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1. Investigating seismic repeater and (a)seismic fault dynamics using fiber optics in the Garpenberg ore mine, Sweden – FIMOPTIC project

Author

Kinscher, J., Bernard, P., Arnaiz Rodriguez, M., Claudio, S., Plantier, G., Menard, P., Feron, R., Feuilloy, M., De Santis, F., and Klein, E.

Abstract

Seismic repeaters are a well-known phenomenon in natural seismotectonic environments but have been rarely observed in underground mines. Recent studies in the Garpenberg excavation mine (Sweden) have shown that repeaters may represent significant part of the total number of microseismic events (> 80 %). Accurate analysis, involving multiplet clustering, relocation, source parameter and mechanism estimation, and inter-event time analysis, suggest that seismic repeaters represent brittle frictional components of creeping, planar shaped, pre-exiting structures of several meters’ length. The accessibility and high recurrence rates of these repeaters provide a great opportunity to study and monitor repeaters in situ and to improve our understanding on seismic-aseismic coupling mechanisms in fault zones and potential pre-seismic precursory slip on faults asperities. In the framework of the FIMOPTIC project, we aim at monitoring the full seismic cycle of certain repeater targets using standard in situ strain monitoring combined with recent optic fiber technologies. In the first phase of the project, we currently investigate the exact location of some target repeaters using dense seismic arrays, as well as DAS and DTTS campaigns along optic fibers installed along the mine galleries. Once a accurate location is obtained and the geo-structural nature of the phenomena better understood, we aim at performing detailed in situ strain measurements along boreholes cross-cutting the faults zone (asperities) including a high resolution Faby-Pérot optical strain-meter with sensitivities in the nano-strain range at low frequencies (< 10 HZ). The presented study provides an update on these investigations and shares preliminary results., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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2. Physical characteristics of ground switchgrass related to bulk solids flow

Author

C.A. Ogden and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Sieve analysis, Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Bulk density, Fractal analysis, Angle of repose, 020401 chemical engineering, Hammermill, Geometric standard deviation, Particle, Particle size, 0204 chemical engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Switchgrass has potential as an energy crop, but problems with handling and flowability hinders its utilization. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the fundamental flow-related physical characteristics of switchgrass particles ground through three hammermill screen sizes of 6.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mm. Physical properties were determined through sieve analysis, density testing, image analysis, angle of repose and fractal analysis. The geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation of the ground material decreased with size reduction. Particle size significantly influenced particle and bulk density. Similar conclusions were made for angle of repose; values decreased with size reduction. Shape and surface parameters from image and fractal analyses were not significantly different among particle sizes. Non-spherical, needle-shaped particles were maintained through size reduction. Particle size reduction may slightly improve the flow of ground switchgrass bulk, but will always experience some degree of flow problems in regular storage silos and hoppers.

Published
2021
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3. Assessing efficacies of insect pest management methods to preserve nutritional composition of bagged maize in storehouses located in markets in Nigeria

Author

Gbenga Samuel Busari, George P. Opit, Moses O. Ogundare, Klein E. Ileleji, Samuel I. Nwaubani, Samuel G. McNeill, Akhere E. Olenloa, Shekinat K. Ajao, Adeola A. Ala, Olumuyiwa R. Kolayemi, Jonathan C. Ogwumike, Grace O. Otitodun, Jafar A. Braimah, Grace I. Abel, and M. O. Omobowale

Subjects
biology, Sitophilus, Nutritional quality, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, Toxicology, Insect pest management, parasitic diseases, Infestation, medicine, Postharvest, Composition (visual arts), Piper guineense, Permethrin, medicine.drug
Abstract

Maize needs to be stored using effective and safe postharvest management measures to prevent physical insect damage as well as ensure stability of nutritional quality during storage. In this study, conducted in February–December 2016, insect pest management methods for bagged maize preservation in storehouses located in markets in Nigeria were evaluated for their ability to preserve nutritional quality. Study locations were in three grain markets, namely Eleekara market in Oyo town and Arisekola market in Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria, and Ago market in Ilorin, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria. Treatments comprised Piper guineense(Botanical), Bularafa diatomaceous earth (DE), permethrin powder(Rambo™) (Permethrin), PICSbags(hermetic)and ZeroFly® bags(non-hermetic). The study also had negative control(Control)comprising untreated maize in polypropylene bags. In general, as a result of insect infestation, protein content increased in all treatments except PICS which had the least infestation. After 11 months of storage, Permethrin and PICS treatments had the lowest insect infestation levels and the highest energy levels. Energy level in the Botanical treatment was also high and similar to levels in Permethrin and PICS treatments most likely due to fats and essential oils in P. guineense being adsorbed and/or absorbed by kernels. Fat content was lower in the Control and DE treatments likely due to the Control having the highest insect infestation and the DE adsorbing and/or absorbing fat from kernels. During storage carbohydrate content decreased in all treatments except the Control. However, even in the Control, there was a clear trend of decrease in carbohydrate content. Because the Control had the highest insect (Sitophilus zeamais) infestation and insect damaged kernels (IDK), this trend in decrease in carbohydrate content may be insect related. Ash content increased in the ZeroFly treatment, was unchanged in Botanical, Control, and PICS treatments, and decreased in DE and Permethrin treatments. Nutritional quality variables in this study were within or close to the known value ranges for maize. Therefore, use of maize that had been fumigated well and had a relatively low initial grain MC (9.1%), in addition to the effects of the treatments most likely slowed down population growth of the several insect species that were found and contributed to preserving nutritional quality. The relatively low insect populations in all treatments, including the Control, during the February–September period probably reduced the clarity of effects of infestation on nutritional composition reported in this study.

Published
2021
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4. Evaluation of Novel Portable Passive and Cabinet Solar Dryers in Sun Drying of Mint Leaves under Indiana Weather Conditions

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Amanda J. Deering, and Diana M. Ramirez-Gutierrez

Subjects
Waste management, Biomedical Engineering, Cabinet (room), Soil Science, Environmental science, Forestry, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

HighlightsThe Page model best predicted the drying rates of mint leaves in thin-layer laboratory experiments under cyclical temperature change and in field experiments using open-air sun drying and Dehytray and Dehymeleon solar dryers.The total time for drying mint leaves with all solar drying methods was the same (48 h).For all drying methods, the aerobic bacterial count was significantly less on dried mint leaves than on fresh leaves.Color change was less impacted by sunlight with the Dehymeleon than with the Dehytray and open-air sun drying.Abstract. The drying kinetics and quality attributes of mint leaves (Mentha spitaca) were studied to determine the drying performance of two solar drying technologies (Dehymeleon V.2 and Dehytray) and their effect on dried mint quality. Field drying experiments were carried out under weather conditions at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Thin-layer laboratory drying experiments were conducted for whole mint leaves at three temperatures [24°C (75°F), 35°C (95°F), and 54°C (130°F)] and airflow velocity of 1 m s-1 to determine the drying kinetics for the diurnal cycles typical for solar drying. The Page model was the most suitable model to predict the drying behavior of mint leaves for both the lab and field experiments. Even though the drying rate was higher with open-air sun drying on uncovered Dehytrays than with covered Dehytrays and the Dehymeleon, the total drying time for all methods was the same (48 h). Color change in mint leaves was less impacted by sunlight for mint leaves dried using the Dehymeleon, while the Dehytray and open-air sun drying had similar results due to their exposure to direct sunlight. For all drying methods, the aerobic bacterial count was significantly less for dried mint leaves than for fresh mint leaves. The log reductions in aerobic bacterial count achieved with open-air sun drying, Dehymeleon, and Dehytray were 0.47, 2.3, and 0.40, respectively. Keywords: Diffusion, Drying kinetics, Food quality, Mint leaves, Solar drying, Sun drying, Thin-layer drying.

Published
2021
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5. Closing the winter gap:year-round measurements of soil CO₂ emission sources in Arctic tundra

Author

Pedron, S. A. (Shawn A.), Welker, J. M. (J. M.), Euskirchen, E. S. (E. S.), Klein, E. S. (E. S.), Walker, J. C. (J. C.), Xu, X. (X.), and Czimczik, C. I. (C. I.)

Subjects
carbon flux, vulnerability, radiocarbon, winter, respiration, permafrost
Abstract

Non-growing season CO₂ emissions from Arctic tundra remain a major uncertainty in forecasting climate change consequences of permafrost thaw. We present the first time series of soil and microbial CO₂ emissions from a graminoid tundra based on year-round in situ measurements of the radiocarbon content of soil CO₂ (Δ¹⁴CO₂) and of bulk soil C (Δ¹⁴C), microbial activity, and temperature. Combining these data with land-atmosphere CO₂ exchange allows estimates of the proportion and mean age of microbial CO₂ emissions year-round. We observe a seasonal shift in emission sources from fresh carbon during the growing season (August Δ¹⁴CO₂ = 74 ± 4.7‰, 37% ± 3.4% microbial, mean ± se) to increasingly older soil carbon in fall and winter (March Δ¹⁴CO₂ = 22 ± 1.3‰, 47% ± 8% microbial). Thus, rising soil temperatures and emissions during fall and winter are depleting aged soil carbon pools in the active layer and thawing permafrost and further accelerating climate change.

Published
2022

6. Conjugate heat and mass transfer model for predicting thin-layer drying uniformity in a compact, crossflow dehydrator

Author

Jason K. Ostanek and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
Convection, food.ingredient, Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Airflow, 02 engineering and technology, Computational fluid dynamics, Corn kernel, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, food, 020401 chemical engineering, Mass transfer, 0204 chemical engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Diffusion (business), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Moisture, business.industry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mechanics, Inlet, 040401 food science, business
Abstract

A conjugate heat and mass transfer model was implemented into a commercial CFD code to analyze the convective drying of corn. The Navier–Stokes equations for drying air flow were coupled to diffusion equations for heat and moisture transport in a corn kernel during drying. Model formulation and implementation in the commercial software is discussed. Validation simulations were conducted to compare numerical results to experimental, thin-layer drying data. The model was then used to analyze drying performance for a compact, crossflow dehydrator. At low inlet air temperatures, the drying rate in the compact dehydrator matched the thin-layer drying rate. At higher temperatures, heat losses through the external walls resulted in temperature and moisture variations across the dehydrator.

Published
2019
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7. Effect of Pretreatment on Allicin Degradation and Color Change in the Dehydration of Garlic

Author

Zhian Zheng, Diana Milena Ramirez Gutierrez, Zusongying Zhao, and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, Allicin, chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, medicine, Soil Science, Degradation (geology), Forestry, Dehydration, Food science, medicine.disease, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

Allicin is the most important active ingredient in garlic because it gives garlic its unique flavor and has a broad spectrum of antibiotic activities. It is also an indicator of garlic product quality. Color can also be used to determine the quality of dehydrated garlic. The allicin content and color of dried garlic are influenced by the processing method, such as pretreatment, and the drying parameters, primarily temperature. To explore the factors that affect the allicin content and color of dried garlic, this study compared the differences in allicin content and color for common pretreatment methods and drying temperatures (35°C for 22 h, 55°C for 12 h, and 75°C for 5 h, to simulate open-sun drying, solar drying, and factory drying, respectively). The results showed that high-temperature pretreatment had a negative effect on the color and allicin retention of dried garlic slices. Cold-water washing and 55°C drying temperature are recommended to produce good garlic color and preserve the allicin content (2.78 mg g-1) to meet both national and international standards. Keywords: Allicin, Color change, Dehydration, Drying, Garlic.

Published
2019
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8. Effect of chemical and physical properties of Dried Distillers Grains with solubles (DDGS) on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) development

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Linda J. Mason, Douglas S. Richmond, and Mahsa Fardisi

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Animal feed, Chemistry, fungi, Granule (cell biology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Horticulture, Pelletizing, 01 natural sciences, Distillers grains, 010602 entomology, Ingredient, Granulation, Animal science, Insect Science, Pellet, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Particle size, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) has been used as a grain-based supplement in animal feed. The focus of this study was to investigate the effects of chemical and physical characteristics that may affect DDGS susceptibility to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) infestation. Multiple regression-based models were built to determine if the diet’s chemical and physical characteristics affect T. castaneum development. Based on the regression models, diet particle size was the most influential factor in larval development. Larval weight increased more rapidly on T. castaneum normal laboratory diet, 90% flour/10% brewer’s yeast (F/Y), followed by ground DDGS, compared to raw DDGS with different particle sizes. To determine the effect of diet particle size on larval development, experiments were conducted to increase particle size by pelletizing F/Y using a rotary drum granulation apparatus. T. castaneum larval stage lasted significantly longer on F/Y granules with a particle size of 1.4 mm or larger. Although the chemical properties of DDGS (protein, fat, fiber and ash content) were not significant predictors of T. castaneum larval development, larval developmental time and weight gain on ground DDGS was significantly slower than on F/Y, highlighting the potential importance of nutritional factors not accounted for in our analysis. Our results conclude that storing DDGS as raw ingredient and in the granule or pellet form with large particle size may help limit T. castaneum infestations. Although granulation or pelletization may not be economically feasible for small manufacturing plants, larger producers may benefit from the reduced risk of insect contamination associated with secondary feeders such as T. castaneum.

Published
2019
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9. Svep1 stabilizes developmental vascular anastomosis in reduced flow conditions

Author

Coxam, B., Padberg, Y., Maier, K., Jung, S., Bartels-Klein, E., Szymborska, A., Finotto, L., Schulte-Merker, S., and Gerhardt, H.

Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Abstract

We report the discovery that flow and Svep1 are modulator of vessel anastomosis during developmental angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. We show that loss of Svep1 and blood flow reduction both contribute to defective anastomosis of intersegmental vessels. We show that this defect in primary angiogenic sprouts is associated with an expansion of Apelin-positive tip cells and with reduced formation and lumenisation of the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel. Mechanistically, our results suggest that flow and Svep1 act synergistically to modulate vascular network formation in the zebrafish trunk.

Published
2021

10. Vasohibin-1 selectively regulates secondary sprouting and lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish trunk

Author

Bastos de Oliveira, M., Meier, K., Jung, S., Bartels-Klein, E., Coxam, B., Geudens, I., Szymborska, A., Skoczylas, R., Fechner, I., Koltowska, K., and Gerhardt, H.

Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Abstract

Previous studies have shown that Vasohibin-1 (Vash1) is stimulated by VEGFs in endothelial cells and that its overexpression interferes with angiogenesis in vivo. Recently, Vash1 was found to mediate tubulin detyrosination, a post-translational modification that is implicated in many cell functions, such as cell division. Here we used the zebrafish embryo to investigate the cellular and subcellular mechanisms of Vash1 on endothelial microtubules during formation of the trunk vasculature. We show that microtubules within venous-derived secondary sprouts are strongly and selectively detyrosinated in comparison with other endothelial cells, and that this difference is lost upon vash1 knockdown. Vash1 depletion in zebrafish specifically affected secondary sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein, increasing endothelial cell divisions and cell number in the sprouts. We show that altering secondary sprout numbers and structure upon Vash1 depletion leads to defective lymphatic vessel formation and ectopic lymphatic progenitor specification in the zebrafish trunk.

Published
2021

11. Time-integrated collection of CO₂ for ¹⁴C analysis from soils

Author

Pedron, S. (Shawn), Xu, X. (X.), Walker, J. C. (J. C.), Ferguson, J. C. (J. C.), Jespersen, R. G. (R. G.), Welker, J. M. (J. M.), Klein, E. S. (E. S.), and Czimczik, C. I. (C. I.)

Subjects
carbon, mineral soil, molecular sieve, soil respiration
Abstract

We developed a passive sampler for time-integrated collection and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) analysis of soil respiration, a major flux in the global C cycle. It consists of a permanent access well that controls the CO₂ uptake rate and an exchangeable molecular sieve CO₂ trap. We tested how access well dimensions and environmental conditions affect collected CO₂, and optimized cleaning procedures to minimize ¹⁴CO₂ memory. We also deployed two generations of the sampler in Arctic tundra for up to two years, collecting CO₂ over periods of 3 days–2 months, while monitoring soil temperature, volumetric water content, and CO₂ concentration. The sampler collects CO₂ at a rate proportional to the length of a silicone tubing inlet (7–26 µg CO₂-C day⁻¹·m Si⁻¹). With constant sampler dimensions in the field, CO₂ recovery is best explained by soil temperature. We retrieved 0.1–5.3 mg C from the 1st and 0.6–13 mg C from the 2nd generation samplers, equivalent to uptake rates of 2–215 (n=17) and 10–247 µg CO₂-C day⁻¹ (n=20), respectively. The method blank is 8 ± 6 µg C (mean ± sd, n=8), with a radiocarbon content (fraction modern) ranging from 0.5875–0.6013 (n=2). The sampler enables more continuous investigations of soil C emission sources and is suitable for Arctic environments.

Published
2021

12. Arctic sea-ice loss fuels extreme European snowfall

Author

Bailey, H. (Hannah), Hubbard, A. (Alun), Klein, E. S. (Eric S.), Mustonen, K.-R. (Kaisa-Riikka), Akers, P. D. (Pete D.), Marttila, H. (Hannu), and Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.)

Subjects
Cryospheric science, Atmospheric chemistry, Atmospheric science, Climate change, Climate-change impacts
Abstract

The loss of Arctic sea-ice has been implicated with severe cold and snowy mid-latitude winters. However, the mechanisms and a direct link remain elusive due to limited observational evidence. Here we present atmospheric water vapour isotope measurements from Arctic Finland during ‘the Beast from the East’—a severe anticyclonic outbreak that brought heavy snowfall and freezing across Europe in February 2018. We find that an anomalously warm Barents Sea, with a 60% ice-free surface, supplied up to 9.3 mm d−1 moisture flux to this cold northeasterly airflow. We demonstrate that approximately 140 gigatonnes of water was evaporated from the Barents Sea during the event, potentially supplying up to 88% of the corresponding fresh snow over northern Europe. Reanalysis data show that from 1979 to 2020, net March evaporation across the Barents Sea increased by approximately 70 kg per square metre of sea-ice lost (r² = 0.73, P

Published
2021

13. Subarctic catchment water storage and carbon cycling:leading the way for future studies using integrated datasets at Pallas, Finland

Author

Marttila, H. (Hannu), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Ala-Aho, P. (Pertti), Noor, K. (Kashif), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), Croghan, D. (Danny), Mustonen, K. (Kaisa), Meriö, L.-J. (Leo-Juhani), Autio, A. (Anna), Muhic, F. (Filip), Bailey, H. (Hannah), Aurela, M. (Mika), Vuorenmaa, J. (Jussi), Penttilä, T. (Timo), Hyöky, V. (Valtteri), Klein, E. (Eric), Kuzmin, A. (Anton), Korpelainen, P. (Pasi), Kumpula, T. (Timo), Rauhala, A. (Anssi), and Kløve, B. (Bjørn)

Subjects
biogeochemistry, hydrology, catchment, measurements, subarctic, isotopes
Abstract

Subarctic ecohydrological processes are changing rapidly, but detailed and integrated ecohydrological investigations are not as widespread as necessary. We introduce an integrated research catchment site (Pallas) for atmosphere, ecosystems, and ecohydrology studies in subarctic conditions in Finland that can be used for a new set of comparative catchment investigations. The Pallas site provides unique observational data and high-intensity field measurement datasets over long periods. The infrastructure for atmosphere- to landscape-scale research in ecosystem processes in a subarctic landscape has recently been complemented with detailed ecohydrological measurements. We identify three dominant processes in subarctic ecohydrology: (a) strong seasonality drives ecohydrological regimes, (b) limited dynamic storage causes rapid stream response to water inputs (snowmelt and intensive storms), and (c) hydrological state of the system regulates catchment-scale dissolved carbon dynamics and greenhouse (GHG) fluxes. Surface water and groundwater interactions play an important role in regulating catchment-scale carbon balances and ecosystem respiration within subarctic peatlands, particularly their spatial variability in the landscape. Based on our observations from Pallas, we highlight key research gaps in subarctic ecohydrology and propose several ways forward. We also demonstrate that the Pallas catchment meets the need for sustaining and pushing the boundaries of critical long-term integrated ecohydrological research in high-latitude environments.

Published
2021

14. The Adoption of Drying Added-Value Technologies in the Specialty Crop Industry

Author

Torres, Ariana P., Rodriguez, Orlando, and Ileleji, Klein E.

Subjects
specialty crops, drying foods, immune system diseases, minority farmers, market differentiation, food and beverages, value-added, Agribusiness, agricultural diversification, food crops, Crop Production/Industries, food labels, respiratory tract diseases
Abstract

Value-added technologies can benefit specialty crops growers by leading to an increase profitability and improving access to markets. This study categorized and explored the main characteristics of farmers on the spectrum of adoption of drying value-added technologies. Farmers were categorized as 1) considering drying, 2) currently drying, 3) stopped drying, or 4) never dried. There were more women and minority farmers drying specialty crops than farmers with genders and races/ethnicities. There was a greater proportion of diversified operations, those selling through local markets, and those using food labels among farmers using drying technologies to add value to their products.

Published
2021
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16. Hydroclimatic controls on the isotopic (δ¹⁸ O, δ² H, d-excess) traits of pan-Arctic summer rainfall events

Author

Mellat, M. (Moein), Bailey, H. (Hannah), Mustonen, K.-R. (Kaisa-Riikka), Marttila, H. (Hannu), Klein, E. S. (Eric S.), Gribanov, K. (Konstantin), Bret-Harte, M. S. (M. Syndonia), Chupakov, A. V. (Artem V.), Divine, D. V. (Dmitry V.), Else, B. (Brent), Filippov, I. (Ilya), Hyöky, V. (Valtteri), Jones, S. (Samantha), Kirpotin, S. N. (Sergey N.), Kroon, A. (Aart), Markussen, H. T. (Helge Tore), Nielsen, M. (Martin), Olsen, M. (Maia), Paavola, R. (Riku), Pokrovsky, O. S. (Oleg S.), Prokushkin, A. (Anatoly), Rasch, M. (Morten), Raundrup, K. (Katrine), Suominen, O. (Otso), Syvänperä, I. (Ilkka), Vignisson, S. R. (Sölvi Rúnar), Zarov, E. (Evgeny), and Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.)

Subjects
Arctic, atmospheric circulation, stable isotopes, precipitation, water cycle, sea ice
Abstract

Arctic sea-ice loss is emblematic of an amplified Arctic water cycle and has critical feedback implications for global climate. Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, d-excess) are valuable tracers for constraining water cycle and climate processes through space and time. Yet, the paucity of well-resolved Arctic isotope data preclude an empirically derived understanding of the hydrologic changes occurring today, in the deep (geologic) past, and in the future. To address this knowledge gap, the Pan-Arctic Precipitation Isotope Network (PAPIN) was established in 2018 to coordinate precipitation sampling at 19 stations across key tundra, subarctic, maritime, and continental climate zones. Here, we present a first assessment of rainfall samples collected in summer 2018 (n = 281) and combine new isotope and meteorological data with sea ice observations, reanalysis data, and model simulations. Data collectively establish a summer Arctic Meteoric Water Line where δ²H = 7.6⋅δ¹⁸O–1.8 (r² = 0.96, p < 0.01). Mean amount-weighted δ¹⁸O, δ²H, and d-excess values were −12.3, −93.5, and 4.9‰, respectively, with the lowest summer mean δ¹⁸O value observed in northwest Greenland (−19.9‰) and the highest in Iceland (−7.3‰). Southern Alaska recorded the lowest mean d-excess (−8.2%) and northern Russia the highest (9.9‰). We identify a range of δ¹⁸O-temperature coefficients from 0.31‰/°C (Alaska) to 0.93‰/°C (Russia). The steepest regression slopes (>0.75‰/°C) were observed at continental sites, while statistically significant temperature relations were generally absent at coastal stations. Model outputs indicate that 68% of the summer precipitating air masses were transported into the Arctic from mid-latitudes and were characterized by relatively high δ¹⁸O values. Yet 32% of precipitation events, characterized by lower δ¹⁸O and high d-excess values, derived from northerly air masses transported from the Arctic Ocean and/or its marginal seas, highlighting key emergent oceanic moisture sources as sea ice cover declines. Resolving these processes across broader spatial-temporal scales is an ongoing research priority, and will be key to quantifying the past, present, and future feedbacks of an amplified Arctic water cycle on the global climate system.

Published
2021

17. The micropolitics of behavioural interventions: a new materialist analysis

Author

Fox, N.J. and Klein, E.

Abstract

Behavioural approaches are increasingly used in both the global North and South as means to effect government policy. These interventions aim to encourage preferred behaviours by subtly shaping choices, applying incentives or employing punitive measures. Recent digital technology developments extend the reach of these behavioural approaches. While these approaches have been criticised from political science perspectives, in this paper we apply an innovative mode of analysis of behavioural policy approaches founded in a ‘new materialist’ ontology of affects, assemblages and capacities. This perspective enables us to explore their ‘micropolitical’ impact—on those who are their subjects, but also upon the wider sociocultural contexts within which they have been implemented. We examine two different behavioural interventions: the use of vouchers to incentivise new mothers to breastfeed their infants (a practice associated with improved health outcomes in both childhood and later life), and uses of debit card technologies in Australia to limit welfare recipients’ spending on alcohol, drugs and gambling. In each case, we employ a materialist methodology to analyse precisely what these interventions do, and what (in)capacities they produce in their targeted groups. From these we draw out a more generalised critique of behavioural approaches to policy implementation.

Published
2020

18. List of Contributors

Author

Carol L. Williams, Pam Porter, Anju Dahiya, William G. Hubbard, Sidney C. Bosworth, Dennis Pennington, Heather M. Darby, Christopher W. Callahan, Eric L. Garza, H. Mark Hanna, M. Sanford Scott, Nathan S. Mosier, Robert G. Hedden, Robert G. Jenkins, Klein E. Ileleji, Chad Martin, Don Jones, Dana M. Kirk, M. Charles Gould, Kip Funk, Jana Milford, Travis Simpkins, Natasha Duarte, Athena Lee Bradley, Rudy Pruszko, Sean M. McCarthy, Jonathan H. Melman, Omar K. Reffell, Scott W. Gordon-Wylie, Lieve M.L. Laurens, Jonathan R. Mielenz, M. Brennan Pecha, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Richard Altman, Wallace E. Tyner, Bob Parsons, Matthew Cota, F. John Hay, Daniel Ciolkosz, Samuel M. Gorton, Tom Tailer, Ron McGarvey, Heather M. Snow, Chuck Custeau, Ethan Bellavance, Tracey McCowen, Samantha Csapilla, Grant Troester, Adam Riggen, Ariadne Brancato, Deandra Perruccio, Olivia Hart, Dan Gutberlet, Justin Freitas, Isabel Lisle, Matt Jackson, Annie Reagan, Brian Zohn, Jess Sheridan, Roz Aronow, Ryan Van Horn, Alec Moloznik, Ian Beall, Irma Cicak, Kate Heilenbach, Allison McGovern, Hannah Meharg, Adam Companion, Mike Militi, Amanda Lindley, Claire MacIntyre, Eric Beaudet, Miranda Evarts, Richard O. Barwin, William R. Riggs, John C. O’Shea, Thomas G. Joslin, Vanessia B. Lam, and Richard P. Smith

Published
2020
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19. How fuel ethanol is made from corn

Author

Nathan S. Mosier and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
Ethanol, Waste management, Chemistry, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, food and beverages, Liquefaction, Raw material, complex mixtures, Wet-milling, Yeast, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, Fermentation, Ethanol fuel, Distillation
Abstract

In this chapter, fuel ethanol, yeast's role in ethanol production, corn as ethanol feedstock, industrial ethanol production including wet milling, and dry-grind ethanol processing steps (milling, liquefaction, saccharification, fermentation, distillation, and recovery) are described along with the energy use in ethanol production.

Published
2020
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20. Baffin Bay sea ice extent and synoptic moisture transport drive water vapor isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, and deuterium excess) variability in coastal northwest Greenland

Author

Akers, P. D. (Pete D.), Kopec, B. G. (Ben G.), Mattingly, K. S. (Kyle S.), Klein, E. S. (Eric S.), Causey, D. (Douglas), and Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.)

Abstract

At Thule Air Base on the coast of Baffin Bay (76.51° N, 68.74° W), we continuously measured water vapor isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) at a high frequency (1 s⁻¹) from August 2017 through August 2019. Our resulting record, including derived deuterium excess (dxs) values, allows an analysis of isotopic–meteorological relationships at an unprecedented level of detail and duration for high Arctic Greenland. We examine isotopic variability across multiple temporal scales from daily to interannual, revealing that isotopic values at Thule are predominantly controlled by the sea ice extent in northern Baffin Bay and the synoptic flow pattern. This relationship can be identified through its expression in the following five interacting factors: (a) local air temperature, (b) local marine moisture availability, (c) the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), (d) surface wind regime, and (e) land-based evaporation and sublimation. Each factor’s relative importance changes based on the temporal scale and in response to seasonal shifts in Thule’s environment. Winter sea ice coverage forces distant sourcing of vapor that is isotopically light from fractionation during transport, while preventing isotopic exchange with local waters. Sea ice breakup in late spring triggers a rapid isotopic change at Thule as the newly open ocean supplies warmth and moisture that has ∼10 ‰ and ∼70 ‰ higher δ¹⁸O and δ²H values, respectively, and ∼10 ‰ lower dxs values. Sea ice retreat also leads to other environmental changes, such as sea breeze development, that radically alter the nature of relationships between isotopes and many meteorological variables in summer. On synoptic timescales, enhanced southerly flow promoted by negative NAO conditions produces higher δ¹⁸O and δ²H values and lower dxs values. Diel isotopic cycles are generally very small as a result of a moderated coastal climate and the counteracting isotopic effects of the sea breeze, local evaporation, and convection. Future losses in Baffin Bay’s sea ice extent will likely shift mean annual isotopic compositions toward more summer-like values, and local glacial ice could potentially preserve isotopic evidence of past reductions. These findings highlight the influence that the local environment can have on isotope dynamics and the need for dedicated, multiseason monitoring to fully understand the controls on water vapor isotope variability.

Published
2020

21. Design and 3-D simulation of a mixed mode solar barn drier for drying wastewater sewage sludge

Author

Yan Mi, Klein E. Ileleji, Liu Shanshan, Long Han, and Yanjun Hu

Subjects
sewage sludge, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery, 020209 energy, Environmental engineering, ANSYS-FLUENT, 02 engineering and technology, Mixed mode, Dimension (vector space), Wastewater, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Environmental science, lcsh:TJ1-1570, solar drying, Barn (unit), Sludge, heat and mass transfer
Abstract

The paper presents a preliminarily study on an efficient, inexpensive and energy saving solar batch dryer for drying sludge. A concept of a mixed mode solar dryer was developed and designed. Air heated by the solar flat heater was forced through drying chamber by electric fans. A 3-D physical model was used to observe and predict the operation of the solar batch dryer at different time under designed conditions. The thermal performance and air movement of drying chamber in the designed dryer unit were evaluated through ANSYS-FLUENT software. By determining the external conditions, localization and the material properties, the model can predict temperature and humidity distributions in the designed drying chamber and sludge material layers, air-flow field according to the radiation and convection, as well as water quantity evaporated from the sludge. A special attention was paid to implementation of physical boundary conditions on the sludge surface, which is between air and dried sludge. The developed solar barn dryer can heat air at average temperature between 47?C and 57?C, which is optimum for dehydration of the sludge. The designed drying chamber can generate an adequate fow of hot air to increase the drying rate by above 30%.

Published
2018
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22. Simulation and optimization of ion transfer membrane air separation unit in an IGCC power plant

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Zheng Li, Guangyi Deng, Hao Zhang, Long Han, Yongchun Fan, and Qinhui Wang

Subjects
Engineering, Air separation, Waste management, Power station, business.industry, 020209 energy, Drop (liquid), Extraction (chemistry), Energy Engineering and Power Technology, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Oxygen, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Membrane, chemistry, Auxiliary power unit, Integrated gasification combined cycle, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Process engineering, business
Abstract

Ion transfer membrane (ITM) technology has the potential to lower down energy penalty of air separation unit (ASU) and consequently promote net efficiency of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. This numerical investigation sets up the system model of an IGCC power plant integrated with ITM ASU, aiming to examine influences of air extraction rate (0.4–1.0), oxygen separation rate (30–90%) and operation temperature (800–900 °C) on IGCC performances. The advantages of ITM technology over cryogenic ASUs are also evaluated under optimized operation parameters and similar system boundary conditions. Simulation results indicated that increasing air extraction rate and oxygen separation rate was beneficial to promote IGCC system net efficiency and reduce auxiliary power consumption rate. Temperature variation had much less influences on system performance, although a minor drop of net efficiency was observed with increasing operation temperatures. The optimized operation parameters were identified as: air extraction rates of 0.8–1.0, oxygen separation rates of 70–90% and operation temperature of 800°C. Comparing with the cases using low pressure and high pressure cryogenic ASUs, IGCC net efficiency was increased by 1.0 and 0.6% point when adopting an ITM ASU.

Published
2018
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23. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma

Author

Epstein JI(1), Egevad L, Amin MB, Delahunt B, Srigley JR, Humphrey PA, Grading Committee.Al-Hussain T, Algaba F, Aron M, Berman D, Berney D, Brimo F, Cao D, Cheville J, Clouston D, Colecchia M, Comperat E, da Cunha IW, De Marzo A, Ertoy D, Fine S, Foster C, Grignon D, Gupta N, Gupta R, Kench J, Kristiansen G, Kunju L, Leite KR, Loda M, Lopez-Beltran A, Lotan T, Lucia M, Magi-Galluzzi C, Montironi R, McKenney J, Merrimen J, Netto G, Orozco R, Paner G, Parwani A, Pizov G, Reuter V, Ro J, Samaratunga H, Schultz L, Shanks J, Sesterhenn I, Shen S, Simko J, Suzigan S, Suryavanshi M, Tan PH, Takahashi H, Tomlins S, Trpkov K, Troncoso P, True L, Tsuzuki T, van der Kwast T, Varma M, Warren A, Wheeler T, Yang X, Zhou M, Kantoff P, Eisenberger M, Stadler W, Andriole G, Klein E, Benson M, Montorsi F, Crawford D, Loeb S, Catto J, Schaeffer E, Nacey JN, DeWeese T, Sandler H, Zietman A, Pollack A, Rodrigues G, Epstein, JI(1), Egevad, L, Amin, Mb, Delahunt, B, Srigley, Jr, Humphrey, Pa, Grading Committee., Al-Hussain T, Algaba, F, Aron, M, Berman, D, Berney, D, Brimo, F, Cao, D, Cheville, J, Clouston, D, Colecchia, M, Comperat, E, da Cunha, Iw, De Marzo, A, Ertoy, D, Fine, S, Foster, C, Grignon, D, Gupta, N, Gupta, R, Kench, J, Kristiansen, G, Kunju, L, Leite, Kr, Loda, M, Lopez-Beltran, A, Lotan, T, Lucia, M, Magi-Galluzzi, C, Montironi, R, Mckenney, J, Merrimen, J, Netto, G, Orozco, R, Paner, G, Parwani, A, Pizov, G, Reuter, V, Ro, J, Samaratunga, H, Schultz, L, Shanks, J, Sesterhenn, I, Shen, S, Simko, J, Suzigan, S, Suryavanshi, M, Tan, Ph, Takahashi, H, Tomlins, S, Trpkov, K, Troncoso, P, True, L, Tsuzuki, T, van der Kwast, T, Varma, M, Warren, A, Wheeler, T, Yang, X, Zhou, M, Kantoff, P, Eisenberger, M, Stadler, W, Andriole, G, Klein, E, Benson, M, Montorsi, F, Crawford, D, Loeb, S, Catto, J, Schaeffer, E, Nacey, Jn, Deweese, T, Sandler, H, Zietman, A, Pollack, A, and Rodrigues, G

Subjects
Gleason grading system, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Neoplasm Grading, business.industry, Prostatectomy, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, urologic and male genital diseases, medicine.disease, Gleason Score 6, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, PI-RADS, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Medicine, Mucinous carcinoma, Surgery, Anatomy, business, Grading (education)
Abstract

In November, 2014, 65 prostate cancer pathology experts, along with 17 clinicians including urologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists from 19 different countries gathered in a consensus conference to update the grading of prostate cancer, last revised in 2005. The major conclusions were: (1) Cribriform glands should be assigned a Gleason pattern 4, regardless of morphology; (2) Glomeruloid glands should be assigned a Gleason pattern 4, regardless of morphology; (3) Grading of mucinous carcinoma of the prostate should be based on its underlying growth pattern rather than grading them all as pattern 4; and (4) Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate without invasive carcinoma should not be assigned a Gleason grade and a comment as to its invariable association with aggressive prostate cancer should be made. Regarding morphologies of Gleason patterns, there was clear consensus on: (1) Gleason pattern 4 includes cribriform, fused, and poorly formed glands; (2) The term hypernephromatoid cancer should not be used; (3) For a diagnosis of Gleason pattern 4, it needs to be seen at 10x lens magnification; (4) Occasional/seemingly poorly formed or fused glands between well-formed glands is insufficient for a diagnosis of pattern 4; (5) In cases with borderline morphology between Gleason pattern 3 and pattern 4 and crush artifacts, the lower grade should be favored; (6) Branched glands are allowed in Gleason pattern 3; (7) Small solid cylinders represent Gleason pattern 5; (8) Solid medium to large nests with rosette-like spaces should be considered to represent Gleason pattern 5; and (9) Presence of unequivocal comedonecrosis, even if focal is indicative of Gleason pattern 5. It was recognized by both pathologists and clinicians that despite the above changes, there were deficiencies with the Gleason system. The Gleason grading system ranges from 2 to 10, yet 6 is the lowest score currently assigned. When patients are told that they have a Gleason score 6 out of 10, it implies that their prognosis is intermediate and contributes to their fear of having a more aggressive cancer. Also, in the literature and for therapeutic purposes, various scores have been incorrectly grouped together with the assumption that they have a similar prognosis. For example, many classification systems consider Gleason score 7 as a single score without distinguishing 3+4 versus 4+3, despite studies showing significantly worse prognosis for the latter. The basis for a new grading system was proposed in 2013 by one of the authors (J.I.E.) based on data from Johns Hopkins Hospital resulting in 5 prognostically distinct Grade Groups. This new system was validated in a multi-institutional study of over 20,000 radical prostatectomy specimens, over 16,000 needle biopsy specimens, and over 5,000 biopsies followed by radiation therapy. There was broad (90%) consensus for the adoption of this new prostate cancer Grading system in the 2014 consensus conference based on: (1) the new classification provided more accurate stratification of tumors than the current system; (2) the classification simplified the number of grading categories from Gleason scores 2 to 10, with even more permutations based on different pattern combinations, to Grade Groups 1 to 5; (3) the lowest grade is 1 not 6 as in Gleason, with the potential to reduce overtreatment of indolent cancer; and (4) the current modified Gleason grading, which forms the basis for the new grade groups, bears little resemblance to the original Gleason system. The new grades would, for the foreseeable future, be used in conjunction with the Gleason system [ie. Gleason score 3+3=6 (Grade Group 1)]. The new grading system and the terminology Grade Groups 1-5 have also been accepted by the World Health Organization for the 2016 edition of Pathology and Genetics: Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs.

Published
2016
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24. Structures of Degradation Products and Degradation Pathways of Aflatoxin B1 by High-Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma (HVACP) Treatment

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Bruce A. Cooper, Richard L. Stroshine, Hu Shi, and Kevin M. Keener

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Aflatoxin, Ozone, Chromatography, Ozonolysis, Double bond, Radical, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Chemistry, Photochemistry, Mass spectrometry, Cyclopentanone, 040401 food science, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, chemistry, Degradation (geology), General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract

High-voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) is a novel nonthermal decontamination technology that has potential for use in the food industry. In this study, HVACP was applied to treat pure aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) powder on a glass slide. AFB1 was degraded by 76% using a 5 min HVACP treatment in air having 40% relative humidity. The degradation products of AFB1 were separated, and their molecular formulas were elucidated using liquid-chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS). Six main degradation products were observed. The structures of the degradation products were further clarified via orbitrap mass spectrometry by means of fragmentation of the parental ions. Two degradation pathways were proposed on the basis of the structure of the degradation products. Among the six degradation products, two were ozonolysis products of AFB1. The appearance of the other four degradation products indicates that AFB1 was degraded by other reactive species besides ozone that were generated during HVACP treatment. Reactive oxygen gas species are suggested as the major agents for aflatoxin degradation during HVACP treatment. Two degradation pathways of AFB1 by HVACP treatment were proposed. One pathway involves reactions in which H•, OH•, CHO• radicals are added. The other involves epoxidation by HO2• radicals and oxidation of AFB1by the combined effects of the oxidative species OH•, H2O2, and O3. According to the structure-bioactivity relationship of AFB1, the bioactivity of the AFB1 samples subjected to HVACP treatment is significantly reduced because of the disappearance of the C8═C9 double bond in the furofuran ring in all of the major degradation products as well as the modification of the lactone ring, cyclopentanone, and the methoxyl group.

Published
2017
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25. The susceptibility of animal feed containing Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) infestation

Author

Linda J. Mason, Klein E. Ileleji, and Mahsa Fardisi

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Integrated pest management, Larva, 040301 veterinary sciences, Animal feed, fungi, Normal laboratory, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Horticulture, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Insect infestation, 0403 veterinary science, 010602 entomology, Animal science, Agronomy, Insect Science, Infestation, medicine, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

Understanding the susceptibility of commercially available animal feeds which contain Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles (DDGS) to insect infestation is the first step in developing a pest management strategy for a stored product. This study is a nascent analysis of animal feed containing DDGS susceptibility to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) infestation, one of the most important post-harvest insect pests world-wide. Three types of animal feed containing 5–10% DDGS in their formula mixtures were obtained from two feed manufacturers in Indiana, USA including: crumbled poultry feed, pelletized juvenile frog feed, and pelletized adult frog feed. Besides commercially available animal feed, laboratory manufactured feed were simulated by mixing Flour/Yeast (F/Y), T. castaneum normal laboratory diet, with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 80% DDGS (% based on weight). Larval developmental time was used to evaluate feed susceptibility to T. castaneum infestation. The T. castaneum larval period was significantly increased when fed on pelletized adult frog feed, pelletized juvenile frog feed, and crumbled poultry feed (29.8 ± 0.5, 26.0 ± 0.3, and 21.9 ± 0.3 d respectively), compared with F/Y (16.1 ± 0.3 d). The larval period was significantly decreased however, when fed on ground poultry feed (15.5 ± 0.2 d). Insect development on laboratory manufactured feeds was similar to F/Y regardless of DDGS ratios added in this study (15.9–16.9 d). These results suggested that first; particle size (PS) was one of the influential factors on susceptibility of commercially available animal feed to T. castaneum apart from feed chemical composition, and second, adding 10–80% DDGS to the laboratory manufactured feed did not change feed susceptibility to T. castaneum infestation.

Published
2017
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26. The Effect of High-Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma Treatment on the Shelf-Life of Distillers Wet Grains

Author

Janie D. McClurkin-Moore, Kevin M. Keener, and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Moisture, Chemistry, Process Chemistry and Technology, 030106 microbiology, Food spoilage, chemistry.chemical_element, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Shelf life, 040401 food science, Peroxide, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Atmosphere, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, Modified atmosphere, Environmental chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Food science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Carbon, Food Science
Abstract

There are currently limitations to storing and feeding distillers wet grains (DWG) due to their potential for spoilage and mycotoxin contamination in storage. In this study, in-package treatments of DWG using high-voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) treatment and storage in modified atmosphere with carbon dioxide were investigated with the primary purpose of increasing product shelf-life. The conditions investigated were (1) HVACP treatment and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) storage, (2) carbon dioxide-modified atmosphere storage, and (3) HVACP treatment and carbon dioxide-modified atmosphere storage, compared with a control sample with no treatment under MAP storage. Treated samples and controls were stored for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days at 10 and 25 °C, after which treated samples were evaluated for their efficacy to control mold growth indicated by pH, microbial count (CFU/g)/log reduction, and peroxide (H2O2) level. There was a significant difference among the treatments indicated by CFU/g (P 60% moisture), DWG for up to 28 days of storage at 10 and 25 °C. Both HVACP and the combination treatment showed high peroxide levels (100 mg/L) after treatment, which degraded in storage over time. It is thought that a better strategy for the combination treatment would be to treat substrate using HVACP with MAP having a high O2 concentration (65%) and store samples post-treatment in-package in a high CO2 environment.

Published
2017
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27. Reduction of Aflatoxin in Corn by High Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma

Author

Jeanette L. Jensen, Kevin M. Keener, Richard L. Stroshine, Hu Shi, and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
Atmospheric cold plasma, Aflatoxin, Ozone, Process Chemistry and Technology, 010401 analytical chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, food and beverages, High voltage, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040401 food science, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Degradation (geology), Relative humidity, Food science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Mycotoxin, NOx, Food Science
Abstract

This study investigated the efficacy of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) treatment on degradation of aflatoxin in corn. Gas type (Air, MA65), relative humidity (5, 40, 80% RH), treatment time (1, 2, 5, 10, 20,and 30 min), mode of reaction, post-treatment storage, stirring of corn material were parameters investigated on degradation of aflatoxin by HVACP treatment. Generation of reactive gas species was characterized with optical emission spectroscopy and measured with dragger tubes. Generation of reactive gas species are influence by gas type and relative humidity. Higher concentration of ozone and NOx were generated during HVACP treatment in MA65 than in air and with lower relative humidity. Aflatoxin in corn could be rapidly degraded by HVACP treatment. Aflatoxin in corn was degraded by 62% and 82% by 1 and 10 min HVACP treatment in RH 40% air, respectively. The degradation kinetics of aflatoxin by HVACP treatment follows a logistic model. Higher degradation of aflatoxin was achieved in gas MA65, at higher relative humidities (40%, 80%). Direct or indirect HVACP treatment was equally effective in degrading aflatoxin in corn. Stirring the corn sample during HVACP treatment and post-treatment storage increased aflatoxin degradation in corn by HVACP treatment.

Published
2017
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28. Differences in Kernel Shape, Size, and Density between Healthy Kernels and Mold Discolored Kernels and their Relationship to Reduction in Aflatoxin Levels in a Sample of Shelled Corn

Author

Richard L. Stroshine, Hu Shi, and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
Aflatoxin, Density separation, 010401 analytical chemistry, Kernel density estimation, General Engineering, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 040401 food science, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Sphericity, Sieve, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, Animal science, law, Mold, Density analysis, Botany, medicine, Mathematics
Abstract

Unacceptably high levels of aflatoxin in shelled corn drastically reduce its market value and result in substantial economic losses. This study looked at the reduction in aflatoxin levels that could be achieved by removal of kernels discolored by mold and presumed to contain aflatoxin. The study related kernel physical characteristics to the reduction achieved using screening and density separation techniques which are currently in use in the grain industry. Physical properties of corn kernels discolored by mold and healthy corn kernels were determined in a sample taken from a 737 kg corn lot known to have relatively high levels of aflatoxin. Properties measured included kernel diameters, sphericity, and kernel density. Differences between discolored and healthy kernels in major diameter, minor diameter, sphericity, and density were statistically significant. Tests were also conducted at a commercial inbred seed corn processing facility using a screen cleaner and a gravity table. Removal of fine material (approximately 10% by weight) reduced aflatoxin levels by 84%. In two successive passes through a screen cleaner, removal of smaller kernels and kernel pieces with a round-hole sieve further reduced aflatoxin levels by 1.8% and 9.4%, respectively. After the smaller kernels and kernel pieces were added back to the lot, two successive passes through a gravity table reduced aflatoxin levels by 12.6% and 16.4%, respectively. Kernel density distributions of a sample taken before gravity table density sorting, and of samples of the higher and lower density fractions after sorting, were also determined. The effect of screening with a slotted sieve was studied by screening a 3 kg sample from the corn lot using a table top Clipper cleaner. This 3 kg sample had been previously screened to remove fines. The results indicate that, at least for some corn lots, aflatoxin levels can be reduced using a screen cleaner and a gravity table. The authors also concluded that insight into the effectiveness of aflatoxin reduction in corn by size and density sorting could be gained by conducting a size and density analysis on a representative sample of kernels taken from the corn being sorted. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Corn, Density, Gravity table, Physical properties, Screening, Sieves.

Published
2017
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29. Integration optimisation of elevated pressure air separation unit with gas turbine in an IGCC power plant

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Guangyi Deng, Qinhui Wang, Long Han, and Zheng Li

Subjects
Gas turbines, Engineering, Air separation, Power station, Waste management, business.industry, 020209 energy, Extraction (chemistry), Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Injection rate, 02 engineering and technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Thermodynamic model, 020401 chemical engineering, Integrated gasification combined cycle, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0204 chemical engineering, business, Process engineering
Abstract

The integration optimisation between an elevated pressure air separation unit (EP-ASU) and gas turbine is beneficial to promote net efficiency of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. This study sets up the thermodynamic model for a 400 MW plant specially coupled with an EP-ASU, aiming to examine system performances under different integrations and acquire the optimum solution. Influences of air extraction rate at conditions of without, partial and full N2 injection, as well as the effects of N2 injection rate when adopting separate ASU, partial and full integrated ASU were both analysed. Special attention has been paid to performance differences between utilising an EP-ASU and a low pressure unit. Results indicated that integration solution with a separate EP-ASU or without N2 injection would not be reasonable. Among various recommended solutions for different integration conditions, N2 injection rate increased with the growth of air extraction rate. The integration with an air extraction rate of 80% and full N2 injection was suggested as the optimum solution. It is concluded that the optimum integration solution when adopting an EP-ASU is different from that using a low pressure one.

Published
2017
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30. Determination of the Relative Effectiveness of Four Food Additives in Degrading Aflatoxin in Distillers Wet Grains and Condensed Distillers Solubles

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Hu Shi, and Richard L. Stroshine

Subjects
Aflatoxin, food.ingredient, Zea mays, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Sodium bisulfate, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, food, Aflatoxins, Generally recognized as safe, Food science, Ethanol, Food additive, 010401 analytical chemistry, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Animal Feed, 040401 food science, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Sodium bisulfite, Sodium hypochlorite, Solvents, Food Additives, Ammonium persulfate, Citric acid, Food Science
Abstract

The food additives sodium bisulfite, sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, and ammonium persulfate were evaluated for their effectiveness in degrading aflatoxin in samples of distillers wet grains (DWG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) obtained from an industrial ethanol plant. Aqueous food additive solutions, 0.5% by weight, were added to DWG or CDS at the level of 0.5 ml/g of sample, and the materials were heated at 90°C for 1 h. Sodium bisulfite was not effective in degrading aflatoxin in either DWG or CDS. Among the four food additives tested, sodium hypochlorite was the most effective. However, it bleached the substrate and left an off-odor. Citric acid and ammonium persulfate reduced aflatoxin levels by 31 to 51%. Citric acid is the most promising additive for degrading aflatoxin because it has been classified as generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Aflatoxin reduction was enhanced by increasing the citric acid addition level and prolonging the heating time. Reductions of 65 and 80% in DWG and CDS, respectively, were obtained by the addition of 2.5% (by weight) citric acid and heating at 90°C for 1 h. Aflatoxin levels in DWG and CDS were gradually reduced with prolonged heating at 90°C, even without the addition of food additives. Aflatoxin reductions of 53 and 73% were achieved in DWG and CDS as a result of heating at 90°C for 5 h.

Published
2017
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31. Global Review of the Age Distribution of Rotavirus Disease in Children Aged <5 Years Before the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccination

Author

Hasso-Agopsowicz, Mateusz, Ladva, Nanji, Lopman, Benjamin, Sanderson, Colin, Cohen, Adam, Tate, Jacqueline, Riveros, Ximena, Henao-Restrepo, Ana Maria, Clark, Andrew E., Ladva, Chandresh Nanji, Alkorta, M, Atchison, C, Banajeh, S, Becker-Dreps, S, Benhafid, M, Bhandari, N, Bodhidatta, L, Braeckman, T, Bwogi, J, de Cassia Compagnoli Carmona, R, Cilla, G., Contreras-Roldan, I, Coulson, B, Cunliffe, N, Dagan, R, Givon, N, Degiuseppe, J, Dhiman, S, Dian, Z, Díaz, J., Dutta, S, Krishnan, T, Manna, B, Fletcher-Lartey, S, Fu, C, Gendrel, D., Ghenghesh, K., Gonzalez Mago, G, De Grazia, S, Grimwood, K, Groome, M, Haque, A., Heininger, U, Houpt, E, Iturriza-Gómara, M., Hungerford, D, Jarquin, C, McCracken, J, Contreras, I, Cordon-Rosales, C, Kaiser-Labusch, P, Kang, G, Kar, S, Kiulia, N, Kotloff, K, Latipov, R, Linhares, A, Lorrot, M., Mandile, M, Mast, C, Mathew, M., Matinon-Torres, F, Matthijnssens, J, Mladenova, Z., Monini, M, Montes, M, Arana, A, Motamedifar, M, Najafi, A, Nelson, T., Nokes, J, Ntoumi, F, Numazaki, K, O’Reilly, C, Ochoa, T, Page, N, Page, A., Langendorf, C, Podkolzin, A, Quach, C, Racz, M, de Rougemont, Alexis, Ruiz-Palacios, G, Saha, S, Satter, S, Soares, L, Sudarmo, S, Shigemura, K, Shirakawa, T, Athiyyah, A, Tagbo, B, Tarr, P, Klein, E., Denno, D, Turner, A., Uzoma, E, Vatosoa, R, Wandera, E, Wikswo, M, Payne, D, Yhu-Chering, H, Yoshikawa, T, Sugata, K, Yuan, Q, Liying, L, Zaman, K., Zhou, X -N, Zhang, S -X, Xu, Wei-Jiang, Serhan, Fatima, Nakamura, Tomoka, Antoni, Sébastien, Agócs, Mary, Murray, Jillian, Cherian, Thomas, Mwenda, Jason, Weldegebriel, Goitom, Biey, Joseph, Cheikh, Dah, Teleb, Nadia, Rahman, Hossam Abdel, Ahmed, Hinda, Daniels, Danni, Videbaek, Dovile, Wasley, Annemarie, Singh, Simarjit, de Oliveira, Lucia, Rey-Benito, Gloria, Sanwogou, N Jennifer, Liyanage, Jayantha, Wijesinghe, Pushpa Ranjan, Batmunkh, Nyambat, Grabovac, Varja, Fox, Kimberley, Paladin, Fem Julia, Henschke, Nicholas, Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Microbiology Service, Hospital Donostia, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Medioambiente [Bucaramanga]] (GIEMA), Universidad Industrial de Santander [Bucaramanga] (UIS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Tripoli - University Al Fateh, Visva Bharati University, Enteric Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Department of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Enteroviruses, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases [Sofia, Bulgarie] (NCIPD), Friction Stir Laboratory, Brigham Young University (BYU), UFR des Sciences de Santé (Université de Bourgogne), Université de Bourgogne (UB), Centre National de Référence des virus entériques [CHU de Dijon] (CNR virus entériques), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Laboratoire de sérologie-virologie (CHU de Dijon), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), School of Social and Community Medicine [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Vaccine Preventable Disease and Immunization, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), and University of Stavanger

Subjects
rotavirus gastroenteritis, age distribution, rotavirus, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, vaccine, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology
Abstract

International audience; We sought datasets with granular age distributions of rotavirus-positive disease presentations among children

Published
2019
Full Text
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32. Linagliptin Effects on Heart Failure and Related Outcomes in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk in CARMELINA

Author

McGuire D, Alexander J, Johansen O, Perkovic V, Rosenstock J, Cooper M, Wanner C, Kahn S, Toto R, Zinman B, Baanstra D, Pfarr E, Schnaidt S, Meinicke T, George J, von Eynatten M, Marx N, Aizenberg D, Fiorella A, Edgardo N, Belen C, Alonso P, Walter M, Maia K, Guillermo S, Leandro B, Constanza R, Alejandra N, Melina C, Ariel I, Rodrigo C, Alvarez C, Jorge M, Gabriel C, German S, Bartolacci I, Bolobanich G, Tale T, Meritano M, Echeverria M, Gerrini S, Alvarez M, Torrijos N, Berli M, Coggiola J, Castaneda G, Rode R, Milessi R, Roude A, Bono J, Caresani J, Arias V, Westberg J, Allende G, Liberman A, Bordonava A, Almagro S, Gerbaudo C, Schiavi L, Budassi N, Cecilia M, Buncuga M, Carlos S, Osvaldo T, Mercedes S, Calella P, Agustina V, Aljandro M, Alberto D, Fiorella M, Cantero M, Cariganano M, Anadon P, Cartasegna L, Gabriela M, Fernanda A, Alberto R, Chacon C, Jazmin F, Colombo H, Coni E, Mattausch S, Thomsenhall K, della Torre M, Morandini M, Berra F, Margarita H, Commendatore V, Tedesco J, Bolzan P, Cuneo C, Narcisa G, Caputi V, Pablo S, Sandra G, Pacora F, Tinari M, Jure H, Parody M, Toranzo A, Frechtel G, Yohena S, Lovecchio S, Muller C, Martin S, Olivera C, Breyaui M, Bianchi G, Garcia C, Luciana V, Florencia F, Ruben G, Gelersztein E, Rey G, Sanchez C, Fornasari L, Di Pierro L, Giacomi G, Miguel S, Laura T, Gonzalo C, Ramon C, Glenny J, Koretzky M, Porto A, Tiberio O, Ellenberg A, Saurral R, Igarzabal C, Vilamajo O, Matkovich J, de Lapertosa S, Villagra M, Cuzziol G, de la Cruz M, Pinchetti R, Mierez M, Lopez C, Gorosito V, Gabito A, Kleiban A, Grosembacher L, Adrian P, Paula R, Javier G, Kraft F, Andres F, Krynski F, Nicolas P, Marcelo F, Alfredo F, de la Fuente R, Natalia C, Luquez H, Recuero Y, Becchetti N, Ruiz M, Costantino M, Vazquez G, Guzman C, Pelatia P, Maffei L, Sassone S, Yantorno M, Prado G, Khron B, Maldonado N, Gustavo L, Veronica V, Marino J, Elizabeth A, Alejandra C, Oscar R, Azize G, Gallardo M, Escudero M, Vargas E, Ramos H, Lucero C, Najenson M, Crocci I, Chiesa A, Nardone L, Dominguez S, Zanini A, Manghi F, Grossman M, Giudice G, Romeo A, Piskorz D, Miguel C, Susana D, Noeli U, Rosa S, Martin V, Soledad A, Virginia M, Lorena G, Prado A, Veronica L, Eduardo H, Adolfo P, Florencia W, Rista L, Scolari C, Rojas N, Bertolio V, Zarandon R, Jair S, Orlando C, Sanabria H, Ignacio D, Viviana C, Marina R, Sarjanovich R, Scaro G, Huerta C, Mana M, Gutierrez M, Dain A, Gavicola R, Sessa H, Sacripanti J, Felman R, Vilarino P, Sicer M, Lagrutta M, Sala J, Casabella T, Cecilia H, Carlos B, Vines G, Javier R, Vico M, Lanchiotti P, Martella C, Torres L, Villarino A, Molina M, Martinez J, Farias C, Bertola S, Rojas M, Guzman P, Nisi J, Martinez D, Barrionuevo M, Vita N, Lopez A, Vottero E, Giuliano M, Paron L, Vogel D, Mele P, Imposti H, Dominguez A, Zaidman C, Fernando G, Beck M, Beltrame P, Chemello D, Junior R, Abreu A, Fernandes V, Saboia J, Rodrigues L, Carvalho M, Gurgel M, Gadelha D, Ramos C, Borba V, Golbert M, Pitthan M, Golbert L, Valentini R, Canani L, Gross J, Valenti A, Sartori C, Dutra O, Azevedo E, Azevedo A, Vaz R, Vaz H, da Costa F, da Costa L, Panarotto D, Lain F, Camazzola F, Dellomea B, Rech R, Pizzato P, Nunes C, Jaeger C, Silveira D, Wagner L, Machado L, Rea R, de Bem A, Alves J, Jonasson T, Malucelli F, Betti R, Lerario A, Lisboa H, Bem J, Tres G, Tavares C, Nardi A, Pozzatto M, Backes L, Reolao J, Scariot E, Ziguer E, Baldissera D, Griz L, Antunes D, Victor F, Freire K, Barros A, Costi B, Sa M, Carneiro A, Felicio J, Felicio K, Penha P, Ferreira J, Melo F, Alves A, Souza A, Costa L, Pinheiro D, Turatti L, Augusto G, Leanca C, Santomauro A, Forti A, Sena R, Marinho A, Facanha C, de Souza K, de Souza A, de Queiroz W, Leite S, Vieira S, Gubert L, Olsen A, Piazzetta G, Fuck A, Ferreira M, Fortes J, Brandao T, Alves F, Radice E, dos Santos J, de Almeida R, Franco D, Saporito W, Eliaschewitz F, de Siqueira K, Bona R, Genestreti P, de Castro D, Visconti G, Sampaio C, Palhares F, Konigsfeld H, Alves E, 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Georgieva P, Shinkov A, Borissova A, Vlahov J, Dakovska-Dekova L, Lucheva M, Luchev P, Temelkova M, Borisova K, Tsenov S, Andreeva V, Margaritov V, Arasheva G, Lozanov L, Borisov R, Gorcheva D, Henein S, Whatley S, Boutros M, Kalyniuk N, Berlingieri J, Nisker W, Hoag G, Hepburn D, Harvey M, Manjoo P, Yale J, Sherman M, Tsoukas M, Rehman W, Mason M, Santerre M, De Kock J, Barkhuizen F, Rooke C, Gill C, Kooy J, Burgoyne G, de Kock J, Degen G, Hockman L, Invik R, Roberts P, Ward K, Alasaad H, Susan A, Davies V, Gupta N, Milhalidis J, Grossman L, Agawal N, Yared Z, Rwaheed, Nouhad S, Nahla A, Khandwala H, Warwick A, Wadehra D, Manan A, Vecchiarelli J, Aslam N, Ferrao A, St-Maurice F, Collette R, Davey B, Nawaz S, Coutu B, Costi P, Greiss I, Mansour F, Raymond J, St-Phard W, Nadra I, Della Siega A, Barahona L, Klinke P, Contractor H, Fryer M, Chandra N, Conti B, Telzer L, Sorensen S, Lounsbury N, Martin E, Mitchell L, Pelzer E, Nelson S, Jones M, Cox J, Luco G, Trhoughton T, Labonte R, 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Bujtor Z, Tabak A, Ferencz V, Domjan B, Tanczer T, Palinkas A, Karolyi H, Kovacs K, Csaszar I, Palhegyi E, Engelhalter G, Horthy R, Vanko E, Szabo G, Sipos G, Szigyarto M, Sebo N, Paragh G, Zsiros N, Szentimrei R, Pal D, Kobling T, Szanto I, Varadi Z, Bajnok L, Szujo S, Nemes O, Bajnok A, Mezosi E, Bodis B, Marton Z, Konyves L, Farago M, Kiss G, Kiss O, Nagy E, Takacs R, Nyitray S, Abraham G, Fehertemplomi K, Deak L, Dezso E, Karneili E, Deeb D, Zloczower M, Mahmid R, Zolotov S, Hochberg I, Elias M, Goldstein L, Poletaev V, Rock W, Koren O, Saliba W, Wolf F, Adawi F, Nimer A, Mosenzon O, Raz I, Potekhin M, Cahn A, Yulian T, Zvulunov E, Israel H, Shpitz D, Bar-Or I, Chananashvili L, Irena L, Dessau H, Halabe A, Vishlitzky V, Nabriski D, Baraf L, Itelman M, Schiff E, Willner N, Fireman-Klein E, Svistunov V, Dotan Y, Pavlichev O, Saig L, Bashkin A, Kuyantseva E, Gershkov S, Nodelman M, Arbel Y, Bogomolny N, Leshem-Rubinow E, Rofe M, Chorin E, Havkuk O, Wainstein J, Feldman D, Fujino Y, 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S, An W, Park M, Lee S, Kim D, Jin H, Seo J, Chung C, Lim J, Huh J, Park I, Yu S, Sim N, Khan S, Albakari N, Sivaraman J, Manaf K, Maharuddin I, Nagendram S, Ali N, Abdul Latiff N, Othman N, Sarip S, Chew E, Mohamed S, Aziz N, Hui K, Lin L, Velaiutham S, Khir A, Lee L, Manikam S, Chooi K, Chang M, Ooi C, Anthony J, Seganathirajah M, Ng O, Ismail N, Cheah C, Ramanathan G, Mui N, Wen F, Choo T, Bin Ruhani A, Jamaludin S, Abidin S, Nor F, Abu Hassan M, Hanari N, Ahmad N, Suan M, Zainul N, Ali S, Sridhar G, Han C, Chin A, Vin L, Kadir K, Zain A, Hussain N, Pusparajah P, Lozano F, Gomez A, Zaccari E, Vigil A, Preciado C, de Leon M, Parra M, Cervantes A, Aguirre E, Orozco E, Gonzalez S, Elizondo R, Flores E, Guerrero M, Flores F, Sanchez J, Perez F, Rodriguez J, Martinez L, Marquez D, Gutierrez B, Flores M, Real M, Campos P, Garcia P, Rios M, Romero E, Perez Z, Tarabay C, Munoz L, Farias J, Gonzalez J, Palestino N, Sanchez L, Carrillo G, Ordonez N, Pech C, Andrade M, Euan J, Ortegon M, 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Earl J, McNeill R, Farrington C, Carr K, Nabat M, Matthew S, Yvette E, Handelsman Y, Delkhah S, Ismail Y, Janna C, Akhtar A, Neiman A, Blumenthal S, Colleen V, Schmidt D, Ashraf E, Bhargava A, Khoo T, Langel C, Theuma P, Wright D, Fitzgerald K, Hitchcock J, Capasso-Gulve E, Wolff E, Umpierrez G, Priyathama V, Francisco P, Dawn S, Quraishi A, Kahn B, Ferro F, Hertz B, Phelps J, Campbell A, Downing J, Pangtay D, Pangatay S, Villagran-Solis K, Haseeb M, Rettig K, Kwan R, Cox R, Slimak V, So A, Schmedtje J, Chang A, Douglas Z, McGarity W, Jestel J, Kanade P, Julie J, Asher R, Canaan Y, Perez A, Alonso I, Cutchin R, Koser A, Adeola Y, Brito S, Stocks J, Frandsen B, Weigelt M, Stehouwer E, Ince C, Stephen P, Shadi B, Jeffrey C, Thethi T, Carpio G, McDuffie R, Moreau C, Stell C, Katalenich B, McKendall-Lewis C, Htun W, Conroy K, Lovre D, Galagan R, Olmeda C, Sihota A, Barton A, Beasley R, Nankivel P, Aberle M, Machin I, Porras J, Rodriguez D, Albornoz A, Haidar A, Lopez-Santini R, Rivero G, 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Colfer H, Kane L, Teklinski A, Gadowski G, Levanovich P, Saba F, Confident L, Hossain S, Steinberg B, Philippe B, Choroenthkongtrakal S, Boccalano F, Anand R, Syam V, Manohar A, Suresh P, Madhusudhan P, Patel P, Cambier P, Klonaris J, Cheng W, Fisher S, Schelle M, Reese L, McLean S, Poock J, Hoens J, Rosie A, Welshons R, Dean J, Kuhlman P, Luke R, Lohrbauer L, Cunningham M, Buday P, Lehmann M, Chrzanowski K, Fletcher A, Hargrove J, Harris F, Debs-Perez G, Maiquez A, Cordoves L, Georgescu M, Tayoun H, Munoz F, Ortiz D, Munoz G, Hamzeh I, Misra A, Zhang L, Forgosh L, Loria K, Roncari C, Hommerding J, Morris G, Lebron C, Blake K, LaVenture K, Lange C, Levinson L, Baungarten T, Edevante S, Shawley S, Moyer H, Elliott K, Iachini K, Rajan R, Davis C, Shattuck A, Simon W, Lakin G, Secrist N, Buth D, Steere D, Talbot K, Singh N, Mascolo R, Sloan S, Kmetzo J, Brown J, Carter L, Lawrence M, Arauz-Pacheco C, Lender D, Kozlow W, Cavanaugh L, Wilson J, Gujja P, Akhter F, Khan M, Mohammed A, Satyavolu S, Dev D, Yalamanchili H, Sumeyye C, Fernandes H, Chaleff F, Jancko M, Trenche S, Kaplan W, Wilcox S, Goisse M, Rua M, Black J, Chapman K, Suh D, Yan L, Song D, Chanara S, Houchin V, McKeinness A, Sotolongo R, Gutierrez K, Miranda-Palma B, Solano M, Jain M, Needell J, Banerjee A, Jarratt M, Hantel S, Lees K, Welty F, Freedman S, Parhofer K, Birkeland K, McGill J, Tijssen J, Clemmensen P, Pehrson S, Grande P, Januzzi J, Wood M, Petrie M, Sairanen T, Tatlisumak T, Soinne L, Kase C, Turan T, Mann J, Agarwal R, Fogarty D, Navaneethan S, Srinivas T, Forsmark C, Frossard J, Gelrud A, Mayerle J, Lee R, Heist R, Sullivan R, Buchbinder E, Chodak G, Edelman M, Thompson V, Coles A, and CARMELINA Investigators

Subjects
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, chronic kidney diseases
Abstract

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for heart failure (HF), particularly those with coexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Some but not all dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have been associated with increased HF risk. We performed secondary analyses of HF and related outcomes with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin versus placebo in CARMELINA (The Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin), a cardiovascular outcomes trial that enrolled participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Methods: Participants in 27 countries with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease were randomized 1:1 to receive once daily oral linagliptin 5 mg or placebo, on top of standard of care. All hospitalization for HF (hHF), cardiovascular outcomes, and deaths were prospectively captured and centrally adjudicated. In prespecified and post hoc analyses of HF and related events, Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for region and baseline history of HF were used. Recurrent hHF events were analyzed using a negative binomial model. In a subset of participants with left ventricular ejection fraction captured within the year before randomization, HF-related outcomes were assessed in subgroups stratified by left ventricular ejection fraction > or 50%. Results: CARMELINA enrolled 6979 participants (mean age, 65.9 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73m(2); hemoglobin A1c, 8.0%; 62.9% men; diabetes mellitus duration, 14.8 years), including 1873 (26.8%) with a history of HF at baseline. Median follow-up was 2.2 years. Linagliptin versus placebo did not affect the incidence of hHF (209/3494 [6.0%] versus 226/3485 [6.5%], respectively; hazard ratio [HR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.74-1.08), the composite of cardiovascular death/hHF (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.82-1.08), or risk for recurrent hHF events (326 versus 359 events, respectively; rate ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.20). There was no heterogeneity of linagliptin effects on hHF by history of HF at baseline, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate or urine albumin-creatinine ratio, or prerandomization left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusions: In a large, international cardiovascular outcome trial in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease, linagliptin did not affect the risk of hHF or other selected HF-related outcomes, including among participants with and without a history of HF, across the spectrum of kidney disease, and independent of previous left ventricular ejection fraction. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01897532.

Published
2019

33. Synoptic and mesoscale mechanisms drive winter precipitation δ¹⁸O/δ²H in South‐Central Alaska

Author

Bailey, H. L. (Hannah L.), Klein, E. S. (Eric S.), and Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.)

Subjects
atmospheric circulation, North America, stable isotopes, precipitation, climate, Alaska
Abstract

Measurements of oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in precipitation (δ¹⁸OP and δ²HP) provide a valuable tool for understanding modern hydrological processes and the empirical foundation for interpreting paleoisotope archives. However, long‐term data sets of modern δ¹⁸OP and δ²HP in southern Alaska are entirely absent, thus limiting our insight and application of regionally defined climate‐isotope relationships in this proxy‐rich region. We present and utilize a 13‐year‐long record of event‐based δ¹⁸OP and δ²HP data from Anchorage, Alaska (2005–2018, n = 332), to determine the mechanisms controlling precipitation isotopes. Local surface air temperature explains ~30% of variability in the δ¹⁸OP data with a temperature‐δ¹⁸O slope of 0.31 ‰/°C, indicating that δ¹⁸OP archives may not be suitable paleo‐thermometers in this region. Instead, back‐trajectory modeling reveals how winter δ¹⁸OP/δ²HP reflects synoptic and mesoscale processes in atmospheric circulation that drive changes in the passage of air masses with different moisture sources, transport, and rainout histories. Specifically, meridional systems—with either northerly flow from the Arctic or southerly flow from the Gulf of Alaska—have relatively low δ¹⁸OP/δ²HP due to progressive cooling and removal of precipitation as it condenses with altitude over Alaska’s southern mountain ranges. To the contrary, zonally derived moisture from either the North Pacific and/or Bering Sea retains relatively high δ¹⁸OP/δ²HP values. These new data contribute a better understanding of the modern Alaska water isotope cycle and provide an empirical basis for interpreting paleoisotope archives in context of regional atmospheric circulation.

Published
2019

34. Effect of Linagliptin vs Placebo on Major Cardiovascular Events in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk The CARMELINA Randomized Clinical Trial

Author

Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen O, Cooper M, Kahn S, Marx N, Alexander J, Pencina M, Toto R, Wanner C, Zinman B, Woerle H, Baanstra D, Pfarr E, Schnaidt S, Meinicke T, George J, von Eynatten M, McGuire D, Aizenberg D, Fiorella A, Edgardo N, Belen C, Alonso P, Walter M, Maia K, Guillermo S, Leandro B, Constanza R, Alejandra N, Melina C, Ariel I, Rodrigo C, Alvarez C, Jorge M, Gabriel C, German S, Bartolacci I, Bolobanich G, Tale T, Meritano M, Echeverria M, Gerrini S, Alvarez M, Torrijos N, Berli M, Coggiola J, Castaneda G, Rode R, Milessi R, Roude A, Bono J, Caresani J, Arias V, Westberg J, Allende G, Liberman A, Bordonava A, Almagro S, Gerbaudo C, Schiavi L, Budassi N, Cecilia M, Buncuga M, Carlos S, Osvaldo T, Mercedes S, Calella P, Agustina V, Aljandro M, Alberto D, Fiorella M, Cantero M, Cariganano M, Anadon P, Cartasegna L, Gabriela M, Fernanda A, Alberto R, Chacon C, Jazmin F, Colombo H, Coni E, Mattausch S, Thomsenhall K, della Torre M, Morandini M, Berra F, Margarita H, Commendatore V, Tedesco J, Bolzan P, Cuneo C, Narcisa G, Caputi V, Pablo S, Sandra G, Pacora F, Tinari M, Jure H, Parody M, Toranzo A, Frechtel G, Yohena S, Lovecchio S, Muller C, Martin S, Olivera C, Breyaui M, Bianchi G, Garcia C, Luciana V, Florencia F, Ruben G, Gelersztein E, Rey G, Sanchez C, Fornasari L, Di Pierro L, Giacomi G, Miguel S, Laura T, Gonzalo C, Ramon C, Glenny J, Koretzky M, Porto A, Tiberio O, Ellenberg A, Saurral R, Igarzabal C, Vilamajo O, Matkovich J, de Lapertosa S, Villagra M, Cuzziol G, de la Cruz M, Pinchetti R, Mierez M, Lopez C, Gorosito V, Gabito A, Kleiban A, Grosembacher L, Adrian P, Paula R, Javier G, Kraft F, Andres F, Krynski F, Nicolas P, Marcelo F, Alfredo F, de la Fuente R, Natalia C, Luquez H, Recuero Y, Becchetti N, Ruiz M, Costantino M, Vazquez G, Guzman C, Pelatia P, Maffei L, Sassone S, Yantorno M, Prado G, Khron B, Maldonado N, Gustavo L, Veronica V, Marino J, Elizabeth A, Alejandra C, Oscar R, Azize G, Gallardo M, Escudero M, Vargas E, Ramos H, Lucero C, Najenson M, Crocci I, Chiesa A, Nardone L, Dominguez S, Zanini A, Manghi F, Grossman M, Giudice G, Romeo A, Piskorz D, Miguel C, Susana D, Noeli U, Rosa S, Martin V, Soledad A, Virginia M, Lorena G, Prado A, Veronica L, Eduardo H, Adolfo P, Florencia W, Rista L, Scolari C, Rojas N, Bertolio V, Zarandon R, Jair S, Orlando C, Sanabria H, Ignacio D, Viviana C, Marina R, Sarjanovich R, Scaro G, Huerta C, Mana M, Gutierrez M, Dain A, Gavicola R, Sessa H, Sacripanti J, Felman R, Vilarino P, Sicer M, Lagrutta M, Sala J, Casabella T, Cecilia H, Carlos B, Vines G, Javier R, Vico M, Lanchiotti P, Martella C, Torres L, Villarino A, Molina M, Martinez J, Farias C, Bertola S, Rojas M, Guzman P, Nisi J, Martinez D, Barrionuevo M, Vita N, Lopez A, Vottero E, Giuliano M, Paron L, Vogel D, Mele P, Imposti H, Dominguez A, Zaidman C, Fernando G, Beck M, Beltrame P, Chemello D, Junior R, Abreu A, Fernandes V, Saboia J, Rodrigues L, Carvalho M, Gurgel M, Gadelha D, Ramos C, Borba V, Golbert M, Pitthan M, Golbert L, Valentini R, Canani L, Gross J, Valenti A, Sartori C, Dutra O, Azevedo E, Azevedo A, Vaz R, Vaz H, da Costa F, da Costa L, Panarotto D, Lain F, Camazzola F, Dellomea B, Rech R, Pizzato P, Nunes C, Jaeger C, Silveira D, Wagner L, Machado L, Rea R, de Bem A, Alves J, Jonasson T, Malucelli F, Betti R, Lerario A, Lisboa H, Bem J, Tres G, Tavares C, Nardi A, Pozzatto M, Backes L, Reolao J, Scariot E, Ziguer E, Baldissera D, Griz L, Antunes D, Victor F, Freire K, Barros A, Costi B, Sa M, Carneiro A, Felicio J, Felicio K, Penha P, Ferreira J, Melo F, Alves A, Souza A, Costa L, Pinheiro D, Turatti L, Augusto G, Leanca C, Santomauro A, Forti A, Sena R, Marinho A, Facanha C, de Souza K, de Souza A, de Queiroz W, Leite S, Vieira S, Gubert L, Olsen A, Piazzetta G, Fuck A, Ferreira M, Fortes J, Brandao T, Alves F, Radice E, dos Santos J, de Almeida R, Franco D, Saporito W, Eliaschewitz F, de Siqueira K, Bona R, Genestreti P, de Castro D, Visconti G, Sampaio C, Palhares F, Konigsfeld H, Alves E, Feder C, Leao B, Saraiva J, Rodovalho S, Costa M, Pires N, Figueiredo E, Werner G, Garcia J, de Paiva I, Quirino B, Botelho R, da Silva R, Navarro A, Lourenco C, Pereira A, Arantes F, Boner D, Saad J, Falchetto E, Washizu E, Mandil A, Pimenta N, Tofani F, Fonseca T, Teixeira L, Maia L, Lemos M, Mouco O, Nakazone M, Weiand L, Bohn J, Hissa M, Araripe F, Carvalho F, Cancado G, Wang R, Chacra A, Fusaro A, de Mendonca E, Cercato C, Halpern A, Alves B, Braile M, Sestito R, Mustafa E, Ferreira V, Sbardellini B, de Almeida P, Guimaraes F, Piedade M, Bienert I, Braga J, Daher R, Hirakawa T, Terra E, Farias E, Figueiredo M, Lima L, Moraes K, Avelino I, Flato U, Plavnik F, Portes E, Moreira M, Vendramini M, Veloso R, Padilha M, Rodrigues A, Adam R, Santos S, Sayeg N, Guerrero D, Madeira M, Siqueira J, Pinheiro R, Villacorta A, Mellazi A, Braga T, Kaiser S, Paolino B, Lefterov I, Marinchev A, Angelova S, Klyuchkova N, Lybomirova Z, Kerekovski Y, Kuneva T, Penkova D, Levterov G, Videnova E, Georgieva P, Shinkov A, Borissova A, Vlahov J, Dakovska-Dekova L, Lucheva M, Luchev P, Temelkova M, Borisova K, Tsenov S, Andreeva V, Margaritov V, Arasheva G, Lozanov L, Borisov R, Gorcheva D, Henein S, Whatley S, Boutros M, Kalyniuk N, Berlingieri J, Nisker W, Hoag G, Hepburn D, Harvey M, Manjoo P, Yale J, Sherman M, Tsoukas M, Rehman W, Mason M, Santerre M, De Kock J, Barkhuizen F, Rooke C, Gill C, Kooy J, Burgoyne G, de Kock J, Degen G, Hockman L, Invik R, Roberts P, Ward K, Alasaad H, Susan A, Davies V, Gupta N, Milhalidis J, Grossman L, Agawal N, Yared Z, Rwaheed, Nouhad S, Nahla A, Khandwala H, Warwick A, Wadehra D, Manan A, Vecchiarelli J, Aslam N, Ferrao A, St-Maurice F, Collette R, Davey B, Nawaz S, Coutu B, Costi P, Greiss I, Mansour F, Raymond J, St-Phard W, Nadra I, Della Siega A, Barahona L, Klinke P, Contractor H, Fryer M, Chandra N, Conti B, Telzer L, Sorensen S, Lounsbury N, Martin E, Mitchell L, Pelzer E, Nelson S, Jones M, Cox J, Luco G, Trhoughton T, Labonte R, Chouinard G, Frechette A, Rheaume M, Cusson J, Faucher J, Dery V, Kelly A, Miranda B, Al-Kayssi N, Malette P, Rheault P, Fredette P, Dumas R, Palardy J, Belanger A, Boucher P, Doyon B, Charbonneau J, Bailey G, Odendaal M, Stephan K, Badenhorst J, Knight D, Thurgood A, Johnston M, Cooper-Rosen E, Jagger R, Green M, Weisnagel S, Gangloff A, Bergeron J, Pesant Y, Chevalier P, Woo V, Hurd C, Ruckert G, Lira J, Navarro G, Venegas M, Gonzalez P, Montecinos H, Vidal G, Fernandez M, Varas J, Fernandez C, Aguilar J, Marin R, Kindel C, Yovaniniz P, Gherman O, Aravena M, Carvajal J, Macias E, Corrado P, Lazcano M, Garrido B, Charme G, Carrasco J, Vignolo P, Saavedra S, Gajardo V, Saavedra C, Santamaria D, del Castillo B, Balda I, Zurvarra V, Fu G, Jiang D, Huang H, Wang M, Song J, Lu W, Lin Y, Lu Z, Shi Y, Zhong M, Zhao X, Chen D, Zhang G, He Y, Shi P, Chu K, Gao Q, Deng W, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Liu E, Xie Y, Lin R, Tan W, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Ren J, Yu H, Luo M, Ma W, Shi W, Xu H, Xu M, Liu G, Dong Y, Bai B, Guo R, Liu X, Gao Y, Li S, Xu X, Liu P, Dong X, Wang S, Fu F, Jiang Q, Meng C, Yin X, Lu Y, Cui Y, Su G, Miao W, Wei F, Zhao Q, Li Z, Gao X, Lozno H, Prada W, Figueroa W, Ordonez A, Quintero E, Vallejo G, Contreras C, Escobar J, Alvaran J, Ortiz L, Marin M, Montoya C, Mendoza J, Manjarres J, Navarro B, Martinez G, Bonfanti A, Perci X, de la Hoz L, Arroyo J, Rendon C, Lopez J, Escobar N, Franco J, Lozano M, Zapata C, Ibarra L, Barrero A, Sarmiento A, Lozada H, Olitte M, Florez L, Munoz C, Quintero G, Correa G, Ruiz S, Dorado A, Causa A, Palma E, Morales A, Arteaga J, Beltran J, Granados M, Rubio A, Dada F, Bueno W, Rivera R, Corredor K, Romero V, Accini F, Palmera J, Ruiz G, Ortega M, Sanchez A, Lora Y, Cano J, Duque S, Thiriez S, Castano M, Giraldo P, Boljkovac Z, Grcic I, Balen M, Zukanovic S, Jeric M, Dvorscak D, Car S, Knezevic A, Herceg D, Franov B, Miskovic V, Bakula M, Hadak A, Superba M, Rubes J, Gornik I, Hamzic J, Ballek L, Sedlackova L, Hejlova J, Galatikova D, Huskova A, Zak P, Flekac M, Mraz M, Potuznik P, Palova S, Novak P, Okenka L, Matuska J, Rohac F, Vondrak K, Reichert P, Shamasna A, Skopek J, Lejskova M, Jiruska M, Lang P, Podoubsky R, Svobodova J, Cifkova R, Jozifova M, Krajcoviechova A, Wolfhart P, Sulc P, Silhova E, Cechakova M, Machova V, Balkova J, Peterka M, Votocek S, Prosecky R, Valis M, Barton P, Tomek J, Pumprla J, Axmannova M, Vitaskova R, Sincl F, Horanska P, Richter B, Malicherova E, Roderova E, Jenickova P, Winkelmann B, Finger C, Klausmann G, Milek K, Schwabe M, Weiss N, Mahlmann A, Werth S, Schmidt C, Schoell I, London M, Steidl E, Orban K, Taeschner H, Bonigut S, Schiefke I, Schwittay A, Kornmann O, Eich A, Franke S, Kis J, Szobota E, Danos P, Beke E, Grosz A, Csecsei G, Ferenczy J, Filo A, Ferencz I, Mihaly E, Baranyi T, Revesz K, Schlezak J, Harcsa E, Dombroczki Z, Kocsis I, Juhasz E, Literati-Nagy B, Kulcsar E, Bezzeg K, Kemeny V, Peterfai E, Buday B, Keltai K, Balo T, Somogyi A, Nagy G, Oroszlan T, Bagosi Z, Bujtor Z, Tabak A, Ferencz V, Domjan B, Tanczer T, Palinkas A, Karolyi H, Kovacs K, Csaszar I, Palhegyi E, Engelhalter G, Horthy R, Vanko E, Szabo G, Sipos G, Szigyarto M, Sebo N, Paragh G, Zsiros N, Szentimrei R, Pal D, Kobling T, Szanto I, Varadi Z, Bajnok L, Szujo S, Nemes O, Bajnok A, Mezosi E, Bodis B, Marton Z, Konyves L, Farago M, Kiss G, Kiss O, Nagy E, Takacs R, Nyitray S, Abraham G, Fehertemplomi K, Deak L, Dezso E, Karneili E, Deeb D, Zloczower M, Mahmid R, Zolotov S, Hochberg I, Elias M, Goldstein L, Poletaev V, Rock W, Koren O, Saliba W, Wolf F, Adawi F, Nimer A, Mosenzon O, Raz I, Potekhin M, Cahn A, Yulian T, Zvulunov E, Israel H, Shpitz D, Bar-Or I, Chananashvili L, Irena L, Dessau H, Halabe A, Vishlitzky V, Nabriski D, Baraf L, Itelman M, Schiff E, Willner N, Fireman-Klein E, Svistunov V, Dotan Y, Pavlichev O, Saig L, Bashkin A, Kuyantseva E, Gershkov S, Nodelman M, Arbel Y, Bogomolny N, Leshem-Rubinow E, Rofe M, Chorin E, Havkuk O, Wainstein J, Feldman D, Fujino Y, Kitamura H, Toriumi Y, Ishiguro H, Naganuma T, Shu S, Suzuki K, Hirota Y, Hayashi T, Hozawa K, Fukui T, Abe Y, Yamauchi K, Maruyama M, Matsumura S, Kozuma R, Nagai Y, Kihara Y, Maeda H, Nakanishi K, Iitsuka T, Hatori M, Shinozaki Y, Akiyama D, Kawabe M, Takei M, Sato A, Kawai Y, Kitajima K, Ide M, Sato N, Morisaki H, Nakashima K, Takayanagi H, Watanabe H, Iwahashi N, Tsujimoto M, Hibuse K, Hata T, Ueno K, Tatsuma H, Wakida Y, Ito T, Mizuno R, Fujita H, Konishi N, Kanehira T, Watanabe R, Miyaoka H, Okada T, Yamamoto M, Okita S, Murakami H, Todo Y, Umeoka F, Hori K, Shiraishi K, Tada F, Shimizu T, Tamai J, Sasaki C, Okuzima Y, Yasuda M, Iwaita Y, Tanaka K, Rha S, Na J, Cho D, Cho Y, Hwang E, Choi T, Won K, Kim H, Kim S, Oh D, Lee J, Choi H, Chung H, Park H, Suh Y, Kim Y, Kim N, Kim K, An J, Kim J, Park K, Kwak S, Kim M, Hwangbo Y, Lee D, Hong A, Kim L, Oh C, Moon S, Jung C, Jin J, Hyun B, Yang Y, Kong S, Yoon K, Yang H, Hong T, Oh J, Park J, Lee H, Choi J, Ahn J, Han S, Park W, Jo S, Suh S, An W, Park M, Lee S, Kim D, Jin H, Seo J, Chung C, Lim J, Huh J, Park I, Yu S, Sim N, Khan S, Albakari N, Sivaraman J, Manaf K, Maharuddin I, Nagendram S, Ali N, Abdul Latiff N, Othman N, Sarip S, Chew E, Mohamed S, Aziz N, Hui K, Lin L, Velaiutham S, Khir A, Lee L, Manikam S, Chooi K, Chang M, Ooi C, Anthony J, Seganathirajah M, Ng O, Ismail N, Cheah C, Ramanathan G, Mui N, Wen F, Choo T, Bin Ruhani A, Jamaludin S, Abidin S, Nor F, Abu Hassan M, Hanari N, Ahmad N, Suan M, Zainul N, Ali S, Sridhar G, Han C, Chin A, Vin L, Kadir K, Zain A, Hussain N, Pusparajah P, Lozano F, Gomez A, Zaccari E, Vigil A, Preciado C, de Leon M, Parra M, Cervantes A, Aguirre E, Orozco E, Gonzalez S, Elizondo R, Flores E, Guerrero M, Flores F, Sanchez J, Perez F, Rodriguez J, Martinez L, Marquez D, Gutierrez B, Flores M, Real M, Campos P, Garcia P, Rios M, Romero E, Perez Z, Tarabay C, Munoz L, Farias J, Gonzalez J, Palestino N, Sanchez L, Carrillo G, Ordonez N, Pech C, Andrade M, Euan J, Ortegon M, Garcia S, Orozco J, Vazquez H, Herrera R, Perez E, Arango A, Ibarra M, Gonzales L, Esperano J, Quintana L, Salazar I, Ruiz L, Barron C, Ballesteros C, Cervera L, Hercilla E, Gomez H, Mesa J, Herrera P, Rodriguez M, Ochoa R, Mora E, Charles C, Silva R, Mijangos J, Diaz C, Zavala C, Baron P, Bernal A, Martinez F, Tlapale M, Ramirez E, Basila A, Munguia R, Tello M, Martinez M, Mulder H, van der Graaff P, Nawaz A, Keller I, Schoofs M, Smak-Gregoor P, Al-Windy N, Bulut S, de Jong J, Maas A, Schaardenburgh P, Imholz B, Heijster J, Hoogenberg K, Smit C, Kooy A, Huvers F, Landewe-Cleuren S, Kars M, van Moorsel D, Wolffenbuttel B, Lutgens H, Schutte E, Gansevoort R, Idzerda N, Westerink J, Weijmans M, Berg J, van Kleef M, Slob M, Jaspers N, Hovens M, Monajemi H, Kobielusz-Gembala I, Zmuda W, Adamczyk M, Konieczny M, Strzelecka-Sosik A, Nowacka E, Krzyzagorska E, Sekulska M, CzajkowskaKaczmarek E, Kaczmarek B, Opawska K, Dabrowska M, Kus W, Wrzesien-Kus A, Piotrowski G, Hotlos L, Ocicka-Kozakiewicz A, Jurowiecki J, Stasinska T, Karczewicz-Janowska J, Jaruga J, ZytkiewiczJaruga D, Krupinska E, Pupek-Musialik D, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Skrypnik D, Skokowska E, Bojarska-Los M, Giermkowska-Samek M, Pirog M, Wojnowski L, Jelinska A, Gradzka M, Danyluk A, Lysek R, Sliwinska T, Podrazka-Szczepaniak A, Barney M, Tomczyk A, Necki M, Malicka J, Dudzinska M, KiszczakBochynska E, Markiewicz A, Galbas K, Paciorkowski A, Mazur S, Mazur M, Chmielowski A, Swiatek A, Sobocka B, Wis J, Jozefowska M, Kaczmarek M, Timler M, Cieplucha Z, Lazuka L, Lazuka N, Wittek A, Spyra J, Jasiel-Wojculewicz H, Stefanski A, Wierucki L, Hanczuk A, Misiura M, Szmygel K, Kolcowa O, Orlowska-Kunikowska E, Rutkowski M, Ignaszewska-Wyrzykowska A, Popenda G, Maciejewska J, Mostowy A, WojteckaGrabka M, Grazyna M, Wieslaw K, Barbara K, Kramarczuk E, Wojciech C, Jaroslaw H, Ewa B, Karas P, Agnieszka S, Hanna C, Justyna S, Piotr K, Wozniak I, Mateusz W, Katarzyna W, Jacek F, Andrzej J, Cymerman K, Gmytrasiewicz M, Zambrzycki J, Krysiak-Kowaluk H, Klodawska K, Klszczewski Z, Zieleniewski J, Opadczuk P, Urbanska K, Faran-Grabowska K, Szczepanik T, Siegel A, Kleczek A, Kincel K, Nowak D, Slowik-Gomulka L, Watemborska-Matuszyk G, Lampart J, Strozik-Krecichwost A, Dziewit T, Broncel M, Wojcik-Odyniec J, Jakubczyk E, Wierzbicka K, Witowicz A, Jedrych B, Korczyk P, Socik-Pojawa M, Monteiro P, Monteiro S, Mendes P, Soares F, Mendes S, Leite L, Vicente J, Santos M, Ferreira A, Alves P, Rosario F, Garrao A, Duarte L, Rogado C, Duarte R, Laginha T, Matos P, Raposo J, Mariz J, Teixeira J, Capela C, Leitao A, Cardiga R, Alface M, Augusto S, Basto L, Cunha A, Rei D, Dantas J, Verdasca I, Andrade L, Silva A, Suarez M, Dias V, Silva J, Pereira N, Goncalves M, Goncalves A, Silveira A, Sampaio A, Dias A, Diogo M, Vilaca C, Cif A, Calin T, Elena S, Crisan C, Adina S, Ramona S, Anghel V, Simona C, Turcu L, Mihaela V, Cosma D, Cristina H, Marius-Calin H, Negrisanu G, Andreea-Andrada M, Maria-Mihaela V, Camelia T, Oana P, Monia A, Onaca A, Mircea O, Mot A, Stolea V, Elena N, Barbonta D, Cristian B, Oana S, Popescu A, Madalina M, Coman A, Anca C, Constantinescu S, Mircea C, Diaconu-Sotropa M, Ene D, Pintilei E, Mihai G, Delia R, Toarba I, Simona H, Negru D, Flaminzeanu F, Iulian C, Maria-Cristina C, Doros R, Cleo S, Sorin B, Demian L, Mihai S, Raul B, Ioana A, Nicolau A, Cosmin P, Isabela G, Elena C, Ileana T, Valuyskikh E, Miroshnichenko E, Klementyeva N, Zelman O, Chumakova G, Vigel A, Leonova N, Pergaeva Y, Stefanovskaya O, Pushkareva S, Antoshkina L, Zheleznova N, Iveitsman, Barbarash O, Zvereva T, Zhuravleva E, Zavyrylina I, Usoltceva E, Savostyanova Y, Kupriyanova T, Krivoshapova K, Kondyukova N, Inozemceva A, Argunova Y, Tsyba L, Belenky D, Mariich O, Terekhova A, Tsygankova O, Kuznetsova E, Nagibovich G, Ivchenko Y, Dobronravov V, Dobronravov A, Bush M, Trofimenko I, Vishnevsky A, Zikov V, Kositsyn D, Palzman Z, Spiridonova T, Rodina N, Polozhentsev S, Mamedova L, Panov A, Abesadze I, Alugishvili M, Ivashkin V, Drapkina O, Korneeva O, Zyatenkova E, Glinkina I, Poluboyarinova I, Gurova O, Raykhman A, Vertkin A, Rodykova I, Shamaeva K, Petrovskaya T, Uzueva E, Milovanov Y, Milovanova S, Milovanova L, Markina M, Dobrosmyslov I, Markov V, Afanasiev S, Babich E, Belokopytova N, Demyanov S, Maximov A, Maximov I, Rebrova T, Shtatolkina M, Masin A, Demko A, Chuyko O, Pronina A, Charf G, Akatova E, Urlaeva I, Nikolin O, Khovaeva Y, Ermachkova L, Burdina E, Shvalb P, Suchkov I, Pshennikov A, Gryaznov S, Rymar O, Dolinskaya Y, Bahareva Y, Mustafina S, Sherbakova L, Ovsyannikova A, Bolshakova O, Polunicheva E, Dora S, Agafyina A, Yashina A, Vasilieva I, Yakhontova P, Selivanova S, Kargapoltseva O, Shilina N, Bayramova G, Sorokin I, Astamirova K, Kuchuk P, Koniushenko D, Malykh N, Dvorkin M, Krovelets T, Konovalova K, Seeber M, van Niekerk F, Siebert H, Steenkamp W, Wiid S, Noeth M, Siebert R, Breedt J, Bouwer J, Kapp C, Venter T, Rayner B, Trinder Y, Rheeder P, Delport E, Mathijs S, Soma P, van Zyl D, Strydom M, Marais A, Badat A, Hansa S, Fourie D, Walton T, Engelbrecht J, Jansen J, Roos J, du Toit S, Lehloenya K, van Zyl L, van Zyl F, Naude M, Mookadam M, van der Merwe A, Trokis J, Lombard L, Coetzee K, Ismail S, Bruning H, Latiff G, Yasmin O, Pillay T, Mohamed Z, Dawood S, Stapelberg A, Abrahams P, Jurgens J, van Heerden P, Swart E, Botha C, Meeding J, Hemus A, Oosthuysen W, Visagie G, Fourie N, Hutton P, van der Merwe N, Chelin N, Everton T, Duki M, Ghila N, Joshi M, Hira M, Madueno F, Martinez B, Sebastian N, Mercadal L, Isbert S, Gonzalez I, Asencio J, Figueras M, Rivas M, Garcia H, Fusalba A, Geat D, Cambra G, Sastre J, Castro F, Mas A, Portillo C, Serrano I, Hernandez S, Fajardo F, Juan C, Ferrer J, Peralta F, Padin C, Mauricio D, Madorell B, San Miguel F, Pedrol N, Trescoli C, Montanana C, Gonzalo M, Capellan J, Estrella A, Martinez C, Montesinos I, Loscos A, Coronado J, Perez J, Castillo B, Alonso C, Quesada V, Teruel J, Perez S, Lama M, del Rio E, Zlova T, Ponomarenko K, Karpenko O, Bezuglova S, Mitskevych L, Kizim S, Nevolina I, Katerenchuk V, Liudmyla B, Ivan K, Rudyk I, Olena M, Anna I, Ganna B, Topchii I, Semenovykh P, Yulia Y, Mykhalchyshyn G, Kirienko D, Kobiliak N, Bodnar, Mykhalchyshyn, Pertseva N, Olena G, Tomashkevych H, Korpachev V, Prybyla O, Kovalchuk A, Kushnarova N, Zinych O, Tseluyko V, Andriy Z, Olga R, Mankovskyy B, Zherdova N, Lykhoshapko O, Logoida P, Godlevska O, Olena V, Olga C, Gyrina O, Alifer O, Dozhuk K, Pekhenko V, Gorobets N, Korneichuk A, Makarenko E, Martynyuk L, Martynuyk O, Stanislavchuk M, Larysa P, Natalia S, Botsyurko V, Kostitska I, Dzeman O, Ablitsov Y, Ivaseiko S, Konovart O, Sandurska S, Vendzilovych Y, Samoylov O, Iryna C, Rozhkivska L, Ulyanchenko I, Kateryna V, Orlenko V, Ivaskina K, Tronko M, Tronko K, Pashkovska N, Stankova N, Vynnychenko L, Bolotnikova N, Demokhova N, Reshotko D, Popova A, Dr Bogdana, Tetiana S, Svitlana D, Oksana R, Vlasenko M, Litvinova S, Semenyuk I, Fishchuk O, Mostovoy Y, Tkachenko T, Ovcharuk M, Rasputina L, Vakaliuk I, Tymochko N, Drapchak I, Petrovska L, Lai W, Yen H, Voon W, Lin T, Cheng K, Chiu C, Chu C, Hsu P, Chiang C, Li Y, Kuo C, Lin S, Chao T, Yu W, Sung S, Wang K, Lu T, Shih K, Wu C, Chiang F, Hwang J, Tsai C, Juang J, Jeng J, Tang S, Lai C, Cheng C, Hsieh I, Hsieh M, Chen C, Lee C, Pai P, Ko P, Wang T, Chen T, Wu H, Chang S, Chen K, Hsieh L, Chou C, Jiang J, Lee M, Huang J, Chen J, Chiu K, Tsai L, Chen P, Saxena M, Collier D, Vaidya B, Harman S, Ramell M, Davies M, Chatterjee S, Meakin L, Quinn M, Bain S, Mallipedhi A, Min T, Bashir J, Blagden M, Ali J, McCrimmon R, Brennan G, Malcolm E, McDonald D, Pearson E, Illsley G, Darzy K, Winocour P, Hanif W, Cockwell P, Charlton M, Thekkepat S, Howat I, Devers M, Patrick J, Wyatt N, Smith C, Singh B, Nicholas J, Gillani S, Green F, Bell E, Boyle J, MacKin S, Livingstone R, Arif A, Syed M, Hammoud J, Sparks J, Anderson M, Tumey R, Condit J, Reddy M, Abalos-Galito M, Rebecca J, Barker T, Seaton B, Campbell E, Kompanik H, Jayson L, Huffman C, Bialow M, McDonnell G, McCaffrey J, Manis C, DeLuca E, Levins J, Bartlett M, Anorga K, Franco M, Gentry P, Hodge D, Pohil R, Rschultz, Leggett R, Blair L, Gisler J, Niegos F, Osburn M, Parma K, Schendel S, Stines L, Winnie M, Wu P, Canales J, Yu J, Cornett G, Beavins J, Hyde D, Zapinski D, Johnson T, Levinson D, Ahmed A, Kenny B, Kuehl A, Bates C, Jantzi C, Ananthula P, Shafer J, Louthan J, Bays A, Stapleton A, Staton P, Strum D, Taylor P, Smith A, Rapp R, Bao S, Randolph C, MacGillivray B, Schuster R, Harden T, Barnella C, Dunnam T, Whiles R, Bolick C, Brockmyre A, Plucker S, Marshall C, Poteet C, Morin D, Tavel E, Averill N, McFann A, Purcell D, Dixon T, Corey E, Goss J, Drescher R, Irfan M, Naeem M, Egelhof R, Mehta P, Koehler T, Walia J, Fernandez J, Bedel G, Preet R, Bhuchar S, Ahmed F, Onyema D, Benchabbat A, Kohanbash L, Miller P, Lalinde M, Carrithers E, Patterson R, Raube-Miceli A, Martinez A, Harris B, Levy R, Siev E, Berlin H, DiMattia M, Sugimoto D, Dugas J, Benson M, Stegemoller R, Schmoll M, Kinnaman S, O'Connor T, Powel T, Rudolph L, Lewiecki M, Best E, Chavez J, Garcia M, Cohen R, Colman D, Ocampo M, Heaney L, Rappley G, Quezada I, Santos V, Nikfarjam A, Reyes M, Rodriguez R, Josephs L, Hernandez R, Flores P, Espinoza L, Mejia W, Pedraza Z, Castaneda R, Laguerre J, Cook R, Patel R, Werner H, Blank R, Small S, Andersen J, Holmes D, Farmer M, Wiener V, Pharr W, Bray B, Beekman J, Anderson A, Andrawis N, Gabra N, Moche T, Marty S, Galvez O, Reyes R, Garcia R, Lerma G, Pliquin B, Mayfield R, Durham N, Phillips R, Baran A, Kondo N, Dempsey S, Kufs W, Laddis T, Zimmer K, Van Depol M, Dweck L, Kestler M, Werner N, Ashraf M, Quick A, Schallert G, Sligh T, Trueba P, Batista J, Martinez T, Moya J, Amarales V, Santos E, Torres P, Diaz T, Diaz J, Hodish I, Else T, Buras E, Moratis A, Valika S, Rahman A, Malalis W, Box E, Box P, Kerwood B, Nagaeva J, Metz C, Hinnant J, Griswell D, Philbeck A, Dukkipati R, Shaarawy R, Patak R, Kaye W, Steinsapir J, Horowitz B, Denenberg M, Reynolds C, Jenkinsdr M, Adlakha A, Hicklin H, Peelman J, Lerman S, Lamkin S, Smith S, Gould G, Cheung D, Stephen Z, Leigh T, Norwood P, Chelsea F, Trejo R, Neolms K, Bache R, Dinnerstein A, Sachson R, Aronoff S, Mendez A, Brooks S, Jones L, Dorfman S, Schill J, Leuck, Miklius A, Maw K, Hahn J, Gamarra L, Buynak R, Smith M, Ames J, Volom P, Anderson R, Desouza C, Shivaswamy V, Lefebvre G, Schweppe L, Berenguer R, Nelson R, Mas L, Gonzalez N, Palacio J, Bartkowiak A, Dilling J, Jordan T, Geishauser J, Jordan R, Arias E, Griffin C, Fisher M, Bryant C, Schnitz W, Kipgen W, Kasper J, Lopez R, Wright E, Thomas J, Weinstein D, Emerick G, Mendelson R, Aqua K, Lafaille J, Seco G, Garcia G, Cubillas M, de Souza J, Schneider A, Tjaden J, Goswami G, Schubart U, Kishore P, Bravo W, Guerrero J, Bertoli-Avella M, Reyes C, Dominguez M, Ramos S, Columbie A, Ares-Romero P, Hechavarria J, Villaverde M, Doyle N, Sherrod T, Krishnaswamy K, Aamir S, Giddaluri P, Guevara S, Kazmi P, Thomas P, Popeil L, Albright D, Pimentel S, Mould E, Cox M, Alderson T, Conrow J, Sandberg J, Raam S, Suresh B, Lafave J, Lorenz T, Johnston J, Fereidouni S, Mahadevan A, West R, Nelson A, Scott K, Ansari S, Khan B, Rastogi A, Saumell F, Gonzalez G, Torres E, Elias R, Hart T, Lozano J, Gudavilla G, Savin V, Khan A, Wiegmann T, Goel A, Gomes M, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Gustavo F, Ivan C, Chiong R, Llerena S, Jimenez M, Oram D, George D, Lewis J, Kiefer J, Dollman A, Edje L, Pastor F, Kandath D, Lorch D, Graves A, Powell R, Hooker T, Shah S, Gomez N, Miranda F, Rosales J, Bayona I, Gomez Y, Guedes R, Rodriguez Y, Wahlen J, Jonathan W, Spencer H, Michael W, Kumar U, Govindariju K, Ordonez S, Aguirre H, Sulur P, Agarwal N, Peters L, Kaviani B, Fomenko O, Firek A, Loreen W, Ronald F, Olha F, Parrillo J, Janovitz R, Hutchinson R, Delgado E, Ashley A, Robinson S, Barbel-Johnson K, Timothy L, William C, Al-Karadsheh A, Hooper L, Suarez J, Perez D, Guerrero V, Tung D, Loo C, Sodolak K, Michaelis C, Jackson R, Covington D, Wise J, Tran T, Messina T, Torres D, Falcone J, Barettella M, Patel K, Ribo A, Mattews T, Amendolare D, McGeehan J, Corder C, Black C, Hearne S, Bounds C, Cinderella J, Etherton J, Kiem S, Treuth M, Burke B, Tivikaran V, Howard S, Miller C, Neff H, Giullian J, Mcrae J, Surratt D, Phillips J, Kretchmar J, Valdes M, Cruz J, Navarro E, Zewail A, Tai-Chi-Kwo, Stevens J, Diane S, Kim T, Gregory L, Neal S, William S, Sangrigoli R, Gejer E, Stoller S, Jeffrey D, Colar S, Kenneth W, Farris N, Mooney S, Jamal A, Nitin B, Syed R, Andrew Y, Christopher W, Abid R, Claudio G, Mojtaba M, Amna R, Michael B, Vincent T, Cherlin R, Ashton R, Pudi K, Julian W, Stephen K, Ronald A, Frias J, Kelly S, Hsia S, Clemens P, Cara H, Farley B, Raible L, Oliveros O, Hafeez H, Pecci P, Bagga-Malhotra S, Reza R, Jamal M, Mulgado M, Guevara A, Vela M, Ochoa H, Melliza T, Pena G, Awua-Larbi S, Shafi M, Alausa T, Polster S, Earl J, McNeill R, Farrington C, Carr K, Nabat M, Matthew S, Yvette E, Handelsman Y, Delkhah S, Ismail Y, Janna C, Akhtar A, Neiman A, Blumenthal S, Colleen V, Schmidt D, Ashraf E, Bhargava A, Khoo T, Langel C, Theuma P, Wright D, Fitzgerald K, Hitchcock J, Capasso-Gulve E, Wolff E, Umpierrez G, Priyathama V, Francisco P, Dawn S, Quraishi A, Kahn B, Ferro F, Hertz B, Phelps J, Campbell A, Downing J, Pangtay D, Pangatay S, Villagran-Solis K, Haseeb M, Rettig K, Kwan R, Cox R, Slimak V, So A, Schmedtje J, Chang A, Douglas Z, McGarity W, Jestel J, Kanade P, Julie J, Asher R, Canaan Y, Perez A, Alonso I, Cutchin R, Koser A, Adeola Y, Brito S, Stocks J, Frandsen B, Weigelt M, Stehouwer E, Ince C, Stephen P, Shadi B, Jeffrey C, Thethi T, Carpio G, McDuffie R, Moreau C, Stell C, Katalenich B, McKendall-Lewis C, Htun W, Conroy K, Lovre D, Galagan R, Olmeda C, Sihota A, Barton A, Beasley R, Nankivel P, Aberle M, Machin I, Porras J, Rodriguez D, Albornoz A, Haidar A, Lopez-Santini R, Rivero G, Robins G, Colyar L, Hutchins C, Sturm D, Hart K, Phillips T, Montgomery C, Albrecht W, Fehlis K, Overman D, Box M, Villarreal-Martinez D, David-Svatek D, Ajani D, Shaikh Z, Wheeler K, Brown M, Ghosh C, Bandukwala I, Kleber S, Madden J, Bishara M, Perry K, Paoli-Bruno J, Abreu E, Espiritu R, Zmeili O, Christensen T, Grubb S, Beloff S, Caugh A, van Dijk C, Yalavarthy R, DeGraauw J, Fabian S, Gillum D, Corrigan G, Singh H, Jensen K, DeMore S, Montague T, Zieve F, Levy J, Fredrickson S, Tarkington P, Chapla P, Salacata A, Walls U, Iyer R, Nguyen K, Lettman J, Appleman B, Safavie F, Scaliem L, Eder F, Maklad S, Schlaen B, Molstead J, Hartwell J, Hubish D, Little R, Rando K, Kelly R, Drury M, Young P, Wininger S, Harman A, Daza R, Robbin S, Sanchez M, Rivera I, Garcia-Estrada M, Iglesias N, Dobs A, Andrade A, Falkowski S, Parrott T, Koon A, Wood T, Burkett E, Chavous K, Gupta A, Estes C, Loud D, Rhodes S, Chen M, Bromley L, Palma R, Kattan D, Kirk U, Tatu H, Stamatin R, Lupea S, Frasie M, Colfer H, Kane L, Teklinski A, Gadowski G, Levanovich P, Saba F, Confident L, Hossain S, Steinberg B, Philippe B, Choroenthkongtrakal S, Boccalano F, Anand R, Syam V, Manohar A, Suresh P, Madhusudhan P, Patel P, Cambier P, Klonaris J, Cheng W, Fisher S, Schelle M, Reese L, McLean S, Poock J, Hoens J, Rosie A, Welshons R, Dean J, Kuhlman P, Luke R, Lohrbauer L, Cunningham M, Buday P, Lehmann M, Chrzanowski K, Fletcher A, Hargrove J, Harris F, Debs-Perez G, Maiquez A, Cordoves L, Georgescu M, Tayoun H, Munoz F, Ortiz D, Munoz G, Hamzeh I, Misra A, Zhang L, Forgosh L, Loria K, Roncari C, Hommerding J, Morris G, Lebron C, Blake K, LaVenture K, Lange C, Levinson L, Baungarten T, Edevante S, Shawley S, Moyer H, Elliott K, Iachini K, Rajan R, Davis C, Shattuck A, Simon W, Lakin G, Secrist N, Buth D, Steere D, Talbot K, Singh N, Mascolo R, Sloan S, Kmetzo J, Brown J, Carter L, Lawrence M, Arauz-Pacheco C, Lender D, Kozlow W, Cavanaugh L, Wilson J, Gujja P, Akhter F, Khan M, Mohammed A, Satyavolu S, Dev D, Yalamanchili H, Sumeyye C, Fernandes H, Chaleff F, Jancko M, Trenche S, Kaplan W, Wilcox S, Goisse M, Rua M, Black J, Chapman K, Suh D, Yan L, Song D, Chanara S, Houchin V, McKeinness A, Sotolongo R, Gutierrez K, Miranda-Palma B, Solano M, Jain M, Needell J, Banerjee A, Jarratt M, Hantel S, Lees K, Welty F, Freedman S, Parhofer K, Birkeland K, McGill J, Tijssen J, Clemmensen P, Pehrson S, Grande P, Januzzi J, Wood M, Petrie M, Sairanen T, Tatlisumak T, Soinne L, Kase C, Turan T, Mann J, Agarwal R, Fogarty D, Navaneethan S, Srinivas T, Forsmark C, Frossard J, Gelrud A, Mayerle J, Lee R, Heist R, Sullivan R, Buchbinder E, Chodak G, Edelman M, Thompson V, Coles A, and CARMELINA Investigators

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Prior trials have demonstrated CV safety of 3 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors but have included limited numbers of patients with high CV risk and chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of linagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, on CV outcomes and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of CV and kidney events. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter noninferiority trial conducted from August 2013 to August 2016 at 605 clinic sites in 27 countries among adults with type 2 diabetes, hemoglobin A(1c) of 6.5% to 10.0%, high CV risk (history of vascular disease and urine-albumin creatinine ratio [UACR] > 200mg/g), and high renal risk (reduced eGFR and micro-or macroalbuminuria). Participants with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were excluded. Final follow-up occurred on January 18, 2018. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive linagliptin, 5 mg once daily (n = 3494), or placebo once daily (n = 3485) added to usual care. Other glucose-lowering medications or insulin could be added based on clinical need and local clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomewas time to first occurrence of the composite of CV death, nonfatalmyocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Criteria for noninferiority of linagliptin vs placebo was defined by the upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the hazard ratio (HR) of linagliptin relative to placebo being less than 1.3. Secondary outcome was time to first occurrence of adjudicated death due to renal failure, ESRD, or sustained 40% or higher decrease in eGFR from baseline. RESULTS Of 6991 enrollees, 6979 (mean age, 65.9 years; eGFR, 54.6 mL/min/1.73m2; 80.1% with UACR > 30mg/g) received at least 1 dose of study medication and 98.7% completed the study. During a median follow-up of 2.2 years, the primary outcome occurred in 434 of 3494 (12.4%) and 420 of 3485 (12.1%) in the linagliptin and placebo groups, respectively, (absolute incidence rate difference, 0.13 [95% CI,-0.63 to 0.90] per 100 person-years) (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89-1.17; P

Published
2019

35. Experimental investigations towards understanding important parameters in wet drum granulation of corn stover biomass

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, R. P. Kingsly Ambrose, Perry H. Doane, and Yi Li

Subjects
Waste management, Chemistry, 020209 energy, General Chemical Engineering, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Granule (cell biology), Coproduct, food and beverages, 02 engineering and technology, Drum, Pulp and paper industry, Corn steep liquor, Granulation, Corn stover, Pellet, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Particle size
Abstract

Biofeedstocks such as corn coproducts or biomass such as corn stover are typically densified in a dry process using pellet mills to enhance transportability and use as livestock feed. Our work presents data of an experimental study using a non-traditional means, wet granulation with a lab-scale rotary drum granulator to determine key parameters that affect granule properties and yield of desirable sized granules. Granules were manufactured from corn stover and two liquid coproducts from corn bioprocessing, corn steep liquor (CSL) and corn molasses (CM) by varying corn stover particle size, corn stover:coproduct blend ratio and granulation residence time. The results showed that different formulation and processing parameters affected corn stover granulation. Granulation with an initial particle size of 0.88–0.96 mm (from screen size 6.4 mm), low liquid level (1:4) with CM, and short residence time (0.5 min) could be used to produce desirable sized granules (1.78 to 7.87 mm) for ruminant livestock feed with yields of over 98%. The effect of initial particle size of corn stover particles on density of granular products was significant. Corn stover particle size also positively influenced the granule size and negatively influenced yield of desirable granules. While increased coproduct (CM and CSL) levels in the blend increased the granule particle size and density, yield of desirable granules was reduced.

Published
2016
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36. The effect of process variables on drum granulation behavior and granules of wet distillers grains with solubles

Author

Klein E. Ileleji and Kyle V. Probst

Subjects
Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Granule (cell biology), Pellets, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Bulk density, Distillers grains, Granulation, 020401 chemical engineering, Chemical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Particle size, 0204 chemical engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Porosity, Particle density
Abstract

A laboratory scale batch drum granulation process was used to manufacture granules of DDGS by adding condensed distillers solubles (CDS) as a binder to wet distillers grains (WDG), coproducts from corn dry-grind ethanol process, under varying formulation and process conditions. A full factorial experimental design was used to test all combinations of factor levels, which included the amount of CDS binder (30%, 35%, and 40% (w/w)), CDS binder solids content (22% and 38%, wet basis), screen size opening (3.175 and 6.35 mm), and residence time (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 min). Measured response variables included granule size (geometric mean diameter), granule yield (1.68–3.35 mm), bulk density, true density, and porosity. Results show that as the amount of binder added increased from 30% to 40% the granule size significantly increased from 2.08 to 4.45 mm, respectively. Increasing the binder solids content resulted in granules with greater bulk density. Granules produced from the low solids CDS had lower porosity as a result of intraparticle voids in them. Screen sizing influenced nucleation and produced significant differences in the final granule size distribution. The greatest growth was observed for granules prepared with 40% amount of binder and low solids content CDS. Compression testing of wet granule compacts corresponded to observed growth behavior; wet pellets made from higher solids CDS had greater resistance to deformation and enhanced plasticity while the opposite was observed for the low solids CDS. The best yields of granules between 1.68 and 3.35 mm were achieved at ∼80% using 35% amount of binder with the high solids content CDS, the small screen size opening and residence times between 2.5 and 10 min.

Published
2016
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37. Investigating Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles vulnerability to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) infestation by using choice and no-choice experiments

Author

Linda J. Mason, Mahsa Fardisi, Douglas S. Richmond, and Klein E. Ileleji

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Animal feed, fungi, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Horticulture, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, Fecundity, 01 natural sciences, Insect infestation, 010602 entomology, Ingredient, Animal science, Agronomy, Ground corn, Insect Science, Infestation, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, medicine, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Relative humidity, Red flour beetle, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

Demand for Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in international markets and the United States has increased during the past few years. Knowledge of DDGS supplemented animal feed vulnerability to insect infestation is critical for safe feed storage. To assess this vulnerability, it is necessary to know how DDGS is susceptible to insect infestation, while stored as raw ingredient. This research focused on the susceptibility of different types of DDGS (raw and ground) to red flour beetle, T. castaneum, infestation under 30% and 50% relative humidity (r.h.) regimes. Larval period at 30% r.h. increased 2–3 fold on raw DDGS diets with larger particle sizes (PSs) compared with their normal laboratory diet, a mixture of flour and yeast (9:1) (F/Y). However, grinding DDGS samples and increasing the r.h. to 50% decreased the amount of time required for insect development thus increasing DDGS vulnerability to T. castaneum infestation compared with raw DDGS at r.h. of 30%. As was expected, T. castaneum egg and pupal development were not affected by diet or humidity. The results suggested that DDGS as a raw ingredient at 30% r.h. was not a suitable food source for T. castaneum and given a choice, the majority of T. castaneum adults prefer laboratory diet over DDGS. Additionally, fecundity was significantly lower on DDGS compared with the control diets (F/Y and ground corn (GCORN)). These results indicated that these types of DDGS were not suitable developmental diets compared with the F/Y diet if stored at 30% r.h. with larger PSs.

Published
2016
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38. Factors that affect high voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment efficacy on wet distillers’ grains: Shelf-life and nutrient composition

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Janie M. Moore, and Kevin M. Keener

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Animal feed, Chemistry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Bacterial growth, Shelf life, 040401 food science, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Distillers grains, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, Animal science, Nutrient, Ethanol fuel, Composition (visual arts), Water content, 010606 plant biology & botany, Food Science
Abstract

The increase in ethanol production continues to drive the availability of distillers' grains, which are used as an animal feed for cattle, swine and poultry. In its wet state this co-product of the ethanol production process must be fed or treated before spoiling and reaching its shelf-life, only 3–5 days after production. Novel treatment technologies, such as high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP), continue to show promise as a method to increase the shelf-life of many products such as contaminated animal feed. This study investigated the parameters grain depth, amount of sample and exposure time, for effective treatment of distillers’ grains to increase shelf-life using HVACP. This work evaluates the different combinations of treatments to determine, which parameters are critical for reduction in microbial growth and increase shelf-life. The efficacy of the reactive gas species (RGS) produced by HVACP, at 70 kV for up to 360 s, moving through the grain mass of distillers wet grains (DWG) was evaluated by measuring microbial load (log reduction), moisture content and pH after 0, 14 and 28 days of storage at 25 °C at grain depths of 1, 2.5 and 4.5 cm. Results showed a higher log reduction at the 1 cm depth than at 2.5 and 4.5 cm for measurements after the initial treatment. Stored samples continued to show reductions, however the greater depths had higher log reductions than the surface. Nutrient composition and amino acid profiles were also analyzed, showing no significant difference between treated and untreated samples over the storage period.

Published
2020
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39. A comparison of integrated pest management and traditional practices for bagged maize stored in Nigeria

Author

Gbenga Samuel Busari, Grace I. Abel, M. O. Omobowale, Adeola A. Ala, Jafar A. Braimah, Jonathan C. Ogwumike, Samuel I. Nwaubani, Olumuyiwa R. Kolayemi, Grace O. Otitodun, Klein E. Ileleji, Shekinat K. Ajao, Moses O. Ogundare, George P. Opit, Akhere E. Olenloa, and Samuel G. McNeill

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Integrated pest management, education.field_of_study, Sanitation, Population, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Horticulture, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Warehouse, Toxicology, 010602 entomology, Insect Science, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, education, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

In grain markets in Nigeria, stored product insects can cause significant losses in quality and quantity of stored grains. Insect infestations in storehouses are usually controlled by the unilateral use of chemical insecticides, which have unintended adverse effects. In this study, approximately 15 MT of well-dried, Aflasafe™-treated maize was procured from a local farm settlement in January 2016. It was subsequently fumigated, mechanically cleaned and placed in 100-kg polypropylene bags for storage. The study was conducted during February–December 2016, to compare the effectiveness of traditional storage practice (TSP) with integrated pest management (IPM) practice. IPM for warehouse facilities focuses on adequate drying, inspection and cleaning of storehouses and their surroundings and regular examination of grain (IPMD). Traditional storage practice generally has little or no sanitation of the facility or regular examination of grain (monitoring) for insect pests. Study locations were markets in Ibadan, Oyo and Ilorin towns in Southwest and Northcentral Nigeria, respectively. Each market had two storehouses where TSP or IPMD was assigned; each storehouse had twenty-five bags of maize, which were sampled monthly to assess the effects of the two practices on stored maize insect populations and quality. Generally, from October to December, there tended to be more insects of all species in TSP than IPMD. Percent insect damaged kernels (%IDKNB) and weight loss (%WL) were also higher in TSP than IPMD during the October–December period. Percent germination in December was higher in IPMD (96.3%) than in TSP (85.3%). Aflatoxin levels in both TSP and IPMD did not exceed 1.9 ppb. Data from this study show that IPMD results in lower stored-product insect population levels and better maize quality than TSP. Thus, IPMD practice needs to be more widely adopted in storehouses in Nigeria and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.

Published
2020
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40. Deep Transient Slow Slip Detected by Survey GPS in the Region of Atacama, Chile

Author

Klein, E., Duputel, Z., Zigone, D., Vigny, C., Boy, J.‐P., Doubre, C., Meneses, G., Sismologie (IPGS) (IPGS-Sismologie), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Dynamique globale (IPGS) (IPGS-DG), Déformation active (IPGS) (IPGS-DA), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018
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41. Development and Validation of a 28-gene Hypoxia-related Prognostic Signature for Localized Prostate Cancer

Author

Yang, L, Roberts, D, Takhar, M, Erho, N, Bibby, B, Thiruthaneeswaran, N, Bhandari, V, Cheng, W, Haider, S, McCorry, A, McArt, D, Jain, S, Alshalalfa, M, Ross, A, Schaffer, E, Den, R, Jeffrey Karnes, R, Klein, E, Hoskin, P, Freedland, S, Lamb, A, Neal, D, Buffa, F, Bristow, R, Boutros, P, Davicioni, E, Choudhury, A, and West, C

Subjects
Urologic Diseases, Male, Aging, Prognostic biomarker, Clinical Sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Gene expression signature, Disease-Free Survival, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Clinical Research, Genetics, Humans, Neoplasm Metastasis, Hypoxia, Cancer, lcsh:R5-920, screening and diagnosis, Neoplastic, Prostate cancer, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Radiotherapy, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, lcsh:R, Prostatic Neoplasms, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Survival Rate, Detection, Gene Expression Regulation, Public Health and Health Services, Tumor Hypoxia, Patient Safety, lcsh:Medicine (General)
Abstract

Background: Hypoxia is associated with a poor prognosis in prostate cancer. This work aimed to derive and validate a hypoxia-related mRNA signature for localized prostate cancer. Method: Hypoxia genes were identified in vitro via RNA-sequencing and combined with in vivo gene co-expression analysis to generate a signature. The signature was independently validated in eleven prostate cancer cohorts and a bladder cancer phase III randomized trial of radiotherapy alone or with carbogen and nicotinamide (CON). Results: A 28-gene signature was derived. Patients with high signature scores had poorer biochemical recurrence free survivals in six of eight independent cohorts of prostatectomy-treated patients (Log rank test P

Published
2018
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44. Ultrafine particles in airways: a novel marker of COPD exacerbation risk and inflammatory status [Corrigendum]

Author

Fireman Klein E, Adir Y, Krencel A, Peri R, Vasserman B, Fireman E, and Kessel A

Subjects
lcsh:RC705-779, lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system
Abstract

Fireman Klein E, Adir Y, Krencel A, et al. Int J ChronObstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:557–564.The authors have advised that they neglected to mention anacknowledgment for the department in which the researchtook place, in good faith. The complete acknowledgmentdetails (page 563) are as follows:AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Israel LungAssociation. We would like to express our deepest gratitudeand appreciation to Professor Elad Schiff and theInternal Medicine B Department at the Bnai ZionMedical Center for support, mentoring, and makingthis study possible. Read the original article

Published
2019

45. The effect of storage temperature and percentage of condensed distillers solubles on the shelf-life of distillers wet grains stored aerobically

Author

Klein E. Ileleji and Janie D. McClurkin

Subjects
Aflatoxin, Water activity, Food spoilage, Horticulture, Shelf life, Distillers grains, Cattle feeding, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Insect Science, Ethanol fuel, Food science, Mycotoxin, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

Distillers wet grains with solubles (DWGS) are widely used as a supplemental protein source in North American cattle rations. However, due to its short shelf-life, its use is limited to feedlots within close proximity of an ethanol production plant. It is known that the shelf-life of DWGS in the summer diminishes drastically compared to in the winter. This effect is primarily due to temperature, which drives mold growth in high moisture feedstocks. The purpose of this study was to understand and quantify the effect of temperature (10, 20, and 25 °C) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) levels [0%, 20% and 30%] on the shelf-life of DWGS under warm and cool aerobic storage conditions. Sample conditions which indicate shelf-life and product deterioration such as moisture content (m.c.), pH, fat acidity (FA), fungal growth and mycotoxin levels were measured in the DWGS samples before and after seven days of storage under three temperature levels (10, 20, and 25 °C). It was found that changes in temperature had the most significant effect on sample conditions (P

Published
2015
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46. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and near infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of defects in roasted coffees

Author

Klein E. Ileleji, Leandro S. Oliveira, Adriana S. Franca, Ana Paula Craig, and Joseph Irudayaraj

Subjects
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Chemistry, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Arabica coffee, Analytical chemistry, Infrared spectroscopy, Coffea, Analytical Chemistry, Seeds, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Partial least squares regression, Food Quality, Nir spectra, Least-Squares Analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Roasting
Abstract

The coffee strip-picking harvesting method, preferred in Brazil, results in high percentages of immature and overripe beans, as the fruits in a single tree branch do not reach ripeness at the same time. This practice, together with inappropriate processing and storage conditions, contribute to the production of high amounts of defective coffee beans in Brazil, which upon roasting will impart negative sensory aspects to the beverage. Therefore, the development of analytical methodologies that will enable the discrimination and quantification of defective and non-defective coffees after roasting is rather desirable. Given that infrared spectroscopy has been successfully applied to coffee analysis, the objective of this work was to evaluate and to compare the performances of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopies for the quantification of defective beans in roasted coffees. Defective and non-defective Arabica coffee beans were manually selected, roasted, ground and sieved. Mixtures of defective and non-defective roasted and ground coffees were produced and analyzed, with % defects ranging from 0% to 30%. FTIR and NIR spectra were recorded, respectively, within a range of 3100–800 cm −1 and 1200–2400 nm and submitted to mathematical processing. Quantitative models were developed by partial least squares regression (PLSR). Excellent predictive results were obtained indicating that defective coffees could be satisfactorily quantified. The correlation coefficients and the root mean squared errors of validation for the FTIR and NIR models developed to quantify the amount of defective roasted coffees mixed with non-defective ones were, respectively, as high as 0.891 and as low as 0.032, and as high as 0.953 and as low as 0.026. A comparison between the two techniques indicated that NIR provided more robust models.

Published
2015
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47. A hoard from the Wars of the Diadochi in the ‘Kamun Cave’, Western Galilee

Author

Klein, E and Meadows, AR

Abstract

The 'Kamun Cave' is a large karst cave located at an altitude of 378 m. above sea level on the Kamun ridge in Western Galilee. At the beginning of March 2015 two cavers who visited the 'Kamun Cave' reported to the Antiquities Theft Prevention Unit of the Israel Antiquities Authority the discovery of an ancient hoard composed of silver jewelry and coins inside one of the inner halls of the cave. Following this discovery, a comprehensive archaeological survey on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and in cooperation with the Cave Research Center at the Hebrew University was conducted in the cave. In this article the coins that were included in the hoard and another coin that was found in the survey will be presented and discussed. On the basis of the estimated burial date of the hoard it will be suggested that the cave served as a refuge for a group of people who fled from the fighting that occurred in the region during the wars of the Diadochi.

Published
2017

48. Structures of Degradation Products and Degradation Pathways of Aflatoxin B

Author

Hu, Shi, Bruce, Cooper, Richard L, Stroshine, Klein E, Ileleji, and Kevin M, Keener

Subjects
Kinetics, Aflatoxin B1, Molecular Structure, Plasma Gases, Oxidation-Reduction, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Mass Spectrometry
Abstract

High-voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) is a novel nonthermal decontamination technology that has potential for use in the food industry. In this study, HVACP was applied to treat pure aflatoxin B

Published
2017

49. Discovery and fine-mapping of adiposity loci using high density imputation of genome-wide association studies in individuals of African ancestry: African ancestry anthropometry genetics consortium

Author

Ng, MCY, Graff, M, Lu, Y, Justice, AE, Mudgal, P, Liu, CT, Young, K, Yanek, LR, Feitosa, MF, Wojczynski, MK, Rand, K, Brody, JA, Cade, BE, Dimitrov, L, Duan, Q, Guo, X, Lange, LA, Nalls, MA, Okut, H, Tajuddin, SM, Tayo, BO, Vedantam, S, Bradfield, JP, Chen, G, Chen, WM, Chesi, A, Irvin, MR, Padhukasahasram, B, Smith, JA, Zheng, W, Allison, MA, Ambrosone, CB, Bandera, EV, Bartz, TM, Berndt, SI, Bernstein, L, Blot, WJ, Bottinger, EP, Carpten, J, Chanock, SJ, Chen, YDI, Conti, DV, Cooper, RS, Fornage, M, Freedman, BI, Garcia, M, Goodman, PJ, Hsu, YHH, Hu, J, Huff, CD, Ingles, SA, John, EM, Kittles, R, Klein, E, Li, J, McKnight, B, Nayak, U, Nemesure, B, Ogunniyi, A, Olshan, A, Press, MF, Rohde, R, Rybicki, BA, Salako, B, Sanderson, M, Shao, Y, Siscovick, DS, Stanford, JL, Stevens, VL, Stram, A, Strom, SS, Vaidya, D, Witte, JS, Yao, J, Zhu, X, Ziegler, RG, Zonderman, AB, Adeyemo, A, Ambs, S, Cushman, M, Faul, JD, Hakonarson, H, Levin, AM, Nathanson, KL, and Ware, EB

Abstract

© 2017 Public Library of Science. All rights reserved. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >300 loci associated with measures of adiposity including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), but few have been identified through screening of the African ancestry genomes. We performed large scale meta-analyses and replications in up to 52,895 individuals for BMI and up to 23,095 individuals for WHRadjBMIfrom the African Ancestry Anthropometry Genetics Consortium (AAAGC) using 1000 Genomes phase 1 imputed GWAS to improve coverage of both common and low frequency variants in the low linkage disequilibrium African ancestry genomes. In the sex-combined analyses, we identified one novel locus (TCF7L2/HABP2) for WHRadjBMIand eight previously established loci at P < 5×10−8: seven for BMI, and one for WHRadjBMIin African ancestry individuals. An additional novel locus (SPRYD7/DLEU2) was identified for WHRadjBMIwhen combined with European GWAS. In the sex-stratified analyses, we identified three novel loci for BMI (INTS10/LPL and MLC1 in men, IRX4/IRX2 in women) and four for WHRadjBMI(SSX2IP, CASC8, PDE3B and ZDHHC1/HSD11B2 in women) in individuals of African ancestry or both African and European ancestry. For four of the novel variants, the minor allele frequency was low (

Published
2017
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50. A152T tau allele causes neurodegeneration that can be ameliorated in a zebrafish model by autophagy induction

Author

Lopez, A, Lee, SE, Wojta, K, Ramos, EM, Klein, E, Chen, J, Boxer, AL, Gorno-Tempini, ML, Geschwind, DH, Schlotawa, L, Ogryzko, NV, Bigio, EH, Rogalski, E, Weintraub, S, Mesulam, MM, Fleming, A, Coppola, G, Miller, BL, and Rubinsztein, DC

Subjects
autophagy, proteasome, tauopathy, neurodegeneration
Abstract

Mutations in the gene encoding tau ( MAPT) cause frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders. A rare tau variant p.A152T was reported as a risk factor for frontotemporal dementia spectrum and Alzheimer's disease in an initial case-control study. Such findings need replication in an independent cohort. We analysed an independent multinational cohort comprising 3100 patients with neurodegenerative disease and 4351 healthy control subjects and found p. A152T associated with significantly higher risk for clinically defined frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome. To assess the functional and biochemical consequences of this variant, we generated transgenic zebrafish models expressing wild-type or A152T-tau, where A152T caused neurodegeneration and proteasome compromise. Impaired proteasome activity may also enhance accumulation of other proteins associated with this variant. We increased A152T clearance kinetics by both pharmacological and genetic upregulation of autophagy and ameliorated the disease pathology observed in A152T-tau fish. Thus, autophagy-upregulating therapies may be a strategy for the treatment for tauopathies.

Published
2017
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