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Original Article

A change in the coronary sinus (CS) activation pattern from an eccentric to a concentric pattern during the ablation of an orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia might falsely suggest the presence of a second (septal) accessory pathway (AP) during tachycardia or the successful ablation of the left lateral AP under ventricular pacing despite persistent and unaffected AP conduction. Complete or partial intra-atrial block should be suspected when an abrupt change in the atrial activation sequence is noted during catheter ablation at the posterolateral and lateral aspects of the mitral annulus. The correct anatomical position of the CS catheter plays a vital role in the differential diagnosis of this situation.

A 58-year-old man with previous inferior myocardial infarction (MI) was referred for cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker (CRT-P) for decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; 45%) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) (Figure 1). He had New York Heart Association Class I functional classification but palpitation for 3 months. General physical and cardiac examinations were normal. On the admission day, the electrocardiogram showed a narrow QRS rhythm with and without tachycardia (Figures 2 and 3). Would you recommend or consider a CRT-P device or a CRT defibrillator or only an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) based on these clinical and electrocardiographic findings, or ablation or medical therapy only.

A 78-year-old man suffering from gastric cancer with ischemic cardiomyopathy and recurrent ICD shocks consented to ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. He had a previous endocardial VT ablation 1 year ago, and a stereotactic radioablation for his recurrent VT 4 months ago. We planned again left ventricular endocardial mapping for his incessant slow VT suggesting an apical exit site (Figure 1A). However, the activation mapping of LV did not cover the whole VT cycle length, and we decide to map the right ventricular septal side instead of the epicardial access due to the patient's poor frailty. Fortunately, the mid-diastolic potential (MDP) was acquired in an unusual position (Figures 1A and 1B); however, the pericardial location of the mapping catheter was confirmed fluoroscopically (Figures 1C and 1D). An urgent surgical consultation was called for, and operative preparations were initiated. However, since no pericardial tamponade occurred and blood pressure remained stable, we continued the endo-epicardial ablation by ablating the MDP (Video 1).

Tachycardia-induced tachycardia, or so-called double tachycardia, appears to be a relatively rare condition. The underlying mechanism for stable beat-to-beat cycle length variability (alternans) in atrial tachycardia has been sparsely reported.

A 50-year-old male with a permanent dual chamber pacemaker (DDD) 23 years ago was referred for a rapid increase in right ventricular (RV) pacing impedance. His left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was 45%. Since the patient was pacemaker-dependent, the insertion of a new RV lead was planned. However, the venography and imaging studies revealed both left and right subclavian veins to be occluded/non-accessible. We failed also to cross the lesion by percutaneous approach. Then, we planned the extraction procedure as a first stage with the thought that it can provide a new venous route via extraction sheath; however, the patient did not accept the procedure as its high risk. Therefore, the surgical epicardial LV lead was implanted and connected to the left subpectoral pocket by using the previous functional right atrial (RA) lead for DDD pacing. Unfortunately, 1 month later, the patent presented with a left-sided pocket infection, and we had to remove all endocardial RA and RV leads using the lead extraction system. We could not again pass the calcified superior vena cava despite the successful lead extraction. Due to an active pocket infection, the surgically placed pacemaker was removed from the skin leaving the epicardial LV lead in place to remove or drain the infected fluid. A leadless pacemaker was an option, but due to financial constraints could not be done for this patient. The femoral venous access could not be taken due to the non-availability of 69 cm RV lead. The hepatic vein was the only available access to implant a DDD pacemaker.

The phenolic compositions of two different Polygonum cognatum samples collected from the Cumra and Manisa regions of Turkey were investigated for the first time. Both tested samples were rich in different phenolic compounds, mostly rutin, isorhamnetin, and catechin. The rutin content of Cumra’s sample was relatively higher than that of Manisa’s sample. P. cognatum has potential regarding rutin content as a functional dietary food or may be used as an ingredient to enrich functional foods. Our study will contribute to the previous works performed by different researchers on P. cognatum, commonly consumed in Turkey, to reveal its beneficial properties.

TEZ11725 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019. Kaynakça (s. 67-77) var. xvi, 82 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Doğu Anadolu Fayı (DAF)’nın güneybatı uzantısının bir parçası olan Yumurtalık Fayı İskenderun Körfezi’nin h e m e n kuzeyinden geçmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Yumurtalık Fayı’nın deprem üretme potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amacıyla bölgenin tarih öncesi, tarihsel ve aletsel dönem deprem aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Yumurtalık Fayı’nın geçtiği zonda bulunan bölge 1. derece deprem potansiyeline sahip alanlardandır. Yumurtalık Fayı’nın deprem üretme potansiyelinin belirlenmesi, bulunduğu bölgenin tarım, sanayi ve yerleşimin yoğun olduğu bir bölgede yer alması nedeniyle de çok önemlidir. Ayrıca DAF’ın Akdeniz’e uzandığı güneybatı kesimini oluşturmasından dolayı Doğu Anadolu Fayı’nın depremselliğinin belirlenmesine de önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Yumurtalık Fayı’nın doğu ve batı parçası üzerinde birer adet olmak üzere toplamda iki adet paleosismolojik hendek kazısı gerçekleştirilmiş ve hendeklerden elde edilen veriler ile fay üzerinde yüzey yırtılması ile sonuçlanmış en az üç adet deprem tespit edilmiştir. Bu depremlerden sonuncusunun tarihsel dönemde Yumurtalık Fayı yakın çevresinde meydana gelmiş olan; M.S. 290, M.S. 517 ve M.S. 524 depremleri ile ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Aletsel dönem deprem kayıtları incelendiğinde, Yumurtalık Fayı ve çevresinde büyüklüğü M=4 ve üzerinde birçok depremin meydana geldiği rapor edilmektedir. Fayın uzunluğu ve karakteri gibi fay parametreleri kullanılarak, Yumurtalık Fayı üzerinde meydana gelebilecek en büyük depremin büyüklüğünün 6,9 olması beklenmektedir. Yumurtalık Fayı’nın Holosen aktivitesi net olarak ortaya konulmuş ve çalışılan bölgenin neotektonik süreçlerini karşılayan bir mekanizmada çalıştığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma Yumurtalık Fayı’nın geçtiği alanlardaki deprem tehlikesinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik çalışmalara önemli katkılar sağlayacak niteliktedir. Yumurtalık Fault, which is a part of the southwestern extension of the East Anatolian Fault (EAF), passes through the north of the Gulf of İskenderun. In this study, prehistoric, historical and instrumental seismic activity of the region has been investigated in order to determine the earthquake potential of the Yumurtalık Fault. The region in the zone where the Yumurtalık Fault crosses is one of the areas with 1st degree earthquake potential. The determination of the potential of the earthquakes of the Yumurtalık Fault is important because the region is very important in terms of industry, agriculture and settlement. In addition, it has made significant contributions to the determination of the seismicity of the Eastern Anatolian Fault since it forms the southwestern part of the Mediterranean. A total of two paleoseismic trenches were excavated on the eastern and western part of the Yumurtalık Fault. The data obtained from these trenches revealed at least three earthquakes resulting in surface rupture of the fault. The last one of these earthquakes has occurred in the close vicinity of the Yumurtalık Fault; A.C. 290, A.C. 517 and A.C. 524 earthquakes. When the seismic records of the earthquake are examined, several earthquakes of M = 4 and above are reported. Using the fault parameters such as the length and character of the fault, it is expected that the greatest earthquake that can occur on the Yumurtalık Fault is 6,9. The Holocene activity of the Yumurtalık fault is clearly defined and it has been observed that it works in a mechanism meeting the neotectonic processes of the region. This study will contribute to the evaluation of the earthquake hazard in the areas where the Yumurtalık Fault crosses. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: .

Carbon dots with less than 10 nm sizes have beenemerged as a fascinating tool in many areas with their non-toxic,biocompatible, water-soluble and easy synthesis merits. Bioimaging, biosensing,photocatalysis, drug delivery etc. are some applications of luminescent carbondots. Carbon dots may be synthesized from any carbon sources including foods,food wastes, plants, chemicals, graphene etc. via top-down or bottom upmethods. However, carbon dots can naturally be extracted from some foods, naturalproducts such as honey, caramels and sugar beet molasses. In this paper, we triedto focus on synthesis and applications of carbon dots derived from food ornatural products.

WOS: 000439087100052 In this study Edali F1 and Balhan Fl melons (Cucumis melo L.) grafted onto different rootstocks (TZ 148 and Jumbo) under water stress conditions (W1-100%, W2-50%, W3-25%). FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) values increased with the use of TZ 148 and Jumbo rootstocks. At water stress, grafting generally increased ascorbic acid values. Maximum beta-carotene amount was stated for Balhan Fl with W3 level and the beta-carotene values of Balhan/TZ148 melons increased with water stress. p-hydroxybenzoic acid was the compound with the highest quantity among the tested phenolic compounds. Citric, maleic, fumaric and formic acid quantities increased with enhancement of water deficiency whereas tartaric, succinic and acetic acid decreased. Fructose and saccharose quantity decreased as the amount of water given to plant decreased but glucose level was not affected. Consequently, grafting of melons onto favorable rootstocks seems to enhance the amount of health related compounds under water stress conditions. Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects CouncilSelcuk University [14401036] The authors would like to thank Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects (Project number: 14401036) Council. We would also like to thank to GAP Agricultural Research Institute for melon cultivation and Selcuk University Advanced Technology Research and Application Centre for their research infrastructure.

Use of electronic commerce methods which have become the new trade form of information age in foreign trade, realize of the activities such as international marketing, advertising with business contacts related to import and export in electronic media, give important opportunities for developing of Turkey’s foreign trade. This study aims to present the problems of exporters and importers in Turkey which they encounter in e-foreign trade and solution offers concerning these problems. In this context, primarily definition and scope of e-foreign trade with the encountered problems in e-foreign trade have analyzed conceptually; then a research which is about the problems of the firms that make e-foreign trade in food sector in Turkey has been given, Dış ticarette bilgi çağının yeni ticaret şekli haline gelen elektronik ticaret yöntemlerinin kullanılması, ithalat ve ihracat ile ilgili iş bağlantıları ile uluslararası pazarlama, reklam gibi faaliyetlerin elektronik ortamda gerçekleştirilmesi, Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinin gelişmesi için önemi fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki ihracatçı ve ithalatçıların, e-dış ticaret yaparken karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve bu sorunlara ilişkin çözüm önerileri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle e-dış ticaretin tanımı ve kapsamı ile e-dış ticarette karşılaşılan sorunlar kavramsal olarak incelenmiş; ardından da Türkiye’de gıda sektöründeki e-dış ticaret yapan firmaların yaşadıkları sorunlar ile ilgili yapılan bir araştırmaya yer verilmiştir

Tea with different parts (flower, leaf, seed) of Sideritis condensate infused at different temperatures (60 and 100°C) and times (5, 10 and 30 minutes) were assessed for their phenolic composition and antioxidant activities. Leaf tea had the highest total phenolic content where as seed tea had the lowest.Leaves soaked at 100°C for 10 minutes had the highest total phenolic content. Total phenolic content of flower tea increased with increase in extraction temperature and time. Radical scavenging activities of leaves infused at 60°C for 5, 10 and 30 minutes were statistically in the same group but lower than those of leaves soaked at 100°C for 5, 10 and 30 min. The major phenolic compound identified from almost all aqueous infusions was the p-coumaric acid. The conditions of tea prepared from leaves of the Sideritis condensata at 100°C for 5, 10 and 30 minutes are the most appropriate conditions in regard to extraction of the highest total phenolics and the strongest antioxidant activity.

Sahin, Huseyin/0000-0002-6018-1494; KIRALAN, Mustafa/0000-0001-7401-8025 WOS: 000339433600006 The study was designed to examine the effects of different manures (fish, pigeon and cow) and synthetic fertilizer (nitrogen) on some biochemical activities of Mentha piperita L. (mint, peppermint). Seventeen different phenolic constituents and 19 essential oils were determined in M. piperita samples. While caffeic, gallic, ferulic, protocatechuic, syringic, o-coumaric acids and rutin were detected as common phenolics; carvone, limonene and 1.8-cineol were identified as major essential oil components in all mints. Total phenolic compounds, ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric (III) reducing capacity (CUPRAC) tests were used to evaluate antioxidant capacities of the mints. The highest total phenolic compound (4.8 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (971 mM Fe(II)/mg; 823 mM Trolox /100 g) were observed in mints fertilized with pigeon manure. Mint samples also had different antimicrobial activities against the studied microorganisms (eight bacteria and two fungi), especially Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes.

Telekomünikasyon ağları ve internetin hızla gelişmesi, dünyayı hızla küreselleştirmiş ve hayatın her alanında büyük değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Bu hızlı gelişimin etkileri en çokta ticaret sektöründe kendini göstermiş, klasik ticaret anlayışı yerini, daha hızlı ve ekonomik olan, iletişim maliyetlerini neredeyse sıfıra indiren, 7/24 erişime ve kitlelere ulaşmaya imkân sağlayan e-ticarete bırakmıştır. E-ticaretin sağladığı tüm bu fırsatlar dış ticaretin taraflarının da ilgisini çekmiş ve kısa zamanda sektörün e-ticaret ile bütünleşmesini sağlayarak e-dış ticaret kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ülkemizde de henüz yeteri kadar gelişmemiş olmasına rağmen e-dış ticaret özellikle dış ticaret yapan Kobilerin dünya pazarlarında kendilerine daha iyi yer edinebilmeleri ve daha çok müşteriye ulaşabilmeleri için en ekonomik ve hızlı yoldur. Fakat e-dış ticaretin sanal ortamlar aracılığıyla gerçekleşmesi ile yeni ve gelişmekte olan bir kavram olması uygulamada bazı sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Mülakat tekniğinden faydalanılarak hazırlanan ve Türkiye'nin farklı şehirlerinden aktif olarak e-dış ticaret yapan 30 firmanın katılımıyla gerçekleşen bu çalışma ile ülkemizde e-dış ticaretin geliştirilmesi için Türkiye'deki ihracatçı ve ithalatçıların, e-dış ticaret yaparken yaşadığı süreci gözlemlemek amaçlanmış ve elde edilen bulgular ışığında mevcut sorunlar analiz edilerek, çözüm önerileri ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.Yapılan mülakatlar neticesinde, e-dış ticarette en çok yaşanılan sorunların güven, eğitim ve yetişmiş insan gücü eksikliği ile ilgili sorunlar olduğu ayrıca e-dış ticaret yapan firmaların dış ticaret ve e-ticarette yaşanan sorunlardan farklı sorunlar da yaşadığı belirlenmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: E-dış ticaret, E-ticaret, Dış ticaret Telecommunication nets and rapidly development of internet have globalized the world speedily and caused a big change in every area of life. This rapid growth mostly have taken effect the business sector and e- foreign trade which is more economic, nearly cancel out of communication cost, enabling 7/24 access and opportunity of reach the masses have taken the place of classic commercialism. All these opportunities that are provided by e-foreign trade have engaged attention of the foreign trade's parties, enabled sector's integration with e-commerce in a short time and have created the term of e- foreign trade. In spite of e- foreign trade have not sufficiently developed in our country, is the most economic and fast way to gain a much better place in the world markets and to reach more customer for especially SMES which work on foreign trade. But because of e-foreign trade recognises via virtual platforms and it is a new and developing term results some problems in practice. This study is prepared with interview technic and 30 firm's participation which actively work on e- foreign trade from Turkey's different cities aimed to observe the e- foreign trade process of exporters and importers have experienced in Turkey for development of e- foreign trade, tried to analyse current problems and offer solutions in the light of the obtained findings. Result of the interviews, the most experienced problems are confidence, education and deficiency of qualified man power in e-foreign trade, besides it has been identified that the firms working on e-foreign trade have also different problems other than problems in foreign trade and e-commerce.Key words: E-foreign trade, E-commerce, Foreign Trade 128

Bu çalışma kapsamında nanodesenlenmiş ve moleküler baskılanmış (MIP) yüzey plazmon rezonans (SPR) sensörünün hazırlanması, karakterizasyonu ve gıda güvenliği amacıyla kullanım potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Birinci aşamada N-Metakriloil-(L)-Histidin Metil Ester (MAH) monomeri sentezlenmiş ve FTIR spektrofotometresi ile karakterize edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada MAH ve EDMA (Etilen glikol dimetakrilat) varlığında kloramfenikol (CAP) baskılanmış nanopartiküller miniemülsiyon polimerizasyon yöntemi ile hazırlanmıştır. Kontrol amaçlı olarak kloramfenikol baskılanmamış nanopartiküller de hazırlanmıştır. Nanopartiküllerin karakterizasyonu zeta boyut analizi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir ve nanopartikül büyüklüğü 52 nm bulunmuştur. Üçüncü aşamada hazırlanan nanopartiküller çipin altın yüzeyine tutturulmuştur. Nanosensörün yüzey karakterizasyonu atomik kuvvet mikroskobu (AFM) ve temas açısı ölçümleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. 0,155-6,192 nM derişim aralığındaki CAP çözeltileri ile kinetik analizler yapılmış ve adsorpsiyon izoterm modelleri incelenmiştir. Langmuir modelinin bu sisteme en uygun adsorpsiyon modeli olduğu bulunmuştur (R2,0.9941). Kloramfenikolün moleküler baskılanmış nanopartiküllere adsorpsiyonunun baskılanmamış olanlarına göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Nanopartiküllerin seçiciliğini belirlemek için florfenikol (FAP) ve tiyamfenikol (TAP) antibiyotikleri yarışmacı bileşen olarak seçilmiştir. Baskılanmış nanopartiküller; kloramfenikolü tiyamfenikole göre 8.86 kat, florfenikole göre 8.36 kat daha yüksek seçicilikte tanımaktadır. Tayin limiti 0,04 µg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. 5 değişik balda yapılan analizlerde ise CAP miktarı tayin limitinin altında kalmıştır. Hazırlanan nanosensörün gıda güvenliği amacıyla gelecekteki potansiyel biosensör fabrikasyon çalışmalarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Preparation, characterization of nanopatternerd and molecularly imprinted surface plasmon resonance sensor and determination of its utilization potential for food safety purpose was aimed in this study. At the first stage, N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester (MAH) monomer was synthesized and characterized with FTIR spectrophotometer. At the second stage, chloramphenicol imprinted nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of MAH and EDMA by miniemulsion polymerisation method. Non-imprinted nanoparticles were also prepared without chloramphenicol for control purpose. Characterisation of nanoparticles were carried out with zeta-sizer measurement and size of nanoparticles was found as 52 nm. At the third stage, nanoparticles were immobolized to the surface of gold chip. Surface characterisation was performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. Kinetic analyses were executed with chloramphenicol solution (concentration range 0,155-6,192 nM) and adsorption isotherms were examined. Langmuir model was found the most appropriate adsorption model for this system (R2,0.9941). Adsorption of chloramphenicol to the molecularly imprinted nanoparticles was determined to be higher than that of non-imprinted ones. Florfenicol and thiamphenicol antibiotics were chosen as competitive components to determine selectivity of nanoparticles. Imprinted nanoparticles selectively recognize the CAP molecules 8.86 times more than thiampehicol and 8.36 times more than florfenicol. Detection limit was found as 0,04 µg/kg. The amount of CAP in five different honey samples was below detection limit. It is thought that prepared nanosensor will make conrtibution to sensor fabrication studies of food safety purpose in future. 93

Modern Batı yaklaşımına göre dünya ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Sadece coğrafi olarak değil kültürel ekonomik politik ve hatta dilbilimsel olarak ikiye ayrılmış durumdadır. Bu farklı iki alan doğu ve batı olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Edward Said bu durumla ilintili olarak Oryantalizm kavramını ortaya koymaktadır. Said aslında Batı ve Doğu farkını, her şeyden önce Batıdaki ve Doğudaki insanların farklı dünya görüşleri olduğunu kavramsallaştırır. İkinci olarak da güçlü olan Batının, Doğu üzerinde hakimiyet kurma çabasını yansıtmaktadır. Bütün bu anlayışlar Batı ve Doğu arasında eşit olamayan bir ilişki ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Ben bu tezde ne Batıyı ne de Doğuyu savunacağım. Asıl amacım 20. yüzyılın İngiltereli yazarlarından Graham Greene'nin eseri ?Sessiz Amerikalı? da doğu ve batı temasını işlemektir. Özet olarak Graham Greene bu eserinde aşk, ilişki, savaş, sömürgecilik temalarını işleyerek doğu batı ilişkilerini ve iki tarafın birbirine yaklaşımlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bütün bu anlatılanlardan şu çıkarılabilir ki Batı tarafından oluşturulmuş bir Doğu imajı vardır ve Edward Said bunu oryantalizm olarak adlandırmaktadır. Graham Greene'nin eseri ?Sessiz Amerikalı? Doğu Batı ilişkilerinin, günümüz politik olaylarının ve oryantalizm temasının birleştirildiği unutulmaz bir eserdir. The world is composed of two different sides according to the modern, Western approach. It is divided into two not only geographically but also culturally, politically, economically, and even linguistically. These are differentiated as East and West. Edward Said has put forward the notion of Orientalism. He conceptualized that the Orient and Occident differ from each other substantially, first of all, because the people in the West and East have strikingly different worldviews in ontological and epistemological aspects. Secondly, it refers to the way the powerful West established dominance over the weak East and this Western oppression of the East. This understanding results in an unequal relationship between East and West. I am not going to side with either Orientalism or Occidentalism in this thesis, but I am going to focus on the themes of East and West in the novel, The Quiet American by Graham Greene, a 20th century British author. To sum up, Graham Greene?s The Quiet American demonstrates the relationship between different cultures, and how the East approaches the West and the West approaches the East on a plot framed upon a love relationship, war, colonialism, and conspiracy. It can be concluded that Westerners have a certain image of East in their minds and behave to them according to this, which is called Orientalist approach by Edward Said. I will try to articulate all these ideas. 105

This research was conducted to determine the homogeneity performance of laboratory grinder used for aflatoxin (Aflatoxin B1: AFB1; Aflatoxin B2: AFB2; Aflatoxin G1: AFG1; Aflatoxin G2: AFG2) analysis of hazelnut, one of the strategic products from the Black Sea Region. For the research, naturally aflatoxins-contaminated hazelnut samples in their unshelled state (A) and non-contaminated unshelled hazelnut samples (B) were used. Hazelnut samples in which aflatoxin (AFs) couldn't be detected by the analytical procedure were treated with standard solutions of 10 pg mL-1 AFB1, 5 pg mL"1 AFB2, 10 pg mL"1 AFG1, 5 pg mL"1 AFG2 at the levels of 2 mL, 0.6 mL, 4 mL and 1 mL, respectively. Then, hazelnut samples treated with AFs were grounded in laboratory grinders after 30 min of resting. The Cochran test procedure was applied to duplicate results to determine sufficient homogeneity of grinder. Variations among samples in both hazelnut groups were smaller than critical value of the statistical procedure of the Cochran test.

Bu çalışmada; süne proteazının etkisi iki ticari proteazla karşılaştırılarak belirlenmiştir. Farklı kalitede iki buğday çeşidi (Gerek-79 ve Gün-91) kullanılmıştır. Süne proteazı kaynağı olarak süne zaran görmüş buğdaydan elde edilen un ve kırma kullanılmıştır. Proteazların gliadin ve glütenin üzerindeki hidroliz etkileri elektroforezle belirlenmiştir. Enzimler, tel keski bisküvi formülasyonuna yaklaşık eşit enzim aktivitesi oranlarında ilave edilmiş ve hamurlar, 37 ° C 'de 0, 2, 4 saat inkübe edilmiştir. Enzim aktivitesini arttırmak için modifiye bisküvi formülasyonu da kullanılmıştır. Proteazların glüteni hidrolize etme ve bisküvi kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri farklı olmuştur. Proteaz 2 enzimi; bütün bölgelerdeki glütenin bantlarının tamamen kaybolmasına neden olmuştur. Proteaz 1 ve süneli un ilave edilen örneklerde glütenin bantlarının bağıl yoğunlukları azalmıştır. Bununla birlikte Proteaz 1 enzimi gliadin üzerinde diğer iki enzimi göre daha etkili olmuştur. Proteaz 2 enzimi her iki buğday çeşiti ve formülasyonla üretilen bisküvi denemelerinde en yüksek yayılma oranı değerlerini vermiştir. Gün-91 ceşitinde, süneli un ilave edilmiş bisküvilerin ortalama yayılma oranı değerleri Proteaz 2 ilave edilmiş bisküvilerin yayılma oranı değerlerine yakın bulunmuştur. Yağ oranı azaltılıp su oranı arttırılmış modifiye formülasyon, muhtemelen enzim aktivitesini arttırarak bisküvilerin yayılma oranında artışa neden olmuştur. Inkübasyon süresi uzadıkça bisküvilerin yüzey rengi koyulaşmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler Proteaz, süne (Eurygaster spp.) zararı görmüş buğday, bisküvi, yayılma oranı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Hamit KÖKSEL, Hacettepe Üni., Gıda Müh. Anabilim Dalı Eş Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Dilek SİVRİ, Hacettepe Ûni., Gıda Müh. Anabilim Dalı In this study, the effect of bug protease was investigated by comparing with two different commercial proteases. Two wheat cultivars (Gerek-79 and Gün-91) with different quality were used. Flour and wholemeal obtained from a bug damaged wheat were used as the sources of bug protease. The hydrolyzing effects of proteases on gliadin and glütenin were determined by electrophoresis. The enzymes were added to wire cut cookie formulations at the levels of comparable activity and the doughs were incubated at 37°C for 0, 2, 4 hours. A modified cookie formulation was also tested to increase the enzyme activity. The protease enzymes had differences in terms of gluten hydrolyzing properties and their effects on cookie quality. Protease 2 enzyme caused dissappareance of the glütenin bands completely in all regions. In Protease 1 and bug damaged flour added samples, relative intensities of the glütenin bands decreased. However, Protease 1 enzyme was more effective on gliadin proteins as compared to two other enzymes. Protease 2 enzyme gave the highest spread ratio values in cookie trials produced by both wheat cultivars and both formulations. In ev. Gün-91, average spread ratio value of the cookies supplemented with bug damaged wheat flour was comparable to that of the cookies supplemented with Protease 2. Modified formulation with reduced level of shortening and higher level of water resulted in an increase in spread ratio of cookies probably by increasing enzyme activity. As incubation time got longer, the surface colour of the cookies became darker. Keywords: Protease, bug damaged wheat, Eurygaster spp., cookies, spread ratio Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hamit KÖKSEL, Hacettepe Uni. Food Enginering Dept. Co-Advisor: Assistant Prof. Dilek SİVRİ, Hacettepe Uni. Food Enginering Dept. 80

Sahin, Huseyin/0000-0002-6018-1494 WOS: 000418281100001 Evaluating morphological and quality parameters such as shape, colour, size and yield are all common practices when assessing the quality of fruit and vegetables. In recent times, however, consumer interest in foods with high levels of bioactive components, high mineral content and acceptable flavor has increased considerably. In order to make a contribution to the production of fruit and vegetables with excellent morphological properties and high levels of bioactive compounds, two different hybrid tomato varieties (Ege F1 and Alida F1) cultivated in Turkey were compared in terms of their biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, ss-carotene, lycopene, minerals) and volatiles. While the Alida F1 was rated the highest for lycopene and mineral values, the Ege F1 was outstanding in terms of phenolic compounds and volatiles. Ascorbic acid content of both cultivars ranged from 7.13 to 11.94 mg 100 g(-1) fw. The quantity in the Ege hybrid was remarkable. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin and trans ferulic acid were the main phenolic compounds in both cultivars. Potassium (K) (4.09%) was the most predominant mineral in both hybrid tomatoes. Hexenal had the highest concentration value among tested volatiles followed by 2-hexenal, (6-methyl)-trans-5-Hepten-2-one. Comparison of biochemical parameters and volatiles of both varieties will give breeders an opportunity to choose the desired traits of tomatoes to cultivate for both taste and nutritional value.

Metabolik hastalıklar neden oldukları belirti ve bulgularla diğer çocukluk çağı hastalıklarıyla karışabilmektedir. Başvuru bulgularının sepsisi düşündürdüğü durumlarda ayırıcı tanıda metabolik hastalıkların da düşünülmesine dikkat çekmek için bu vakanın sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Acil polikliniğimize ateş, ishal ve emmede azalma nedeniy- le getirilen 2 aylık kız hastanın sepsise yönelik tedavisi başlandı. Yüklü aile öyküsü olması nedeniyle gönderilen doğumsal metabolik hastalık tarama tetkikleri çok uzun zincirli yağ asidi oksidasyon bozukluğu ile uyumluydu. Sonuç olarak, yineleyen kusma atakları, septik görünüm, aile öyküsü ve sağlıklı görünen bir bebekte ani gelişen kli- nik bozulmada metabolik hastalıklar ayırıcı tanılar arasın- da yer almalıdır, Metabolic diseases can be confused with other childhood diseases with signs and symptoms they induce. We aimed to draw attention to the differential diagnosis of metabolic diseases where referral signs suggest sepsis. A 2-month- old girl brought to the emergency department with fever, diarrhea and poor feeding. Treatment for suspect sepsis was initiated. Because of her family history, congenital metabolic disease screening tests were done and test results were consistent with very long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorder. In conclusion, metabolic diseases should be con- sidered in the differential diagnosis with recurrent vomi- ting, septic appearance, family history and sudden clinical deterioration in an apparently healthy baby

Reactions between free amino groups of proteins and peptides and reducing sugars or lipid oxidation products are non-enzymatic reactions called “Maillard Reactions”. Maillard Reactions may depend on the types and quantity of reactants, and pH, temperature and water activity of medium. Hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, melanoidins, and acrylamide are the best known Maillard Reaction Products MRP . MRP are partly responsible for the taste of bread, cookies, cakes, meat, beer, chocolate, pop corn and rice; however, it is not always desired to take place this reaction in foods because of the cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the advanced reaction products. Recently, positive attributes of the MRP, especially early reaction products, have been reported in several in vitro studies. In this study, the Maillard Reactions occurring in foods have been reviewed and the importance of this reaction in foods was explained, Gıdalarda bulunan serbest amino asitlerin, proteinlerin veya peptitlerin serbest amino grupları ile indirgen şekerler veya lipit oksidasyon ürünleri arasında gerçekleşen ve enzimatik olmayan kahverengileşme reaksiyonları “Maillard Reaksiyonu” olarak bilinir. Maillard Reaksiyonlarının oluşumu reaksiyona giren bileşenlerin türüne, miktarına, ortam pH’sı, sıcaklık ve su aktivitesine bağlı olarak değişim göstermektedir. Hidroksimetil furfural HMF , furfural, melanoidler ve akrilamit Maillard Reaksiyon Ürünlerinden MRÜ en bilinenleridir. MRÜ ekmeğin, kurabiyelerin, keklerin, etin, biranın, çikolatanın, patlamış mısırın, pilavın lezzetinden kısmen sorumlu olmasına rağmen ileri bozunma ürünlerinin sitotoksik, genotoksik ve karsinojenik özelliklerinden dolayı gıdalarda oluşması her zaman istenmez. Bununla birlikte son yıllarda özellikle erken aşamadaki MRÜ’lerin faydalı yönleri in vitro çalışmalarda rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada gıdalarda gerçekleşen Maillard reaksiyonları hakkındaki çalışmalar derlenmiş ve gıdalardaki önemi ortaya konulmuştur

WOS: 000513771000008, Nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) were prepared via the solvothermal method, using urea and triethylene glycol as the starting materials. The as-prepared CDs had individual diameters of approximately 100 nm and were in clusters of different sizes. The surface composition and optical properties of the as-prepared CDs were characterized. They exhibited multicolor emission properties in the visible range when excited with a wide wavelength range. The aqueous solution of the CDs was used in highly sensitive tartrazine determination. The fluorescence quenching of the CDs was in a linear relationship with the concentrations of tartrazine in the range of 0.5-30.0 mu M. The detection limit of the assay was 0.18 mu M. Acceptable recovery results were obtained via spike-recovery experiments on cookie samples.

WOS: 000502807900008, The biological effect of endogenous food-borne carbon dots (CDs) is one of the controversial issues of current research areas in food biotechnology. In this study, the biocompatibility and biofunctionality of sugar beet molasses-derived fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were investigated for the first time in mammalian macrophage and fibroblast cells. The molasses CDs were nearly spherical in shape and monodispersed with a typical amorphous structure and a particle size distribution in the range of 1.3-3.8 nm. The anionic molasses CDs could easily enter the cells and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Importantly, CDs with high photostability not only enabled the intracellular tracking of the nanomaterials by confocal microscopy, but also could reduce the LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Altogether, endogenous CDs with dual functionality, bioimaging and anti-inflammatory effect, are believed to have great potential as macrophage-mediated theranostic agents.

Fonksiyonel gıdalar beslenme üzerinde sağlık yararları sağlayan gıda veya gıda bileşenleridir. Ksilooligosakkaritler (XOS), fonksiyonel gıdalarda aktif bileşen olarak yer almaktadırlarlar. Ksilooligosakkaritlerin gıdalara eklenmesi kolon kanseri ve kardiyovasküler hastalıkları önleme, kalsiyum emiliminde artış, diş çürümelerinde azalma, bağırsak fonksiyonlarında iyileşme gibi olumlu pek çok fayda sağlayabilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı doğal kaynaklardan biyoteknolojik yollarla elde edilen ksiloolgosakkaritlerin insan sağlıklı epitel kolon hücresine model hücre CoN ve kolon kanserine model hücre Caco-2 üzerinde sitotoksik ve moleküler düzeyde etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla birinci aşamada kenevir kıymıklarından elde edilen ksilooligosakkaritlerden furfural ve hidroksimetil furfural (HMF)' nin uzaklaştırılması için nanofiltrasyon (NF), aktif karbon (AK) (Meck AC) adsorbsiyonu ve iyon değişim reçineleri (DOW-XUS 43578, Diaion CR11, Dowex-HCR W2, Purolite C160) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca NF-AK ve NF-iyon değişim reçineleri hibrit sistemi de kullanılmıştır. Ksilooligosakkaritlerin antioksidan aktivitesini belirlemek için DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) metodu kullanılmıştır. DPPH ölçümleri 517 nm dalga boyunda ELISA okuyucu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise gerçek zamanlı hücre analiz sistemi xCELLigence kullanılarak sitotoksisite analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca XOS' ların moleküler etkilerinin incelenmesi için farklı miktarlarda XOS (10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml) ile muamele edilmiş sağlıklı ve kanserli kolon hücrelerinden RNA izole edilmiş ve XOS'ların RT-PCR (Geri transkriptaz-PZR) yöntemiyle oksidatif stres ile ilgili NFE2L2 geninin ifadesinde etkisi olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Nanofiltrasyon prosesinin HMF gidermede etkili olmadığı, ancak furfuralı neredeyse tamamen uzaklaştırdığı belirlenmiştir. HMF ve furfural uzaklaştırmada reçine ve aktif karbon uygulamalarının etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Purolite C160 ve Dowex-HCRW2 reçinelerinin HMF ve furfural uzaklaştırmada etkili olmadığı, DOW XUS 43578, Diaion CR11 ve Merck aktif karbon ise verimli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Nanofiltrasyon ve aktif karbon proseslerinin birlikte düşünüldüğü hibrid sistem kullanımı ile HMF % 99.3 ve furfural % 100 oranında uzaklaştırılmıştır. Ksilooligosakkaritlerin DPPH süpürücü etkisi L-Askorbik asit ile karşılaştırılmıştır. XOS ve L-Askorbik asit için IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 122.29 μl/ml ve 12.01 µg/ml olarak ölçülmüştür. CoN ve Caco-2 hücre modelleri ile yapılan hücre kültürü çalışmalarında XOS' un 5 mg/ml' den daha az olan konsantrasyonları sitotoksisite ve dublikasyon süresi bakımından güvenli bulunmuşlardır. XOS'ların artan doz miktarına göre CoN/NFE2L2 ve Caco-2/NFE2L2 gen ekspresyon seviyelerinde anlamlı artış ve azalışlar bulunmamıştır., Functional foods are food or food ingredients that provide health benefits over nutrition. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are present as active ingredients in functional foods. The addition of xylooligosaccharides to foods may provide many positive benefits such as prevention of colon cancer and cardiovascular diseases, increase in calcium absorption, decrease in tooth decay, improvement in bowel function. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of xylooligosaccharides biotechnologically obtained from natural sources on model cell CoN to human healthy epithelial colon cell and on model cell Caco-2 to colon cancer cell at cytotoxic and molecular levels. For this purpose, in the first step, nanofiltration (NF), activated carbon (AC) (Merck AC) adsorption and ion exchange resins (DOW-XUS 43578, Diaion CR11, Dowex-HCR W2, Purolite C160) were used to remove furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) from xylooligosaccharides obtained from cannabis splinters. The hybrid system of NF-AC and NF-ion exchange resins were also used. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of xylooligosaccharides. DPPH measurements were performed with an ELISA reader at a wavelength of 517 nm. In the second step, cytotoxicity analyzes were performed using real-time cell analysis system Xcelligence. In addition, RNA was isolated from healthy and cancerous colon cells treated with different amounts of XOS (10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml) to examine the molecular effects of XOS and the effect of XOS on the expression of NFE2L2 gene related to oxidative stress.was investigated by RT-PCR (Reverse transcriptase-PCR) method. The nanofiltration process was not effective for the removal of HMF but was effective for completely removal of furfural. Resin and activated carbon applications were effective for the removal of HMF and furfural. Purolite C160 and Dowex-HCR W2 resins were not effective for the removal of HMF and furfural. However, DOW XUS 43578, Diaion CR11 and Merck activated carbon were effective for removal of HMF and furfural. With the utilization of the hybrid system, in which nanofiltration and activated carbon processes were considered together, HMF was removed by 99.3% and furfural by 100%. The DPPH scavenging activity of xylooligosaccharides was compared with L-Ascorbic acid. The IC50 values for XOS and L-Ascorbic acid were 122.29 μL/mL and 12.01 μg/mL, respectively. Concentrations of XOS less than 5 mg/ml in cell culture studies with CoN and Caco-2 cell models were found to be safe in terms of cytotoxicity and duration of duplication. There was no significant increase or decrease in the expression levels of CoN / NFE2L2 and Caco-2 / NFE2L2 gene according to the increasing doses of XOS.