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Consider the invariance principle for a random walk with random environment (denoted by $\mu$) in time on $\bfR$ in a weak quenched sense. We show that a sequence of the random probability measures on $\bfR$ generated by a bounded Lipschitz functional $f$ and $\mu$ will converge in distribution to another random probability measures, which is related to $f$ and two independent Brownian motions. The upper bound of the convergence rate has been obtained. We also explain that in general, this convergence can not be strengthened to the almost surely sense., Comment: 13 pages, 0 figures

Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a bacterial and foodborne pathogen that poses a severe public health threat. However, the genetic diversity of different serogroups of nontyphoidal Salmonella in Guizhou is unknown. This study aimed to obtain the RNA secondary structure of the typical direct repeat sequences, the characteristics of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genotypes, and the genetic diversity of different serogroups of nontyphoidal Salmonella strains. The 342 nontyphoidal Salmonella strains were collected from nine cities (prefectures) of Guizhou province during 2013–2018, serotyped by slide agglutination, and examined the molecular genotypes by CRISPR method. The strains were divided into five serogroups. The dominant serogroup was group B (47.08%), followed by group D1 (36.55%). One hundred and thirty-five CRISPR genotypes were detected with 108 novel spacer sequences amongst 981 unique spacer sequences. The diversity of nontyphoidal Salmonella CRISPR loci was not only the deletion, duplication, or point mutation of spacer sequences but also the acquisition of new spacer sequences to form novel genotypes. The CRISPR genotyping was an effective typing method that could reveal the genetic diversity of different nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes except for S. Enteritidis.

Salmonella, one of the major causes of foodborne infections, can cause bacterial foodborne illness. We investigated the serotype distribution, multidrug resistance (MDR), and β-lactamase resistance genes of human Salmonella isolates collected from clinical specimens in Guizhou, China, between 2013 and 2018. A total of 363 Salmonella isolates were collected from clinical specimens at 17 surveillance hospitals. Twenty-four serotypes were identified by sliding agglutination test. S. Enteritidis (33.9%), Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- (24.0%), S. Typhimurium (16.3%), S. London (6.3%), and S. Derby (3.9%) were the top five serotypes. In 2018, the most common serotype changed from S. Enteritidis to S. Typhimurium. Among the 363 Salmonella isolates, 97.5% of isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agents. For cephalosporins, ceftriaxone had the highest resistance rate of 10.5%, and cefepime and cefoxitin were 8.0% and 2.2%, respectively. Three hundred and one (82.9%) Salmonella isolates showed MDR. Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- had the highest MDR rate with 94.2%, followed by S. London (91.3%) and S. Typhimurium (88.1%). Multidrug resistance rates of Salmonella isolates in Guizhou from 2013 to 2017 increased from 75.8% to 86.7%. Sixteen isolates (4.4%) showed extensive drug resistance. One hundred thirty-four antimicrobial resistance patterns were found. Two hundred and forty-one (66.4%) isolates carried at least one β-lactamase resistance gene. The blaTEM gene (61.2%) was the most prevalent resistant gene in all Salmonella isolates, followed by the blaCTX-M gene (6.1%) and blaOXA-1 gene (4.1%). Our findings showed that the MDR rate of Salmonella isolates from Guizhou province increased year by year. Therefore, systematic and long-term surveillance on MDR Salmonella isolates from clinical patients should be further strengthened.

We consider a supercritical branching random walk in time-inhomogeneous random environment with a random absorption barrier, i.e.,in each generation, only the individuals born below the barrier can survive and reproduce. Assume that the random environment is i.i.d..The barrier is set as $\chi_n+an^{\alpha},$ where $a,\alpha$ are two constants and $\{\chi_n\}$ is a certain i.i.d. random walk determined by the random environment.We show that for almost surely given environment (i.e., a sequence of point processes which is a realization of the random environment), the time-inhomogeneous branching random walk under the given environment will become extinct (resp., survive with positive probability) if $\alpha1/3, a>0$ or $\alpha=1/3, a>a_c$), where $a_c$ is a positive constant determined by the random environment. The rates of extinction when $\alpha

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Material growth and characterization of Ga-doped ZnO microwire. (a) Growth set-up of the Ga-doped ZnO microwire. (b) SEM image and (c) optical image of the Ga-doped ZnO microwire. Fig. S2. Schematic diagram of testing set-up for line scan of the cumulative resistance alone the microwire. Fig. S3. The optical image of microwire when the lower voltage was applied at the beginning. Fig. S4. First derivative of cumulative resistance to position. Fig. S5. SEM images of the Pt nanoparticles at different positions along the microwire after thermal gradient annealing. Calculation of the enhancement factor.

This paper aims at efficient recognition and video features and then studies the ocean surface circulation and swimmer training monitoring. Firstly, a method based on video feature extraction is proposed to describe the ocean surface circulation movement, and then a fusion method based on video dynamic and static features is designed for swimmer training monitoring, Finally, a video feature classification method based on dual stream improved C3d is designed to complete the recognition and classification. Then the characteristics of seasonal variation of tropical ocean surface circulation are analyzed, and the possible mode of seasonal water exchange between bay and ocean is discussed. Next, we analyze the temperature and salinity structure of the upper part of the ocean, the spatial distribution of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf, and the characteristics of seasonal variation. The expansion path and scope of the two water masses in the study area are clarified. Finally, the Bay Estuary 6° N segment, the net salt flux, and freshwater transport formula are used to quantitatively analyze the water exchange process of the tropical ocean surface circulation. Next, we will analyze the blood lactic acid level of the best Chinese swimmers, and note that Chinese swimmers are slightly insufficient in the case of high-intensity exercise. The lactic acid in the blood of the competition will be affected by the way of swimming, the gender of the athletes, and the venue of the competition. The purpose of training monitoring is to timely understand the athletes’ body reaction to sports training, prevent excessive fatigue and sports injury, maximize sports performance in a short period of time, and achieve good results in the next ten games swimming competition. Based on the research of ocean surface circulation and swimmer training monitoring, this paper applies it to the video features, so as to improve the performance of swimmers.

This paper aims at efficient recognition and video features and then studies the ocean surface circulation and swimmer training monitoring. Firstly, a method based on video feature extraction is proposed to describe the ocean surface circulation movement, and then a fusion method based on video dynamic and static features is designed for swimmer training monitoring, Finally, a video feature classification method based on dual stream improved C3d is designed to complete the recognition and classification. Then the characteristics of seasonal variation of tropical ocean surface circulation are analyzed, and the possible mode of seasonal water exchange between bay and ocean is discussed. Next, we analyze the temperature and salinity structure of the upper part of the ocean, the spatial distribution of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf, and the characteristics of seasonal variation. The expansion path and scope of the two water masses in the study area are clarified. Finally, the Bay Estuary 6° N segment, the net salt flux, and freshwater transport formula are used to quantitatively analyze the water exchange process of the tropical ocean surface circulation. Next, we will analyze the blood lactic acid level of the best Chinese swimmers, and note that Chinese swimmers are slightly insufficient in the case of high-intensity exercise. The lactic acid in the blood of the competition will be affected by the way of swimming, the gender of the athletes, and the venue of the competition. The purpose of training monitoring is to timely understand the athletes’ body reaction to sports training, prevent excessive fatigue and sports injury, maximize sports performance in a short period of time, and achieve good results in the next ten games swimming competition. Based on the research of ocean surface circulation and swimmer training monitoring, this paper applies it to the video features, so as to improve the performance of swimmers.

Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium lacking the phase 2 flagellin, is one of the common serotypes causing Salmonellosis worldwide. However, information on Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from Guizhou Province has lacked so far. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes, and characterize the MLST genotypes of Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from Guizhou province, China. We collected 363 non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) isolates of Guizhou from 2013 to 2018. Biochemical identification, serogroups testing, and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay were conducted to identify Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates. Isolates were determined the antimicrobial resistance by the micro broth dilution method, detected the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes by PCR, and examined the molecular genotyping by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Eighty-seven Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates were detected, accounting for 23.9% (87/363) of the total NTS isolates. All Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates showed highly resistant to sulfaoxazole (93.1%), streptomycin (90.8%), ampicillin (88.5%), tetracycline (86.2%) and doxycycline (86.2%). A high proportion (94.2%) of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates were found. Most (83.9%) Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates carried four antimicrobial resistance genes, especially blaTEM-1, strA-strB, sul2, and tetB genes. Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates showed a high rate of invA, sseL, mgtC, siiE, sopB, gipA, gtgB, sspH1, and sspH2 (72.4%~98.9%). On the contrary, none of the isolates were detected the spvC and pefA genes. MLST analysis revealed three sequence types (STs), and ST34 (97.7%) was the dominant sequence type. This study is the first report of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in humans from Guizhou province, China. The data might be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- infections, risk management, and public health strategies in Guizhou.

We consider the small deviation probability for random walk with time-inhomogeneous random environment. Compared with the result in Mogul'ski\u{\i} (1974) for the i.i.d. random walk, the rate is smaller (due to the random environment), which is specified in terms of the quenched and annealed variance., Comment: 21 pages, 0 figures

Huining Tian,1 Xiaoyu Zhu,2 You Lv,1 Yan Jiao,3 Guixia Wang1 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guixia WangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 158 0438 1103Fax +86 431 8878 6259Email gwang168@jlu.edu.cnYan JiaoDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/ Fax +86 13843101157Email lagelangri1@126.comAbstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor that exhibits glucometabolic reprogramming, with a high incidence and poor prognosis. Usually, HCC is not discovered until an advanced stage. Sorafenib is almost the only drug that is effective at treating advanced HCC, and promising metabolism-related therapeutic targets of HCC are urgently needed. The “Warburg effect” illustrates that tumor cells tend to choose aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which is closely related to the features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The HCC microenvironment consists of hypoxia, acidosis and immune suppression, and contributes to tumor glycolysis. In turn, the glycolysis of the tumor aggravates hypoxia, acidosis and immune suppression, and leads to tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis. In 2017, a mechanism underlying the effects of gluconeogenesis on inhibiting glycolysis and blockading HCC progression was proposed. Treating HCC by increasing gluconeogenesis has attracted increasing attention from scientists, but few articles have summarized it. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms associated with the TME, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and the current treatments for HCC. We believe that a treatment combination of sorafenib with TME improvement and/or anti-Warburg therapies will set the trend of advanced HCC therapy in the future.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor microenvironment, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Warburg effect

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor that exhibits glucometabolic reprogramming, with a high incidence and poor prognosis. Usually, HCC is not discovered until an advanced stage. Sorafenib is almost the only drug that is effective at treating advanced HCC, and promising metabolism-related therapeutic targets of HCC are urgently needed. The “Warburg effect” illustrates that tumor cells tend to choose aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which is closely related to the features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The HCC microenvironment consists of hypoxia, acidosis and immune suppression, and contributes to tumor glycolysis. In turn, the glycolysis of the tumor aggravates hypoxia, acidosis and immune suppression, and leads to tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis. In 2017, a mechanism underlying the effects of gluconeogenesis on inhibiting glycolysis and blockading HCC progression was proposed. Treating HCC by increasing gluconeogenesis has attracted increasing attention from scientists, but few articles have summarized it. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms associated with the TME, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and the current treatments for HCC. We believe that a treatment combination of sorafenib with TME improvement and/or anti-Warburg therapies will set the trend of advanced HCC therapy in the future.

The gut microbiota has been presumed to have a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Significant changes in the microbial composition of T1D patients have been reported in several case-control studies. This study is aimed at systematically reviewing the existing literature, which has investigated the alterations of the intestinal microbiome in T1D patients compared with healthy controls (HCs) using 16S ribosomal RNA-targeted sequencing. The databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched until April 2019 for case-control studies comparing the composition of the intestinal microbiome in T1D patients and HCs based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality. Ten articles involving 260 patients with T1D and 276 HCs were included in this systematic review. The quality scores of all included studies were 6–8 points. In summary, a decreased microbiota diversity and a significantly distinct pattern of clustering with regard to β-diversity were observed in T1D patients when compared with HCs. At the phylum level, T1D was characterised by a reduced ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in the structure of the gut community, although no consistent conclusion was reached. At the genus or species level, T1D patients had a reduced abundance of Clostridium and Prevotella compared with HCs, whereas Bacteroides and Ruminococcus were found to be more enriched in T1D patients. This systematic review identified that there is a close association between the gut microbiota and development of T1D. Moreover, gut dysbiosis might be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D, although the causative role of gut microbiota remains to be established. Further well-controlled prospective studies are needed to better understand the role of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of T1D, which may help explore novel microbiota-based strategies to prevent and treat T1D.

Objective: Interstitial fluid flow through vascular adventitia has been disclosed recently. However, its kinetic pattern was unclear. Methods and Results: We used histological and topographical identifications to observe ISF flow along venous vessels in rabbits. By MRI in alive subjects, the inherent ISF flow pathways in legs, abdomen and thorax were enhanced by paramagnetic contrast from ankle dermis. By fluorescence stereomicroscopy and layer-by-layer dissection after the rabbits were sacrificed, the perivascular and adventitial connective tissues (PACT) along the saphenous veins and inferior vena cava were found to be stained by sodium fluorescein from ankle dermis, which coincided with the findings by MRI. By confocal microscopy and histological analysis, the stained PACT pathways were verified to be the fibrous connective tissues and consisted of longitudinally assembled fibers. By usages of nanoparticles and surfactants, a PACT pathway was found to be accessible for a nanoparticle under 100nm and contain two parts: a tunica channel part and an absorptive part. In real-time observations, the calculated velocity of a continuous ISF flow along fibers of a PACT pathway was 3.6-15.6 mm/sec. Conclusion: These data further revealed more kinetic features of a continuous ISF flow along vascular vessel. A multiscale, multilayer, and multiform interstitial/interfacial fluid flow throughout perivascular and adventitial connective tissues was suggested as one of kinetic and dynamic mechanisms for ISF flow, which might be another principal fluid dynamic pattern besides convective/vascular and diffusive transport in biological system., Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology widely used for reducing the nitrogen emissions of coal-fired power plants. This work builds a dynamic model of a SCR denitrification system with a hybrid structure in use of two approaches. In the first approach, the dynamics of the SCR reaction over the catalyst surface is investigated, the mechanism model is developed, and the model parameters are identified particle swarm optimization algorithm. In the second approach, a data-driven model is developed as an error compensation model based on the least squares support vector machines method. These two approaches lead to the development of a hybrid dynamic model that can accurately describe the dynamic operation process of the SCR denitrification system and is validated by using actual data from field unit operations.

Large-scale deep variable load of thermal power units will increase the hidden trouble of auxiliary equipment failure. Timely detection of minor faults and early warning are conducive to the safe operation of units. With the large-scale deep variable load of units, the operating conditions of auxiliary equipment also change in a large range, and the operating parameters fluctuate in a large range, which directly affects the accuracy of fault early warning algorithm based on operation data. In order to solve this problem, this paper uses a multivariate state estimation technique (MSET) algorithm for fault early warning. Firstly, the cluster method is used to divide the operating conditions of units, and process memory matrix is constructed under different operating conditions for modeling and calculation. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional method using one process memory matrix this method significantly improves the accuracy of fault early warning.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most common and essential serotype that causes salmonellosis in Guizhou province. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and molecular genotyping of 79 S. Enteritidis clinical isolates from 2011 to 2016 in Guizhou, China. Antimicrobial resistance and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of S. Enteritidis clinical isolates were detected by micro broth dilution method against ten classes 16 antimicrobial agents, and molecular genotyping were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). All (100%) isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial. Resistance to nalidixic acid (98.7%) was the highest, followed by sulfamethoxazole (87.3%) and ampicillin (77.2%). The majority of isolates (92.4%) showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to the third and fourth-generation cephalosporins was observed. Twenty-six AMR profiles were observed, and the predominant AMR profile was ampicillin-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-nalidixic acid. A high burden of multidrug resistance (MDR) (81.0%) was found. Seventy-nine S. Enteritidis isolates were divided into 33 different pulsotypes (PTs), and the most frequent PT was PT18. Twenty-six different MLVA types (MTs) were generated with seven VNTR loci analysis of these isolates. The dominant PTs and MTs were persistent during 2011-2016. S. Enteritidis clinical isolates showed higher genetic diversity using PFGE combined with MLVA grouped into 60 PT-MT genotypes. No correlation was observed between genotypes, AMR profiles and geographic location. These data revealed the characteristics of AMR and molecular genotyping of S. Enteritidis clinical isolates in Guizhou province. These results highlight that strengthening the AMR and molecular genotyping surveillance is essential to prevent and control salmonellosis in Guizhou. PFGE combined with MLVA should be powerful tools for the molecular genotyping of S. Enteritidis isolates.

Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI), the second enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis pathway, is an emerging target for the discovery of biocides. Here, we demonstrate that cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate (CPD) inhibits KARIs from the pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) and Campylobacter jejuni (Cj) reversibly with Ki values of 3.03 μM and 0.59 μM, respectively. Another reversible inhibitor of both KARIs, Hoe 704, is more potent than CPD with Ki values of 300 nM and 110 nM for MtKARI and CjKARI, respectively. The most potent inhibitor tested here is N-hydroxy-N-isopropyloxamate (IpOHA). It has a Ki of ~26 nM for MtKARI, but binds rather slowly (kon ~900 M−1s−1). In contrast, IpOHA binds more rapidly (kon ~7000 M−1s−1) to CjKARI and irreversibly.

We give the random environment version of Mogul'ski\v{\i} estimation in quenched sense.Assume that $\{\mu\}_{n\in\bfN}$ (called environment) is a sequence of i.i.d. random probability measures on $\bfR.$~ Let $\{X_n\}_{n\in\bfN}$ be a sequence of independent random variables, where $X_n$ has law $\mu_n.$ We set $S_n=\sum_{i=1}^{n}X_i.$ Under some integrability conditions, we show that on the log scale, for any power function $f$. the decay rate of $$\bfP_\mu(\forall_{0\leq i\leq n} S_{f(n)+i}\in[g(i/n)n^{\alpha},h(i/n)n^{\alpha}]|S_{f(n)}=x)$$ is $e^{-cn^{1-2\alpha}}$ almost surely as $n\rightarrow+\infty$, where $c>0,\alpha\in(0,\frac{1}{2}),$ $g,h\in\mathcal{C}[0,1]$ (the set of all continuous functions defined on $[0,1]),$ $g(s), Comment: 12 pages

Consider the first exit time of one-dimensional Brownian motion $\{B_s\}_{s\geq 0}$ from a random passageway. We discuss a Brownian motion with two time-dependent random boundaries in quenched sense. Let $\{W_s\}_{s\geq 0}$ be an other one-dimensional Brownian motion independent of $\{B_s\}_{s\geq 0}$ and let $\bfP(\cdot|W)$ represent the conditional probability depending on the realization of $\{W_s\}_{s\geq 0}$. We show that $$-t^{-1}\ln\bfP^x(\forall_{s\in[0,t]}a+\beta W_s\leq B_s\leq b+\beta W_s|W)$$ converges to a finite positive constant $\gamma(\beta)(b-a)^{-2}$ almost surely and in $L^p~ (p\geq 1)$ if $a, Comment: 20 pages

We consider the branching random walk in random environment with a random absorption wall. When we add this barrier, we discuss some topics related to the survival probability. We assume that the random environment is i.i.d., $S_i$ is a particular i.i.d. random walk depend on the random environment $\mathcal{L}$. Let the random barrier function (the random absorption wall) is $g_i(\mathcal{L}):=ai^\alpha-S_i,$ where $i$ present the generation. We show that there exists a critical value $a_c>0$ such that if $a>a_c,\alpha=\frac{1}{3}$, the survival probability is positive almost surly and if $a0)/n^{1/3}$ will converges to a negative constant almost surely if $\alpha\in[0,\frac{1}{3})$., Comment: 18 pages

Metabolic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus, have become global health issues. The etiology of diabetes mellitus can be attributed to genetic and/or environmental factors. Current evidence suggests the association of gut microbiota with metabolic diseases. However, the effects of glucose-lowering agents on gut microbiota are poorly understood. Several studies revealed that these agents affect the composition and diversity of gut microbiota and consequently improve glucose metabolism and energy balance. Possible underlying mechanisms include affecting gene expression, lowering levels of inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the production of short-chain fatty acids. In addition, gut microbiota may alleviate adverse effects caused by glucose-lowering agents, and this can be especially beneficial in diabetic patients who experience severe gastrointestinal side effects and have to discontinue these agents. In conclusion, gut microbiota may provide a novel viewpoint for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.

Background: Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) exhibited wide ranges of sensitivities and specificities for lymph node assessment of gastric cancer (GC) in several individual studies. This present meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the value of MDCT in diagnosis of preoperative lymph node metastasis (LNM) and to explore the impact factors that might explain the heterogeneity of its diagnostic accuracy in GC. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to collect all the relevant studies about the value of MDCT in assessing LNM of GC within the PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase databases up to Feb 2, 2016. Two investigators independently screened the studies, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of included studies. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under ROC curve (AUC) were pooled to estimate the overall accuracy of MDCT. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were carried out to identify the possible factors influencing the heterogeneity of the accuracy. Results: A total of 27 studies with 6519 subjects were finally included. Overall, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.56–0.77), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81–0.90), and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.89), respectively. Meta-regression revealed that MDCT section thickness, proportion of serosal invasion, and publication year were the main significant impact factors in sensitivity, and MDCT section thickness, multiplanar reformation (MPR), and reference standard were the main significant impact factors in specificity. After the included studies were divided into 2 groups (Group A: studies with proportion of serosa-invasive GC subjects ≥50%; Group B: studies with proportion of serosa-invasive GC subjects

Background Plague, a Yersinia pestis infection, is a fatal disease with tremendous transmission capacity. However, the mechanism of how the pathogen stays in a reservoir, circulates and then re-emerges is an enigma. Methodology/Principal findings We studied a plague outbreak caused by the construction of a large reservoir in southwest China followed 16-years’ surveillance. Conclusions/Significance The results show the prevalence of plague within the natural plague focus is closely related to the stability of local ecology. Before and during the decade of construction the reservoir on the Nanpan River, no confirmed plague has ever emerged. With the impoundment of reservoir and destruction of drowned farmland and vegetation, the infected rodent population previously dispersed was concentrated together in a flood-free area and turned a rest focus alive. Human plague broke out after the enzootic plague via the flea bite. With the construction completed and ecology gradually of human residential environment, animal population and type of vegetation settling down to a new balance, the natural plague foci returned to a rest period. With the rodent density decreased as some of them died, the flea density increased as the rodents lived near or in local farm houses where had more domestic animals, and human has a more concentrated population. In contrast, in the Himalayan marmot foci of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Qilian Mountains. There are few human inhabitants and the local ecology is relatively stable; plague is prevalence, showing no rest period. Thus the plague can be significantly affected by ecological shifts., Author summary Plague in China is shown to be in 12 kinds of natural foci with a large scale geographic and complex structure. Each plague focus has a unique ecological environment, specific geographic regions, landscape characteristics and specific hosts and vectors for the maintenance and transmission of Y. pestis. Once the environment alters, the amount and density of hosts and vectors change and so does the survival of Y. pestis. Consequently, a rest or slightly active foci can com alive, rapidly cause plague among animals and/or humans and then disappear for long periods of time. A plague outbreak among animals and humans caused by the construction of a large reservoir in southwest China is reported in this study. The reservoir was located on the border between Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Guangxi Hills on the Nanpan River, and the reservoir was not previously believed to contain the plague.

High orientated undoped ZnO thin films were prepared on c-Al2O3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) method and using ZnO ceramic target as resource material.The photoluminescence(PL) origin of the ZnO thin films was discussed in detailed.PL spectrum of ZnO thin films is dominated by donor-bound exciton(D0X)emission at low temperatures while the free exciton transition(FX) gradually dominates the spectrum at higher temperatures.It notes that one emission band A at around 3.309 eV(T=10 K) can be clearly observed with increase in temperature up to room temperature.The mechanism of this emission band was investigated by the temperature dependence of PL spectra.The results can be attributed to the transition of conduction band electrons to acceptors(e,A0),in which the acceptor binding energy was approximately 129 meV.However,the formation mechanism of the acceptor states need be investigated further.

Gadoped ZnO(GZO) thin films were grown on single crystal silicon(111) and quartz glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) method at different substrate temperatures from room temperature to 750 ℃.The change of substrate temperature leads to different diffusion and desorption rates for adsorption atoms resting on substrate surface,and results in different crystalline quality for GZO thin films.The GZO thin film grown at 450 ℃ has the best crystalline quality.The carrier concentration monotonically decreases with the increase of substrate temperature,which is related to the intrinsic defects in films.The Hall mobility first increases and then decreases with the substrate temperature increasing,it results from the variation of grain boundary scattering.And the lowest resistivity ~0.02 Ω·cm is obtained in the film prepared at 450 ℃.With the increase of substrate temperature,the optical band gap becomes narrow due to the monotonic increase of carrier concentration.The average transmittance in visible region is above 85% for all the GZO samples.Our results exhibit that the optical and electrical properties of GZO thin films prepared by PLD method can be adjusted by the change of substrate temperature.

H∶ZCO thin films were prepared with different qv(H2)∶qv(Ar+H2) by using submolecule doping technique,where the magnetic sputtering of Co and ZnO were alternatively performed onto silicon substrates.The effect of qv(H2)∶qv(Ar+H2) on the structural and magnetic properties in films was investigated.All the prepared thin films have a c-axis preferential orientation,and the intensity of(002) diffraction peak decreases with the increase of qv(H2)∶qv(Ar+H2) in films because the doping hydrogen can passivate the dangling bonds at the surfaces and grain boundaries.Magnetic measurement shows that the ferromagnetism is enhanced with the qv(H2)∶qv(Ar+H2) increasing.XPS results exhibit that the relative content of Co metal clusters gradually increases,and the relative content of oxidized Co ions gradually decreases with the increase of H2 ratio.According to the above results,it is suggested that the ferromagnetism in H∶ZCO thin film originates from Co metal clusters,and more oxidized Co ions is reduced to Co metal clusters with H2 doping,therefore the ferromagnetism is enhanced.

HAZO films were prepared on quartz substrates by RF magnetron sputtering in Ar+H2 gas ambient at room temperature.The effects of post-annealing in pure Ar atmosphere on the structural,optical and electrical properties of the HAZO films were investigated.It was found that post-annealing treatment was beneficial to crystallization of HAZO thin films,while caused a large degradation of the conductivity.The increase in the resistivity of HAZO thin films was attributed to the doped hydrogen atoms diffuse out after annealing.It was showed that interstitial hydrogen atoms(Hi) and substitutional hydrogen atoms(HO) at an O site removed from films,as well as the effect of H passivating deep acceptors and dangling bonds gradually eliminated as the heating temperature was increased.

The ZnO films grown with different growth temperature have been deposited on c-Al2O3 substrates by plasma assistant molecular beam epitaxy(P-MBE).Their crystal structures are characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The XRD results indicate that all the ZnO films with the(002) preference orientation of hexagonal wurtzite structure.The full width at half maximum(FWHM) of the(002) diffraction peak decreases as the growth temperature increasing.The surface morphology of the ZnO films is measured by scanning electron microscope(SEM),the surface morphology of the ZnO films grown at different growth temperature changes gradually.In the SEM image of the film grown at 500 ℃,there are a large number of particles,and the surface of the film is rough.The particle size is about 50~100 nm.The particle size increases(about 100~200 nm) at 600 ℃ growth,which indicates that the particle size increase with the increasing of the growth temperature.As the film growth temperature reaches 700 and 800 ℃,it can be found that the surface of the film become uniform and smooth from the SEM image.The photoluminescence(PL) intensity of the ZnO film increased with the increasing of the growth temperature.The origin of the PL peak is the free exciton emission.The carrier concentration and Hall mobility of the films as a function of growth temperature are studied.Hall measurements show that all the films are n-type.The carrier concentration value decreases gradually from 3.4×1018 cm-3 to a value of 1.8×1018 cm-3 with increasing the growth temperature from 500 to 800 ℃.The Hall mobility of ZnO films rises from 11 cm2/(V·s) to 51 cm2/(V·s) with the increase of film growth temperature.The high quality ZnO thin films was obtained at 800 ℃,exhibiting that the FWHM of XRD is about 0.05°,the Hall mobility is about 51 cm2/(V·s),the carrier concentration is about 1.8×1018 cm-3.

Erratum Upon publication of the original article (1) it was highlighted by the authors that a grant awarded to support the research work of the study was missed in the acknowledgements. It should also be acknowledged that the grant titled “Genotyping and Molecular Epidemiological Characteristic of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province” awarded by the Program of Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (Grant No. Qian Ke He J Word [2015] 2084)also contributed to the resources for this research. This has since been formally noted in this correction article.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is widely applied in coal-fired power plants. SCR process is a complex physical and chemical process with multi-input, strong coupling, nonlinear, and time delay characteristics. An effective model is the basis of conducting control and optimization. In this paper, influencing factors of catalytic reaction in SCR converter are analyzed and five measurable parameters are selected as the model input variables. NOx emission and NH 3 slip are separately taken as output variables. The LSSVM algorithm is employed to build the SCR models using real plant operation data from a 1000 MW coal-fired boiler. Simulation results have shown satisfied model accuracy and effectiveness are achieved.

Studies on mechanical properties of three-phase asynchronous motor, we usually use Matlab to establish a model to achieve the simulation of the motor mechanical properties. In the process of the actual use, modify large number of parameters will cause many program errors and affect the experimental velocity. By the mixed programming of MATLAB and VB, we can use the feature of visualization interface of VB and the feature of software toolboxes and the function of drawing of Matlab. Combining Characteristics of VB and Matlab and using mixed programming of VB and Matlab to achieve simulation are useful attempts.

Background Bacillus (B.) anthracis is the pathogen that causes fatal anthrax. Guizhou Province is an old foci of anthrax in the southwest of China. Human anthrax has also been frequently reported in Guizhou in recent year. However, there is limited information on the genetic background of local B. anthracis isolates in Guizhou Province. Strain-specific detection of this bacterium using molecular approaches has enhanced our knowledge of microbial genetics. In the present study, we employed Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA) assay to analyze the genetic characteristics of B. anthracis strains isolated in Guizhou Province and their relationships to worldwide distributed isolates. Results A total of 32 isolates of B. anthracis from soil, human, cattle, dog and water of different anthrax epidemics in Guizhou Province from 2006 to 2011 were confirmed with phage lysis test, penicillin inhibition test and PCR. MLVA-8 discriminated them into 28 unique MLVA types (MT G1 - G28), which were novel MTs compared with the previous reports. Cluster tree based on 32 isolates from Guizhou Province and 76 worldwide distributed isolates (30 MTs) showed they were divided into three clusters, designated A, B and C. All the 32 isolates were distributed in cluster A, which were further grouped into A1, A2, A3 and A4 sub-clusters. 32 isolates from Guizhou Province were closely grouped in each of the sub-clusters, respectively. Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based on the MLVA data showed that the 28 MLVA profiles of isolates from Guizhou Province and 30 MLVA profiles of worldwide distributed isolates formed three clonal complexes (CCs) and ten singletons. Conclusions 28 novel MTs of B. anthracis from Guizhou were revealed and their relationships to worldwide isolates were showed. The results will provide important information for prevention of anthrax and also enhances our understanding of genetic characteristics of B. anthracis in China.

Virtualization technology becomes a hot IT technology with the popu-larity of Cloud Computing. However, new security issues arise with it. Specifically, the resources sharing and data communication in virtual machines are most concerned. In this paper an access control model is proposed which combines the Chinese Wall and BLP model. BLP multi-level security model is introduced with corresponding improvement based on PCW (Prioritized Chinese Wall) security model. This model can be used to safely control the resources and event behaviors in virtual machines. Experimental results show its effectiveness and safety.

T-type zeolite membrances with high permeation performance were successfully synthesized on the low cost macroporous α-Al2O3 tubular support by secondary growth from clear solutions. The effects of the concentration of seeds and the membrane crystallization time on the morphology and pervaporation properties of zeolite T membrances. When the molar ration of the synthesis solution was 1SiO2:0.05Al2O3:0.26Na2O:0.09K2O: 30H2O, a high quality T zeolite membrane was obtained at crystallization temperature of 120 for 16 °C h, with water flux of 2.96 kg/(m·h) and separation factor of 6400 for dehydration of IPA aqueous solution by pervaporation at 75°C. XRD pattern and SEM observation suggested that the shortened membrane crystallization time resulted from the secondary nucleation induced by the seeds and the seeds epitaxial growth.

Objective To investigate the polymorphism of CYP2C9 in patients with atrial fibrillation as well as the possible relationship between the individual warfarin dosage requirements and the genetic polymorphism in Chinese patients. Methods The polymorphism of CYP2C9 in 100 patients with atrial fibrillation in our hospital was detected by using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. The genotype and allelic frequencies were calculated and the individual warfarin dosage requirements were analysed. Results In this group of patients CYP2C9*1 allele and CYP2C9*3 were detected, The frequency of *1 allele and *3 allele was 96% and 4%, respectively. Two genotypes were detected as well. CYP2C9*1/*1 was the most common genotype, with the frequency of 92%. The frequency of CYP2C9*1/*3 was 4% in these 100 patients. To achieve similar target INR range (2.0–3.0), variant CYP2C9*1/*3 homozygotes or heterozygotes required lower daily mean maintain doses (2.14±0. 55 mg) than wild-type CYP2C9*1/*1 patients did (3. 17±0. 74 mg). Conclusion Polymorphism of CYP2C9 is associated with warfarin dose requirements in 100 patients with atrial fibrillation, which is partly the factor causing difference of individual warfarin dosage requirements.