Search

Supplementary Material 1

In order to avoid the intra- and post-operative risks caused by massive blood loss, there are various clinical methods for evaluating the blood supply of the tumor and the distribution of blood vessels around the tumor before surgery, such as dynamic enhanced CT, dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, digital subtraction angiography, etc. And there are a variety of pre- and intra-operative methods to reduce tumor bleeding, such as transarterial vertebral tumor embolization, percutaneous or transpedicular injection of Onyx/NBCA, antifibrinolytic drugs, controlled deliberate hypotension, etc. This article reviews on spinal tumor blood supply assessment and the methods to reduce the amount of surgical bleeding.

In the “glucose-asparagine-linoleic acid” ternary system, a kinetic model approach was used to explore formation and elimination law of target hazards, including acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and their related precursors and intermediate products. The results showed that the elimination of glucose and asparagine and the formation of fructose (generated from glucose isomerization), 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), methylglyoxal (MGO), and glyoxal (GO), AA and 5-HMF followed first-order reaction kinetics with high fit coefficients (R2 > 0.9). In addition, the kinetic reaction rate constants increased as the increasing temperature, and all models followed the Arrhenius law. Results of statistical correlations analysis suggested that at lower temperature, the generic amino acid route and the specific amino acid route may paly crucial roles for the formation of AA and 5-HMF, while at high temperature a linoleic acid pathway may be predominantly involved.

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), a main problem of 5G Filtered-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (F-OFDM) system, seriously affects the system’s transmission efficiency. Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional selective mapping (SLM) algorithm, the grid scroll chaotic extended sequence (GSCES) algorithm is proposed to solve the high PAPR problem. The proposed grid multiscroll chaotic maps are used as random phase sequence vectors instead of the traditional pseudo random sequence, which provide a large number of random sequences with good correlation characteristics, random characteristics, and high security. The proposed random phase sequence vectors can meet the needs of 5G mass connections. The original input signals are divided into real part and imaginary part, which are, respectively, dot produced with the proposed grid multiscroll chaotic maps. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed GSCES algorithm effectively increases the number of candidate sequences, reduces the PAPR values, and improves the transmission efficiency and security. Moreover, the hardware experimental results produce at 2 × 2 × 2-grid multiscroll chaotic attractor, which further proves the physical realization of the proposed system. The proposed schemes have a broad application prospect in 5G multicarrier modulation technology.

Additional file 1. Technical route.

Additional file 2. Schedule of the study process

Large-scale strongly nonlinear and nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models frequently appear in optimisation-based process synthesis, integration, intensification, and process control. However, they are usually difficult to solve by existing algorithms within an acceptable time. In this work, we propose two robust homotopy continuation enhanced branch and bound (HCBB) algorithms (denoted as HCBB-FP and HCBB-RB) where the homotopy continuation method is employed to gradually approach the optimum of the NLP subproblem at a node from the solution at its parent node. A variable step length is adapted to effectively balance feasibility and computational efficiency. The computational results from solving four existing process synthesis problems demonstrate that the proposed HCBB algorithms can find the same optimal solution from different initial points, while the existing MINLP algorithms fail or find much worse solutions. In addition, HCBB-RB is superior to HCBB-FP due to the much lower computational effort required for the same locally optimal solution., Comment: 62 pages, 14 figures, no results changed, corrected typos, rewrite the introduction and change the title to emphasize the main contribution, simplify some symbols and add nomenclature to improve readability

Highly uniform ball-shaped indium bump arrays with small pixel pitches down to 10 μm have been fabricated. Multilayer stacked metal contact electrodes covered by a thin SiNx dielectric layer serve as the under bump metallization. Indium bumps were thermally evaporated inside the SiNx openings on top of the electrodes. Wet lift-off of the indium bumps was achieved by using a negative photoresist with precisely controlled undercuts. By comparison to a recipe without the SiNx, the non-uniform reflow effect of the indium materials was effectively eliminated after the thermal treatment. A mean indium ball diameter of 6.05 μm with a small coefficient of variation of 2.6% was finally realized for 10 μm pitch arrays. These results demonstrate the fabrication method is promising to ensure a reliable flip-chip hybridization of ultra-fine pitch focal plane arrays to silicon readout circuits with high yield.

High-precision measurement of X-ray spectra is affected by the statistical fluctuation of the X-ray beam under low-counting-rate conditions. It is also limited by counting loss resulting from the dead-time of the system and pile-up pulse effects, especially in a high-counting-rate environment. In this paper a detection system based on a FAST-SDD detector and a new kind of unit impulse pulse-shaping method is presented, for counting-loss correction in X-ray spectroscopy. The unit impulse pulse-shaping method is evolved by inverse deviation of the pulse from a reset-type preamplifier and a C-R shaper. It is applied to obtain the true incoming rate of the system based on a general fast–slow channel processing model. The pulses in the fast channel are shaped to unit impulse pulse shape which possesses small width and no undershoot. The counting rate in the fast channel is corrected by evaluating the dead-time of the fast channel before it is used to correct the counting loss in the slow channel.

The CR-(RC)n filter is used for Semi-Gaussian pulse shaping in analog spectroscopy. A new digital CR-(RC)n filter is presented based on the recursive models of the CR filter and RC filter. The spectroscopic signal reconstruction technique is proposed. This technique is applied to digital exponential decay signals obtained by the digitization of analog signals that represent the combined response of a FAST-SDD detector and the associated front-end circuit. Compared with the direct application of the digital CR-(RC)n filter, the technique eliminates the undershoot of the Semi-Gaussian pulse which is the primary cause of the low-energy peak tailing. And, the digital pole-zero cancellation filter follows digital CR-(RC)n filter to reduce the long tail of the shaped Semi-Gaussian pulse which leads to the high-energy peak tailing. Experimental results based on XRF signals of manganese sample show that the proposed techniques can cancel peak tailing due to the shaped Semi-Gaussian pulse improving FWTM/FWHM ratio and throughput capability.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and the severity of hepatitis B cirrhosis. MethodsForty-seven patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis who visited Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou People′s Hospital, from June 2014 to June 2015 were selected as cirrhosis group; these patients consisted of 11 Child-Pugh class A cases, 16 Child-Pugh class B cases, and 20 Child-Pugh class C cases. Fifteen healthy volunteers were selected as control group. The levels of procalcitonin, bilirubin, plasma albumin, and globulin were measured in all subjects. The lactulose hydrogen breath test (LHBT) was performed to measure small intestinal bacterial growth. Comparison of categorical data was made by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Comparison of normally distributed continuacs data between groups was performed by t test, The correlations of SIBO with procalcitonin, bilirubin, plasma albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio were investigated by Pearson correlation analysis. ResultsSIBO was found in 22 (46.8%) of the 47 patients with liver cirrhosis, consisting of 2 (18.1%) in the 11 Child-Pugh class A cases, 7 (43.7%) in the 16 Child-Pugh class B cases, and 13 (65.0%) in the 20 Child-Pugh class C cases. The prevalence of SIBO showed a significant difference between the controls and all patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis, Child-Pugh class B cases, or Child-Pugh class C cases (P=0.005, 0.037, or 0.001), but no significant difference between the controls and Child-Pugh class A cases (P=0556); there was a significant difference in the prevalence of SIBO between Child-Pugh class A cases and Child-Pugh class B/C cases (χ2=4.727,P=0.030). The levels of procalcitonin, bilirubin, plasma albumin, and globulin were significantly correlated with LHBT set-value (r=0.895, 0.907, -0.810, and 0.755, respectively, all P＜0.001). ConclusionThe prevalence of SIBO increases with exacerbation of liver injury in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. The levels of procalcitonin, bilirubin, and globulin are positively correlated with SIBO, while plasma albumin level is negatively correlated with SIBO.

The rising time of a nuclear pulse is slowed before being digitized because of the effect of distributed capacitance and resistance. This results in the waveform distortion of a shaped pulse. In this study, the effect of distributed capacitance and resistance is equivalent to the result of RC network. The mathematical model of the network is established to restore the rising time of the input nuclear pulse. Experimental results show that the leading edge of the nuclear pulse becomes steep after rising time restoration, and the shape of the shaped pulse is also improved. The energy spectrum obtained with rising time restoration is compared with that without rising time restoration. The comparison result indicates that using rising time restoration can extend the measurement range of pulse amplitude without affecting the energy resolution of the system.

This paper analyses first the state of water land exploitation and water saving irrigation in Xinjiang over the last 50 years. A fairly severe situation of water resources utilization exists in Xinjiang, and so agricultural water saving provides an important way of solving the problem. Taking a comprehensive view of development of agricultural irrigation in Xinjiang over the last 50 years, surface irrigation and new high water-saving technologies have both been present. Despite these two kinds of irrigation technologies, it is difficult to realize the effect of water saving and increasing production using the former, which is an engineering water-saving mode using a canal anti-seepage technique. To some degree, it inhibits ecological water use. The latter, which is an agronomic water-saving mode laying emphasis on crop growth mechanisms, can realize the effect of water saving and increasing production. But, on the other hand, it is unable to improve soil characteristics. On the contrary, it might even aggravate soil salinization. Therefore, both engineering water saving and agronomic water saving must reconsider the sustainability of water saving. Can it realize reasonable water resources allocation of the whole watershed? Can it realize sustainable utilization of water resources in the whole watershed? This paper advances a new concept of modern agricultural water saving – sustainable water saving – which is different from real water saving. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cet article analyse d'abord l'etat les conditions de la gestion de l'eau et des economies d'eau dans le Xinjiang au cours des 50 dernieres annees. La situation des ressources en eau au Xinjiang est severe, aussi l'economie d'eau en agriculture est une maniere importante de resoudre ce probleme grave. En considerant globalement le developpement de l'agriculture irriguee au Xinjiang depuis 50 ans, on voit coexister une irrigation de surface avec une irrigation nouvelle a haute technologie econome en eau. Bien qu'il y ait deux types de technologies d'irrigation, il est difficile de mesurer l'effet des economies d'eau et de la croissance de la production utilisant des techniques de lutte contre les fuites dans les canaux. A un certain point, les ecosystemes sont ainsi prives d'eau. La technologie recente qui est agronomique en utilisant le mecanisme de croissance des plantes, peut avoir un effet sur l'economie d'eau et la croissance de la production. Mais elle ne peut pas ameliorer les caracteristiques du sol. Au contraire il est meme possible d'aggraver la salinisation des sols. Par consequent, les methodes d'economie d'eau par le genie hydraulique ou par l'agronomie doivent reconsiderer leur durabilite. Peuvent-elles conduire a des allocations d'eau raisonnees sur tout le basin versant? Peuvent-elles assurer une utilisation durable des ressources d'eau? Ce papier developpe un nouveau concept d'economie en agriculture – l'economie durable – ce qui est different de l'economie reelle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Studies show that aerobic exercise can significantly improve the functional status of the body and enhance the body resistance to diseases. There are controversial such as exercise time, period knowledge, movement pattern. We choose male colleges as an ordinary object and make body composition, blood as an indicator so that we research the effect on the lipid metabolism under the different aerobic running exercise program. We would have to find which kind of aerobic exercise program is good for the prevention and improvement lipid metabolism.

Rule of soybean water consumption that irrigated by drip irrigation was studied based on water balance principle and field experiment. Result turned that under condition of experiment, daily water consumption of soybean in flowering-poding stage, seed-filling phase and maturity stage were 3.2mm, 3.3mm, 2.3mm. Cumulated water consume of growth stages were 277.2mm. Obvious decrease of daily water consume could be seen, total water consume reduced by 26.5% and variation of daily water consume is more smooth compare with soybean under drip irrigation and non-intercropping condition. 24.6% decrease of average chlorophyll content of soybean in growth stages could be seen compare to non-intercropping ones.

Full maturation of goldfish oocyte was inducedin vitro by 17 α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone. The oocyte maturation involves GV migration to the periphery of the oocyte and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). In the experiment, incubation duration for GVBD varied in different broods of oocytes. Generally, if the duration for GVBD was shorter than 6 h, oocytes would have a better chance to survive after maturation and insemination. The maturation of nucleus (GV) and cytoplasm are not synchronous. Cytoplasm maturation occurs several hs after GVBD. Oocytes inseminated 8–9 h after GVBD have the highest fertilizing and hatching rate. Fertilized ova maturedin vitro can develop to sexually mature adults capable of reproduction.

Energy resolution is affected by the intrinsic energy resolution of the detector, ballistic deficit, pileup pulses and noise. Pile-up pulses become the dominant factor that degrades energy resolution after the system is established, so pile-up rejection is often applied to obtain good energy resolution by discarding pulses that are expected to be contaminated by pile-up. However, pile-up rejection can reduce count rates and thus lower the measurement precision. In order to improve count rates and maintain energy resolution, a new method of pile-up pulse identification based on trapezoidal pulse shaping is presented. Combined with pulse width discrimination, this method is implemented by recording pulses that are not seriously piled up. Some experimental tests with a Cu-Pb alloy sample are carried out to verify the performance of this method in X-ray spectrometry. The results show that the method can significantly improve count rates without degrading energy resolution.更多还原

Under earlier practice of drainage systems, the drainage water was mixed with river water in the main stream of Tarim River, which caused salt pollution cycle of cultivated land. Seasonal changes in salt pollution cycle were serious in lower water period. It had an obvious influence on the irrigated districts in the lower section of the upper reaches and middle reaches. Major composition of mineral ions in polluted water is that of Na, Cl and SO4. For control measure, it is proposed to construct multi-way drainage outlet to store ground water for irrigation during lower water period. Laws should also be inforced to practice approved management practices.