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The influence of water deficit on plant physiological and biochemical responses as measured by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) has not been investigated in cultivars developed by the world's largest soybean producer. This information can help obtain plants with improved tolerance to the abiotic stress that most affects soybean production in Brazil, enabling adaptation to edaphoclimatic conditions to enhance the crop's yield potential. We aim to determine the FTSW threshold for transpiration and evaluate changes in the growth, physiological activities, and biochemical and antioxidant responses of soybean cultivars. Three trials were sown on 11/19/2018 (T1), 12/28/2018 (T2), and 9/9/2019 (T3), representing almost the entire soybean sowing window in Brazil. The estimated FTSW threshold values were 0.33, 0.29, and 0.31 in T1; 0.35, 0.41, and 0.43 in T2; and 0.31, 0.49, and 0.45 in T3 for cultivars BMX GARRA IPRO, DM 66I68 RSF IPRO, and NA 5909 RG, respectively. In the three trials, NA 5909 RG showed the greatest height. The POD enzyme was activated in non-irrigated plants in T2 only in cvs. DM 66I68 RSF IPRO and NA 5909 RG. We conclude that cvs. DM 66I68 RSF IPRO and NA 5909 RG showed a more efficient stomatal control, conserving soil water for a longer time, which indicates greater tolerance to water deficit.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the tolerance of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars to flooding stress at different growth stages. The experiment was arranged in a 2x2x5 factorial arrangement, with two sowing dates (October and November), two soybean cultivars (TECIRGA 6070RR and NA 5909 RG), and five growth stages (SE-EM, EM-VC, VC-V2, V2-V4, and V6-V8) in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 crop years. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. For both evaluated soybean cultivars, the growth stage most sensitive to soil flooding was SE-EM. After seedling emergence, the highest reductions in leaf area and shoot dry matter were observed in the V2-V4 stage, regardless of cultivar, sowing date, and crop year. From the V4 stage onwards, soybean shows a higher tolerance to flooding conditions. However, after seedling emergence, the TECIRGA 6070RR cultivar has a higher tolerance to flooding stress than NA 5909 RG. Sowing in October tends to reduce the impact of flooding stress on the plants. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância de cultivares de soja (Glycine max) ao estresse por alagamento, em diferentes estádios de crescimento. O experimento foi realizado em arranjo fatorial 2x2x5, com duas épocas de semeadura (outubro e novembro), duas cultivares de soja (TECIRGA 6070RR e NA 5909 RG) e cinco fases de desenvolvimento (SE-EM, EM-VC, VC-V2, V2-V4 e V6-V8), nos anos agrícolas 2018/2019 e 2019/2020. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Para ambas as cultivares avaliadas, o estádio de crescimento mais sensível ao alagamento do solo foi o SE-EM. Após a emergência das plântulas, as maiores reduções de área foliar e matéria seca de brotos foram observadas no estádio V2-V4, independentemente de cultivar, época de semeadura e ano agrícola. A partir do estádio V4, a soja apresenta maior tolerância às condições de alagamento. No entanto, após a emergência das plântulas, a cultivar TECIRGA 6070RR apresenta maior tolerância ao estresse por inundação do que a NA 5909 RG. A semeadura em outubro tende a reduzir o impacto do estresse por inundação nas plantas.

Laser–plasma interaction and hot electrons have been characterized in detail in laser irradiation conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The experiment was carried out at the Gekko XII laser facility in multibeam planar target geometry at an intensity of approximately $3\times {10}^{15}$ W/cm2. Experimental data suggest that high-energy electrons, with temperatures of 20–50 keV and conversion efficiencies of $\eta , were mainly produced by the damping of electron plasma waves driven by two-plasmon decay (TPD). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is observed in a near-threshold growth regime, producing a reflectivity of approximately $0.01\%$ , and is well described by an analytical model accounting for the convective growth in independent speckles. The experiment reveals that both TPD and SRS are collectively driven by multiple beams, resulting in a more vigorous growth than that driven by single-beam laser intensity.

Elucidating the bonding situation in a titanium complex with an anionic N-heterocyclic olefin ligand.

Are competent actors still trusted when they promote themselves? The answer to this question could have far-reaching implications for understanding trust production in a variety of economic exchange settings in which ability and impression management play vital roles, from succeeding in one’s job to excelling in the sales of goods and services. Much social science research assumes an unconditional positive impact of an actor’s ability on the trust placed in that actor: in other words, competence breeds trust. In this report, however, we challenge this assumption. Across a series of experiments, we manipulated both the ability and the self-promotion of a trustee and measured the level of trust received. Employing both online laboratory studies (n= 5,606) and a field experiment (n= 101,520), we find that impression management tactics (i.e., self-promotion and intimidation) can substantially backfire, at least for those with high ability. An explanation for this effect is encapsuled in attribution theory, which argues that capable actors are held to higher standards in terms of how kind and honest they are expected to be. Consistent with our social attribution account, mediation analyses show that competence combined with self-promotion decreases the trustee’s perceived benevolence and integrity and, in turn, the level of trust placed in that actor.

A valoração da tecnologia é uma tarefa fundamental que propicia aos gestores dos Núcleos de Inovações Tecnológicas (NITs) um maior poder de decisão nos momentos de negociação de contratos de Transferência de Tecnologia (TT). Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo de caso acerca da utilização da Análise de Ponto de Função (APF) como uma alternativa para valorar o desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional, o Acadigitus, uma plataforma tecnológica em fase final de desenvolvimento na Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF). O método de APF consiste em determinar o tamanho de um programa, por meio da contagem das funcionalidades identificadas pelo usuário. A metodologia, baseou-se na pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, sendo efetuado consultas em portais de periódicos científicos, por meio CAPES e SCIELO, além de sites institucionais com temas relacionados aos conceitos atrelados ao objeto de estudo. Ademais, foram analisados os documentos técnicos do Acadigitus, para fins de levantamento dos requisitos funcionais, no qual se calculou o tamanho do sistema e, a partir disso, obteve-se o valor do custo, do prazo e do esforço empregado no desenvolvimento da referida tecnologia. A aplicação da análise de ponto de função descrita, trata-se de uma referência para valoração de sistemas computacionais a partir do NIT/UNIVASF e outras instituições congêneres que possuem esses tipos de ativos de propriedade intelectual.

Common beans reduce their development and productivity when facing soil water deficit. Comprehension about growth response under this condition can be a tool for cultivar selection and escape from scarcity periods. Therefore, the objective was to characterize bean growth in different water conditions using logistic and chanter models. Two experiments (crop season= EI and fallow season = EII) were carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil in a bifactorial scheme (cultivars: Triunfo, Garapiá, FC104; water condition: irrigated, not irrigated) in a completely randomized design. Fortnightly evaluations of height, number of nodes, stem diameter, root length, aerial part, roots, and nodules dry matter were carried out. The data were adjusted according to the accumulated thermal sum by the logistic and chanter models. From the results, it is noted that there was a dissimilar performance between water conditions, cultivars, and experiments. The best adjustment occurred for stem diameter, node number, and aerial part dry matter. Between models, the logistic is the most suitable to describe common bean growth.

The study aimed to determine the response of chia (Salvia hispanica) to nitrogen (N) fertilization at different sowing dates in southern Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block de...

Soybean is the main legume grown in the world. Rio Grande do Sul is an important national producer of the grain and the expansion of the crop to lowland areas where irrigated rice is traditionally cultivated in the state. The occurrence of excess water is harmful to the growth and development of plants, and compromises production, generating large losses of grain productivity. However, the duration of the stress, the phase of plant development and the weather conditions during the flood influence the severity of the stress. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the ecophysiology and characterize the growth of soybean cultivars by the logistic model subjected to flooding days in sowing seasons. To achieve this objective, two experiments were carried out at two sowing times (October and November) in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 crop years. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, each repetition consisting of a pot with one plant. Two soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RG and TEC IRGA 6070 RR) with relative maturity group close to 6.0 were used. The experiment I aimed to study the water excess in soybean cultivars in different phases of development during the vegetative phase and the experiment II, to study days of flooding in soybean cultivars, without and with a second flood from the vegetative phase V6-V7. In each experiment the following were determined: leaf area, dry mass, number of nodes, plant height, chlorophyll content and gas exchange measurements. The most sensitive phase to excess water for soybean cultivars is SE-EM, as there was no seed germination in both sowing dates and years studied. It was observed that the cultivar NA 5909 RG is more sensitive to excess water on days of flooding for the variables studied. For each group (3, 6, 9 and 12) of days of flooding evaluated, it was observed that when the soybean was submitted to a second flood it presented a worse performance than when only imposed to a single event of water stress, which shows no acclimatization. The second sowing season potentiated the effect of water stress on soybeans due to higher average air temperatures. The logistic model was adjusted to the leaf area variable, as a function of the accumulated degree-days. Leaf area can be estimated from models of relationship with mean air temperature, through the accumulation of degree-days. A soja é a principal leguminosa cultivada no mundo. O Rio Grande do Sul é um importante produtor nacional do grão e no Estado vem ocorrendo a expansão da cultura para áreas de terras baixas onde tradicionalmente é cultivado monocultivo de arroz irrigado. A ocorrência de excesso hídrico é prejudicial para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, e compromete a produção, gerando grandes perdas de produtividade de grãos. No entanto, o período de duração do estresse, o estágio de desenvolvimento das plantas e as condições meteorológicas durante a inundação influenciam na severidade do estresse. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ecofisiologia e caracterizar o crescimento de cultivares de soja pelo modelo logístico submetidas a dias de inundação em épocas de semeadura. Para alcançar tal objetivo foram realizados dois experimentos em duas épocas de semeadura (outubro e novembro) nos anos agrícolas 2018/2019 e 2019/2020. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, cada repetição constituindo-se de um vaso com uma planta. Foram utilizadas 2 cultivares (NA 5909 RG e TEC IRGA 6070 RR) de soja com grupo de maturidade relativa próximo de 6.0. O experimento I visou estudar o excesso hídrico em cultivares de soja em distintas fases do desenvolvimento durante a fase vegetativa e o experimento II, estudar dias de inundação em cultivares de soja, sem e com uma segunda inundação a partir da fase vegetativa V6-V7. Em cada experimento foram determinados: a área foliar, massa seca, número de nós, estatura das plantas, teor de clorofila e medidas de trocas gasosas. A fase mais sensível ao excesso hídrico para as cultivares de soja é a SE-EM, pois não ocorreu a germinação das sementes, nas duas épocas de semeadura e anos estudados. Foi observado que a cultivar NA 5909 RG é mais sensível ao excesso hídrico em dias de inundação para as variáveis estudadas. Para cada grupo (3, 6, 9 e 12) de dias de inundação avaliado observou-se que quando a soja foi submetida a uma segunda inundação ela apresentou um desempenho pior do que quando somente imposta a um único evento de estresse hídrico, o que demonstra não ter aclimatação. A segunda época de semeadura potencializou o efeito do estresse hídrico sobre a soja devido as médias de temperaturas do ar mais elevadas. O modelo logístico se ajustou à variável área foliar, em função dos graus-dias acumulados. A área foliar pode ser estimada a partir de modelos de relação com a temperatura média do ar, através do acúmulo de graus-dia.

The objective of this study was to characterize the development of chia plants sown at different dates, and to determine the relation between the duration of the development cycle and the final number of leaves and the leaf appearance rate on the main stem. A field experiment was conducted in the agricultural year of 2016/2017 in five sowing dates (09/22/16, 10/28/16, 01/03/17, 02/08/17 and 03/24/17) in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the central region of the RS, Brazil. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. For each sowing date, the duration of the vegetative and reproductive phases in days and in °C day (Tb = 11 °C), the final number of leaves and the phyllochron of the main stem were determined. The duration of the vegetative phase of chia plants in days and in ºC day varies between the sowing dates, with shorter duration in late sowings in response to the photoperiod reduction. The vegetative phase represents the largest part of the total development cycle in early sowing dates, being overcome by the reproductive phase in late sowing dates (02/08/17 and 03/24/17). The phyllochron for chia varies from 36.23 (very late sowing) to 59.88 ºC day (early sowing). Later sowing has a smaller final number of leaves accumulated in the main stem due to the shorter duration of the vegetative phase.

The effects of incoherence on the three-wave coupling process of backward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in inhomogeneous plasmas are investigated theoretically and numerically via a three-wave coupling model. The impact of the plasma wave nonlinearity is taken into account, namely, the effect of trapped electrons via a nonlinear frequency shift of the electron plasma wave. Incoherence in the coupling is introduced in the seed wave, and the laser pump wave via bandwidth associated with a Lorentzian power spectrum. It is found that temporal incoherence can suppress the instability as long as the gain associated with spatial amplification in an inhomogeneous plasma (“Rosenbluth gain”) is smaller than 2. Otherwise, kinetic effects may destabilize SRS and significantly increase the backscatter level. For the bandwidth effects of the pump laser, a statistical analysis has been performed to examine the real impact of bandwidth. Moreover, a semi-analytical expression of the growth rate in the nonlinear stage is given. By estimating the bandwidth effects, it is found that a broad bandwidth of the pump laser starts to mitigate the scattering provided that the laser beam coherence time τc is shorter than [Formula: see text], the inverse of the standard SRS growth rate γ0. However, to obtain effective mitigation, by maintaining SRS in an almost linear stage, it is found that the criterion [Formula: see text] has to be fulfilled.

International audience; Previous studies have shown that the use of laser bandwidth may mitigate the growth of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in laser plasma interaction experiments, in particular when the spectrum of the driving (or pump) laser is composed of uniformly distributed frequency components with a well-chosen bandwidth [for example, M. Luo et al, Phys. Plasmas 29, 032102 (2022); H. Wen et al, Phys. Plasmas 28, 042109 (2021); R. K. Follett et al, Phys. Plasmas 26, 062111 (2019)]. Here, we investigate the effects of frequency chirp in the pump laser on backward SRS in inhomogeneous plasmas, taking into account kinetic effects associated with the nonlinear detuning of the parametric resonance due to high-amplitude electron plasma waves (EPW). Via theoretical considerations and numerical simulations, using a multi-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code, it is shown that positive frequency chirp rates lead to a displacement of the resonance in the plasma profile. For a sufficiently strong positive chirp rate, such that the resonance displacement is faster than the EPW group velocity, the EPWs prove to remain limited in amplitude such that SRS is suppressed. The required frequency chirp rate corresponds to a laser bandwidth of about 1-2%.

Nicht selten kann es im Zivilverfahren dazu kommen, dass das Beweisverfahren auch Tatsachen zutage fördert, die von den Parteien gar nicht behauptet wurden. Beispielsweise können Zeugen etwas aussagen, das dem Gericht entscheidungsrelevant erscheint, aber von den Parteien selbst nicht vorgebracht wurde. In diesem Fall reicht das Beweisergebnis über das Beweisthema sowie die Parteienvorbringen hinaus. Es ist fraglich, ob dem Gericht die Verwertung dieser überschießenden Beweisergebnisse aufgrund des Umstandes, dass kein entsprechendes Vorbringen erstattet wurde, verboten ist, obwohl diese für seine Entscheidung erkennbar relevant sind oder ob es zulässig sein kann, dass das Gericht diese Beweisergebnisse in seiner Entscheidung als „überschießende Feststellungen“ verwertet. Diese Problematik ist schon früh Gegenstand der Rechtsprechung und von Diskussionen in der Lehre gewesen. So beschäftigte sich bereits der Schöpfer der österreichischen ZPO, Franz Klein, 1891 mit der Thematik der „überschießenden Feststellungen.“ Seither beschäftigten sich sowohl der OGH als auch die Lehre eingehend mit dem Rechtsproblem der (Un)Zulässigkeit überschießender Feststellungen und deren Behandlung, insbesondere deren Geltendmachung im Rahmen eines Rechtsmittels. Hierbei hat vor allem die Lehre diverse Gründe für die Zulässigkeit überschießender Feststellungen herausgearbeitet. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit widmet sich der umfassenden Darstellung der Frage der (Un)Zulässigkeit überschießender Feststellungen, insbesondere in Hinblick auf die diversen Anknüpfungspunkte, welche von der Lehre zur Beurteilung der (Un)Zulässigkeit herangezogen werden, sowie die Geltendmachung der Verwertung unzulässig überschießender Tatsachenfeststellungen mit einem Rechtsmittel. Diese Diplomarbeit soll nicht nur die Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung sowie die unterschiedlichen Meinungen in der Lehre erörtern, sondern es wird auch versucht zu den wesentlichen Punkten eigene Stellungnahmen einfließen zu lassen. In civil proceedings, it is not uncommon for the evidence procedure to reveal facts that were not even claimed by the parties. For example, witnesses may give evidence to something that appears relevant to the court's decision but was not claimed by the parties themselves. In this case, the result of the evidence extends beyond the evidence topic as well as the parties’ submissions. It is questionable whether the court is prohibited from utilizing these excess evidence results since no corresponding claim was made, even though these results are relevant for the court's decision, or whether it can be permitted that the court utilizes these evidence results in its decision as "excess findings”. This problem has been subject of jurisprudence as well as of doctrinal discussions from early on. Thus, the creator of the Austrian ZPO, Franz Klein, already discussed the issue of "excessive findings" in 1891. Since then, both the Austrian Supreme Court as well as legal doctrine have discussed the problem of the (in)permissibility of excess findings as well as their enforcement through an appeal. In this context, especially the legal doctrine has elaborated various reasons for the permissibility of excessive findings. This thesis is intended to provide a comprehensive presentation regarding the question of the (in)permissibility of excess findings, in particular regarding the various points of reference used by the legal doctrine to assess the (in)permissibility, as well as the enforcement of the utilization of unpermitted excess findings through an appeal. This thesis will not only discuss the development of the jurisdiction as well as the various opinions in legal doctrine, but it will also attempt to include own opinions to the essential questions. Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin Diplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022

Scope: Coffee consumption is widely recognized to improve the antioxidant status. We hypothesized a dark-roast coffee to reduce plasma oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and to improve alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Methods and results: After a 4 week, coffee-free run-in period, 86 healthy, randomized volunteers completed either a control (CTRL) or coffee (COFF) intervention in which either 750 mL water (CTRL) or coffee (COFF) were consumed daily for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken at the begin and after the intervention. Mean changes in oxidized LDL concentrations after coffee consumption (−0.47 ± 15.4 U/L) differed from those of the CTRL-G (5.69 ± 18.8 U/L, p

A contaminação da água e dos solos com elementos tóxicos consiste em um grande problema ambiental com implicações para a saúde humana e animal. Entre os metais tóxicos, o alumínio (Al) representa um entrave para a agricultura, podendo causar diversos danos às plantas diminuindo sua produtividade. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a tolerância ao Al no processo germinativo das sementes de alcachofra. Para tal, as sementes foram colocadas sobre papel embebido em solução aquosa de cloreto de alumínio nas concentrações correspondentes a zero; 30, 60, 90 e 120 mg L-1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: percentagem de germinação, primeira contagem, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que concentrações de Al acima de 30 mg L-1 ocasionam redução do comprimento total das plântulas de alcachofra, não influenciando na percentagem de germinação das sementes. Conclui-se, portanto, que as sementes de alcachofra toleram moderadamente o Al nos níveis propostos neste trabalho.

This study aimed to obtain equations to estimate leaf area from linear leaf dimensions and establish the allometric relationship between leaf area and the number of leaves on the main stem of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) at different sowing times. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2016/2017 on five sowing times in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, in a randomized block design with four repetitions. In each plot, ten random plants were marked weekly during the vegetative phase to determine the number of leaves (NL) in the main stem, and three of these for the determination of leaf area (LA). A total of 70 leaves of different sizes were used to calibrate the model. Another 106 leaves were used to test the predictive capacity of the equations by various statistical indices. The length (L) and the largest leaf width (W) were measured. Leaf collection was carried out during the cycle, in all sowing times to represent all leaf sizes. The linear, quadratic, exponential, and potential models were adjusted. The non-destructive method, through the linear dimensions of the leaf, is appropriate for estimating the leaf area in chia. The general equation LA = 0.642 (L x W) can be used to estimate the leaf area of the chia plants without loss of precision. The potential model is appropriate to characterize the allometric relationship between leaf area evolution and the number of leaves accumulated in the main stem of chia at different sowing times. RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo obter equações para estimar a área foliar a partir de dimensões lineares da folha e estabelecer a relação alométrica entre a área foliar e o número de folhas da haste principal de chia (Salvia hispanica L.) em diferentes épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2016/2017 em cinco épocas de semeadura em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Em cada parcela, dez plantas ao acaso foram marcadas para determinação semanal do número de folhas (NF) na haste principal durante a fase vegetativa, e três para determinação da área foliar (AF). Um total de 70 folhas de diferentes tamanhos foram usadas para calibrar o modelo e outras 106 folhas foram usadas para testar a capacidade preditiva das equações por vários índices estatísticos, nas quais foram medidos o comprimento (C) e a maior largura da folha (L). A coleta de folhas foi realizada durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento de todas as épocas de semeadura para ter representação de todos os tamanhos de folhas. Os modelos linear, quadrático, exponencial e potencial foram ajustados. O método não destrutivo, através das dimensões lineares da folha, é adequado para estimar a área foliar em chia. A equação geral AF = 0.642 (L x W) pode ser usada para estimar a área foliar das plantas de chia sem perda de precisão. O modelo potencial é adequado para caracterizar a relação alométrica entre a evolução da área foliar e o número de folhas acumuladas na haste principal de chia em diferentes épocas de semeadura.

Thanks to the work of thousands of physicists over the past 80 years, we now have a remarkable understanding of how nature behaves at high energies. Everything in the Universe, from the most distant quasar to the smallest atom, is made of what we call fundamental particles. These particles are governed by four different forces: strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational. Developed in the early 1970s, the so-called Standard Model of particle physics is capable of describing how particles are related to three of these forces. Since it was first proposed, the Standard Model has successfully explained several experimental results to an outstanding precision, and correctly predicted the existence of many new particles, including the famous Higgs boson. However, even though it is currently our best description of the subatomic world, the Standard Model does not explain the complete picture. One major problem is that the theory fails to describe gravity and to answer why this fundamental force is much weaker than the others. Another big difficulty is what physicists call the hierarchy problem, which refers to the sensitivity of the Higgs mass to new scales. Besides these two, there are many other questions left unanswered by the Standard Model, such as the matter-antimatter asymmetry, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the strong CP problem, and the mass of neutrinos. Thus, it became clear there must be new physics hidden deep in the Universe. In the past few years, physicists have dedicated themselves to the development of different extensions of the Standard Model. Since precision experiments have been crucial in establishing the validity of our current description, they will also be instrumental to assess whether new physics is already manifesting itself in experimental data. Focusing on the phenomenological constraints that precision measurements can provide on the gauge sector of the electroweak group, we aim to pursue a new precision program in which the most generic modifications due to new physics will be considered. We intend to apply this formalism to theories that extend the Standard Model gauge symmetry by a new Abelian group called U(1)X. The gauge boson associated with U(1)X can mix with both the Standard Model Z boson and photon through the kinetic term. Furthermore, depending on how we choose to break this extra symmetry, the new gauge boson X can also have a mass mixing with them. As we will show, such mixings imply in three new eigenstates. The photon and Z boson we observe are now a mixture of the Standard Model fields and the X boson field. The same is true for the third observable eigenstate, which is known as Z\' boson. In this work, we propose the Z\' to be in the MeV-GeV mass range. Such mass range has been of great interest to physicists since they realized new particles can be quite light and still have evaded discovery in particle accelerators. Modifications of electroweak observables due to the presence of a light Z\' boson have not been studied systematically in the literature to date. Thus, our analysis consists in performing a global fit to the W boson mass and other eleven observables measured at the Z resonance. This allows us to determine an exclusion region in the parameter space of our model, and establish the mass range of the Z\' boson consistent with current experimental data. Finally, we can check whether our model is able to explain the tension between the theoretical and experimental values of the muon magnetic moment. Such discrepancy is now considered one of the most stringent constraints on potential new physics effects. Graças ao trabalho de milhares de físicos nos últimos 80 anos, atualmente nós temos uma compreensão extraordinária de como a natureza se comporta em altas energias. Tudo no Universo, do quasar mais distante ao menor átomo, é constituído do que chamamos de partículas fundamentais. Essas partículas são governadas por quatro diferentes forças: forte, fraca, eletromagnética e gravitacional. Desenvolvido no início da década de 1970, o chamado Modelo Padrão da física de partículas é capaz de descrever como as partículas estão relacionadas a três dessas forças. Desde que foi proposto, o Modelo Padrão conseguiu explicar diversos resultados experimentais com uma precisão excepcional. Além disso, foi capaz de prever corretamente a existência de muitas novas partículas, incluindo o famoso bóson de Higgs. No entanto, embora seja nossa melhor descrição do mundo subatômico até agora, o Modelo Padrão não explica o quadro completo. Um dos maiores problemas é que a teoria falha em descrever a gravidade e explicar o porquê dessa força fundamental ser muito mais fraca do que as demais. Outra grande dificuldade é o que os físicos chamam de problema da hierarquia, que se refere à sensibilidade da massa do Higgs à novas escalas. Há ainda muitas outras questões deixadas sem resposta pelo Modelo Padrão, como a assimetria entre matéria e antimatéria, a natureza da matéria escura e da energia escura, o problema da violação CP forte e a massa dos neutrinos. Assim, ficou claro que deve haver nova física escondida no Universo. Nos últimos anos, os físicos têm se dedicado ao desenvolvimento de diferentes extensões do Modelo Padrão. Como os testes de precisão foram cruciais para estabelecer a validade da nossa atual descrição, eles também serão importantes para determinar se nova física já está se manifestando nos dados experimentais. Focando nas restrições fenomenológicas que os testes de precisão podem impor sobre o setor eletrofraco, pretendemos buscar um novo programa de precisão no qual serão consideradas as modificações mais genéricas devido à nova física. Nós aplicaremos este formalismo à teorias que estendem a simetria de gauge do Modelo Padrão com um novo grupo Abeliano chamado U(1)X. O bóson de gauge associado a U(1)X pode se misturar com o bóson Z e o fóton do Modelo Padrão através de um termo cinético. Além disso, dependendo de como escolhemos quebrar essa simetria extra, o novo bóson de gauge X pode também se misturar com ambos a partir de um termo de massa. Como mostraremos, tais misturas implicam em três novos auto-estados. O fóton e o bóson Z que observamos agora serão uma mistura dos campos do modelo padrão e do bóson X. O mesmo é verdade para o terceiro auto-estado observável, conhecido como bóson Z\'. Neste trabalho, propomos que o Z\' tenha uma massa na região do MeV-GeV. Essa faixa de massa tem sido de grande interesse para os físicos, já que novas partículas podem ser muito leves e, ainda assim, não terem sido descobertas nos aceleradores de partículas. Acreditamos que as modificações dos observáveis eletrofracos devido à presença de um bóson Z\' leve não foram estudadas sistematicamente na literatura. Portanto, nossa análise consiste em realizar um fit global para a massa do bóson W e outros onze observáveis medidos na ressonância do Z. Isso nos permite determinar uma região de exclusão no espaço de parâmetros do nosso modelo, estabelecendo a faixa de massa do bóson Z\' que é consistente com os atuais dados experimentais. Finalmente, podemos verificar se nosso modelo é capaz de explicar a tensão entre os valores teórico e experimental do momento magnético do múon. Essa discrepância tem sido considerada uma das restrições mais rigorosas sobre os potenciais efeitos de nova física.

Crossed beam energy transfer, CBET, in high-intensity laser–plasma interaction is investigated for the case of optically smoothed laser beams. In the two approaches to laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments, the direct-drive and the indirect-drive, CBET is of great importance because it governs the coupling of laser energy to the plasma. We use the two-dimensional wave-coupling code H armony to simulate the transfer between two laser beams with speckle structure that overlap in a plasma with an inhomogeneous flow profile. We compare the CBET dynamics for laser beams with spatial incoherence and with spatio-temporal incoherence; in particular we apply the smoothing techniques using random phase plates (RPPs) and smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD), respectively. It is found that for laser beams (wavelength λ 0 ) with intensities ( I L ) above I L ∼ 2 × 10 15 W cm −2 ( λ 0 /0.35 µm) −2 ( T e /keV), both the so-called plasma-induced smoothing as well as self-focusing in intense laser speckles induce temporal incoherence; the latter affects the CBET and the angular distribution of the light transmitted behind the zone of beam overlap. For RPP-smoothed incident beams, the resulting band width of the transmitted light can already be of the same order as the effective band width of the SSD available at major laser facilities. We examine the conditions when spatio-temporal smoothing techniques become efficient for CBET. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 1)’.

O excesso de sais na água ou no solo é um dos principais fatores ambientais que afeta a germinação das sementes e diminui a produtividade das culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta fisiológica das sementes de alcachofra ao estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em câmara B.O.D., na temperatura constante de 20 ºC e em presença de luz. As sementes foram posicionadas sobre papel embebido em solução aquosa de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) e cloreto de sódio (NaCl) nos potenciais osmóticos correspondentes a zero (água destilada); -0,10; -0,20; -0,30; -0,40 MPa. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: germinação e primeira contagem de germinação (vigor). A redução do potencial osmótico do substrato promoveu decréscimo significativo na germinação e no vigor das sementes de alcachofra. Conclui-se que as sementes desta espécie são sensíveis à salinidade e não toleram potenciais osmóticos iguais ou inferiores a -0,10 MPa, sendo possível o seu cultivo em áreas agrícolas nas concentrações acima destes potenciais.

Unbeknownst to most, in June of 1983, Quentin Quesnell made a visit to Jerusalem in order to personally inspect the Mar Saba document known as the Letter to Theodore. This is significant because it adds Quesnell to a small group of people who have testified to have seen the Letter to Theodore in person, and an even smaller group who have commented on its appearance and contents first-hand. Following Quesnell’s death in 2012 many of his personal belongings were acquired by Smith College (Northampton) and recently released to the public for viewing. Among Quesnell’s belongings was a journal full of notes, along with photos and letters to his wife Jean Higgins, all relating to Morton Smith’s discovery of the Letter to Theodore at Mar Saba and to Quesnell’s 1983 visit to Jerusalem. On the basis of these documents the following article offers a summary of Quesnell’s part in the debate over Smith’s discovery and a report of his inspection of the manuscript.

The uncanny valley hypothesis suggests that robots that closely resemble humans elicit feelings of eeriness. We focused on individual differences in the uncanny valley experience, which have been largely neglected to date. Using a mixed effects modelling approach, we tested whether individual differences in the need for structure predict uncanny valley sensitivity. Two experiments (Ns = 226 and 336) with morphed stimuli confirmed the uncanny valley effect. A moderator effect of need for structure was found in Experiment 2, which used a fine-grained manipulation of human likeness, but not in Experiment 1, which used a 3-step manipulation. The results provide tentative evidence that individuals who respond negatively to a lack of structure show a more pronounced (“deeper”) uncanny valley effect.

As in many transition countries, also in Georgia rural urban migration as well as migration from the agricultural sector takes place. This also applies to the Kazbegi district, a mountainous region in the Greater Caucasus of Georgia. The main activity in the district is subsistence farming, while only a few agricultural producers are commercially active. As the region offers beautiful nature, during the last decade tourism has been on the rise, while a dwindling interest in the agricultural sector can be observed. However, the growth in tourism also provides opportunities for small-scale agricultural producers to increase their income by marketing their surplus production to the local tourism sector and thereby improving their livelihoods. In turn, an increase in local agri-food products offered might have a positive effect on the tourism sector. Thus, establishing linkages of agricultural food production and rural tourism might contribute to the economic development of the district and even counteract migration to the capital and from the agricultural sector. Through a qualitative study, we aim at identifying local agri-food products suitable for being marketed to the tourism sector and efficient marketing options. In order to do so, we analyze local agri-food chains. Exploratory interviews, focus group discussions and expert interviews provide data for a qualitative content analysis. First results show that food products which require little technological equipment for processing and do not underlie strict food safety standards, like for example honey, seem to be adequate to tap marketing potentials with regard to rural tourism.

International audience; A new fluid model describing backward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is presented based on parametric three-wave coupling in multidimensional geometry. It takes into account kinetic effects in the description of the plasma wave via a non linear frequency shift due to trapped electrons. The model is valid in the regime of hot and weakly inhomogeneous plasmas under conditions relevant for inertial confinement fusion with the plasma parameter k L λ De 0.25 (k L standing for the plasma wave number and λ De for the Debye length). Benchmarks of the model have been performed against the Maxwell-particle-in-cell (PIC) code Emi2D in order to calibrate the adjustable parameters controlling the non linear frequency shift. Two major configurations have been tested, one in a homogeneous plasma, with the onset of laser pump depletion and the other in an inhomogeneous plasma, producing auto-resonant growth. Good agreement between fluid and PIC simulations has been found for both configurations, in particular for the growth of SRS, and further on in time for the average backscatter level. The model is a promising tool to be implemented in multi-dimensional laser-plasma interaction packages coupled to hydrodynamics codes in order to compute SRS in mm-size volumes, usually inaccessible with PIC codes.

International audience; Crossed beam energy transfer, CBET, is investigated by taking into account the speckle structure of smoothed laser beams that overlap in a plasma with an inhomogeneous flow profile. Using the two-dimensional simulation code HARMONY, it is shown how ponderomotive self-focusing of laser speckles in crossing beams can significantly affect the transfer of energy from one beam to the other. The role of plasma flow on speckle self-focusing is investigated and revisited, in particular its consequences in terms of redirection and increasing angular spread of the laser beams due to beam bending and plasma-induced smoothing, respectively. At close-to-sonic flow the onset of self-focusing in the beam speckle structure occurs at considerably lower beam intensities than expected for the case without flow. CBET and speckle self-focusing can hence occur together when two crossed beams with equal frequency will resonantly exchange energy via their ponderomotively driven density perturbations flowing with sound speed. From the simulations it is found that consequences of ponderomotive self-focusing can be expected above an average intensity threshold scaling as I L ∼ 2 × 10 14 W cm −2 (λ 0 /1µm) −2 (T e /keV) with impact on the spatial and temporal coherence of the transmitted light. The density perturbations due to the ponderomotive force of the crossing beams can locally be enhanced in self-focusing speckles, partly leading to shock-like structures. These structures eventually increase the effect of plasma-induced smoothing and are at the origin of the stronger angular spread.

Description of the Harmony code for CBET

International audience; Laser ponderomotive self-focusing in an underdense homogeneous plasma is studied within the Paraxial Complex Geometrical Optics (PCGO) approach implemented in a hydrodynamic code in 2D planar geometry. The self-focusing of a PCGO Gaussian beam is compared to simulationsperformed with a paraxial electromagnetic code. Good agreement has been found for beam powers less than three times the critical power and for plasma densities 5%-10% of the critical density. Besides Gaussian beams, PCGO allows to reproduce spatially modulated beams by superposition of Gaussian beams, mimicking a speckle pattern. Although the statistics of speckle patterns generated with PCGO reproduces well the speckle statistics of optically smoothed beams, a PCGO speckle is larger than optical speckles, carrying thus higher power such that they overestimate self-focusing effects. To overcome this issue, an algorithm is proposed within PCGO framework: it consists of superposing several Gaussian beams forming a speckle such that self-focusing effects are eventually well controlled. It is found that the superposition of three Gaussian beams with appropriate initial conditions leads to a reduction of the PCGO speckle intensity enhancement.

The distribution function of electrons accelerated by intense laser pulses at steep vacuum-plasma interfaces is investigated by using the Fokker-Planck equation and methods from extreme statistics. The energy spectrum of electrons penetrating into the dense plasma after being accelerated at the interface and in the preplasma shows a systematic cutoff-like decrease in the momentum component p x / m e c along the laser propagation axis. While the distribution associated with the kinetic energy spectrum (Ekin) is often approximated by a thermal distribution, F ( E kin ) ∝ exp ( − E kin / T h ), with a hot particle temperature Th, the nature of the distribution close to the cutoff is clearly nonthermal. Electron distributions are analyzed here from two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations. Via a comparison with solutions derived from a Fokker-Planck equation and based on Chirikov's standard map models, we find that the electron distributions show a clear signature of stochastic heating, due to repeated acceleration in the standing wave in the preplasma. Further analysis of the solutions to the Fokker-Planck equation allows us to describe the cutoff seen in the momentum p of the distributions F(p), which can be expressed as a function of time τ in the form F ( p , τ ) ∝ [ ( p max − p ) / δ p ] exp ( − 2 p 3 / 9 τ ), portraying a time-dependent cutoff at p → p max. This implies that the energetic tail of the distribution belongs to the maximum domain of attraction of the Weibull law, which means that the probability to find high-energy electrons varies abruptly near pmax. The variance of physical observables sensitive to the high-energy tail is consequently considerably higher than when assuming thermal distribution.

Mit der Einfuhrung des Eurocodes 3 und der DIN EN 1090-2 ist es in Deutschland unter anderem in Bezug auf die Ausfuhrung von geschraubten Verbindungen in Stahltragwerken zu grosen Verwirrungen gekommen. Diese beruhen im Wesentlichen – aber nicht nur – auf der Frage: Welches Vorspannkraftniveau darf bei welchem Verbindungstyp mit welchem Anziehverfahren angesetzt werden? Wo die Frage nach dem richtigen Anziehverfahren relativ schnell geklart ist, da dieses uber den Nationalen Anhang zur Bemessungsnorm fur Stahlbauanschlusse, der DIN EN 1993-1-8/NA, eindeutig an die Hohe des Vorspannkraftniveaus gekoppelt ist, fuhrt die Frage nach dem “richtigen” Vorspannkraftniveau sowohl beim Tragwerksplaner als auch bei der ausfuhrenden Stahlbaufirma immer wieder zu grosen Diskussionen, dass das in DIN EN 1090-2 angebotene Mindestvorspannkraftniveau Fp,C in Deutschland nur mit dem in der nationalen Praxis zwar durchaus bekannten, aber absolut unublichen Kombinierten Vorspannverfahren aufgebracht werden darf. Alternativ dazu wurde in DIN EN 1993-1-8/NA das niedrigere “alte” deutsche Regelvorspannkraftniveau Fp,C* mit Ausfuhrungsregeln zum Anziehen mittels des modifizierten Drehmoment-Vorspannverfahrens wieder definiert. Weitere praxisrelevante Fragestellungen betreffen exemplarisch das Anziehen von nicht vorgespannten Schraubverbindungen und den Einsatz von nicht CE-gekennzeichneten Komponenten einer CE-gekennzeichneten Schraubengarnitur. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Beitrags werden diese und weitere Fragestellungen zum Anziehen von geschraubten Verbindungen im Stahlbau zusammenfassend beantwortet. Tightening of bolted connections according to Eurocode 3 and DIN EN 1090-2. With the introduction of Eurocode 3 and DIN EN 1090-2, great confusions arise in Germany regarding the execution of bolted connections in steel structures. This is based essentially – but not exclusively – on the question: which preload level may be applied in which connection type with which tightening procedure? Where the question of the “correct” tightening procedure is resolved relatively quickly, since this is clearly linked via DIN EN 1993-1-8 / NA at the height of the applied preload level, yields the question of the “correct” preload level for both the structural engineer and the executive steel construction company to major discussions since DIN EN 1090-2 offers the minimum preloading force Fp,C which is allowed to be applied in Germany only by the – although known, but absolutely unusual – combined method. Alternatively, the lower “old” German preloading force Fp,C* is defined in DIN EN 1993-1-8 / NA with execution rules for the modified torque method. Other practical questions relate to the tightening of non-preloaded bolts and the use of non CE-marked components of a CE-marked bolt assembly. As part of this paper, these and other issues for the tightening of bolted connections in steel structures are answered.

This thesis presents and disputes publications concerning fundamental processes during the hydration of CA and CA2. The dissolution of the clinker phases as well as the precipitation of hydrate phases and the conversion of the latter are investigated by isothermal heat flow calorimetry, in situ XRD, analysis of the liquid phase combined with thermodynamic calculations and 1H-TD-NMR. It is shown that more intensively milled CA2 is characterised by higher amounts of X-ray amorphous phase and higher specific surface areas indicating defect-rich domains in the CA2 crystals. These poorly crystalline fractions increase the hydraulic activity of CA2 and cause an anomalous heat flow peak which was observed in the past but could not be explained so far. A consistent model for the hydration mechanism of CA2 is provided. Mixes containing small amounts of CA (0.5-5 wt%) besides CA2 are investigated which provide valuable insights into the hydration behaviour of pure CA. Up to 2 wt% CA the CA2 hydration is shifted to earlier times whereas starting from 3 wt% an induction period typical for the hydration of CA occurs. In CA/CA2 mixes there is thus a critical CA content at which the hydration behaviour turns. Above this limit, high Ca and Al concentrations in the pore solution provided by fast CA dissolution hinder the already slow dissolution of CA2. The length of the induction period is increased with a higher specific surface area or higher amount of CA indicating that the induction period is linked to a process related to the CA particle surface. The hydration of CA/CA2 mixes and pure CA2 is investigated at 60 °C with and without a preliminary pre-curing period at 23 °C. It is shown that precipitation of C2AH8 even at elevated temperatures precedes the C3AH6 formation and that subsequent conversion is only possible in presence of free water. A sufficient loss of water during hydration at 60 °C leads to dehydration of C2AH8 to C2AH5 instead of conversion to C3AH6. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Veröffentlichungen vorgestellt und diskutiert, die grundlegende Prozesse während der Hydratation von CA und CA2 thematisieren. Die Auflösung der Klinkerphasen sowie die Ausfällung und Umwandlung der Hydratphasen werden mit isothermer Wärmeflusskalorimetrie, in situ XRD, Porenwasseranalysen kombiniert mit thermodynamischen Berechnungen und 1H-TD-NMR untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien zeigen, dass stärker aufgemahlenens CA2 höhere Gehalte röntgenamorpher Anteile und höhere spezifische Oberflächen aufweist, was Anzeichen für stark gestörte Domänen in den CA2-Kristallen sind. Diese Anteile mit niedriger Kristallinität erhöhen die hydraulische Aktivität von CA2 und verursachen ein ungewöhnliches Wärmeflussmaximum, welches zwar bereits beobachtet wurde, aber nicht erklärt werden konnte. Aus den Ergebnissen der ersten beiden Veröffentlichungen kann ein schlüssiges Modell für den Hydratationsmechanismus von CA2 abgeleitet werden. Untersuchungen an Mischungen, die neben CA2 geringe Mengen CA (0,5-5 Gew.-%) enthalten, liefern wertvolle Einblicke in das Hydratationsverhalten von reinem CA. Bis 2 Gew.-% verursacht CA einen früheren Start der CA2-Reaktion. Ab 3 Gew.-% tritt eine, für die CA-Hydratation typische, Induktionsperiode auf. Die hohen Ca und Al Konzentrationen, die durch eine schnelle CA-Auflösung in die Porenlösung gelangen, blockieren die ohnehin langsame CA2-Auflösung. Sowohl eine höhere Menge als auch eine höhere spezifische Oberfläche des CA führen zu einer Verlängerung der Induktionsperiode, was andeutet, dass die Induktionsperiode von einem Prozess auf der CA-Oberfläche verursacht wird. Abschließend wird die Hydratation von reinem CA2 und CA/CA2-Mischungen bei 60 °C untersucht, wobei die Proben für unterschiedlich lange Zeiten bei 23 °C vorgelagert wurden. Es zeigt sich, dass selbst bei höheren Temperaturen zunächst C2AH8 vor C3AH6 gebildet wird. Kommt es während der Hydratation bei 60 °C zu einem ausreichend hohen Wasserverlust, tritt anstelle der üblichen Umwandlung von C2AH8 in C3AH6 eine Dehydratation zu C2AH5 auf.

The direct and indirect drive schemes for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) make use of a large number of laser beams arranged in a symmetric angular distribution. The preferential decay geometry of the three waves resonant couplings, mainly responsible for backscattered light in single beam experiments, may then be deeply modified in the region of crossing beams where collective laser plasma instabilities could develop. Such instabilities can occur for laser beams having a common symmetry axis along which they drive a common daughter wave. The collective coupling results in an increase of the growth gain with the increase of the number of interacting beams and produce energy losses in new backward directions. We have taken advantage of the multiple beams of the Omega laser facility and of its large battery of diagnostics to study the physics related to this multiple beams interaction in the regimes of high temperature plasmas relevant of the direct and indirect drive schemes to ICF. Experiments performed in a planar open geometry have evidenced the large amplification of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) electromagnetic waves almost transverse to the density gradient as theoretically predicted 40 years ago. This was achieved in long scale-length high-temperature plasmas in which two beams couple to the same scattered electromagnetic wave further demonstrating this multiple-beams collective SRS interaction. The collective nature of the coupling and the amplification at large angles from the density gradient increase the global SRS losses and produce light scattered in novel directions out of the planes of incidence of the beams. Indirect drive experiments were performed in rugby ball shaped Hohlraum irradiated by 40 beams. Large instantaneous (peak reflectivity >30%) Brillouin sidescattering was evidenced to originate from the collective Brillouin amplification of a shared ion acoustic wave driven along the Hohlraum axis by a cone of 10 beams. In this paper, the scattering geometry is detailed for the two types of collective instabilities showing that they produce light scattered in novel very precise directions located far from the original aperture of the beams where the diagnostics are usually set-up. This scattered light could be measured on Omega thanks to the flexibility of the facility. Key features of the light scattered by collective instabilities are identified that would allow to recognize their signatures in more complex, less diagnosed experiments.

After the break-up of the Soviet Union and a turning away from large-scale and often highly subsidized agriculture, today many rural regions in Georgia are characterized by subsistence agriculture. This also applies to the Kazbegi region, a mountainous region in the Greater Caucasus of Georgia. During Soviet times and at the beginning of the transition period, the main agricultural activities were vegetable production in greenhouses (based on gas supply from Russia) and livestock husbandry. With the break-up of the Soviet Union this situation has changed. Today, there are mainly small-scale agri-food producers and only a few market-oriented farmers. However, during the last decade, tourism in the Kazbegi has also been on the rise. The growth in tourism could provide opportunities for small-scale agri-food producers to increase their income by marketing their surplus production to the tourism sector and thereby improve their livelihoods. Against this background, this dissertation analyzes the current status and perspectives for linking agriculture and tourism in the Kazbegi region, among other things through an analysis of the agri-food chain. The results show hurdles for linking the sectors (such as a low agricultural production efficiency or noncompliance with food safety standards) but also potential ways how small-scale agri-food producers could market their products to the tourism sector in order to improve their income generation. In addition, with the help of a best case scenario and a worst case scenario potential future perspectives of the Kazbegi region are developed. The best case scenario shows a multi-sectoral development with agriculture and tourism in the region which reduces the risk of dependencies from only one sector and contributes to a sustainable development of the region. The worst case scenario depicts a mono-sectoral development with no agricultural production in the long term and heavy dependency on tourism, which is not recommendable. In order to reach a multi-sectoral development with incentives to work in the agricultural sector, more support for agri-food producers would be needed, for example through consultancy or access to finance. The conceptual framework of the study is provided by the theory of cultural lag of William F. Ogburn. As a methodological approach a qualitative research design has been chosen. Encompassing exploratory interviews and focus group discussions with the local population as well as expert interviews, it allows an analysis of the topic of interest from various angles. The study is embedded in the broad field of multi-sectoral, bottom-up rural development approaches that aim to improve the livelihoods of small-scale agri-food producers.The study was developed within the framework of the project AMIES II - Scenario development for sustainable land use in the Greater Caucasus, Georgia which was funded by the VolkswagenStiftung and implemented by the Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) of the Justus Liebig University Giessen in cooperation with three Georgian Universities., Nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion und der Abkehr von teils hoch subventionierten Formen der Landwirtschaft sind viele ländliche Regionen in Georgien heute von Subsistenzlandwirtschaft geprägt. Dies gilt auch für die Bergregion Kazbegi im Großen Kaukasus in Georgien. Während der Sowjetzeit und zu Beginn des Transformationsprozesses waren die wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten in der Region der Anbau von Gemüse in Gewächshäusern (basierend auf der kostenlosen Versorgung mit Gas aus Russland) und die Viehhaltung. Heute gibt es nur wenige marktorientierte Landwirte in der Region, und die landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten zielen zumeist auf die eigene Versorgung mit Lebensmitteln ab. In den letzten Jahren ist jedoch auch der Tourismus in der Region stark gewachsen. Dieses Wachstum könnte den Kleinbauern in der Region Chancen eröffnen, ihre Produkte an den Tourismussektor zu verkaufen und so zusätzliches Einkommen zu erzielen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Ziel dieser Dissertation, den aktuellen Stand von Landwirtschaft und Tourismus in der Region zu analysieren und Perspektiven zur Verknüpfung beider Sektoren in der Region Kazbegi zu entwickeln. Unter anderem wurde zu diesem Zweck die Produktions- und Dienstleistungskette regionaler Lebensmittel untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für eine erfolgreiche Verknüpfung beider Sektoren verschiedene Hindernisse (wie z.B. geringe landwirtschaftliche Erträge oder die Nicht-Einhaltung von Lebensmittelsicherheitsstandards) überwunden werden müssten. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Studie aber auch potenzielle Wege zur Vermarktung regionaler Produkte an den Tourismussektor auf. Die Perspektiven der Region Kazbegi werden anhand von zwei Szenarien entwickelt und diskutiert. Das Best-Case-Szenario zeigt eine multisektorale Entwicklung mit Landwirtschaft und Tourismus in der Region auf. Dadurch verringert sich die Abhängigkeit von einem Sektor und eine nachhaltige Regionalentwicklung ist möglich. Das Worst-Case-Szenario stellt eine monosektorale Regionalentwicklung dar, bei der die Landwirtschaft verdrängt wird und eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Tourismus besteht. Um eine multisektorale Entwicklung zu erreichen, in der Anreize bestehen, in der Landwirtschaft aktiv zu sein und regionale Produkte zu vermarkten, wäre eine stärkere Unterstützung der Landwirte in der Region erforderlich, beispielsweise durch Beratungsangebote oder den Zugang zu geeigneten Finanzmitteln.Der konzeptionelle Rahmen der Studie ist durch die Theorie der kulturellen Phasenverschiebung von William F. Ogburn gegeben. Die empirischen Daten wurden mit Hilfe eines qualitativen Forschungsdesigns erhoben. Anhand von explorativen Interviews und Fokusgruppendiskussionen mit der lokalen Bevölkerung sowie Experteninterviews konnte das Forschungsthema aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln beleuchtet und analysiert werden. Die Studie lässt sich in das breite Feld multisektoraler Bottom-Up-Ansätze zur ländlichen Regionalentwicklung einbetten, die darauf abzielen, die Einkommensmöglichkeiten von Kleinbauern zu verbessern. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist im Rahmen des von der VolkswagenStiftung finanzierten, interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts AMIES II - Scenario development for sustainable land use in the Greater Caucasus, Georgia entstanden, das am Zentrum für internationale Entwicklungs- und Umweltforschung (ZEU) der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen in Kooperation mit drei georgischen Partneruniversitäten durchgeführt wurde.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The demand for functional foods such as chia has increased in recent years. In view of this, there is a need to expand studies with this species, mainly in agronomic aspects in the regions with adequate edaphoclimatic conditions for chia cultivation of the Rio Grande do Sul State. It is known that the sowing date influences the growth and the length of the development cycle and, consequently, the biomass production, grain yield and seed quality of different crops. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the growth, development, crop yield and seed quality of chia at different sowing dates. To achieve it, an experiment was carried out in five sowing dates (09/22/16, 10/28/16, 01/03/17, 02/08/17 and 03/24/17) in Santa Maria, RS. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with four replicates. The variables evaluated in the field were: emergency date, plant height (cm), number of leaves (weekly), leaf area (every fifteen days) and the occurrence dates of some development stages. Three plants per plot (every fifteen days) were collected to determine the dry mass matter and to perform the growth analysis of the species at different sowing dates. The evaluation of the grain yield and the seed quality in the laboratory was also carried out. The physiological indexes indicated that at earlier sowing dates there is a greater plant growth, either in shoot dry matter mass, height and leaf area index. The leaf area index of the branches is increased with plant development and significantly contributes to the total leaf area of chia in all studied sowing dates. For the sowing dates studied, the main stem represents between 60 and 70% of the shoot dry matter mass accumulated in the plants of the early sowing dates, and between 40 and 50% in late sowings. The length of the vegetative phase of chia plants in days and in degree days varies between the sowing dates, with shorter duration in late sowings, in response to the photoperiod reduction. The vegetative phase represents the greatest part of the total development cycle in the early sowing dates, being overcome by the reproductive phase in the late sowing dates (02/08/17 and 03/24/17). The phyllochron for chia varies from 36.23 (very late sowing) to 59.88 ºC day (early sowing). Later sowings result in a smaller accumulated final number of leaves in the main stem due to the reduction in the mean photoperiod and the rapid induction to the reproductive phase. Chia can be sown from September to February providing seeds with high physical and physiological quality. The physical and physiological quality of chia seeds does not differ between main stem and the branches. For the studied dates, the best sowing month to achieve higher productivity of chia seeds in Santa Maria is January. A demanda por alimentos funcionais como a chia tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Diante disso, há a necessidade de ampliar os estudos com esta espécie, principalmente, em aspectos agronômicos nas regiões com condições edafoclimáticas que propiciem o cultivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Sabe-se que a data de semeadura influencia o crescimento e a duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, a produção de biomassa, a produtividade e a qualidade de sementes de diferentes culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o crescimento, desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade de sementes da chia em diferentes datas de semeadura. Para alcançar tal objetivo foi realizado experimento em cinco datas de semeadura (22/09/16, 28/10/16, 03/01/17, 08/02/17 e 24/03/17), nas condições de Santa Maria, RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas em campo foram: data de emergência, estatura de plantas (cm), número de folhas (semanalmente), área foliar (quinzenalmente) e datas de ocorrência de alguns estágios de desenvolvimento. Foram coletadas três plantas por parcela (quinzenalmente) para obter a massa seca e realizar a análise de crescimento da espécie nas diferentes datas de semeadura. Também foi realizada a avaliação da produtividade e da qualidade das sementes em laboratório. Os índices de crescimento indicaram que em datas mais precoces há maior crescimento de planta, seja em massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, estatura e índice de área foliar. O índice de área foliar das ramificações é incrementado com o desenvolvimento das plantas e contribui significativamente para área foliar total da chia em todas as datas de semeaduras estudadas. Para as datas de semeadura estudadas, a haste principal representa entre 60 e 70% da massa de matéria seca da parte aérea acumulada nas plantas das datas de semeadura precoces, e entre 40 e 50 % nas semeaduras tardias. A duração da fase vegetativa das plantas de chia em dias e em graus-dia varia entre as datas de semeadura, com menor duração nas datas tardias, em resposta a redução do fotoperíodo. A fase vegetativa representa a maior percentagem do ciclo total de desenvolvimento nas datas de semeaduras precoces, sendo superada pela fase reprodutiva nas datas de semeadura tardias (08/02/17 e 24/03/17). O filocrono para chia varia de 36,23 (semeadura muito tardia) a 59,88 ºC dia (semeadura precoce e intermediária). Semeaduras mais tardias resultam em um menor número final de folhas acumuladas na haste principal, em razão da redução do fotoperíodo médio e rápida indução a fase reprodutiva. A chia pode ser semeada entre os meses de setembro a fevereiro propiciando produção de sementes com elevada qualidade física e fisiológica. A qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de chia não difere entre a haste principal e as ramificações. Para as datas estudadas, o melhor mês de semeadura para a obtenção de maior produtividade de sementes de chia em Santa Maria é janeiro.

Mountain regions cover one quarter of the Earth's terrestrial surface, and are both valuable and vulnerable areas with complex human-environmental interrelationships. In this coupled system, land-use changes induced by political or socio-economic transformations generate consequences for ecological landscape functions like soil productivity and species richness, and integrative land-use concepts provide the potential of a sustainable land development. In the Kazbegi region in the central Greater Caucasus of Georgia, these transformations further lead to landscape-structure change and population marginalization. Hence, we developed three agricultural land-use scenarios that meet Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals to ensure a sustainable rural land development and the conservation of mountain ecosystems. Our normative scenario approach integrates quantitative and qualitative findings of empirical research in landscape ecology, soil science, vegetation ecology as well as agronomics and socio-economics. According to the examined environmental and socio-economic resources, we defined various scenario logics and normative assumptions that combine optimized livestock production (in dairy cow keeping and cattle fattening) with ecological limitations to maintain the functioning of mountain ecosystems. The rule-based scenarios achieved measurably increased outputs in biomass yields, livestock production and related revenues at the regional scale. Further, GIS generated scenario maps demonstrate the related land-use patterns spatially explicit and in high resolution, and visualize the alternative future from local to the regional scale. In conclusion, scenario development helps to determine region-specific and integrated land-use options to provide a sound base for land users and decision makers. Based on research on multiple landscape functions, this approach can assist sustainable land development in a mountain region.

The article investigates normative conceptions of EU demoicracy, which take the state of European Union (EU) integration for granted. It is shown that neither their advanced normative principles nor the core institutions can survive scrutiny of internal consistency and coherence: they cannot satisfy democratic aspirations over time. Beyond a reformulation of core normative principles, conceptions of EU demoicracy should explore more creative institutional options for the EU, such as sunset legislation for EU law and a collective facultative waiver for national parliaments in the realm of EU secondary law.

During the propagation of an optically smoothed laser beam through a warm plasma the speckle field pattern and the corresponding speckle intensity distribution are modified in time and along the laser propagation direction. It is shown here that the laser–plasma interaction can change the character of speckle statistics from an initially exponential-type limit law to a Weibull-type law. The Weibull distribution is characterized by a power-law-type behavior in a limited interval of the random variable, which is, in the present case, the speckle intensity. The properties of the speckle distributions are studied using methods of extremal and order statistics. The scattering instability process (here stimulated Brillouin forward scattering) causing the change in speckle statistics has an onset behavior associated with a “critical gain” value, as pointed out in work by Rose and DuBois (1993b). The saturation of the instability process as a function of intensity explains the limited interval of the Weibull-type speckle distribution. The differences in the type of the speckle statistics are analyzed by using “excess over threshold” methods relying on the generalized Pareto distribution, which clearly brings to evidence the transition from an exponential type distribution to the Weibull-type distribution as a function of the instability gain value, that is, from the regime below critical gain to values above the critical gain.

Direct seeding of native tree species could be a low cost alternative for forest restoration. The paper aimed at evaluate direct seeding of two species from Southern Brazil, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Citharexylum solanaceum Chamisso, comparing with seedling planting. The effects and costs of forest topsoil and forest litter addition were also evaluated in the direct seeding. The experiment was accomplished during 2009/2010. The treatments of direct seeding were CONTROL - control without seeding, TSEED - only seeding, TLITTER - seeding with forest litter cover, TTOPSOIL - seeding with forest topsoil, TBOTH - seeding with forest litter and with forest topsoil, LTCONTROL - control with forest litter and forest topsoil. The species C. solanaceum did not germinate at field. The species S. terebinthifolius had higher germination in the TBOTH, either at 30 days (21.6%) and 360 days (9.0%), which correspond to a density of 9,000 plants · ha-1 after 360 days. The litter singly contributed less to the survival than the forest soil, however a synergic effect between the two inputs was observed. The TBOTH presented a higher growth (42 cm of plant height at 360 days). The costs of direct seeding with inputs (singly or combined) were higher than the conventional seedling planting in relation to the area unity. However, the cost of direct seeding without addition of inputs was higher considering the cost per survivor seedlings. Planted seedling of S. terebinthifolius reached 88.5 cm of height after 360 days. Seedlings of S. terebinthifolius generated by direct seeding reached the average of 5.1 and 42.0 cm of height in the TSEED and TBOTH treatments, respectively. RESUMO A semeadura direta de espécies arbóreas nativas pode ser uma alternativa de baixo custo para a restauração florestal. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a semeadura direta de duas espécies do Sul do Brasil, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi e Citharexylum solanaceum Chamisso, comparando com um plantio de mudas. Os efeitos e os custos da adição de solo florestal e serapilheira também foram avaliados na semeadura direta. O experimento foi realizado durante 2009/2010. Os tratamentos de semeadura direta foram CONTROL - controle sem semeadura, TSEED - somente semeadura, TLITTER - semeadura com serapilheira, TTOPSOIL - semeadura com solo florestal, TBOTH - semeadura com serapilheira e com solo florestal, LTCONTROL - controle com serapilheira e solo florestal. A espécie C. solanaceum não germinou no campo. A espécie S. terebinthifolius apresentou maior germinação na TBOTH com 30 dias (21,6%) e 360 dias (9,0%), correspondendo a uma densidade de 9.000 plantas/ha aos 360 dias. A semeadura com serapilheira isoladamente contribuiu menos para a sobrevivência do que o solo florestal, no entanto, um efeito sinérgico entre os dois tratamentos foi observado. O TBOTH proporcionou maior crescimento (42 cm de altura em 360 dias). Os custos da semeadura direta com insumos (isoladamente ou combinado) foram maiores do que o plantio de mudas convencional por unidade de área. Entretanto, o custo por muda sobrevivente foi maior na semeadura direta sem insumos. Mudas plantadas de S. terebinthifolius atingiram 88,5 cm de altura após 360 dias. Plântulas de S. terebinthifolius geradas a partir da semeadura direta atingiram a média de 5,1 e 42,0 cm para nos tratamentos de semeadura direta TSEED e TBOTH, respectivamente.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-08-18T19:43:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação de mestrado GUILHERME HULLER.pdf: 1126542 bytes, checksum: 0db3176e6526fc8258733119abbe396a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T19:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação de mestrado GUILHERME HULLER.pdf: 1126542 bytes, checksum: 0db3176e6526fc8258733119abbe396a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 O mofo branco, causado pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, é uma das mais importantes doenças que incidem na cultura da soja. Seu manejo se dá através de técnicas integradas como a utilização de defensivos, rotação de culturas e utilização de material menos suscetível. Porém, não há genótipos comercialmente disponíveis que apresentem elevado grau de resistência. Grande entrave na seleção de material mais resistente é a inconsistência de resultados à nível de campo, de modo que diferentes métodos vem sendo aplicados em laboratório com a finalidade de avaliar a resistência de genótipos de soja à S. sclerotioroum. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se diferentes métodos utilizados para acessar níveis de resistência estimulam respostas similares aos genótipos de soja, em termos de suscetibilidade. Foram empregados quatro métodos (ácido oxálico, disco de micélio na haste, micropipeta e suspensão de esporos) em quatro genótipos de soja. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em triplicata, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 7 repetições. A sensibilidade ao ácido oxálico foi avaliada através de uma chave de escores de murchamento, foi medida a lesão (cm) para os métodos micropipeta e disco na haste, e avaliada a severidade de ataque do patógeno para suspensão de ascósporos. Para comparação foi utilizado o ranqueamento dos genótipos dentro de cada método e também análise de expressão de genes relacionados à defesa. Os diferentes métodos analisados estimularam respostas similares aos genótipos de soja, em termos de suscetibilidade. Verificou-se que o nível de suscetibilidade dos genótipos não variou quando estes foram submetidos aos diferentes métodos. Ainda, foi observada correlação positiva entre os resultados dos diferentes métodos, porém o grau de correlação entre eles é diferente. Menor correlação observada foi entre os métodos AO e Ascósporos (coeficiente de Spearman: 0,498) ao passo que maior grau de correlação foi observado entre os métodos Micropipeta e disco na Haste (coeficiente de Spearman: 0,877). Foi observada similaridade em relação aos estímulos causados pelos diferentes métodos às plantas de soja por ocasião do contato com o patógeno e/ou fator de patogenicidade do mesmo (ácido oxálico) para expressão de genes do grupo PR-5. The White mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most importante disease that affect the soybean crop. The management is based on integrated practices as by applying pesticides, crop rotation and the usage of less susceptible genotypes. However, there is not a high level resistance genotype commercially available. The inconsistency of results from field trials has been the major obstacle in the selection of resistant material. For this reason, a great variety of methods have been used in laboratory to assess the soybean genotypes resistance to S. sclerotioroum. Then, the objective of this study was to evaluate different methods used to assess sensitivity levels and if they stimulate equal responses in soybean genotypes, in terms of susceptibility. Four methods were applied (oxalic acid, stem test, straw test and by appliyng spores) to four soybean gentypes. The completely randomized design was used. Experiments were conducted in triplicates, with seven replications each. The sensitivity to the oxalic acid was assessed by using a wilting score key, it was measured the size of lesion (cm) for the stem and straw test, and for the ascospore method, the severity of disease symptoms was assessed. The rank of genotypes was used to compare methods as well as the analysis of gene expression of some genes related to soybean defence. All method were shown to simulate similar responses to the soybean genotypes, in terms of susceptibility. The susceptibility level of genotypes did not change when submitted to the different methods. Also, it was shown that there is a correlation among the methods results, although the degree which it occurs is different. The methods AO and Ascospore were the ones that demonstrated lower correlation (Spearman coefficient: 0,498), whereas the stem and straw test were shown to have the highest correlation levels (Spearman coefficient: 0,877). Furthermore, it was noticed similarity in the stimuli caused in soybean plants by the different methods due to either the contact with fungus or the pathogenicity fator (oxalic acid) to express genes from PR-5 group.

The objective of this study was to comparatively determine the characteristics of growth rate, leaf area index, shoot dry mass partitioning and grain yield of chia plants (Salvia hispanica L.) on different sowing dates. A field experiment was conducted in the crop year of 2016/2017 in five sowing dates (09/22/16, 10/28/16, 01/03/17, 02/08/17 and 03/24/17) with a randomized complete block design and four replicates. Plant growth was determined through field samplings to determine the dry matter mass and leaf area performed every 15 days. The following physiological indexes were calculated: relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf mass ratio. To weekly evaluate plant height, ten plants per plot were marked after emergence, and the final height was considered when plants reached physiological maturity. A useful area of 2.10 m² per plot was collected for evaluating grain yield. The physiological indexes indicated that at earlier sowing dates there is a greater plant growth, either in shoot dry matter mass, height and leaf area index. The leaf area index of branches is progressively increased with plant development and contributes significantly to total leaf area index of chia plants in all studied sowing dates. The main stem represents between 60 and 70% of the shoot dry matter accumulated in the early sowing dates, and between 40 and 50% in late sowing. The best sowing date in terms of grain yield is 01/03/17.

O conhecimento do comportamento silvicultural das espécies é de extrema importância para o sucesso na implantação de projetos de restauração florestal. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a regeneração natural da área do Parque Natural Municipal de Santo Ângelo – RS (28º19’17” S 54º15’52” W). Para o estudo utilizou-se parcelas circulares, com 1m de raio. Foram inventariados os exemplares arbóreos e arbustivos com altura maior que 30 cm e DAP ≤ 5cm. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos avaliados foram: densidade, frequências absoluta e relativa, e altura média. Foram encontrados 78 indivíduos, distribuídos em 26 espécies, pertencentes a 24 gêneros e 14 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais representativas foram Lauraceae, Sapindaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Melastomataceae e Solanaceae.

Combining techniques from nonlinear, ultrafast and statistical optics, flexible control of laser-plasma instabilities is attainable. Adaptively using spike trains of uneven duration and delay (STUD pulses), single and multiple crossing beam instabilities become tamed.

Direct seeding of native tree species could be a low cost alternative for forest restoration. The paper aimed at evaluate direct seeding of two species from Southern Brazil, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Citharexylum solanaceum Chamisso, comparing with seedling planting. The effects and costs of forest topsoil and forest litter addition were also evaluated in the direct seeding. The experiment was accomplished during 2009/2010. The treatments of direct seeding were CONTROL - control without seeding, TSEED - only seeding, TLITTER - seeding with forest litter cover, TTOPSOIL - seeding with forest topsoil, TBOTH - seeding with forest litter and with forest topsoil, LTCONTROL - control with forest litter and forest topsoil. The species C. solanaceum did not germinate at field. The species S. terebinthifolius had higher germination in the TBOTH, either at 30 days (21.6%) and 360 days (9.0%), which correspond to a density of 9,000 plants · ha-1 after 360 days. The litter singly contributed less to the survival than the forest soil, however a synergic effect between the two inputs was observed. The TBOTH presented a higher growth (42 cm of plant height at 360 days). The costs of direct seeding with inputs (singly or combined) were higher than the conventional seedling planting in relation to the area unity. However, the cost of direct seeding without addition of inputs was higher considering the cost per survivor seedlings. Planted seedling of S. terebinthifolius reached 88.5 cm of height after 360 days. Seedlings of S. terebinthifolius generated by direct seeding reached the average of 5.1 and 42.0 cm of height in the TSEED and TBOTH treatments, respectively.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Zur differenzierten Beurteilung metabolischer Belastungen bei Hochleistungskühen im peripartalen Zeitraum wurden mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Geburtsverlauf und stoffwechselrelevanten Parametern (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 [IGF-1], Cortisol und freie Fettsäuren [FFS]) untersucht. Material und Methoden: In die Studie wurden 28 adulte hochträchtige Kühe (13 primi pare, 15 multipare) mit Normalbzw. Schwergeburt einbezogen. Die Analyse von IGF-1, FFS und Cortisol im Blutserum erfolgte zwischen dem 14. Tag ante partum (a. p.) und 14 Tagen post partum (p. p.). Die IGF-1- und Cortisolkonzentration wurde auch bei den neugeborenen Kälbern gemessen. Ergebnisse: Für alle Färsen bestand vor allem zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt eine verstärkte Stresssituation, da die IGF-1-Konzentrationen im Blut niedriger lagen als bei den Milchkühen (114 ± 11 vs. 158 ± 28 ng/ml), die FFS- und Cortisol-Werte jedoch höher (896 ± 76 vs. 705 ± 58 µmol/l, p = 0,05 bzw. 6,51 ± 1,14 vs. 4,67 ± 0,46 ng/ml, p = 0,039). Bei allen Tieren mit Schwergeburt ließen sich für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum Stoffwechselstörungen bestätigen, basierend auf signifikant niedrigeren IGF-1- (p = 0,003; Färsen: p < 0,001), signifikant höheren FFS-Werten (zur Geburt p = 0,05) und höheren Cortisol-Konzentrationen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit normaler Geburt. Wie die Muttertiere hatten die neugeborenen Kälber von Färsen mit erschwerter Geburt signifikant höhere Cortisolspiegel (p = 0,003) zur Geburt und postpartal niedrigere IGF-1-Werte (p = 0,002) im Vergleich zu den Kälbern aus komplikationslosen Geburten. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Erkennung und Vermeidung von Geburtsstörungen bei Hochleistungsrindern ist ein wichtiger Beitrag für die Tiergesundheit. In der Studie spiegelten sich gestörte Geburtsabläufe in veränderten Blutserumkonzentrationen an IGF-1, FFS und Cortisol wider, die somit eine verstärkte Stresssituation im peripartalen Zeitraum reflektieren. Ferner kann aus den erhobenen Daten abgeleitet werden, dass Färsen mit Geburtsstörungen hauptsächlich antepartal, multipare Kühe mit Schwergeburt hingegen vor allem postpartal von einer erhöhten metabolischen Belastung betroffen sind.