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DespiteBrucella suisbiovar 2’s (BSB2) active circulation in wildlife, no canine infections have been reported. The present paper is the first to describe two cases of BSB2 infections in French dogs. The first case occurred in 2020 and concerned a 13-year-old male neutered Border Collie with clinical signs of prostatitis. The urine culture revealed the excretion of significant levels ofBrucellain the sample. The second case concerned a German Shepherd with bilateral orchitis, in which it was possible to detectBrucellacolonies following neutering. HRM-PCR and classical biotyping methods classified both isolated strains as BSB2, in contrast to expectedB. canis, which is usually the etiological agent of canine brucellosis in Europe. The wgSNP and MLVA analyses highlighted the genetic proximity of two isolates to BSB2 strains originating from wildlife. No pig farms were present in the proximity of either dog’s residence, ruling out potential spill over from infected pigs. Nevertheless, the dogs used to take walks in the surrounding forests, where contact with wildlife (i.e., wild boars or hares, or their excrements) was possible. These cases highlight the importance of adopting a One Health approach to control the presence of zoonotic bacteria in wild animals and avoid spillovers into domestic animals and, potentially, humans.

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Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by bacteria from the genus Brucella. Once established, it is very hard to eradicate this disease, since it contaminates animals, the environment, and humans, causing problems for veterinary and public health as well as wildlife protection programs. Swabs are used for sampling in bacteriological and/or molecular diagnostics, from seropositive animals with disease symptoms, from genitalia or tissue lesions, as well as from contaminated environments. The aim of this study was to compare main of the commercially used swab types for sampling and diagnostics of Brucella spp. and determine the optimal storage conditions and time frame for testing. To achieve this, we tested bacterial and molecular methods for detection of Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis using nine swab types, all with different tip materials, treated immediately after spiking, after 72 h at +4°C, and after 72 h at -20°C. Flocked swabs showed the highest capacity to preserve bacterial viability and DNA quality, regardless the storage conditions. Flocked swabs immersed in a protective medium provided the best conditions for Brucella survival in all three storage conditions. At the same time, the efficacy of quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection for all swabs, including the positive control, was above 50%, irrespective of the storage conditions, while bacterial survival was significantly lowered when swabs were kept at +4°C or -20°C for 72 h (48.2% and 27.5%, respectively). Compared to the positive control and other types, the flocked swabs maintained higher reproducibility regarding their capacity to preserve live bacteria in all three storage conditions. IMPORTANCE In order to protect public and veterinary health from highly zoonotic bacteria such as members of the genus Brucella and prevent their dissemination into the environment, direct diagnostics are of utmost importance. However, in addition to the highly specific diagnostic tests, the sampling methods, time necessary for specimens to reach the laboratories, and transport conditions are important factors to consider in order to increase the sensitivity of performed tests, especially bacterial culturing and qPCR. This paper shows how different swab types and storage conditions influence classical bacteriological diagnostics of the most prevalent Brucella species - B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis - but have little impact on molecular methods. The presented results highlight (i) the choice of swab regarding the storage and transport conditions, (ii) the importance of immediate swab treatment upon sampling, and (iii) that molecular methods do not depend on storage conditions, unlike classical bacteriological isolation.

Additional file 2. Textual description of phylogenetic tree.

Additional file 3. Figure Phylogenetic Tree.

International audience; Bartonella genus includes an increasing number of species and subspecies, especially among wild felids, the positioning of which, with regards to the zoonotic species Bartonella henselae, is important to determine.The aim of this study was to test the ability of a molecular typing technique to distinguish between various Bartonella isolates obtained from four different species of free-ranging and captive wild felids and to identify key profiles or markers allowing differentiating them from each other and/or from B. henselae or B. koehlerae.A molecular typing technique for B. henselae based on the polymorphism of variable number tandem repeat units (VNTR) called MLVA (Multiple Locus VNTR Analysis) was applied to 24 Bartonella isolates from free-ranging or captive wild felids, 19 of which were obtained from California and five from three countries in Southern Africa, and compared with 49 B. henselae isolates from cats, dog or humans from the United States including the human ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) reference strain, B. henselae Houston 1.MLVA allowed distinguishing Bartonella isolates from wild felids from either B. henselae or B. koehlerae. We confirmed infection of semi-captive cheetahs with an isolate similar to a Californian bobcat isolate. MLVA also confirmed the unique profile of a free-ranging cheetah isolate from Namibia.Specific profiles were observed making MVLA a useful identification/classification tool of these wild felid isolates and suggesting that they are highly adapted to a specific feline reservoir. Finally, circulation of B. henselae isolates between domestic cats, wild felids and humans is likely occurring, based on the close allelic profiles of some isolates.

Table S2. Determination of 22 SNP panel specific to Brazilian B. canis strains. (DOCX 37 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, msp4, and recG. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1395 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, msp4, and polA. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1434 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, pleD, recG, and polA. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1383 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, msp4, and pleD. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1399 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, msp4, and recG. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1395 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, msp4, and polA. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1434 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, msp4, and pleD. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1399 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, pleD, recG, and polA. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1383 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, and msp4. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1438 kb)

NJ tree obtained using the concatenation of typA, ctrA, and msp4. Legends as in Fig. 1. (PDF 1438 kb)

Bacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacterium with a worldwide repartition. It is the causative agent of a zoonosis named Anthrax. Belonging to the Bacillus genus, B. anthracis has the ability to sporulate: this particularity allows the bacterium to stay as quiescent spores into the soils and to resist against different kind of stresses (UV, heat treatment…). Mammals are principally infected and human or animal outbreaks are reported annually in the world. Several regions are endemic while some others, like France, report more sporadic cases. Even if Anthrax incidence is in constant decrease all over the world, B. anthracis is still a pathogen of interest for many countries because of its potential use as a biological weapon. The study of this bacterium has a two-tier purpose: first, it is the cause of a relative mortality in livestock and wildlife, and second it is potentially used as a weapon of mass destruction. This bacterial species is considered highly monomorphic and all strains are extremely closed genetically. In order to precisely identify strains during outbreaks or bioterrorism attempt and track the source of infection, several diagnosis and typing methods are available. However, not all of these methods have the discrimination power, the robustness or the ease of use that is required in the laboratory. During this work, I have studied the diversity of European isolates of B. anthracis. A whole genome sequencing approach for approximately 250 strains has been done with a great diversity into strains (France, Europe). A comparative bioinformatic analysis allowed genomes reconstruction and polymorphisms identification among European isolates (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism = SNP). These markers leaded to establish a precise phylogeny among 292 B. anthracis isolates at a world level. Several hypotheses concerning the origins and the evolution of this pathogen have been proposed. A new sublineage has been potentially discovered. A panel of sixty SNPs has been identified and confirmed to genotype the major groups and lineages phylogenetically related in Europe. Two molecular typing approaches based on PCR amplification have been developed. Using the identified SNP, they can be used to discriminate strains between each others. The first one is a quick and low cost approach (PCR HRM) whereas the second can be used to multiplex a lot of analyses (Luminex). My work allowed a significative increase into B. anthracis knowledge. The typing tools developed will allow traceability and quick identification of the strains involved in an Anthrax outbreak or in a suspected bioterrorist attempt in France.; Bacillus anthracis est une bactérie pathogène de répartition mondiale qui est responsable d’une zoonose, le charbon bactéridien. Appartenant au genre Bacillus, elle possède la capacité de sporuler : cette particularité lui permet de rester en dormance dans les sols et de résister à de nombreux stress (UV, chaleur…). Infectant principalement les mammifères, cette bactérie est responsable de foyers animaux et humains recensés annuellement à travers le monde. Certaines régions sont endémiques, d’autres, comme la France, ne connaissent que quelques cas sporadiques par an. Malgré l’incidence décroissante de la maladie à travers le monde, B. anthracis reste néanmoins d’un intérêt majeur pour de nombreux pays étant donné son usage potentiel en tant qu’arme biologique. L’étude de cette bactérie a une finalité duale, d’une part pour la mortalité qu’elle cause au sein des cheptels bovins et de la faune sauvage, et d’autre part, pour son potentiel en tant qu’arme de destruction massive. Cette espèce bactérienne est considérée comme très clonale : toutes les souches sont extrêmement proches d’un point de vue génétique. Afin de pouvoir identifier précisément les souches et remonter à la source d’infection, diverses méthodes de diagnostic et de typage moléculaire sont disponibles. Cependant, toutes ne possèdent pas le pouvoir de résolution souhaité, la robustesse ou la simplicité d’utilisation. Mon travail a consisté à étudier la diversité des souches de B. anthracis disponibles en Europe. Pour cela, un séquençage du génome complet a été réalisé sur un panel d’environ 250 souches (France, Europe) afin de disposer d’une très grande diversité. Une analyse bioinformatique comparative a permis de reconstruire les génomes des isolats européens et l’identification de polymorphismes de séquence spécifiques à ces souches (ici, les Single Nucleotide Polymorphims = SNP). Ces marqueurs ont conduit à établir avec précision la phylogénie de 292 souches de B. anthracis au niveau mondial. Plusieurs hypothèses concernant les origines et l’évolution de ce pathogène ont été proposées. Une proposition d’une nouvelle sous-lignée a également été faite. Enfin, un panel de soixante nouveaux marqueurs de type SNP a été identifié et validé pour génotyper les groupes et lignées phylogénétiquement apparentés présents en Europe. Deux méthodes de biologie moléculaire basées sur l’amplification PCR de ces marqueurs SNP ont été mises au point. La première permet une analyse rapide à faible coût (PCR HRM) alors que la seconde permet un multiplexage des tests (Luminex). Mon travail a permis un accroissement significatif de la connaissance de ce pathogène qu’est B. anthracis. Les outils de typage mis en place permettront à la France de disposer d’un outil de diagnostic performant, assurant la traçabilité et l’identification rapide des souches impliquées lors de foyers de fièvre charbonneuse ou lors de cas importés.

Odontology is also undergoing the digital revolution that has prevailed in our society for more than 20 years. Computer-aided technologies have kept developing in dentistry, and particularly in dental prostheses thanks to the cutting-edge technology used in machines, new materials and computer-aided software. The main purpose of this thesis is to pinpoint what it is possible to do nowadays with computer-aided technologies in dynamic occlusion. The use of computer -aided mandibular movement simulators such as virtual stimulators are interesting from a clinical point of view and offer new prospects in the use of computer-aided technologies in dental prostheses., L’odontologie n’échappe pas à la révolution numérique que connait notre société depuis plus de 20 ans. La conception et fabrication assistées par ordinateur (CFAO) ne cesse de se développer dans le domaine de la dentisterie et notamment la prothèse grâce à l’augmentation du niveau de perfectionnement des machines-outils, à l’apparition de nouveaux matériaux et l’évolution rapide des logiciels de CAO. L’objet principal de cette thèse est d’identifier les possibilités actuelles dans la prise en charge de l’occlusion dynamique en CFAO. L’emploi de simulateurs de mouvements mandibulaires numériques tels que les articulateurs virtuels sont cliniquement intéressants et offrent de nouvelles perspectives dans l’utilisation de la CFAO en prothèse.

Table S1. B. canis strains investigated in this study and from public databases and whole sequencing data. (DOCX 19 kb)

Table S1. B. canis strains investigated in this study and from public databases and whole sequencing data. (DOCX 19 kb)

Canine brucellosis is a major underestimated zoonosis that remains endemic in many areas of the world. A recent phylogeographic investigation including 53 Brucella canis field isolates revealed the existence of two major lineages worldwide., Canine brucellosis is a major underestimated zoonosis that remains endemic in many areas of the world. A recent phylogeographic investigation including 53 Brucella canis field isolates revealed the existence of two major lineages worldwide. Here, we report genome sequencing of 5 representative isolates of different clades identified in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-08-28 Background: Canine brucellosis, due to Brucella canis, is a worldwide zoonosis that remains endemic in South America, including Brazil. Implementation of powerful whole-genome sequencing approaches allowed exploring the Brucella genus considered as monomorphic, with, to date, more than 500 genomes available in public databases. Nevertheless, with under-representation of B. canis genomes -only twenty complete or draft genomes-, lack of knowledge about this species is still considerable. This report describes a comparative genomics-based phylogeographic investigation of 53 B. canis strains, including 28 isolates paired-end sequenced in this work. Results: Obtained results allow identifying a SNP panel species-specific to B. canis of 1086 nucleotides. In addition, high-resolution analyses assess the epidemiological relationship between worldwide isolates. Our findings show worldwide strains are distributed among 2 distinct lineages. One of them seems to be specific to South American strains, including Brazil. B. canis South American strains may be identified by a SNP panel of 15 nucleotides, whereas a 22 SNP panel is sufficient to define contamination origin from Brazil. These results lead to the proposal of a possible spread route for dog brucellosis through South America. Additionally, whole-genome analyses highlight the remarkable genomic stability of B. canis strains over time and the sustainability of the infection in São Paulo over 12 year-period. Conclusions: Significant increase of B. canis genomes available in public databases provides new insights into B. canis infection in South America, including Brazil, as well as in the world, and also offers new perspectives for the Brucella genus largo sensu. Paris-Est University/Anses EU/OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for animal Brucellosis Animal Health Laboratory FMVZ UNESP Molecular Biology Laboratory Dept. Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health University of Animal Science and Food Engineering USP Dept. Veterinary Medicine Physiology of reproduction and behaviour joint research unit INRA Val de Loire Centre Anses Laboratoire de Lyon UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants Lyon France Université de Lyon VetAgro Sup UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants FMVZ UNESP Molecular Biology Laboratory Dept. Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health