste assunto: Philips do Brasil, Natura Cosméticos e Interface Inc. Como objetivos intermediários, este trabalho buscou: (a) identificar, caracterizar e analisar os mecanismos de estímulo à incorporação da sustentabilidade das empresas pesquisadas; (b) identificar, caracterizar e analisar os conteúdos de sustentabilidade mobilizados nos cinco níveis do Modelo de Gestão da Sustentabilidade (MGS) das empresas; e (c) identificar e discutir as contribuições mais relevantes para, efetivamente, ocorrer o desenvolvimento sustentável. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados permitem classificar a pesquisa como qualitativa, estudo de casos múltiplos. Os dados foram coletados mediante duas técnicas: análise de arquivos e documentos da empresa e da produção midiática; e entrevistas com executivos da diretoria. Como resultado, o presente estudo identifica, caracteriza, analisa e discute contribuições nos cinco níveis do MGS das empresas pesquisadas. As três empresas apresentaram contribuições relevantes, porém, as maiores contribuições vieram da Interface, com um entendimento profundo (Nível 1), e uma definição de sucesso em sustentabilidade (Nível 2), fortemente conectados aos demais níveis do modelo de gestão. Finalmente, a partir das discussões, o estudo delineia um Programa Estratégico Integrado de Gestão para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PEIGeDS). Facing so many approaches to sustainability management is natural that the decision makers be confused about what to adopt in their sustainability management and how to integrate them in a business model. With the propose to model a strategic integrated managing program to the sustainable development, this study analyzed the sustainability management model contributions of three companies considered pioneers and avant-garde in this area: Philips do Brasil, Natura Cosméticos e Interface Inc. Like intermediary objectives this work looked for: (a) to identify, characterize and analyze the motivation mechanism (inside and external context) to incorporate the sustainability on the researched companies; (b) to identify, characterize and analyze the Sustainability contents mobilized in the five levels of the companies Sustainability Management Model (SMM); and (c) to identify and discuss the contributions more relevant to the sustainable development effectively. The methodological procedures used allow classify the research as qualitative, case multiple study. The data were collected throw two technics: analysis of the company documents and archives and the production of the media; and interviewing the board executives. The data process was done using the Content and Discourse Analysis. As a result, this study identifies, characterize, analyze and discuss contributions of the SMM researched companies\' five levels. However, the biggest contributions came from Interface Inc. with the deep understanding (level 1) and a success definition on sustainability (level 2) strongly connected to the other levels of the SMM. Finally, starting on at the discussion of the main contributions, the study model an Strategic Integrated Management for Sustainable Development (SIMSD).

Even though there is a clear attempt to introduce the environmental conservation agenda into landmanagement policies, this trend is still in its infancy. This is mainly due to considerable challenges in matchingeconomic development and environmental protection, which often times have conflicting goals. Such challengesare even more significant in the context of the Brazilian coastline, where colonization started. Since then, thecoastline in Brazil has been the target of intense impacts related to human activities which has been depletingits natural environment significantly over the years. This work aims at helping understand the core of afederal coastline management policy (PROJETO ORLA) as a way to bring together urban and environmentalplanning. We pay specific attention to the project’s impact at the county-level, more specifically on definingincentives for sustainable economic activity. Our observations point to a clear overlap between legal issuesand public responsibilities as well as lack of coordinated and systemic effort on the part of the responsiblegovernment agencies and organizations. These uncoordinated, duplicated, and sometimes conflicting effortscause the dilution of already scarce resources and funding, rendering ineffective preventive and punitiveactions from the public sector. Through a case study taking place in the Armação dos Buzios County in Rio deJaneiro, this work aims at improving Coastline Management, in particular at the county local level. Even though there is a clear attempt to introduce the environmental conservation agenda into landmanagement policies, this trend is still in its infancy. This is mainly due to considerable challenges in matchingeconomic development and environmental protection, which often times have conflicting goals. Such challengesare even more significant in the context of the Brazilian coastline, where colonization started. Since then, thecoastline in Brazil has been the target of intense impacts related to human activities which has been depletingits natural environment significantly over the years. This work aims at helping understand the core of afederal coastline management policy (PROJETO ORLA) as a way to bring together urban and environmentalplanning. We pay specific attention to the project’s impact at the county-level, more specifically on definingincentives for sustainable economic activity. Our observations point to a clear overlap between legal issuesand public responsibilities as well as lack of coordinated and systemic effort on the part of the responsiblegovernment agencies and organizations. These uncoordinated, duplicated, and sometimes conflicting effortscause the dilution of already scarce resources and funding, rendering ineffective preventive and punitiveactions from the public sector. Through a case study taking place in the Armação dos Buzios County in Rio deJaneiro, this work aims at improving Coastline Management, in particular at the county local level. Apesar da nítida introdução da vertente ambiental na política de gestão do território, a prática ainda se revela insuficiente face aos grandes desafios de se conjugar desenvolvimento econômico e proteção ambiental. Estes desafios tomam proporções ainda maiores no litoral brasileiro, berço da colonização e alvo de intensa ação antrópica que vem depreciando seu relevante patrimônio natural. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo auxiliar a compreensão dos aspectos referentes ao Gerenciamento Costeiro, através do Projeto ORLA, como instrumento de planejamento e gestão ambiental que busca convergir as duas vertentes - política urbana e ambiental - destacando sua importância e implicações na esfera municipal e na definição de uma regra com o objetivo de fomentar a atividade econômica em bases sustentáveis. A partir da observação da sobreposição de marcos legais e competências, e da carência de ação coordenada e sistêmica dos órgãos envolvidos, dispersando recursos já escassos e diminuindo a eficácia na ação preventiva e punitiva do poder público, este artigo busca contribuir, através do estudo de caso do Município de Armação dos Búzios (RJ), para o aperfeiçoamento do sistema de Gerenciamento Costeiro à nível municipal.

Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The polysaccharide has been used as a component of vaccines against pneumococcal diseases either as plain polysaccharide or better conjugated to a protein. The last one is the vaccine of choice to target child protection. The immune responses depend on several polysaccharide physicochemical properties that can be affected during either purification or modification in the case of conjugate vaccines. In serotype 18C, the repeating unit has a complex structure having a branched pentasaccharide with two apparently labile subtituents: glycerol-phosphate and O-acetyl group. The loss of these groups may potentially reduce the ability of the 18C polysaccharide to induce the desired immune response. Therefore, the relationship of both groups with the antigenicity and immunogenicity of 18C capsular polysaccharide is explored. It is shown that glycerol-phosphate must be preserved for conserving adequate antigenicity of the 18C capsular polysaccharide. At the same time, it was proved that O-acetyl groups do not play any role for the antigenicity and immunogenicity.

Quimi-Hib is a conjugate vaccine against Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) where the Hib antigen is the only one produced by chemical synthesis. NMR has become the alternative of choice for the identity of intermediates during the chemical synthesis of Hib antigen. We explore a rapid quantitative proton magnetic resonance (qHNMR) assay for the determination of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a residual in one of the critical intermediates. The proposed assay has been shown to be accurate, precise for intermediate precision conditions (relative standard deviation

Este artigo descreve um estudo que objetivou investigar o potencial de Incubadoras de Micro e Pequenas Empresas em contribuir com a sensibilizacao dessas organizacoes para as preocupacoes com Desenvolvimento Sustentavel. Para tanto, o estudo empreendeu uma pesquisa do tipo estudo de caso exploratorio, em uma das mais importantes incubadoras do Brasil, o Centro de Incubacao de Empresas de Tecnologia (CIETEC). A obtencao de dados concentrou-se na tecnica da entrevista e na pesquisa bibliografica. Por sua vez, a analise destes dados baseou-se na tecnica de conteudo. Os resultados mostraram que, embora existam preocupacoes na incubadora quanto a selecao de projetos socio-ambientalmente adequados, o potencial existente na instituicao para fomentar e induzir as empresas incubadas a abordagem do Desenvolvimento Sustentavel e pouco explorado. INCUBADORAS ORIENTADAS AL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE: ?ES POSIBLE? EL CASO DEL CENTRO DE INCUBACION DE EMPRESAS DE TECNOLOGIA (CIETEC) Resumen Este articulo describe un estudio que se propuso investigar el potencial de Incubadoras de Micro e Pequenas Empresas para propiciar la sensibilizacion de esas organizaciones en relacion con las preocupaciones por el Desarrollo Sustentable. Para ello, el estudio emprendio una investigacion, tipo estudio de caso exploratorio, en una de las mas importantes incubadoras de Brasil, el Centro de Incubacion de Empresas de Tecnologia (CIETEC). La obtencion de datos se concentro en la tecnica de entrevista y en la investigacion bibliografica. Al mismo tiempo, el analisis de estos datos se baso en la tecnica de contenido. Los resultados mostraron que, aunque la incubadora se preocupe en cuanto a la seleccion de proyectos adecuados desde una perspectiva socioambiental, el potencial existente en la institucion para fomentar e inducir a las empresas incubadas hacia el abordaje del Desarrollo Sustentable es poco explotado.

A methods using high-performance reverse phase (RP) chromatography with fluorescence detection, has been developed to determine the composition and identity of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide used in formulating conjugate vaccine for prevention of pneumococcal infection. For the monosaccharide composition, the polysaccharides were subjected to hydrofluoric acid (HF) hydrolysis followed by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). After acid hydrolysis, the released monosaccharides were re-N-acetylated and labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) by reductive amination reaction. High-performance RP chromatography was performed on C18 TSKODS 120T column. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to confirm chemical structure and purity of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides.

Para a contenção da pandemia de COVID-19, mudanças importantes foram impostas nas atividades desenvolvidas no sistema de saúde. O engajamento no trabalho dos profissionais de saúde se torna ainda mais significativo. O treinamento em mindfulness pode reconfigurar a percepção das lideranças em saúde em relação ao seu modo de interpretar e reagir às situações, fortalecer a comunicação e a resiliência e reduzir desgastes. Objetivo: avaliar o impacto do treinamento baseado em mindfulness na atenção plena individual e no engajamento no trabalho de lideranças de saúde. Método: Estudo experimental de controle histórico com amostra de 21 profissionais em 6 sessões do Programa \"Mindfulness Organizacional\" e de questionários 30 dias antes (lista de espera), pré e pós intervenção. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por teste de amostras pareadas. Resultados: O treinamento elevou significativamente a percepção sobre o nível de Atenção Plena (p=0,001) e a percepção sobre o engajamento no trabalho (p=0,001) em todas as subdimensões: vigor (p=0,004), dedicação (p=0,002) e absorção (p=0,035). Na avaliação qualitativa, os participantes relataram menor reatividade emocional e melhor resiliência e comunicação com equipe. To contain the Covid-19 pandemic, important changes were imposed in the activities carried out in the health system. Engagement in the work of health professionals becomes even more significant. Mindfulness training can reconfigure the perception of health leaders in relation to their way of interpreting and reacting to situations, strengthening communication and resilience, and reducing burnout. Objective: to assess the impact of mindfulness-based training on individual mindfulness and engagement in the work of health leaders. Method: Experimental historical control study with a sample of 21 professionals in 6 sessions of the \"Organizational Mindfulness\" Program and questionnaires 30 days before (waiting list), pre and post intervention. Quantitative data were analyzed by paired sample test. Results: The training significantly increased the perception of the level of Mindfulness (p=0.001) and the perception of engagement at work (p=0.001) in all sub-dimensions: vigor (p=0.004), dedication (p=0.002) and absorption (p=0.035). In the qualitative assessment, participants had lower emotional reactivity and better resilience and communication.

No presente estudo, é conduzida uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva que aborda diferentes temas relacionados ao mercado brasileiro de energia solar fotovoltaica (FV) dentro do contexto da Transição Energética Global, a fim de identificar os principais avanços e desafios do setor fotovoltaico nacional durante os tempos atuais e sugerir caminhos possíveis para o desenvolvimento da tecnologia solar no país, levando em consideração a busca por uma segurança energética futura e uma filosofia do uso da energia mais sustentável. Os principais resultados encontrados na pesquisa apontaram para um grande número de desafios relacionados ao avanço das fontes renováveis modernas de energia dentro da matriz energética global e para a consolidação da fonte solar FV como uma das principais fontes renováveis modernas no mundo durante a última década. Estes resultados mostraram ainda que, apesar de distante dos principais líderes globais de produção de energia solar FV, o Brasil tem se destacado na adição de nova capacidade FV desde 2017. O resultado positivo se deve, entre outras razões, à inserção, em 2013, da fonte solar no sistema de grandes leilões de contratação de eletricidade renovável por geração centralizada, e do marco regulatório de micro e mini geração de eletricidade distribuída que tornou possível, desde 2012, a aplicação de sistemas FV conectados à rede no país. O estudo também aborda os conflitos, principalmente dentro do campo regulatório de energia elétrica no país, cujas soluções devem ser cruciais para o desenvolvimento futuro do setor fotovoltaico brasileiro. The present study conducts a descriptive exploratory research that addresses different topics related to the brazilian photovoltaic solar energy (PV) market within the context of the Global Energy Transition, in order to identify the main advances and challenges of the brazilian photovoltaic sector during the current times and suggest possible ways for the development of solar technology in the country, taking into consideration the search for future energy security and a philosophy of more sustainable energy use. The main results found during this research indicate a large number of challenges related to the advancement of modern renewable energy sources within the global energy matrix and to the consolidation of the solar PV source as one of the main modern renewable sources in the world during the last decade. The results have also shown that Brazil, despite being distant from the main global leaders in the production of solar PV energy, has stood out in the addition of new PV capacity since 2017, which is due the insertion of the solar source in the system of large auctions for contracting renewable electricity by centralized generation in 2013, and also to the regulatory framework for micro and mini generation of distributed electricity that, since 2012, has made it possible to apply PV systems connected to the grid in the country. The study also addresses conflicts, mainly within the electric energy regulatory field in the country, whose solutions must be crucial for the future development of the Brazilian photovoltaic sector.

Submitted by Marlon Silva (marlonviniciuspacheco@gmail.com) on 2021-02-19T16:26:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GardenioDiogoPimentelDaSilva.pdf: 4778255 bytes, checksum: 844ef497479f34db1ab971f8338b31da (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-19T16:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GardenioDiogoPimentelDaSilva.pdf: 4778255 bytes, checksum: 844ef497479f34db1ab971f8338b31da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-03 A energia solar está crescendo em todo o mundo, especialmente através de instalações fotovoltaicas de grande escala (IFVGE). Há, no entanto, uma discussão entre diferentes partes interessadas e profissionais sobre os reais benefícios e impactos ambientais dessas instalações. A discussão aborda o papel principal do licenciamento ambiental (LA) para instalações de energia renovável considerando os impactos reais de tais projetos, assim como os critérios usados para licenciar e orientar os estudos ambientais e os métodos usados na avaliação de impacto e processo de tomada de decisão. Esta dissertação apresenta três artigos que analisam coletivamente os impactos ambientais de IFVGE em três esferas: aspectos legais, importância dos impactos ambientais e abordagens atuais de avaliação de impacto no contexto brasileiro. O primeiro trabalho estuda as atuais regulamentações ambientais para o licenciamento de IFVGE no Brasil e conecta seu papel no planejamento energético do país. O segundo artigo descreve os potenciais impactos ambientais causados pelas IFVGE, comparando sistemas montados no solo com sistemas flutuantes. O trabalho final aborda os métodos de avaliação de impacto utilizados na Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental. Além disso, uma metodologia multicritério é proposta para melhorar o atual processo de avaliação. Solar energy installations are growing worldwide, especially through large-scale photovoltaic installations (LSPVI). There is, though, a discussion between different stakeholders and professionals about the real environmental benefits and impacts of LSPVI. The discussion addresses the main role of environmental licensing (EL) for renewable energy installations considering the real impacts of such projects, criteria used to license and drive the environmental studies, and methods used to assessment and judge impacts and aid the decision-making process. This dissertations presents three papers that collectively examine the environmental impacts of LSPVI in three spheres: legal aspects, likely environmental impacts and their significance, and current impact assessment approaches in the Brazilian context. The first paper study the current environmental regulations for licensing LSPVI in Brazil and connect its role in the country’s energy planning. The second paper outlines potential environmental impacts caused by LSPVI comparing ground-mounted to floating systems. The final work analyses the impact assessment methods used in the Environmental Impact Assessment. Moreover, a multicriteria approach is also proposed to improve the current assessment process.

A análise e comparação dos dados de geração, transporte, tratamento e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos gerados durante as duas campanhas (2011 e 2013) da atividade de perfuração marítima exploratória no Bloco BM-J-2, sem e com a utilização de uma área de armazenamento temporário de resíduos exclusiva para esta operação teve como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade dessas duas alternativas de operacionalização do gerenciamento de resíduos em regiões onde a indústria de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás não está consolidada. O atendimento aos requisitos legais brasileiros, com a implementação do Projeto de Controle da Poluição para atendimento às orientações da Nota Técnica CGPEG/DILIC/IBAMA numéro 01/11, permitiu que os dados gerados durante as duas campanhas de perfuração pudessem ser comparados, ainda que gerados em momentos operacionais distintos. A similaridade do perfil de geração de resíduos nos dois períodos de operação e os resultados das diferentes estratégias de gerenciamento adotadas, permitiu definir a utilização da área de armazenamento temporário, ainda que exclusiva e construída para atendimento à operação, como melhor estratégia de gerenciamento também para regiões em que a indústria de EeP ainda não está consolidada, com incremento qualitativo das formas de tratamento e disposição final adotadas e melhoria de indicadores quantitativos, como redução do número de eventos de transporte. The analysis and comparison of generation, transportation, treatment and final disposal data of the solid waste, generated during two campaigns (2011 and 2013) of exploratory offshore drilling activity in Block BM-J-2, with and without the use of a waste temporary storage exclusive area for this operation aimed to verify the applicability of these two waste management operational alternatives in regions where the oil and gas exploration and production industry is not consolidated. The compliance with Brazilian legal requirements, with the implementation of Pollution Control Project according to Technical Note CGPEG / DILIC / IBAMA number 01/11 guideline, allowed the comparision of data generated during the two drilling campaigns, even though they have been generated in different moments. The similarity of waste generation profiles of both operational periods and the results of different management strategies adopted, allowed to define the use of the temporary storage area, even if exclusive and built for the operation, as the best management strategy for regions where the EeP industry still not consolidated, with qualitative increase of treatment and disposal methods adopted and quantitative indicators improvement, as reduction of transport events.

No presente trabalho, analisa-se e discute-se a confiabilidade no planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro à luz das limitações e desafios do processo de Licenciamento Ambiental. Serão abordados nesta pesquisa alguns temas importantes como o marco legal e institucional, os agentes envolvidos, além da contextualização do licenciamento ambiental no Brasil para a geração de energia elétrica através de fontes renováveis e transmissão de energia elétrica. A partir disso serão discutidos alguns aspectos históricos do setor elétrico, além de apresentar os principais planos e programas que embasam o seu planejamento. A evolução do Licenciamento ao longo dos anos será debatida, com forte interlocução entre os aspectos socioambientais, econômicos e de engenharia, fazendo uma análise crítica e correlação com os leilões ao longo dos últimos quinze anos. Com esta avaliação serão identificados os principais pontos críticos do descompasso entre a geração e transmissão e do rito de Licenciamento Ambiental. Por fim, serão feitas propostas para otimização do Licenciamento Ambiental em seu estágio atual, tendo em vista uma contribuição efetiva para este setor estratégico do país, que necessita de planejamento e agilidade nos processos. Isto irá propiciar a geração de energia elétrica para a população e confiabilidade no sistema, respeitando as questões ambientais previstas na legislação e cumprindo os cronogramas e prazos estalabelecidos pela ANEEL. The economic and sustainable growth of a country does not occur without the existence of an efficient and planned infrastructure, integrating the population to the national economy and offering appropriate conditions in key sectors, such as transportat, water and sanitation, telecommunication and energy. This economic development is related to energy supply, establishing the conditions for economic growth. Energy crises are signs of economic slowdown and productive disarticulation, which have consequences and are associated with lack of planning. Many countries have experienced economic and energy crises over the last years, such as China, United States, Argentina and Brazil. According to Tolmasquim (2000), part of the causes of this 2001 energy crisis in Brazil would be placed in the lack of investments in transmission and the lack of its integration to generation. In addition, the absence of environmental planning and regulatory uncertainties brought this scenario. Currently, the Brazilian electric power plant has 4,676 electric generation projects in operation and an installed power of 152.17 GW, based mainly on hydroelectric generation (61.6 percent of the total), considered clean, with low productive costs and privileged generation privileged in regard to greenhouse gases emissions. In addition to the water matrix, the energy sources used are divided among biomass (8.7 percent), wind (6.5 percent), fossil (16.9 percent), nuclear (1.2 percent) and solar (0.014 percent), plus the energy from imports (5.1 percent). Today, both the generation and transmission projects have faced some difficulties related to their implementation, in particular the Environmental Licensing process. Many authors (De Castro et al, 2012, Sales, 2012; Pires, 2011; Cardoso Jr, 2014) have attributed to the licensing process responsibility for delays in the implementation and operation of transmission systems. Although environmental legislation defines actors and legal deadlines, there are obstacles, bureaucracy and external agents that bring up discussions about environmental impact assessment.

Algumas críticas e dificuldades ao processo de licenciamento ambiental brasileiro têm sido apresentadas tanto pela academia, como por órgãos governamentais e setores empresariais. Das dificuldades identificadas, a relação entre identificação de impacto e a proposição de programas que os mitigue, compense ou potencialize motivou o Estudo de Caso, por ser a base do licenciamento e da avaliação de impactos. A pesquisa realizada foi em caráter exploratório, com base no conteúdo de análises documentais e estudo de caso de 35 processos de licenciamentos ambientais no Brasil, cujos EIA/RIMA foram apresentados ao órgão federal - Ibama entre 2001 e 2014 para verificar as semelhanças e divergências entre eles. Como resultado, foi verificado que a quantidade de impactos e programas identificados nos EIA/RIMA aumentaram ao se comparar dois momentos temporais: de 2001 a 2007 e de 2008 a 2014, particularmente os do meio antrópico. No entanto foi surpreendente verificar que alguns impactos e programas não guardam relação clara e direta entre si. Para a avaliação dos impactos do meio físico e biótico, claramente é possível a padronização na identificação de impactos e seus programas de forma a otimizar a análise efetiva dos impactos, facilitando a análise, reduzindo prazos e custos e trazendo mais informações para a sociedade como um todo. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the licensing process in Brazil, trying to understand how it has changed over the past few years and how it has been perceived by society. Brazil, a continental country with an accelerated process of urbanization which requires investments in its industrial parks and infrastructure, shows an increasing number of environmental licensing processes. Environmental agencies and intervening organizations have resource deficits. Municipalities have difficulties to generate revenue and to enforce essential public policies. Society sees in the large investors a possible solution to attend suppressed demands to improved quality of life. This is the scenario in which enterprises need to be inserted and be licensed. The environmental licensing process in Brazil can be conducted by environmental agencies of all three government levels (federal, state and municipal). Characteristics of the project and its location will determine which of them will lead the process. Although the licensing process is conducted by a single environmental agency, there is still the need for participation of other governmental entities linked to different Ministries. In Brazil there are currently 39 Ministries, and it cannot be expected for institutional interrelations to be well established and with a clear hierarchy. The Preliminary License should be authorized upon determination of environmental viability, however with so many factors and stakeholders involved it is natural that conflicts should arise. The environmental licensing process in Brazil has been criticized by the various stakeholders involved. While impacts to the physical and biotic environment generate fewer conflicts in the identification and proposal of measures, those impacts associated with social and economic aspects often arouse conflicts of difficult resolution that have often led to judicial processes.

Este trabalho objetiva a definir as motivações, benefícios e limitações de atuação – e protagonismo – de empresas para a gestão dos recursos hídricos em nível de bacia hidrográfica. Aborda a bacia como espaço de conflito e cooperação, demonstrando como o conflito ante a escassez hídrica atual ou iminente é constantemente o resultado da (falta de) interação cooperativa entre os atores. Aprofunda, ainda, sobre a disputa pelo uso da água ante a lógica da interdependência água-energia-alimento e argumenta, a partir de uma análise da Teoria dos Jogos, que o conflito é consequência da falta de diálogo e de expectativas diferentes entre os atores. Por fim, demonstra como esses gaps podem ser, e já são, superados a partir da liderança de atores empresariais, enfatizando os ganhos potenciais da ação e gargalos para seu sucesso. The economic and population growth of the last two centuries presents a clear challenge to the management of water resources, easily explained by the relationship between supply and demand as well. Going beyond the usual categorization on the availability of fresh and salt water in the world, as important it is to mention the total amount of water on Earth. The water supply remains stable in absolute amounts on the planet, ranging just from where it can be captured and subsequent used, as well as its quality. Natural to say that water security is closely connected to food, energy, climate and, ultimately, to the classic sense of security of countries. It should be considered the tenuous balance between water availability and its multiple uses; agricultural production and the supply needs; generation by hydropower and growing energy demand; and changes of the hydrological cycle and changes in rainfall and flow. Globally, it is projected a growth of over 60 percent on water demand, driven mainly by rising industrial demand and power generation. (OECD, 2012) In Brazil, water management is largely decentralized since 1997 s Water Law. This means that the discussions, definitions, policies and actions with respect to water resources management in Brazil is made largely by local actors that are more affected. Institutionally, the Watershed Committees are the formal space for this dialogue. In this dynamic of Watershed Committees, given that participation is precisely from those who have the most interest in better use by availability and quality of water of the watershed, there is a great possibility that those users make choices that optimize the potential for multiple uses water, maximizing the possibility of continuity of their activities. This work analyzes the duality between conflict and cooperation in these scenarios, especially at the logic of the water-energy-food nexus. To this end, it uses concepts of Games Theory to demonstrate how rational actors tend to take collective decisions potentially bad for everyone precisely due their visions of maximization of their own gains. Finally, in the other hand, it presents the overcoming of these joint performance gaps in favor of the collective good from the institutionalization of a better-concerted action by the leadership of the business sector.