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Young adults in rural areas in many cases have limited educational opportunities. To obtain higher educational qualifications, rural youth often travel long distances. Therefore, many rural youths choose the “shorter” route and complete vocational training closer to home or drop out of their education prematurely. Against this background, this study examines the education policies of European countries and explores the extent to which these problems are addressed within their policy framework and what measures are taken to improve the situation. Using a unique dataset of policies of 31 European countries for the period 2010 to 2020, we examine more than 500 national and subnational policies that address formal and informal education and training. The results show that despite the sometimes high number of rural youths not in education, employment, or training (NEETs) and high early-school-leaving rates, only some countries have developed a respective policy strategy. The analysis presents the different measures implemented in the countries and furthermore shows that a high problem pressure in a country is not necessarily accompanied by a consideration in policy. Prospectively, there is a need for new policies that understand the multidimensionality of the issue and significantly improve the situation of rural youth.

This study explored how the core problems (e.g., parenting, economy, and education level) of single-parent women affect their mental health. Although parenting guilt, economic well-being, and level of education are important variables that affect the mental health of single parents, there is no study that examines the interaction effect between them together. Therefore, this study examined the moderating effects of economic well-being and level of education on the relationship between parenting guilt and mental health in 419 single-parent women. In addition, it was verified whether there was a multiple additive modulation effect when they were put in at the same time. As a result, the higher the parenting guilt and the lower the economic well-being, the higher the level of mental health pain, but the level of education had no statistical significance. However, the interaction term between parenting guilt and education level had statistical significance, while the interaction term between parenting guilt and economic well-being did not produce significant results. These findings suggest the importance of education for single-parent women’s mental health as well as the need to establish policies that allow them to have sufficient time and room for child rearing.

Kedisiplinan para pekerja dalam menggunaakan alat pelindung diri tergolong masih rendah sehingga risiko terjadinya kecelakaan kerja yang dapat membahayakan pekerja cukup besar. Adapun tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuan, motivasi dan pelatihan dengan kepatuhan penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) pada pekerja di bagian project asset intergrity PT. Bujaya Karya Makmur Sorowako. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Adapun populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh pekerja bagian project asset intergrity dengan jumlah keseluruhan sampel yaitu 60 responden. Teknik penarikan sampel yaitu dengan menggunakan total sampling. Cara pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan wawancara, serta analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis univariate untuk melihat distribusi frekuensi dan bivariat dengan uji chisquare alfa = 0.05 untuk melihat hubungan antara variable independent dengan dependen. Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan dengan kepatuhan penggunaan APD dengan nilai p value = 0,001, ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan kepatuhan penggunaan APD dengan nilai p value = 0,000, dan ada hubungan antara motivasi dengan kepatuhan penggunaan APD dengan nilai p value = 0,008. Tidak ada hubungan antara pelatihan dengan kepatuhan penggunaan APD. Terdapat tiga variable yang berhubungan dengan keptuhan penggunaan APD yakni, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuan dan motivasi.

This paper examines between-country differences in why education promotes trust using data from 29 countries (and 146 regions) participating in the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). Results indicate that education is strongly associated with trust and that individuals’ literacy, income, and occupational prestige are important mediators of this association. Contrary to previous studies we do not find that country level or regional level birthplace diversity is associated with average levels of trust. However, education gradients in trust and the extent to which these are due to social stratification or cognitive mechanisms vary both at the country and regional level depending on birthplace diversity. Multilevel mediation-moderation analyses reveal that in countries and regions with greater birthplace diversity there is a greater polarization in levels of trust between individuals with different educational qualifications. This polarization is primarily due to cognitive mechanisms.

The Mother's Care Movement (GSI) is a joint movement between the government and the community to improve the quality of life for women with the main objective of reducing the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in order to improve the quality of Human Resources (HR). Maternal Care (ASI) is born in the context of reducing maternal mortality during childbirth, where one of the important elements in it is providing emotional support by presenting the husband in the delivery process. With the birth attendant, it is hoped that during the labor process a mother will feel confident and not afraid to face the labor process, this refers to the needs of the mother during labor, including the presence of a companion to go through the labor process. Research Objectives To find out the factors related to accompanying husbands in the delivery process.This type of research is analytic with a cross sectional study design which aims to determine the factors associated with accompanying husbands in the delivery process. This research will be conducted in Anduring Village in August-December. Sampling was carried out using a non-probability sampling technique, namely Quota Sampling, where the number of samples was determined based on a quota. The sample of this research is husbands who have wives who are pregnant in trimester II - III in Anduring Village. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed quantitatively. More than half of the respondents had good husband's assistance, high level of knowledge, positive attitude, casual work, high education level in the process of wife's delivery. There is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes in the wife's labor. There is no significant relationship between work and education level in the process of giving birth to a wife. It is hoped that health workers, especially midwives, to prepare husbands to face the wife's labor, this can be done and prepared when the wife is at the antenatal visit and improves programs on counseling or providing information and counseling about knowledge, attitudes and actions to the husband who acts as a companion in the delivery process. .

This study aims to analyze the effect of EMKM socialization, level of education, level of understanding, level of readiness of MSME actors on the dependent variable, namely the application of SAK EMKM. This study uses primary data in the form of data sourced from questionnaire distribution. The population in this study are all MSMEs in the Hartono Trade Center Solo Baru. In the amount of 50 units. The sample used in this study used a saturated sample method of 50 units. This study uses a quantitative approach with data quality tests, descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression analysis tests using SPSS software. The results of this study indicate that the variable Level of Socialization and SAK EMKM Readiness has a significant effect on the implementation of SAK EMKM, {"references":["Badria, Nuril, and ND (2018). perceptions of MSME actors and socialization of SAK EMKM towards the enactment of financial reports based on SAK EMKM. Dk, 53(9), 1689–1699","Darmasari, LB, & Wahyuni, MA (2020). The Influence of SAK EMKM Socialization, Accounting Understanding, and Level of Readiness of MSME Actors on the Implementation of SAK EMKM in Preparing Financial Statements for MSMEs in Buleleng Regency. JIMAT (Accounting Student Journal) Ganesha University of Education e-ISSN: 2614- 1930, 11(2), 136–14","Febriyanti, GA, & Wardhani, USA (2018). The Influence of Perception, Education Level, and Socialization on the Application of SAK EMKM in SMEs in the Surabaya City Region. ESAI Scientific Journal, 12(2), 112–127","Firas, M., Giffary, A., & Andhaniwati, E. (nd). The Effect of Educational Background, Knowledge of Accounting and Business Size on the Application of the Accounting Cycle in MSMEs in South Tangerang City (Study in East Ciputat District","Kartika, SE, & Puspaningrum, DA (2021). The Level of Understanding and Readiness of Umkm Actors in the City of Mataram in the Implementation of Sak Emkm. EMBA Journal: Journal of Economics, Management, Business and Accounting Research, 9(1), 670–685","Kusuma, IC, & Lutfiany, V. (2019). Perceptions of Umkm in Understanding Sak Emkm. Akunida Journal, 4(2), 1","Mutiari, KN, & Yudantara, IGAP (2021). The Influence of Education Level, Understanding of Accounting, Socialization, and Application of Accounting on the Preparation of Umkm Financial Statements Based on Sak Emkm. JIMAT (Scientific Journal of Accounting Students) Ganesha University of Education, 12, 1–12.","Nuradila, RF, & Wibowo, RA (2018). Readiness of MSMEs for the Implementation of SAK EMKM (Study of MSMEs in Blora City). Journal Of Islamic Finance and Accounting, 1(1), 63–76"]}

This exploratory study investigated whether factors such as gender, age, level of education, monthly income, and the number of family members are associated with verbal and non-verbal communication in Saudi Arabian families. A convenience sampling procedure was used to recruit 182 Saudi Arabian adults who responded to a self-report survey. Verbal and non-verbal communication was categorized into positive and negative communication. Descriptive and ordinal regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationships of familial variables with communication. Female gender status had a small negative association with positive communication, whereas the number of family members, level of education, monthly income, and age did not correlate with positive communication or negative communication. The Discussion section addresses the limitations of the current study and identifies several directions for future research, with special attention to the Saudi Arabian family context.

Uvod. Bitan dio sadržaja ljudske kulture danas odnosi se na kvalitetno organizirano slobodno vrijeme, u kojem sportska rekreacija ima jedno od istaknutih mjesta. O tome svjedoči noviji društveni fenomen masovnog pokreta rekreativnog trčanja organiziranog kroz škole trčanja hrvatskih trkačkih klubova, sportskih udruga i društava za rekreaciju. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi motivacijsku strukturu rekreativaca, polaznika škola trčanja i ispitati razlike u intrinzičnoj motivaciji i ciljnoj orijentaciji polaznika s obzirom na njihova sociodemografska obilježja (spol, dob i razinu obrazovanja). Metode. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 819 sudionika – polaznika škola trčanja za rekreativce, koje djeluju u okviru hrvatskih trkačkih klubova, sportskih udruga i društava za sportsku rekreaciju u Zagrebu, Splitu, Rijeci, Osijeku, Zadru, Šibeniku, Puli i Čakovcu – od čega je bilo 384 muškaraca i 435 žena. U provedenom istraživanju korišteni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: hrvatska verzija Upitnika intrinzične motivacije (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, IMI), hrvatska verzija Upitnika ciljne orijentacije u sportu (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, CTEOSQ) i hrvatska verzija Upitnika motivacije za vježbanje EMI-2 (Exercise Motivations Inventory). Rezultati. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je kod rekreativaca, polaznika škola trčanja općenito, snažno izražena intrinzična motivacija za vježbanjem, s tim da je najizraženija dimenzija interesa i uživanja u trčanju, a nešto slabije dimenzija kompetentnosti, zatim napora, te najslabije dimenzija pritiska. Također je utvrđeno da su rekreativni trkači više orijentirani na zadatak i učenje nego na ishod i rezultat, te da u školama trčanja najviše treniraju radi revitalizacije i zbog pozitivnog utjecaja na zdravlje, snage i izdržljivosti, uživanja i pokretljivosti, a najmanje radi društvenog priznanja i zbog zdravstvenih pritisaka. Rezultati s obzirom na spol pokazali su da je kod trkača u odnosu na trkačice znatno izraženiji intrinzični motiv kompetentnosti, ali i da osjećaju znatno veći pritisak za napretkom i postizanjem rezultata, a što se slaže sa sljedećim nalazom, koji pokazuje da je kod trkača znatno izraženija ciljna orijentacija na ishod i rezultat, dok je kod trkačica ista znatno izraženija na učenje i usavršavanje vještina. Za razliku od trkača, kod kojih su uvelike izraženi motivi društvenog priznanja i natjecanja, kod trkačica su više izraženi motivi održavanja težine, izbjegavanja bolesti, izgleda, upravljanja stresom, pozitivnog utjecaja na zdravlje, pripadnosti, zdravstvenih pritisaka i pokretljivosti. Rezultati s obzirom na dob pokazali su da postoje poprilične razlike u izraženosti intrinzičnih motiva ulaganja napora u aktivnost i vježbanja zbog osjećaja kompetentnosti. Tako je motiv ulaganja napora slabije izražen kod trkača starijih od 55 godina, u odnosu na one u dobi do 45 godina, dok je vježbanje zbog osjećaja kompetentnosti najizraženije kod mlađih od 35 godina, u odnosu na sve starije trkače. Kod trkača mlađih od 35 godina, u odnosu na sve starije, primjetno je izraženija ciljna orijentacija na ishod i rezultat. Ciljna orijentacija na učenje i usvajanje vještina znatno je izraženija kod osoba mlađih od 45 godina u odnosu na one starije od 55 godina. Kod osoba mlađih od 35 godina najizraženiji su motivi društvenog priznanja, povećanja snage i izdržljivosti, uživanja u vježbanju te natjecanja i izazova, dok trkači svrstani u dobne kategorije 35 – 34 godina i 45 – 55 godina uglavnom imaju podjednako izražene motive za treniranje kao i ostale dobne skupine, s tim da su kod njih, u odnosu na mlađe i starije od njih, izraženiji motivi treniranja zbog upravljanja stresom, održavanja težine i pokretljivosti. Kod trkača starijih od 55 godina najizraženiji motivi za treniranje su oni vezani za zdravlje (izbjegavanje bolesti i različiti zdravstveni pritisci). Rezultati s obzirom na razinu obrazovanja pokazali su da je izraženost intrinzičnog motiva ulaganja napora najjača u trkača srednje stručne spreme; da su trkači svih razina obrazovanja podjednako ciljno orijentirani na postizanje rezultata i ishod, s time da im je svima podjednako visoko izražena orijentacija na učenje i usavršavanje vještina – kao dominantan kriterij za procjenu osobne uspješnosti u treniranju trčanja. Kod trkača s visokom stručnom spremom najizraženiji motivi za treniranje su: održavanje težine, revitalizacija, izgled, utjecaj na zdravlje, pokretljivost i zdravstveni pritisci; a kod onih sa srednjom stručnom spremom motivi su: društveno priznanje, snaga i izdržljivost te natjecanje. Kod trkača više stručne spreme podjednako su zastupljeni motivi kao i kod ostalih, osim motiva zdravstvenog pritiska, koji im je puno izraženiji nego trkačima srednje stručne spreme. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da s porastom razine obrazovanja znatno raste izraženost motiva izbjegavanja bolesti i upravljanja stresom. Zaključak. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata, može se reći da su sociodemografske razlike (spol, dob i razina obrazovanja) važni čimbenici koji utječu na motivaciju za vježbanje rekreativaca, polaznika škola trčanja. Znanje o motivacijskoj strukturi rekreativnih trkača s obzirom na ove varijable važno je za mogućnost primjene u praksi, tj. za kreiranje preporuka i sportsko rekreativnih programa, koji bi u konačnici mogli pomoći rekreativcima, polaznicima škola trčanja, da zadovolje svoje potrebe i ustraju u odabranoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti. Introduction. An important part of the content of human culture today relates to quality organized leisure time, in which sports recreation has one of the prominent places. This is evidenced by the recent social phenomenon of the recreational running mass movement organized by the running schools of Croatian running clubs, sports associations and recreational societies. The aim of the research was to determine the motivational structure of recreational runners, running schools’ students, and to examine the differences in intrinsic motivation and goal orientation of participants regarding their socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age and level of education). Methods. The research involved 819 participants, students at recreational running schools, which operate within Croatian running clubs, sports associations and societies for sports recreation in Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Zadar, Šibenik, Pula and Čakovec. 384 participants were males and 435 females. In the research the following measurement instruments were used: Croatian version of the intrinsic motivation questionnaire (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, IMI), Croatian version of the goal orientation questionnaire in sport (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, CTEOSQ) and the Croatian version of the exercise motivation questionnaire EMI-2 (Exercise Motivations Inventory). Results. The obtained results showed that among recreational runners, students of running schools in general, there is a strongly expressed intrinsic motivation for exercise, with the most expressed dimension being interest and enjoyment in running, and somewhat weaker the dimension of competence, following effort, and the weakest dimension of pressure. Furthermore, the results showed that recreational runners are rather task and learning than outcome and result oriented, and that they train in running schools mostly for revitalization motives, positive impact on health, strength and endurance, enjoyment and mobility, and the least because of social recognition and health pressures. The results regarding gender showed that the intrinsic motive of competence is significantly more pronounced in male runners compared to female runners, but also that they feel significantly more pressured to progress and achieve results. This agrees with the finding that male runners have more prononunced ego goal orientation while the task goal orientation is significantly more pronounced among female runners. Unlike male runners who are significantly more motivated for social recognition and competition, female runners have significantly more motivation for weight maintenance, disease avoidance, appearance, stress management, positive impact on health, affiliation, health pressures and mobility. The results regarding age showed that there are significant differences in the expressiveness of intrinsic motives for investing effort in activity and exercise due to a sense of competence. Thus, the motive for investing effort is less expressed among runners over the age of 55, compared to those under the age of 45, while exercising due to a sense of competence is most expressed among those under the age of 35 compared to all older runners. For runners under the age of 35, the goal orientation towards the outcome and the result is significantly more pronounced in relation to all the older ones. The goal orientation to learning and acquiring skills is significantly more noticeable in persons younger than 45 years of age than in those older than 55 years. Among persons under the age of 35, the most expressed motives are those for social recognition, increased strength and endurance, enjoyment of exercise and competition and challenges, while runners classified in the age categories 35-34 and 45-55, mostly have the same motives for training as other age groups, with the fact that, compared to younger and older people, they have more pronounced motives for training due to stress management, weight maintenance and mobility. For runners over the age of 55, the most observable motives for training are those related to health due to avoiding illness and due to various health pressures. The results regarding the level of education showed that the expression of the intrinsic motive for investing effort is strongest among runners with secondary education; that runners of all levels of education are equally ego goal oriented, with an equally highly expressed orientation to learning and improving skills- which serves as dominant criterion for assessing personal success in running. For highly educated runners, the most pronounced motives for training are weight maintenance, revitalization, appearance, impact on health, mobility and health pressures, compared to high school graduates, whose motives are social recognition, strength and endurance, and competition. Among runners with a higher education, motives are equally represented as among others, except for the motive of health pressure, which is much more pronounced for them than among runners with a secondary education. The obtained results showed that with the increase in the level of education, the expression of motives for avoiding illness and managing stress increases significantly. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, socio-demographic differences (gender, age and level of education) are important factors influencing the motivation for exercise of recreational runners, students of running schools. Knowledge of the recreational runners’ motivational structure regarding these variables is important for the possibility of application in practice, i.e., to create recommendations for sports and recreational programs, which could ultimately help recreational runners, participants of running schools, to meet their needs and persist in the selected physical activity.

Da das höchste erreichte Bildungsniveau in deutschen Umfragen gewöhnlich durch spezifisch deutsche Schul- und Ausbildungsabschlüsse erfasst wird, sind die entsprechenden Fragebogenitems für Personen mit ausländischen Abschlüssen oftmals schwer zu beantworten. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Ansätze zur Messung von Bildung bei Personen mit ausländischen Bildungsabschlüssen, insbes. Zugewanderten, und ihre Eignung für verschiedene Erhebungssituationen. Zunächst wird die Codierung der Bildungsvariablen thematisiert. Diese orientiert sich entweder am deutschen Bildungssystem oder an Klassifikationen, die für den internationalen Vergleich entwickelt wurden. Auch die Herleitung von Bildungsjahren ist eine Möglichkeit, die Daten vergleichbar zu codieren. Dann werden verschiedene Erhebungsinstrumente vorgestellt, die das Problem auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise zu lösen versuchen: die Verwendung deutscher Standarditems, die Verwendung generischer Antwortkategorien, die Verwendung herkunftslandsspezifischer Antwortkategorien, und der Einsatz eines datenbankbasierten Tools. Die Lösungen, die im Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP) und im Rahmen der National Education Panel Study (NEPS) entwickelt wurden, werden ausführlich dargestellt. Zum Schluss werden weiterhin bestehende Interpretationsprobleme und Einschränkungen diskutiert, die auch die Passung des Indikators "höchster Bildungsabschluss" für verschiedene theoretische Konzepte bei Migrantinnen und Migranten betreffen. Since the highest level of education achieved is usually captured in German surveys by specific German school-leaving and training qualifications, the corresponding questionnaire items are often difficult to answer for persons with foreign qualifications. This guideline provides an overview of different approaches to measuring education among persons with foreign educational qualifications, especially immigrants, and their suitability for different survey contexts. First, the coding of educational variables is discussed. This is based either on the German education system or on classifications developed for international comparison. The derivation of years of education is another way to code the data in a comparable way. Then, different survey instruments are presented that try to solve the problem in different ways: the use of German standard items, the use of generic response categories, the use of country-of-origin specific response categories, and the use of a database-based tool. The solutions developed in the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the National Education Panel Study (NEPS) are presented in detail. Finally, existing interpretation problems and limitations are further discussed, including the fit of the "highest educational attainment" indicator for different theoretical concepts among migrants.

Экспорт образовательных услуг является важнейшим источником развития не только экономики страны, но и ее внешней политики, ее интеграции в мировое сообщество. На современном этапе в условиях интернационализации высшего образования происходит наращивание экспорта образовательных услуг. В статье представлен анализ функций образования как общественного института, а именно формирование и совершенствование производственных сил общества, обеспечение качества экономического роста, обеспечение непрерывности экономического развития и его ускорения и адаптация человека к меняющемуся экономическому пространству. Было отмечено, что экспорт российского образования – не только коммерческая, но и геополитическая задача., The export of educational services is the most important source of development not only for the country's economy, but also for its foreign policy, its integration into the world community. At the present stage, in the context of the internationalization of higher education, there is an increase in the export of educational services. The article presents an analysis of the functions of education as a public institution, namely the formation and improvement of the productive forces of society, ensuring the quality of economic growth, ensuring the continuity of economic development and its acceleration, and adapting a person to a changing economic space. It was noted that the export of Russian education is not only a commercial, but also a geopolitical task., Социально-гуманитарные знания, Выпуск 2 2023, Pages 106-110

In this paper, we analyse the interregional migration of Spanish-born young adults by educational attainment and explore unemployment and over-education in the labour market among internal migrants and sedentary individuals with a university degree. We used register data of population movements from 2000 to 2018 to analyse internal migration patterns and the Labour Force Survey to study the educational attainment of migrants, as well as unemployment rates and over-education among college graduates. Our results indicate a regional polarisation after the economic crisis. Peripheral regions in the interior of Spain have been affected by an increasing exodus of university graduates, in addition to high levels of unemployment and over-education among individuals with a university degree who remain at origin. However, peripheral regions in the north-west and south of Spain have been less affected by out-migration, even though the south has shown higher levels of unemployment for college graduates. The central region of Madrid has emerged as the main destination for university graduates, with a large capacity to employ populations with university education from other regions. Semi-central regions of the Mediterranean and north-east of Spain retain local college graduates and exhibit good labour market conditions among residents with a university degree, but they are not destinations of individuals with university education from other regions.

The paper investigates the relationship between structural partner market constraints and the timing and educational sorting of unions in Germany (1985–2018). We integrate the literature on the effect of the reversed gender gap in education on educational assortative mating, with a focus on mating dynamics and the measurement of the partner market over the life course. We concentrate on two particular educational groups, low-educated men and highly educated women, those with worsening mating prospects and more subject to experience hypogamous unions. Our results show that the local education-specific mating squeeze influences union formation, its timing, and educational sorting. Indeed, for the two groups, the increasing supply of highly educated women in the partner market increases the likelihood of remaining single or establishing an hypogamous union, where she is higher educated than he. In line with search theory, we find the effects of the mating squeeze to become particularly visible after people turn 30 years of age. This is true for the risk of remaining single and forming an hypogamous union. We underline the necessity to study assortative mating and union formation from a dynamic perspective, taking into account changing structural conditions during the partner search process.

How teaching could be conducted effectively and consequently student learning could be enhanced presumably vary from teacher to teacher, arising from a variety of such factors as the conditions in the workplace, teachers’ year of teaching experience and their prior schooling experiences. In this regard, English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers’ (EFLTs) beliefs about quality teaching leading to facilitated student learning are also highly likely to be divergent. This survey research aims to add to the growing literature on teacher beliefs via unveiling EFLTs’ (N = 520) beliefs regarding effective teaching in general and effective EFL teaching in particular, student learning and development, and the probable changes that may occur in their beliefs according to the year of their teaching experience and the level of education they teach. The results revealed that the EFLTs held strong beliefs with respect to the effect of constructivist and humanistic concepts on effective teaching and student learning, and believed implementing communicative approach and conducting interactive activities induced effective EFL teaching and student learning. The findings also indicated that there existed statistically significant differences in EFLTs’ beliefs concerning constructivist concepts and EFL teaching practices according to the year of their teaching experience.

The purpose of the article is to continue the analysis of the dynamics of the life styles and wellbeing of Russian parents. The article presents foreign research directions of studying the influence of the ideology of intensive parenting on the well-being of parents, the lifestyle before the birth of the child/ children, the composition of children by gender, the external similarity of children and parents, the selfassessment of the fulfillment of their parental role, the marital/partner status of parents. It is shown that according to the data of ESS–2018 and RLMS HSE–2019, in the age group of 30–44 years, statistically not significantly more fathers are happy and satisfied with life than their peers who do not have children. No differences were found in these variables between mothers and their peers without children. To analyze the dynamics of parental well-being, sub-samples of parents were formed, regardless of their age and place of residence, according to the criterion of whether they have minor children, according to representative samples of the RLMS HSE. In 2004, this sub-sample was 2,270 parents, in 2008 – 2,220, and in 2019 – 2,645. Subsamples for these years are formed based on the ability to compare data on identical indicators. The analysis of the data shows that from 2004 to 2019, the share of fathers and mothers who are satisfied with their lives and assess their health as good, as well as satisfied with their work in general, their pay, and their professional growth opportunities, increased. For parents who drink alcohol, as well as those who are satisfied with their financial situation, there is almost no change, there are fewer smokers among fathers, but not mothers. According to the RLMS HSE–2019 data, there are more well-off people among married parents, less among never-married mothers and widows, as well as among divorced fathers and mothers. More fathers and mothers with special education are satisfied with life and work, much less of them smoke incomparison with those with secondary education. It does not depend on the level of education of alcohol consumption by parents, satisfaction with the financial situation and the assessment of health. In conclusion, it is proposed to revise the concepts in official documents on family policy, in statistics and in the media in relation to parents and children in non-normative families. The author emphasizes the relevance of developing educational programs for various categories of parents and future parents, and improving their competence.

Young people have to be provided with opportunities to access prosperous, resilient and fulfilling lives. Investing in education and skills is considered one of the most important ways to support young people’s well-being and to enable them to enjoy good career prospects. Using the framework of human capital theory, we explored the role of education among the factors explaining wage variation among Romanian youth. We built our analysis on micro-data for Romania from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2020. In order to identify the most important factors influencing the wage distribution, we employed the elastic net regression approach. Moreover, we considered the phenomenon of expansion of education and ran the analysis by alternately using a traditional measure for education and a relative measure reflecting the theory of education as positional good. We ran the analysis for different cohorts of the population, focusing the discussion on the results for young people. Our findings confirm the importance of education for wage distribution together with other factors of influence, such as gender, degree of urbanization, region, sector of employment and working experience. Our conclusions are relevant for designing more effective educational and social policies to deal with various disadvantages faced by youth in Romania.

Kostaschuk І. І., Bilous Yu. O., Yachnyuk M. O. Depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast: social-geographical assessment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(05): 303-318. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.05.032 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.05.032 https://zenodo.org/record/5363663 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.05.2021. Revised: 21.05.2021. Accepted: 28.05.2021. DEPRESSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL UNITS OF CHERNIVTSI OBLAST: SOCIAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT І. І. Kostaschuk, Yu. O. Bilous, M. O. Yachnyuk Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi Street, 2, Chernivtsi, 58012, Ukraine Kostaschuk І. І., Department of Geography of Ukraine and Regional Studies; Dr. geogr. Sciences, Associate Professor Bilous Yu. O., Department of Geography of Ukraine and Regional Studies; graduate student Yachnyuk M. O., Department of Economic Geography and Environmental Management Ph.D. geogr. Sciences; Associate Professor Abstract Problem Statement and Purpose. The world economy has always developed and continues to develop cyclically, which affects the economic development of individual countries and their regions. As a result of cyclical economic development, regions are formed that maintain a progressive or stagnant type of economic development, and some of them, especially during periods of economic crisis, develop a regressive type. Thus, depressed regions or their separate territories appear, the study of which aims to identify in time the territorial disparities and polarizations of different types of the social formation of administrative units and to establish the level of their depression. It should be noted that most of the available scientific achievements concern the study of the territory of Ukraine at the regional level, and not at the subregional (raion) level. Therefore, our research allows us to shed more light on the depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast, which differs from other regions of Ukraine by its natural-geographical, demographic, ethnic contrast, as well as cross-border and border position, which certainly has a significant impact on depression of regions and cities of regional significance. The purpose of this study is to conduct a socio-geographical assessment of the depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast, which allows us to learn about the current state of the oblast and its raions in terms of depression, as well as identify possible steps to solve this problem. Data & Methods. To study the depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast, the following main types were chosen: economic, social, and demographic. For each of these blocks, the main indicators of indicators were determined, according to which a socio-geographical assessment of the level of depression in administrative regions and cities of regional significance was conducted. Having established the rating places for each administrative-territorial unit according to the selected indicators, or their relative values, it was possible to establish the average place of each unit and, accordingly, the level of depression for each of the studied blocks. It was also established the common place of administrative units in the region by all indicators and thus identified different, according to the level of depression, regions. Results. With the help of rating research, the typification of administrative-territorial units of the oblast according to the level of economic, social, demographic, and integral depression was carried out. The most depressed were the agricultural raions of the oblast – Khotyn, and Sokyriany. However, it should be noted that Khotyn raion has the same types of depression in all its components, and in Sokyriany raion the worst is the demographic situation, and the best ‒ the economic one. The lowest level of depression is characteristic of Storozhynets raion, which is explained by its favorable geographical location relative to the oblast center, which contributes to economic and social development, as well as polyethnicity, which strengthens the demographic component. Keywords: territory depression; economic depression; demographic depression; social depression; level of education; level of welfare.

Studies show that the prevalence of binge drinking among young people in Germany is declining overall. This change is usually studied in more detail based on age and gender. This paper expands on these analyses and examines whether the decline in binge drinking among young people differs as a function of educational level and migration background.Based on representative surveys conducted by the Federal Center for Health Education (BZgA), 30-day prevalences of binge drinking were determined for Germany between 2008 and 2019 for male and female 12- to 17-year-old adolescents and 18- to 25-year-old young adults. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate trend patterns for the period from 2008 to 2019. This was also done as a function of education level and migration background.Across all surveys, more young adults than adolescents, more male than female young people, and more young people without a migration background get drunk. Between 2008 and 2019, the 30-day prevalence of binge drinking decreased overall among adolescents (male: from 23.0 to 16.4%; female: from 17.7 to 10.7%) and young men (from 53.0 to 43.9%), and it did not change statistically significantly among young women (2008: 28.1%; 2019: 24.5%). The trend analyses depending on the level of education and migration background show that at least among young women without a (technical) higher education entrance qualification there is a decrease in binge drinking.The decline in binge drinking may differ depending on social characteristics. Such differences should be taken into account in the prevention of binge drinking. In particular, young women with a higher level of education must be reached with prevention offers.HINTERGRUND: Studien zeigen, dass die Verbreitung des Rauschtrinkens unter jungen Menschen in Deutschland insgesamt rückläufig ist. Diese Veränderung wird in der Regel in Abhängigkeit von Alter und Geschlecht näher untersucht. Dieser Beitrag vertieft diese Analysen und untersucht, ob sich der Rückgang des Rauschtrinkens junger Menschen in Abhängigkeit von Bildungsniveau und Migrationshintergrund unterscheidet.Auf Grundlage von Repräsentativbefragungen der Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) wurden für den Zeitraum 2008 bis 2019 für männliche und weibliche 12- bis 17-jährige Jugendliche und 18- bis 25-jährige junge Erwachsene die 30-Tage-Prävalenzen des Rauschtrinkens ermittelt. Mit logistischen Regressionsanalysen wurden Trendverläufe für den Zeitraum 2008 bis 2019 geschätzt. Dies erfolgte auch in Abhängigkeit von Bildungsniveau und Migrationshintergrund.In einen Alkoholrausch trinken sich, über alle Befragungen gesehen, mehr junge Erwachsene als Jugendliche, mehr männliche als weibliche junge Menschen und mehr junge Menschen ohne einen Migrationshintergrund. Im Zeitraum 2008 bis 2019 ging die 30-Tage-Prävalenz des Rauschtrinkens bei Jugendlichen (männlich: von 23,0 % auf 16,4 %; weiblich: von 17,7 % auf 10,7 %) sowie jungen Männern (von 53,0 % auf 43,9 %) insgesamt gesehen zurück, bei jungen Frauen veränderte sie sich statistisch nicht signifikant (2008: 28,1 %; 2019: 24,5 %). Die Trendanalysen in Abhängigkeit von Bildungsniveau und Migrationshintergrund zeigen, dass zumindest bei jungen Frauen ohne (Fach‑)Abitur ein Rückgang des Rauschtrinkens erfolgt.Der Rückgang des Rauschtrinkens kann sich in Abhängigkeit von sozialen Merkmalen unterscheiden. Solche Unterschiede sollten in der Prävention des Rauschtrinkens berücksichtigt werden. Insbesondere junge Frauen mit höherem Bildungsniveau müssen mit Präventionsangeboten erreicht werden.

Background: Over the last decades, the number of new diabetic cases and the prevalence of diabetes have tended to increase. The diabetes prevalence rate in Indonesia in 2020 reached 6.20%. Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the variables of age, level of education, smoking status, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and the prevalence of diabetes in the urban areas. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and used secondary data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) in 2015. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis and simple logistic regression. The dependent variable in this study was Diabetes Mellitus (DM); the independent variables were age, education level, smoking status, and BMI. Results: In terms of the respondents’ characteristics, individuals were mainly over 35 years of age (130 respondents, 83.87%). The highest level of education was attained by 93 respondents (60.00%). There was a correlation between respondents who were over 35 years of age, with p=0.01; prevalence ratio (PR)=5.60; 95%Cl=3.64–8.62) and the level of education (p=0.01; PR=1.69; 95%Cl=1.22–2.34) with the incidence of diabetes in urban areas in Indonesia. There was no correlation between the smoking status (p=0.55; PR=0.67; 95%Cl=0.01–2.73) and the BMI of respondents with the prevalence of diabetes in urban areas in Indonesia. Conclusion: The age and the level of education were linked to the incidence of diabetes in urban areas in Indonesia.

The article deals with the problems of staffing local institutions of Arkhangelsk Governorate in the first half of the 19th century. Based on the materials of systematic recording of officials (group records of service from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive), the staff composition was analyzed according to three main parameters: social background, age, and level of education. The identified characteristics made it possible to see specific features in the development of the local bureaucracy and the results of the governmental personnel policy. The obtained statistics reflected the peculiarities of governmental policy in the field of forming the social basis for Arkhangelsk bureaucracy. It was found out that in the first half of the 19th century the composition of Arkhangelsk Governorate officials could not meet the expectations of the government in full since the internal resources of this non-nobility-related territory were quite restricted, and the conditions of service did not attract officials from other governorates. The measures taken (appointing officials from other regions, filling police vacancies with retired military personnel, and introducing service privileges) had a certain effect but were not enough to solve all personnel problems and, primarily, to overcome the shortage of clerical employees, which was most pronounced during the entire period. The analysis of social background of the officials revealed a high proportion of representatives of the nobility, hereditary civil servants, and persons from taxable classes. The indicators of age structure reflect general Russian tendencies: there were two Arkhangelsk Governorate went through two alternations of generations among officials: during the first quarter of the 19th century, personnel was becoming younger, and in the following decades it was aging, which had stopped by 1850. The available information on education indicates a general low level of professional training. Despite the fact that the measures taken by the government, which linked the level of education with promotion in rank, increased the interest of future officials in obtaining certificates from higher and secondary educational institutions, in the middle of the century most officials were still persons with primary or home education.

Background: Post-ischemic stroke cognitive decline is significantly affecting the quality of life of its survivors. Its prevalence was about 7.5-72% which was mostly determined by the existing of vascular risk factors and cognitive reserve of the subjects. Level of education is one of determinants of cognitive reserve, a factor that affect the susceptibility of subjects to cognitive decline after experiencing ischemic stroke-related neuronal damage. Since level of education is protective for cognitive function, the intervention on it can reduce the occurrence of cognitive decline. Objective: To investigate the relationship between level of education and cognitive status among hospital-based ischemic stroke survivors. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved post-ischemic stroke outpatients in two hospitals. The data collected in this study were demographic data, including level of education, and clinical data as well. The level of education was categorized into ≥12 years and

The paper investigates the relation between overeducation and self-employment, in a comparative analysis between immigrants and natives. Using the EU Labour Force Survey for the year 2012 and controlling for a list of demographic characteristics and general characteristics of 30 destination countries, it finds that the likelihood of being overeducated decreases for self-employed immigrants, with inconclusive results for self-employed natives. The results shed light on the extent to which immigrants adjust to labor market imperfections and barriers to employment and might help explain the higher incidence of self-employment that immigrants exhibit, when compared to natives. This is the first study to systematically study the nexus between overeducation and self-employment in a comparative framework. Moreover, the paper tests the robustness of the results by employing two different measures of overeducation, contributing to the literature of the measurement of overeducation.

Researchers have long observed that foreign-educated immigrants earn lower wages and hold less-skilled jobs than U.S. natives who have the same level of educational attainment, but the reasons for the disparity have been less clear. This paper tests the hypothesis favored by the human capital model of earnings and employment–namely, that foreign-educated immigrants struggle in the U.S. labor market primarily because they possess fewer marketable skills than workers with U.S. degrees. Standardized tests administered as part of the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies reveal that foreign-educated immigrants score 0.82 and 0.54 standard deviations lower on measures of literacy and numeracy, respectively, compared to natives who have the same age and educational attainment. The gaps remain significant after controlling for self-assessed English reading ability. When these skill measures are incorporated into regression analyses, the wage and skilled-employment penalties experienced by foreign-educated immigrants fall by half or more, providing strong evidence for the human capital model. However, this analysis cannot rule out additional explanatory factors, such as legal and social obstacles that foreign-educated immigrants may face.

This paper looks at men's and women's positions in the labour market and relates them to their basic skills. In a meritocratic society higher skills are supposed to relate to higher outcomes. We question whether this relation is equally true for men and women. Using data for 13 countries from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), an international large-scale assessment, this paper examines monthly wages and a person's probability to be in a managerial position. Our analyses show that, on average, men with higher skills get higher wages and have a higher probability to be in a managerial position than women with equally high skills. We show that the relation between skills and outcomes is more proportional for men than for women and that the gender pay gap does apply to women and men with similar skills. In addition, the results highlight a gap in managerial positions between men and women with the same basic skills. Wir wissen, dass auf dem Arbeitsmarkt eine Vielzahl von Mechanismen greift, die Frauen und Männer ungleich positionieren und deren Erfolgschancen beeinflussen. Dennoch bleibt in unseren meritokratischen Gesellschaften die grundlegende Annahme, dass höhere Kompetenzen und (persönliche oder gesellschaftliche) Investitionen in Bildung zu einer größeren Gleichberechtigung beitragen könnten. Doch trifft dies tatsächlich für Männer und Frauen gleichermaßen zu? In diesem Artikel prüfen wir anhand der PIAAC-Datensätze (Adult Skill Survey) für 13 europäische Länder, in welchem Maße die Kompetenzen von Männern und Frauen mit deren Positionen im Arbeitsmarkt korrelieren. In multivariaten Regressionen wird in der vorliegenden Untersuchung festgestellt, dass der Zusammenhang von Kompetenzen und Erfolg für Männer proportional verläuft, während dies für Frauen nicht der Fall ist. Ein Mehr an Fähigkeiten führt für sie keineswegs zu höheren Positionen oder Einkommen. Dies gilt sowohl für das monatliche Einkommen als auch für das Innehaben von Führungspositionen. Frauen haben im Schnitt höhere Kompetenzen als Männer bei ähnlicher Bezahlung und ähnlichen Positionen.

Social indicators research 153 (2021) 1, S. 227-250, Past research has shown a positive association between education and well-being. Much of this research has focused on the cognitive component of well-being (i.e., life satisfaction) as outcome. On the other hand, the affective component, that is, how often and intensively people experience positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) in their everyday lives, has received far less attention. Therefore, we examined the association between education and PA and NA in everyday life, with a particular focus on affective experiences at the sub-facet level (based on a structure of NA with multiple factors). We used data from a nationally representative sample (N = 1647) of the German Socioeconomic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS), employing the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) to capture affective experiences of everyday activities. Multilevel structural equation models revealed that (1) education was not related to PA, but (2) was positively associated with two sub-facets of NA (mourning/worries and loneliness/boredom); (3) income might in part explain the association between education and NA; (4) education does not particularly seem to serve as a resource in times of unemployment or retirement (i.e., there were no interactions between education and unemployment/retirement regarding well-being) In essence, higher educated people reported fewer negative emotions in everyday life than their lower educated counterparts, but not more positive emotions. The findings underline that different facets of NA, in addition to life satisfaction, are relevant variables related to education and should receive more attention in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of non-monetary correlates of education. (DIPF/Orig.)

Актуальность исследования подтверждается высоким потенциалом результативности подхода к решению экологических проблем на основе объединения усилий государства, бизнес-сообщества и граждан. Если в странах ОЭСР давно уделяется пристальное внимание данному подходу, то в России инициативы такого рода набирают силу только в последние годы. Предметом исследования является влияние уровня образования и возраста человека на степень выраженности его экологического самосознания. Объектом исследования выступают результаты международных исследований и социологического опроса, а также лучшие практики, ориентированные на повышение экологического самосознания граждан. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении ключевых факторов, определяющих уровень экологического самосознания населения в контексте перспектив их применения в России. Методы: анализ статистических данных, сравнительные оценки, социологический опрос, неструктурированное интервью с представителями российского экологически ориентированного бизнес-сообщества. Результаты: проведено сравнение влияния уровня образования и возраста на экологическое самосознание граждан ОЭСР, выявлены межстрановые различия в данных оценках, по результатам социологического исследования определено влияние уровня образования и возраста респондентов на экологическое самосознание граждан в нашей стране, осмыслены актуальные корпоративные инициативы по формированию экологического самосознания, сделаны выводы о перспективах их развития в России. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the high potential of the effectiveness of the approach to solving environmental problems by combining the efforts of the state, the business community and citizens. While in the OECD countries this approach has been given close attention for a very long time, in Russia initiatives of this kind are gaining strength only in recent years. The subject of the study is the influence of the level of education and age of a person on the severity of his/her environmental self-awareness. The object of the research is the results of international studies and a sociological survey, as well as best practices aimed at improving the environmental self-awareness of citizens. The purpose of the study is to identify key factors that determine the level of environmental self-awareness of the population in the context of the prospects for their application in Russia. Methods: analysis of statistical data, comparative estimates, a sociological survey, unstructured interviews with representatives of the Russian environmentally-oriented business community. Results. The influence of the level of education and age on the environmental self-awareness of OECD citizens is compared, cross-country differences in these assessments are identified, the results of a sociological study determine the impact of the level of education and age of respondents on the environmental self-awareness of citizens in our country, relevant corporate initiatives for the formation of environmental self-awareness are comprehended, conclusions are drawn about the prospects for their development in Russia.

Background: Low education levels and language barriers present challenges in obtaining informed consent for clinical research. Objective: To describe and correlate the association between the level of education and the participant’s preferred language of consent. Design: Descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. Participants: Adults being consented for participation in tuberculosis(TB) research studies in an East African community with varying levels of education. Procedures: We analyzed data on demographic and educational characteristics collected from adults being consented for participation in TB studies .Only participants who could understand and speak Luganda (the main local language) or English ( the official language of Uganda) were included in this analysis. Results: A total of 523 participants were consented between April 2015 and December 2017 and included in this analysis; 250 below Senior four (< 11yrs of education), 114 senior four (at 11yrs of education),73 senior five-senior six (12-13yrs of education) and 86 beyond senior six (> 13yrs of education). We noted that the preference for English rises with the rising levels of education and peaked at beyond senior six (83%Vs17%,OR=49,95%CI:22.8-106.3,p

The current situation of improving the mechanisms of influence on the individual in the conditions of penitentiary institutions indicates the directions of the psychologist`s work related to optimizing the process of socio-psychological adaptation of convicts, which determines the study of factors of socio-psychological adaptation of prisoners. The factors that influence the course of socio-psychological adaptation of convicts, which in the author’s vision can be divided into factors of the first, second and third orders, depending on the conditions of the convicted person’s stay and the period of serving a sentence of imprisonment have been defined in the paper. It has been empirically proven that the age, gender, and level of education of convicts are significant factors in their socio-psychological adaptation to places of imprisonment.

World demography is changing as the population ages and there are more people with disabilities having problems to stay independently at home. Innovative technologies could help extend the independence of older people living at home. As part of a collaborative project, we investigated ownership and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) among older people with lower limb loss (LLL) using questionnaires and retrospective analysis. Our aim was to analyse factors associated with ICT use among people with LLL. We identified age as the main factor that limits ownership and use of ICT among older people with LLL in Slovenia. Cause of amputation also appears to be relevant, whereby those who had amputation because of peripheral vascular disease are more likely to use a personal or tablet computer, social networks, messaging apps, email and internet than those who had amputation because of diabetes. In addition, those living in the suburbs are more likely to use a health monitoring device than those living in the countryside.

Low literacy among adolescents and adults worldwide remains a serious problem, even in economically developed countries. The consequences of low reading proficiency levels can be harmful in many ways for both the individuals concerned and their communities in terms of health, political, social and economic outcomes. While large-scale international assessments do assess reading proficiency, the data they provide for the bottom end of the scale are still somewhat undifferentiated. What is of particular concern to scholars and policymakers alike is to better understand the nature of reading difficulties among low-literate adolescents and adults. Addressing this need, the authors of this article present a new integrative process model which takes into consideration reader-related, text-related and task-related factors along different stages of the reading process that can cause reading difficulties. The process model incorporates different traditions of research on low reading proficiency: large-scale assessments, cognitive psychology, and research on developmental precursors of reading comprehension. It enabled the authors to identify core difficulty-generating factors, in particular task and text characteristics relevant in evaluating the difficulty of a reading task and thus in determining whether low-literate readers can solve it. The process model also proved suitable for incorporation into standard-setting practice. The authors demonstrate how the process model provided a framework for developing proficiency level descriptors (PLDs) which were then applied for the purpose of standard setting in a German large-scale assessment, the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). Their results show that the PLDs were indeed suitable for differentiating between a low reading proficiency level and a functional reading proficiency level among adolescents and adults.

The one-child generation daughters born to middle-class Chinese parents enjoy the privilege of concentrated family resources and the opportunity for education overseas. We focus on the “privileged daughters” who have studied abroad and remained overseas as professionals. Using three cases of post-student female migrants who were of different ages and at different life stages, we situate their socioeconomic mobility in the context of intergenerational relationships and transnational social space. Drawing on further interview data from the same project we argue that, although the “privileged daughters” have achieved geographical mobility and upward social mobility, through education and a career in a Western country, their life choices remain heavily influenced by their parents in China. Such findings highlight the transnationally transferred gendered burden among the relatively “elite” cohort, thus revealing a more nuanced gendered interpretation of transnational socioeconomic mobility.

Productivity in Europe remains stagnant over a long period of time for several reasons: structural barriers hampering proper development and the diffusion of innovations; and also due to high structural unemployment. This puts a significant brake on growth and competitiveness. A high-potential alternative for improving productivity lies in increasing labour participation and the attraction/retention of talent as a result of European integration. Therefore, this study examines how economic growth is affected by labour productivity and the local and foreign workers' employment rates, as well as their level of achievement. Using the Durbin Spatial Model (DSM), we analyse OECD data from 13 European countries covering the period 2000-2017. Our results confirm, first of all, that there has been a positive convergence among European countries and that it is of considerable benefit for the growth of countries with different levels of development. In terms of labour productivity, it positively influences economic growth, especially for highly skilled local workers. Moreover, it is confirmed that increased participation has a statistically significant impact on each country's growth rate in the studied sample. In terms of educational levels, an increase in the number of workers with a high and medium level of education entails a growth that is also transferred to neighbouring countries. Also, these types of strategies serve to create conditions that allow for attracting and retaining talent in the long term, which also generates positive effects on growth itself, but also for neighbouring countries in the same area of integration.

Hanushek et al (2015, ‘Returns to Skills Around the World: Evidence from PIAAC’, European Economic Review 73: 103) find a weak wage–skill relationship in countries with limited skill reward possibilities due to high union density, strict employment protection, and large public sector. If these factors also restrict employment possibilities and the incentives to join the labor market, a possible mirror image of the weak wage–skill relationship is a steeper employment–skill gradient. We use PIAAC data to estimate the employment–skill association, and the results for the whole sample of individuals give some indication that the employment–skill gradient is steeper in countries with strict employment rules and centralized bargaining. Our results for subgroups show imprecisely estimated employment–skill gradients for immigrants. For individuals with poor health conditions and low formal education, the estimated gradient is somewhat higher than in the whole sample in countries with high bargaining coverage, a large public sector, and centralized collective bargaining systems.

At a time of growing expectations about educational attainment, young people who did not complete upper-secondary schooling can easily be ‘left behind’ to face risks of social exclusion. Being able to make a rapid and successful transition into a first significant job is crucial for long-term labor-market attachment. We approach the question of continuity or change in school-to-work transitions by comparing the experiences of four birth cohorts of early school leavers in Italy, where they still constitute a sizeable group as of today. Italy makes for an interesting case study due to the length of school-to-work transitions and the extent of gender differences in this phase. In an era of educational expansion and increased female activation, studying changes in low-educated women’s labor-market access brings into focus the question of who is really left behind. Using data from the 2009 ‘Multi-purpose Survey on Household and Social Subjects,’ we use discrete time logistic regression models to estimate the probability of transitioning to the first significant job for early school leavers born between 1954 and 1993. We find that gender differences are strikingly persistent across birth cohorts, even after controlling for sociodemographic variables as well as for time-varying fertility and partnership histories.

BackgroundDeclines in employment protection may have disproportionate effects on employment opportunities of workers with low education and poorer health. This study investigates the impact of changes in employment protection levels on employment rates according to education and health in 23 European countries.MethodsData were taken from the 4-year rotating panel European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions study. Employed participants aged 29–59 years (n = 334 999) were followed for 1 year over an 11-year period, from 2003 up to 2014. A logistic regression model with country and period fixed effects was used to estimate the association between changes in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) employment protection index and labour market outcomes, incorporating interaction terms with education and health.Results15 of the 23 countries saw their level of employment protection decline between 2003 and 2014. Reduced employment protection of temporary workers increased odds of early retirement (OR 6.29, 95% CI 3.17 to 12.48) and unemployment (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.76). Reduced employment protection of permanent workers increased odds of early retirement more among workers in poor health (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.26 to 8.78) than among workers in good health (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.30 to 5.10). The impact of reduced employment protection of temporary workers on unemployment was stronger among lower-educated workers (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.90) than among higher-educated workers (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.54).ConclusionReduced employment protection increased the odds of early exit from paid employment, especially among workers with lower education and poorer health. Employment protection laws may help reduce the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health.

In this study, the issue of using Instagram social network by different groups of Iranian women and their interests and desires in publication of photos is investigated. The purpose of the study is to identify the common aspects and differences in women’s lives reflected in their self-expression efforts based on their social characteristics. Therefore, the women were classified into eight groups based on the elements affecting the way they show their daily lives, such as education level, occupation and marital status. Then, qualitative method, including virtual ethnographic techniques, content analysis and online interviews, was used. Photos posted on Instagram by 32 users were studied and analyzed, and these users were interviewed. Questions were asked about their tendency towards posting photos of their daily lives on Instagram via direct messages. The conceptual framework of the study included Bourdieu’s theory of ‘distinction’ and Baudrillard’s concept of ‘system of objects’. Results showed that women in each group select specific approaches to the publication of photos based on their social conditions. In the present article, these differences are discussed in detail. The significance of this research lies in the possibility of understanding different aspects of women’s everyday life and their individual identity through self-reports in the new media as opposed to the traditional media which only presents a standardized type of identification. Since studying women’s efforts in presenting themselves on social media has been neglected in studies conducted on social networks in Iran, this study leads to a better understanding of Iranian women’s diverse identities.

In this article, I evaluate whether educational attainment in Germany is stratified by parental wealth and at which transitions stratification emerges. I propose a four-stage model to capture the emergence of stratification in the German education system, which is characterized by early between-school tracking: (i) transition to the tracked secondary school, (ii) attended track in the last year of mandatory schooling, (iii) highest school-leaving certificate, and (iv) transition to vocational or tertiary education. Results suggest that stratification by parental wealth emerges at all four stages, and, therefore, accumulates over the stages. Children living in wealthy households are 20 per cent more likely to attend the highest track in fifth grade and to obtain the highest school-leaving certificate and are 40 per cent more likely to enroll in tertiary education compared to children at the bottom of the wealth distribution. Furthermore, parental wealth seems to be particularly effective in preventing negative outcomes like leaving school without a certificate or not finding a fully qualifying vocational training. Among those who do not obtain the formal requirements to enroll in tertiary education, those with wealthy parents are more likely to start dual vocational training.

Psychological research, including research into adult reading, is frequently based on convenience samples of undergraduate students. This practice raises concerns about the external validity of many accepted findings. The present study seeks to determine how strong this student sampling bias is in literacy and numeracy research. We use the nationally representative cross-national data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to quantify skill differences between (i) students and the general population aged 16–65, and (ii) students and age-matched non-students aged 16–25. The median effect size for the comparison (i) of literacy scores across 32 countries was d = .56, and for comparison (ii) d = .55, which exceeds the average effect size in psychological experiments (d = .40). Numeracy comparisons (i) and (ii) showed similarly strong differences. The observed differences indicate that undergraduate students are not representative of the general population nor age-matched non-students.

Background: Health literacy (HL) is considered to be an important precondition for health. HL research often identifies migrants as vulnerable for low HL. However, in-depth data on HL among migrants especially in its domains of health care, disease prevention and health promotion and its determinants are still scarce.; Objective: The aim of this study was therefore to analyse the current status of HL among migrants and their descendants from Turkey and from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Germany and factors associated with it. This has not been studied using large-scale data and bilingual interviews. We differentiate between dimensions of HL, namely the domains of health care, disease prevention and health promotion which goes beyond many previous studies. In addition, we explore new mechanisms by testing the explanatory power of self-efficacy and interethnic contacts for migrants' HL.; Methods: The study includes 825 first- and second-generation adult migrants from two of the largest immigration groups in Germany, from Turkey and FSU, who were interviewed face-to-face in German, Turkish or Russian in late summer 2020. HL was measured using the HLS19-Q47 instrument. Age, gender, educational level, social status and financial deprivation, chronic illness, health-related literacy skills, self-efficacy, interethnic contacts, migration generation, duration of stay and region of origin were considered as possible determinants. Ordinary least square regressions were estimated.; Results: The average general HL score was 65.5. HL in health promotion and disease prevention was lower than in health care. Low financial deprivation, health-related literacy skills, and self-efficacy were positively correlated with each HL domain. Educational level, social status, age, gender, duration of stay and interethnic contacts were positively correlated with HL in some domains. Region of origin was only correlated with the domain of disease prevention until interethnic contact was accounted for.; Conclusion: Our study contributes to the existing knowledge by analyzing different domains of HL and testing its correlations with self-efficacy and interethnic contact among migrants. We reveal that migrants cannot generally be considered as vulnerable for low HL, as oftentimes outlined. There is a need for interventions e.g. to enhance the understanding of health information among subgroups with lower HL. Copyright © 2022 Berens, Klinger, Carol and Schaeffer.

Several studies show that political violence justification (PVJ) is associated with unfavourable social and economic characteristics such as poor education, low income, and poverty at the national level. However, the mechanisms by which these factors interact remain unclear. This study aims to find out whether poverty at the country level (contextual poverty) moderates the relationship between individuals’ educational level and household income, and PVJ in the European Union (EU). We perform an analysis using a dataset of 15.347 individuals from twelve EU countries who participated in the European Values Survey, 2017. Logistic regressions models with interaction terms were used to analyze factors related to PVJ. Our findings are twofold. First, we find no evidence of educational level and PVJ's relationship in countries with medium levels of contextual poverty. In contrast, in countries with low levels of contextual poverty, individuals with medium educational level were associated with higher PVJ. Second, individuals living in countries with lower levels of contextual poverty and higher household income were associated with higher PVJ. We conclude that more individuals tend to justify political violence in countries with lower contextual poverty levels - individuals with medium educational level and higher household income. To our knowledge, this is the first study to find evidence that education and socioeconomic status may amplify PVJ in the EU.

Der Bericht enthält Daten zur Sozial- und Qualifikationsstruktur der volljährigen Asylantragstellenden im Jahr 2021. In einem Sonderkapitel "Im Fokus" wird die Entwicklung von Erstantragstellenden aus Afghanistan zwischen 2017 und 2021 betrachtet. This report contains information about the social and qualification structure of adult asylum applicants in 2021. A special chapter "Focal topic" looks at the development of first-time applicants from Afghanistan between 2017 and 2021.

With populations rapidly aging, the development over time in the cognitive function among the elderly approaching or reaching retirement is important for successful aging at work and planning pension policies. However, few studies in this field focus on this age group. This study characterizes time trends in cognitive function among 55-69-year-old Europeans from 2006 to 2015, and compares these trends by region, gender, and education. This study analyzes 40,689 subjects in Waves 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) covering ten countries. Cognitive function was measured by Recall and Verbal Fluency. Educational levels were classified by quartiles. A Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was used to explore the association between cognitive function and development over time after controlling for confounders. Further stratification analysis using GEE models was conducted, stratified by region, gender and education. Cognitive function improved significantly in southern and central Europe over the observed timeframe, whereas it did not in northern Europe. Those with relative low levels of formal education displayed the most rapid increases in cognitive function in southern and central Europe. Among those with lower education in southern Europe, males’ cognitive function improved more quickly than females’. The improvement of cognitive function at ages 55-69 in southern and central Europe may contribute to continuing engagement with productive activities in old age. Educational interventions for people with lower levels of education may be most effective in achieving such engagement. This paper extends the literature on the development over time in the cognitive function among the elderly close to retirement age in Europe by analysing southern, central and northern Europe, as well as differences by region, gender and education. The results may provide evidence for planning pension policies and educational interventions.

Educational expansion and the closing of gender gaps in education are key objectives in national and international policy agendas. Monitoring progress towards these goals requires comparable data across countries and over time. The availability of international census and survey microdata allows for cross-national comparisons of education participation and completion. However, we lack systematic analyses of how trends vary across data sources and of the extent to which these data sources offer a consistent account of progress in education. In this paper, we examine coherence in estimates of educational attainment among women aged 25 to 29 in 75 countries across the three main repositories of international population microdata: IPUMS International, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Coherence analysis of 535 census and survey observations from 1960 to 2017 shows high levels of consistency overall but also identifies observations misaligned with trends. Results provide practical information to the research community about the validity of comparative investigations using three important data sources for demographic studies. The data also serve as benchmarks for assessing the quality of education information obtained in data sources not included in our analysis and the trend alignment of future estimates.

Pētījuma mērķis ietver atbildes rašanu uz pētījumā izvirzīto jautājumu: Vai pastāv atšķirības starp mammas novērtējumu un tēta novērtējumu par bērna vadības funkcijām, kā arī uz pētījumā izvirzīto hipotēzi: Pastāv saistība starp vecāku izglītības līmeni un vadības funkciju novērtējumu. Pētījuma izlasi sastādīja vecāki, ar priekšnoteikumu, ka viņiem ir bērns 2-6 gadu vecumā. Kopā pētījumā piedalījās 36 respondenti. Vidējais izglītības līmenis izlasē bija bakalaura grāds. Pētījumā tika izmantota CHEXI (Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory for parents and teachers) (Thorell & Nyberg, 2008) - bērnu vadības funkciju novērtējuma aptauja, kuru latviski šobrīd adaptē Mag. Psych. Edmunds Vanags Datu analīzes rezultātā gan pētījuma jautājums, gan hipotēze neapstiprinājās. Netika konstatētas nozīmīgas atšķirības starp dzimumiem savu bērnu vadības funkciju novērtējumā, nedz saistības ar vecāku izglītības līmeni un vadības funkciju novērtējumu. Rezultāti liek domāt gan par ierobežoto respondentu skaitu, gan par aptauju lietošanas atbilstību šādos pētījumos., The aim of the study lies within finding an answer to the research question: Are there differences between parent’s assessment of their child’s executive functions, as well as the hypothesis raised in the study: There is a relationship between the level of parental education and the assessment of executive functions. The study’s sample was made up of parents who have a 2-6-year-old child. A total of 36 respondents participated in the study. The study used CHEXI which is a Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory for parents and teachers (Thorell & Nyberg, 2008), which is currently being adapted by Mag. Psych. Edmunds Vanags. As a result of the data analysis, both the research question and the hypothesis were not confirmed. No significant gender differences were identified in the assessment of their child’s executive functions, nor in relation to the level of parental education and the assessment of management functions. The inconclusive results seem to point out that the number of respondents was too low, and that perhaps surveys aren’t the best tool for research like this.

Sabiedrības veselība Veselības aprūpe Public Health Health Care Tēma: Latvijas pieaugušo iedzīvotāju attieksme pret Covid-19 vakcināciju Mērķis: Izpētīt kāda ir Latvijas pieaugušo iedzīvotāju attieksme pret COVID-19 vakcināciju. Uzdevumi: Izpētīt kāda ir pieaugušo iedzīvotāju attieksme pret Covid-19 vakcināciju saistībā ar izglītības līmeni; Izpētīt kāda ir pieaugušo iedzīvotāju attieksme pret Covid-19 vakcināciju saistībā ar ikmēneša ienākumu līmeni; Izpētīt kāda ir pieaugušo iedzīvotāju attieksme pret Covid-19 vakcināciju saistībā ar to dzīvesvietu Latvijas teritorijā; Izpētīt kāda ir pieaugušo iedzīvotāju attieksme pret Covid-19 vakcināciju saistībā ar to sarunvalodu ģimenē. Aktualitāte: Tēma pašlaik ir ļoti aktuāla. Vakcinācijas zemās aptveres dēļ Latvijā ir ieviesti daudz un dažādi ierobežojumi, lai nepieļautu tālāku vīrusa izplatību un iespējamu mutāciju rašanos. Līdz 2021. Gada 2.novembrim ir vakcinēti mazliet vairāk kā puse Latvijas iedzīvotāju virs 12 gadu vecuma (53.9%). Pēc SKDS veiktās aptaujas rezultātiem var spriest, ka iedzīvotājiem ar zemāku izglītības līmeni ir tendence neuzticēties vakcinācijas dotajām priekšrocībām un izmantot to profilaktiskos pasākumos. Tas pats ir novērojams to iedzīvotāju vidū, kuriem ir zemāki ikmēneša ienākumi. Respektīvi tie respondenti, kuri uz jautājumiem par dažādu noteikumu, par vakcināciju, ieviešanu, neatbalsta, ir tie, kuriem ikmēneša ienākumi ir līdz 299EUR un tie kuriem ir tikai pamata izglītība. Pētījuma metodes: Bakalaura darba ietvaros tika veikts SKDS anketas jautājumu analīze. Datu analīzē tika izmantota programma IBM SPSS statistics 22. Tika izmantotas aprakstošās statistikas metodes, šķērstabulas ar hī-kvadrāta testu un 95% ticamības intervālu aprēķināšana. Galvenie secinājumi: Augstākai izglītībai ir saistība ar pozitīvāku attieksmi pret Covid-19 vakcināciju; Respondentiem, kas ikdienā sarunājās latviešu valodā ir pozitīvāka attieksme pret vakcināciju, nekā citas valodas pārstāvjiem; Kopumā respondenti ir kritiskāk noskaņoti pret vakcināciju, labprāt izvēlētos vienu noteiktu vakcīnu; Rīgas, Pierīgas un Kurzemes reģionos respondentiem ir pozitīvāka attieksme pret Covid-19 vakcināciju; Respondentiem ar augstākiem ikmēneša ienākumiem ir tendence pozitīvāk attiekties pret Covid-19 vakcināciju. Saturs: Bakalaura darbs sastāv no 59 lappusēm, ieskaitot 8 tabulas un 4 attēlus. Tas ir sadalīts 2 nodaļās, 10 apakšnodaļās un 12 apakš-apakšnodaļās Title: Attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination among adults in Latvia. Study aim: To study the attitude of the Latvian adult population towards COVID-19 vaccination. Objectives: To study the attitude of the adult population towards Covid-19 vaccination in relation to the level of education; To study the attitude of the adult population towards Covid-19 vaccination in relation to the monthly income level; To study the attitude of the adult population towards Covid-19 vaccination in relation to their place of residence in the territory of Latvia; To investigate the attitudes of the adult population towards Covid-19 vaccination in relation to their spoken language in family. Topicality: The issue is very topical right now. Due to the low coverage of vaccination, many different restrictions have been introduced in Latvia to prevent further spread of the virus and possible mutations. By 2 November 2021, slightly more than half of the Latvian population over the age of 12 had been vaccinated (53.9%). According to a survey conducted by SKDS, it can be concluded that people with a lower level of education tend to distrust the benefits of vaccination and use it in preventive measures. The same is true for the population with lower monthly incomes. Respectively, those respondents who do not support the introduction of various rules on vaccination are those whose monthly income is up to 299 EUR and those who have only basic education. Study methods: Within the framework of the bachelor's thesis, the analysis of the questions of the SKDS questionnaire was performed. IBM SPSS statistics 22 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistical methods, chi-square test tables and 95% confidence intervals were used. Main conclusions: Higher education is associated with a more positive attitude towards Covid-19 vaccination; Respondents who spoke Latvian on a daily basis have a more positive attitude towards vaccination than representatives of another language; In general, respondents are more critical of vaccination, preferring to choose one particular vaccine; In Riga, Pieriga and Kurzeme regions, respondents have a more positive attitude towards Covid-19 vaccination; Respondents with higher monthly incomes tend to be more positive about Covid-19 vaccination. Content: The bachelor's thesis consists of 59 pages, including 8 tables and 4 figures. It is divided into 2 chapters, 10 sub-chapters and 12 chapters for sub-chapters

Der Bericht enthält Daten zur Sozial- und Qualifikationsstruktur der volljährigen Asylantragstellenden im ersten Halbjahr 2022.

Trotz des schnellen Wachstums des Anteils der Bevölkerung in einem Alter ab 80 Jahren an der Gesamtbevölkerung (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2019) ist das Wissen über diese Bevölkerungsgruppe bislang gering. Zwar gibt es thematisch, methodisch und regional spezifische Studien, jedoch keine repräsentative Erfassung der Lebenssituation und Lebensqualität dieser Altersgruppe für den gesamtdeutschen Raum. Eine gute Datenlage ist jedoch notwendig: Zum einen, um den besonderen Unterstützungsbedarfen im hohen Alter zukünftig besser gerecht werden zu können. Zum anderen, um Lösungsansätze für sozialpolitische Herausforderungen wie der sozialen Sicherung im Alter so-wie im Hinblick auf eine Generationengerechtigkeit entwickeln zu können. "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" (D80+) ist eine bundesweit repräsentative Querschnittsbefragung der hochaltrigen Menschen in Privathaushalten und in Heimen. Die Studie baut auf dem im Hochaltrigenpanel NRW80+ (Wagner et al., 2018) entwickelten Studienprotokoll und dem interdisziplinär entwickelten Rahmenmodell zur Erklärung von Lebensqualität im hohen Alter (Neise et al., 2019) auf. Die Studie D80+ "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" wird vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) für drei Jahre gefördert und gemeinsam vom Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health (ceres) und dem Deutschen Zentrum für Altersfragen (DZA) durchgeführt. Die Studie vereint Perspektiven der an den beteiligten Institutionen verorteten Disziplinen wie Soziologie, Psychologie, Versorgungswissenschaften, Gerontologie und Medizin. Aufgrund der Coronapandemie konnte eine persönliche Befragung nicht umgesetzt werden. Stattdessen wurde zunächst eine schriftliche Befragung, und darauf aufsetzend eine zusätzliche telefonische Befragung realisiert. Dabei wurden auch Fragen zu Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit der Coronapandemie gestellt. Insgesamt beteiligten sich 10.578 Personen und damit mehr als jede vierte angesprochene hochaltrige Person an der Studie. Die Fragen des Fragebogens konnten auch telefonisch beantwortet werden. Am zusätzlichen telefonischen Interview mit über die erste Befragung hinausgehenden Inhalten beteiligten sich 3.233 der Teilnehmenden. Für Hochaltrige, die an der Befragung aus gesundheitlichen Gründen nicht selbst teilnehmen konnten, bestand die Option, durch ein telefonisches Stellvertreterinterview an der Studie zu partizipieren. Umfang und Anlage der Studie erlauben erstmals einen differenzierten Blick auf die Lebenssituation von Männern und Frauen sowie von verschiedenen Gruppen sehr alter Menschen (80-84 Jahre, 85-89 Jahre, 90 Jahre und älter) in Deutschland. Die gewichteten Daten berücksichtigen die unterschiedlichen Auswahl- und Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeiten in Subgruppen und sind mit Blick auf wesentliche demographische Daten wie Alters- und Geschlechtsstruktur, Familienstand, Haushaltsgröße, Institutionalisierung, Gemeindegröße und Bundesland für die Über-80-Jährigen in Deutschland repräsentativ. Aussagen zu überzufälligen Merkmalsunterschieden oder Merkmalszusammenhängen sind mit einem konventionellen Fehlerniveau (α=0.05) abgesichert und berücksichtigen die komplexe Stichprobenstruktur (Gemeinden als Untersuchungscluster) mit. Die Ergebnisse dieses Berichtes basieren auf folgenden Fallzahlen für die dargestellten Subgruppen hochaltriger Menschen in Deutschland: Männer (n=1.226, 37,9%), Frauen (n=2007, 62,1%); 80-84 Jahre (n=1909, 59,1%), 85-89 Jahre (n=870, 26,9%), 90 Jahre und älter (n=454, 14,0%); Bildung hoch (n=570, 18,2%), mittel (n=1.840, 58,8%), niedrig (n=720, 23,0%); Privathaushalt (n=2.906, 89,9%), Heim (n=327, 10,1%); Westdeutschland (n=2.523, 78%), Ostdeutschland (n=710, 22%). Weitere Informationen zur Studie D80+ "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" finden sich unter https://ceres.uni-koeln.de/forschung/d80.

Mediteranska prehrana (MP) je prehrana koja uključuje visok unos povrća, voća, plave ribe, mahunarki, žitarica punog zrna, orašastih plodova i, maslinovo ulje kao primarnog izvora masnoća te nizak unos crvenog mesa i slatkiša. Preporučena je od strane Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) kao „zlatni standard“ preventivne medicine jer ima pozitivan utjecaj na zdravlje. Povezana je sa smanjenim rizikom od kronične nezarazne bolesti (KNB), kao dijabetesa tipa 2, karcinoma, kardiovaskularnih bolesti, metaboličkog sindroma, Alzheimerove bolesti, općenito poboljšava poslovnu efikasnost i dugovječnost. Cilj ovog istraživanja je procijeniti usklađenost prehrambenih navika radno aktivnih stanovnika Republike Hrvatske (RH) primjenom MEDAS upitnika (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) s mediteranskim načinom prehrane. Prvi dio upitnika sastojao se od sociodemografskih parametara (spol, dob, mjesto rođenja, prebivalište, zvanje, staž i sl.). Sadržaj drugog dijela upitnika, validirani je MEDAS upitnik razvijen u Španjolskoj, koji omogućuje na brz i jednostavan način utvrditi pridržava li se ispitivana skupina MP. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ispitivanu skupinu kod indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM) s obzirom na spol ispitanika (p=0,033) i stupanj obrazovanja (p=0,001). Prosječan ITM veći je kod ispitanika sa srednjom stručnom spremom i iznosi 26,5 ± 5,5 kg/m2 u odnosu na ispitanike s višim stupnjem obrazovanja (24,5 ± 3,7 kg/m2). Veći udio ispitanika u ovom istraživanju (53,47%) se bavi nekim oblikom tjelesne aktivnosti. Rezultati pokazuju da je 75 (88,23%) žena i 44 (74,57%) muškaraca ostvarilo manje od 10 bodova putem MEDAS upitnika što nije dobra usklađenost s MP. Tek 10 (11,76%) žena i 15 (25,42%) muškaraca je ostvarilo više od 10 bodova prema MEDAS upitniku. Statistički značajna razlika utvrđena je s obzirom na spol, konkretno muškarce za komponente MEDAS upitnika kao što su konzumacija maslinovog ulja, povrća, maslaca, margarina ili vrhnja te vina i tjestenine s mediteranskim umakom. Ista nije utvrđena s obzirom na stupanj obrazovanja. Može se zaključiti da muškarci i žene imaju slične prehrambene navike što se tiče usklađenosti s MP. Žene, kao i visokoobrazovani dio ispitanika u prosjeku postižu nešto veći broj bodova (42,5±32,5, 41,5±26,5) u odnosu na muškarce i srednjoškolsko obrazovani dio ispitanika (29,5±14,5, 30,0±20,0). Postignuti rezultati s obzirom na pojedinačne komponente MEDAS upitnika nisu različiti, ako se promatra obrazovanje ispitanika, iako nešto veći broj bodova postižu ispitanici s fakultetskom naobrazbom. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a diet that includes a high intake of vegetables, fruits, blue fish, legumes, whole grains, nuts and olive oil that is considered to be the primary source of fat and a low intake of red meat and sweets. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the "gold standard" of preventive medicine because it has a positive impact on health. It is associated with a reduced risk of chronic non-infectious diseases (CKD), such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's, it diseasegenerally improves business efficiency and longevity. Aim of this research is to assess the eating habits of the working population of the Republic of Croatia (RH) using the MEDAS questionnaire (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) with the Mediterranean diet. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic parameters (gender, age, place of birth, residence, title, length of service, etc.). The content of the second part of the questionnaire, is a validated MEDAS questionnaire developed in Spain, that allows you to quickly and easily determine if the respondents adhere to the MD. Statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI) was found with regard to the sex of the respondents (p = 0.033) and the level of education (p = 0.001). The average BMI is higher in respondents with secondary education and amounts to 26.5 ± 5.5 kg / m2 compared to respondents with a higher level of education (24.5 ± 3.7 kg / m2). A larger share of respondents in this study (53.47%) are engaged in some form of physical activity. The results show that 75 (88,23%) women and 44 (74,57%) of men achieved less than 10 points according to the MEDAS questionairre, which is not considered to be a good compatibility with the MD. Only 10 (11.76%) women and 15 (25.42%) men achieved more than 10 points according to the MEDAS questionnaire. Statistically significant difference regarding to gender was found for the listed components of the MEDAS questionnaire, specifically with men, such as consumption of olive oil, vegetables, butter, margarine or cream, and wine and pasta with the mediterranean sauce. The significance was not determined with regard of the level of education. Given the results of this study, it can be concluded that men and women have similar eating habits in terms of compatibility with MD. Women, as well as the highly educated part of the respondents, on average achieve slightly higher number of points (42,5±32,5, 41,5±26,5) compared to men and the high school educated part of the respondents (29,5±14,5, 30,0±20,0). The results achieved with regard to the individual components of the MEDAS questionnaire are not different if the education of the respondents is observed, although a slightly higher number of points are achieved by the respondents with a university degree.

Trotz des schnellen Wachstums des Anteils der Bevölkerung in einem Alter ab 80 Jahren an der Gesamtbevölkerung (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2019) ist das Wissen über diese Bevölkerungsgruppe bislang gering. Zwar gibt es thematisch, methodisch und regional spezifische Studien, jedoch keine repräsentative Erfassung der Lebenssituation und Lebensqualität dieser Altersgruppe für den gesamtdeutschen Raum. Eine gute Datenlage ist jedoch notwendig: Zum einen, um den besonderen Unterstützungsbedarfen im hohen Alter zukünftig besser gerecht werden zu können. Zum anderen, um Lösungsansätze für sozialpolitische Herausforderungen wie der sozialen Sicherung im Alter sowie im Hinblick auf eine Generationengerechtigkeit entwickeln zu können. "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" (D80+) ist eine bundesweit repräsentative Querschnittsbefragung der hochaltrigen Menschen in Privathaushalten und in Heimen. Die Studie baut auf dem im Hochaltrigenpanel NRW80+ (Wagner et al., 2018) entwickelten Studienprotokoll und dem interdisziplinär entwickelten Rahmenmodell zur Erklärung von Lebensqualität im hohen Alter (Neise et al., 2019) auf. Die Studie D80+ "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" wird vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) für drei Jahre gefördert und gemeinsam vom Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health (ceres) und dem Deutschen Zentrum für Altersfragen (DZA) durchgeführt. Die Studie vereint Perspektiven der an den beteiligten Institutionen verorteten Disziplinen wie Soziologie, Psychologie, Versorgungswissenschaften, Gerontologie und Medizin. Aufgrund der Coronapandemie konnte eine persönliche Befragung nicht umgesetzt werden. Stattdessen wurde zunächst eine schriftliche Befragung, und darauf aufsetzend eine zusätzliche telefonische Befragung realisiert. Dabei wurden auch Fragen zu Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit der Coronapandemie gestellt. Insgesamt beteiligten sich 10.578 Personen und damit mehr als jede vierte angesprochene hochaltrige Person an der Studie. Die Fragen des Fragebogens konnten auch telefonisch beantwortet werden. Am zusätzlichen telefonischen Interview mit über die erste Befragung hinausgehenden Inhalten beteiligten sich 3.233 der Teilnehmenden. Für Hochaltrige, die an der Befragung aus gesundheitlichen Gründen nicht selbst teilnehmen konnten, bestand die Option, durch ein telefonisches Stellvertreterinterview an der Studie zu partizipieren. Umfang und Anlage der Studie erlauben erstmals einen differenzierten Blick auf die Lebenssituation von Männern und Frauen sowie von verschiedenen Gruppen sehr alter Menschen (80-84 Jahre, 85-89 Jahre, 90 Jahre und älter) in Deutschland. Die gewichteten Daten berücksichtigen die unterschiedlichen Auswahl- und Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeiten in Subgruppen und sind mit Blick auf wesentliche demographische Daten wie Alters- und Geschlechtsstruktur, Familienstand, Haushaltsgröße, Institutionalisierung, Gemeindegröße und Bundesland für die Über-80-Jährigen in Deutschland repräsentativ. Aussagen zu überzufälligen Merkmalsunterschieden oder Merkmalszusammenhängen sind mit einem konventionellen Fehlerniveau (α=0.05) abgesichert und berücksichtigen die komplexe Stichprobenstruktur (Gemeinden als Untersuchungscluster) mit. Die Ergebnisse dieses Berichtes basieren auf den Daten des zusätzlichen telefonischen Inter-views mit folgenden Fallzahlen für die dargestellten Subgruppen hochaltriger Menschen in Deutschland: Männer (n=1.226, 37,9%), Frauen (n=2007, 62,1%); 80-84 Jahre (n=1909, 59,1%), 85-89 Jahre (n=870, 26,9%), 90 Jahre und älter (n=454, 14,0%); Bildung hoch (n=570, 18,2%), mittel (n=1.840, 58,8%), niedrig (n=720, 23,0%); Privathaushalt (n=2.906, 89,9%), Heim (n=327, 10,1%); einkommensstark (n=296, 11,2%), mittleres Einkommen (n= 1.779, 67,7%), einkommensschwach (n=555, 21,1%); altersadäquate Kognition (n=1.695, 57,0%), leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigung (n=739, 24,9%), Verdacht auf beginnende Demenz (n=539, 18,1%). Weitere Informationen zur Studie D80+ "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" finden sich unter https://ceres.uni-koeln.de/forschung/d80.

Συναισθηματικές και γνωστικές μεταβλητές φαίνεται να συνεργάζονται όταν δημιουργείται η επιθυμία σε μαθητές με κίνητρα να επενδύσουν χρόνο και προσπάθεια στο μακρόχρονο εγχείρημα της εκμάθησης μιας ξένης γλώσσας, σε αυτή την περίπτωση της Αγγλικής. Η Αγγλική γλώσσα είναι άρρηκτα συνδεδεμένη με το ελληνικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο καθώς η Αγγλική αποτελεί εγγενές τμήμα των προγραμμάτων σπουδών εδώ και αρκετές δεκαετίες. Πέρα από το κύρος της ως η κορυφαία ξένη γλώσσα που διδάσκεται, η Αγγλική τείνει να συγκεντρώνει τα χαρακτηριστικά μιας γλώσσας που είναι απαραίτητη για την επικοινωνία και την επίτευξη μελλοντικών στόχων ή φιλοδοξιών εντός του ελληνικού πλαισίου και ποικίλλων πολιτιστικών υποβάθρων. Η παρούσα έρευνα προήλθε από ένα ειλικρινές ενδιαφέρον για το τι δίνει κίνητρα στους μαθητές να αφιερώσουν χρόνο και να καταβάλλουν προσπάθεια για την επίτευξη του στόχου της εκμάθησης της Αγγλικής γλώσσας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η παρούσα διατριβή εμβαθύνει στη φύση των κινήτρων και της χρήσης στρατηγικών μάθησης των μαθητών, και στη συσχέτιση μεταξύ των δύο μεταβλητών σε σχέση με το επίπεδο επάρκειας της Αγγλικής γλώσσας και τη βαθμίδα εκπαίδευσης μαθητών εντός του ελληνικού πλαισίου. Οι συμμετέχοντες στη μελέτη ήταν 862 μαθητές Αγγλικών από δημοτικά σχολεία και γυμνάσια στην Ελλάδα, συγκεκριμένα 380 μαθητές στην 6η τάξη δημοτικού και 482 μαθητές στην 3η τάξη γυμνασίου που μαθαίνουν την Αγγλική ως ξένη γλώσσα σε δημόσια σχολεία του νομού Θεσσαλονίκης. Η μελέτη υιοθέτησε μια προσέγγιση μεικτών μεθόδων έρευνας. Τα ποσοτικά και ποιοτικά δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν με τη βοήθεια ερωτηματολογίων έρευνας, του Quick Placement Test για τη μέτρηση της επάρκειας της Αγγλικής, και ημι-δομημένων συνεντεύξεων. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας τονίζουν ότι οι μαθητές διατηρούν σαν απώτερο στόχο μια ιδανική εικόνα για τον εαυτό τους ως ικανοί ομιλητές της Αγγλικής γλώσσας. Πέραν τούτου, οι μαθητές φαίνεται να διαθέτουν κίνητρα επίτευξης στόχων που προάγουν θετικά μαθησιακά αποτελέσματα και αποτρέπουν αρνητικές συνέπειες στην εκμάθηση της Αγγλικής. Η εμπειρία μάθησης της Αγγλικής γλώσσας σχετίζεται με την ιδανική εικόνα ενός ικανού ομιλητή Αγγλικών και με τα κίνητρα επίτευξης στόχων που προδιαθέτουν και προάγουν τη μάθηση της Αγγλικής γλώσσας, και αυτοί οι τρεις παράγοντες έχουν επίδραση στο επίπεδο επάρκειας της Αγγλικής των μαθητών. Επιπλέον, η χρήση των στρατηγικών μάθησης από μαθητές δημοτικών και γυμνασίων αναδεικνύει μια μέτρια συχνότητα σε γενικές γραμμές, και οι περισσότεροι παράγοντες στρατηγικών μάθησης έχουν επίδραση στο επίπεδο επάρκειας των Αγγλικών για τους μαθητές γυμνασίων. Τα αποτελέσματα φανερώνουν ότι οι μαθητές των δημοτικών επιδεικνύουν υψηλότερες βαθμολογίες από τους μαθητές των γυμνασίων στους παράγοντες κινήτρων και στρατηγικών μάθησης, και ότι υπάρχει ισχυρή συσχέτιση μεταξύ των κινήτρων και στρατηγικών μάθησης και στις δύο βαθμίδες εκπαίδευσης. Επιπροσθέτως, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας έρευνας εκθέτουν τέσσερις ομάδες προφίλ μαθητών σε σχέση με τα κίνητρα των μαθητών να μάθουν την Αγγλική γλώσσα. Με βάση τα αξιόπιστα ευρήματα της έρευνας, προτείνονται παιδαγωγικές κατευθύνσεις ώστε να ενσωματωθούν σε προγράμματα σπουδών και αναλυτικά προγράμματα σχετικά με τη διδασκαλία της Αγγλικής στην πρωτοβάθμια και δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Οι ερευνητικές επιπτώσεις αφορούν την ενίσχυση των κινήτρων των μαθητών και την προσοχή στην αυξημένη εφαρμογή των στρατηγικών μάθησης προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί επάρκεια στην Αγγλική γλώσσα. Επίσης, προτάσεις για περαιτέρω έρευνα διατυπώνονται υπό το φως των παρόντων αποτελεσμάτων., Affective and cognitive variables seem to collaborate when desire comes into being in motivated learners who invest time and effort in the longstanding undertaking of mastering a foreign language, i.e. English in our case. The English language is inextricably linked to the Greek educational setting as English has been an inherent part of curricula for several decades. Beyond its status as the leading foreign language taught, English tends to compile attributes of a language necessary for communication and accomplishment of future targets or aspirations within the Greek context and across diverse cultural backgrounds. The present research stemmed from a genuine interest in what motivates learners to devote time and put effort into attaining the goal of learning English. To be more specific, the present thesis delves into the nature of learners’ motivation and learning strategy use, and the relation between the two variables with regard to English proficiency level and level of education across the Greek context. The participants of the study were 862 learners of English from primary and lower secondary schools in Greece, in particular 380 students in the 6th grade of primary school and 482 students in the 3rd grade of lower secondary school learning English as a foreign language at state schools in the district of Thessaloniki. The study adopted a mixed methods approach. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected with the help of survey questionnaires, a Quick Placement Test measuring proficiency in English and semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study accentuate that primary and lower secondary learners of English in Greece hold ideal images of themselves as competent speakers of English. Besides, learners appear to possess instrumental motives that promote positive learning outcomes and prevent negative consequences in English learning. The English learning experience relates to the ideal self and to learners’ instrumental motives of a promotional disposition, and the three factors have an effect on proficiency level. In addition, primary and lower secondary learners’ learning strategy use shows an overall medium frequency and most of learning strategy factors have an effect on proficiency level for lower secondary learners. Results reveal that primary learners demonstrate higher scores than lower secondary learners in motivation and learning strategy factors, and that there is a strong relation between motivation factors and learning strategy factors for both levels of education. Moreover, the results of the present study expose four cluster profiles in relation to learners’ motivation to learn English. On the solid foundation provided by the research findings, pedagogical directions are proposed so as to be integrated in curricula and syllabi regarding tuition of English in primary and secondary education. Implications concern reinforcement of learners’ motivation and attention to increased application of learning strategies in order to achieve proficiency in English. Suggestions for further research are also put forward in the light of the present results.

Sabiedrības veselība Veselības aprūpe Public Health Health Care Nosaukums: Ģimenes ārsta izglītojošā darba novērtējums pacientiem ar hroniskām slimībām sociāli demogrāfiskajās grupās. Mērķis: Izpētīt apmierinātību ar ģimenes ārsta izglītojošo darbu pacientiem ar hroniskām slimībām sociāli demogrāfiskajās grupās. Aktualitāte: Ģimenes ārsta izglītojošais darbs ir svarīgs aspekts pacientiem ar hroniskām slimībām, jo ģimenes ārsts ir galvenais speciālists, kurš būs daļa no pacienta dzīves līdz pat viņa mūža galam. No ģimenes ārsta ir atkarīgs, vai pacients pareizi spēs pašaprūpēt sevi dzīves laikā. Hipotēze: Apmierinātībā ar ģimenes ārsta izglītojošo darbu pacientiem ar hroniskām sirds un asinsvadu slimībām un cukura diabētu ir atšķirība dzimuma, vecuma un izglītības līmeņa grupās. Metodes: Pētījums tika veikts, analizējot Slimību profilakses un kontroles centra Latvijas iedzīvotāju veselību ietekmējošo paradumu pētījuma datu bāzi. Darbā analizētie pētījuma dati tika iegūti 2020. gada laikā, intervējot 3505 Latvijas iedzīvotājus. Pētījumā tika izmantoti apmierinātības rādītāji – kā ģimenes ārsts nodrošina informāciju par slimības diagnozi, par slimības izmeklēšanas un ārstēšanas plānu un par slimības sekām un komplikācijām. Tika izmantoti sociāldemogrāfiskie rādītāji – dzimums, vecums, izglītība. Izlases lielums – 921 hronisko slimību pacients ar vismaz vienu no slimībām – hipertensiju, stenokardiju, sirds mazspēju vai diabētu. Secinājumi: Lielākā daļa respondentu (83-87%) ir apmierināti ar ģimenes ārsta izglītojošo darbu. Netiek novērota statistiski nozīmīga saistība starp sociāldemogrāfiskajiem rādītājiem (dzimumu un izglītību) un ģimenes ārstu izglītojošo darbu, taču tiek novērota statistiski nozīmīga saistība starp ģimenes ārsta izglītojošo darbu un vecumu (p