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Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition that affects the lumbosacral vertebrae. This disease causes one of the lower vertebrae to slip forward onto the bone directly beneath it. It's a painful condition but treatable in most cases. Although spondylolisthesis can be asymptomatic, patients with degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis typically present with low back pain, neurologic symptoms, and/or radicular symptoms. The surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis is indicated for cases of neurogenic claudication, intractable radicular pain, severe low-back pain, presence of neurological symptoms, failure of conservative management, radiological instability, progressive worsening of the listheses, Meyerding grade III and IV listhesis, and spondylosis. The ideal surgical treatment remains controversial. We have compared the functional outcome following instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion and posterolateral fusion for adult spondylolisthesis in our study. The prospective study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics. A total of 30 patients who satisfied both the inclusion and exclusion criteria and gave informed consent were recruited for the study from January to December 2019. The patients were randomized into two groups. Of 30 patients, Group 1(n=18) underwent Posterior lumbar interbody fusion and Group 2 (n=12) underwent Posterolateral fusion. Random number generators were used for allotting the patients to the specified group. Using Oswestry Disability Index, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score and Visual Analog Score were used for pre-operative and post-operative functional scoring. The mean age among those who received PLIF was 53.67 years and among those who received PLF was 55.17 years. Spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 comprised 66.7% among those who received PLIF and 58.3 % among those who received PLF. Neurological deficit was present in 66.7% of the participants who had received PLIF and 100% of the participants who have received PLF. Concerning those who had received PLIF as treatment, 11 patients had excellent and 7 patients had better outcome in PLIF group, 7 patients had excellent and 5 patient had better outcome in PLF group.. The mean JOAS pre-intervention score was 6.66 and 6.40 for PLIF and PLF groups, respectively. In the 6th month mean JOAS score of the PLIF group was 11.16 and that of the PLF group was 10.16. The pre-intervention mean VAS score was 6.44 and 6.50 for PLIF and PLF groups, respectively. In both, the groups over the follow-up period mean VAS score had shown a decreasing trend. Our study did not show any significant difference in functional outcome between both groups, however there seems to better short term (3 months) and mid-term (6 months) pain relief in PLIF group when compared to PLF group. Long term follow-up studies along with radiological outcome may help in establishing superiority between both procedures.

Sustainable development goals prescribe desirable behavior by individuals and firms. But behavioral irrationalities are likely to hinder responsible consumption by members of the society. Methods: This mini review is intended to identify behavioral irrationalities. A literature review was undertaken to identify empirical papers that studied the link between such irrationalities and consumption behavior. Results: Nineteen empirical papers that investigated irrationalities such as anchoring, loss aversion, sunk cost fallacy, framing, and endowment effect showed that these factors do affect consumption behavior. Conclusion: This study has identified irrationalities that affect consumer behavior and also the achievement of sustainable development goals. An extensive study is needed to identify the hindrances to responsible consumption.

The inclusive electron neutrino charged-current cross section is measured in the NOvA near detector using 8.02×1020 protons-on-target in the NuMI beam. The sample of GeV electron neutrino interactions is the largest analyzed to date and is limited by ≃17% systematic rather than the ≃7.4% statistical uncertainties. The double-differential cross section in final-state electron energy and angle is presented for the first time, together with the single-differential dependence on Q2 (squared four-momentum transfer) and energy, in the range 1 GeV≤Eν<6 GeV. Detailed comparisons are made to the predictions of the GENIE, GiBUU, NEUT, and NuWro neutrino event generators. The data do not strongly favor a model over the others consistently across all three cross sections measured, though some models have especially good or poor agreement in the single differential cross section vs Q2.

In any organization a number of factors are required to generate production activities and the manpower is the most vital factor. The manpower requirements may increase in course of time due to increase in production activities or due to depletion of manpower at random time points. Hence recruitment is to be made whenever the total demands for manpower crosses the so called threshold level. In this paper an estimate of the expected time to recruitment is derived under the assumption that the threshold level is a random variable which follows the Generalized Exponentiated Gamma distribution. The variances also found out. The results are substantiated with numerical examples

The most common indication for upper extremity tendon transfer procedure is a peripheral nerve injury that has no potential to improve. Ÿ This includes nerve injuries that are irreparable such as root avulsions, nerve injuries that do not recover after direct nerve repair or grafting, or failed nerve transfers or delayed presentation. Ÿ In case of radial nerve palsy, the patient cannot extend the wrist, ngers and thumb, so has a great difculty in grasping objects

The inclusive electron neutrino charged-current cross section is measured in the NOvA near detector using $8.02\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) in the NuMI beam. The sample of GeV electron neutrino interactions is the largest analyzed to date and is limited by $\simeq$ 17\% systematic rather than the $\simeq$ 7.4\% statistical uncertainties. The double-differential cross section in final-state electron energy and angle is presented for the first time, together with the single-differential dependence on $Q^{2}$ (squared four-momentum transfer) and energy, in the range 1 GeV $ \leq E_{\nu} < $6 GeV. Detailed comparisons are made to the predictions of the GENIE, GiBUU, NEUT, and NuWro neutrino event generators. The data do not strongly favor a model over the others consistently across all three cross sections measured, though some models have especially good or poor agreement in the single differential cross section vs. $Q^{2}$.

The inclusive electron neutrino charged-current cross section is measured in the NOvA near detector using $8.02\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) in the NuMI beam. The sample of GeV electron neutrino interactions is the largest analyzed to date and is limited by $\simeq$ 17\% systematic rather than the $\simeq$ 7.4\% statistical uncertainties. The double-differential cross section in final-state electron energy and angle is presented for the first time, together with the single-differential dependence on $Q^{2}$ (squared four-momentum transfer) and energy, in the range 1 GeV $ \leq E_ν < $6 GeV. Detailed comparisons are made to the predictions of the GENIE, GiBUU, NEUT, and NuWro neutrino event generators. The data do not strongly favor a model over the others consistently across all three cross sections measured, though some models have especially good or poor agreement in the single differential cross section vs. $Q^{2}$.

Background: Diaphyseal humerus fractures are not uncommon in orthopedics; accounting for approximately 3% of all fractures and represent 20% of all humeral fracture s. Most of the humeral shaft fractures are best tre ated non-operatively with fairly high union rates. With recent advances, encouraging results following internal fixation ha d led to the expansion of surgical indications. But again the ri ght procedure and implant of choice, remains contro versial. Usual surgical modalities include compression plating (DC P) and intramedullary nailing (IMN). Literature review states that previous studies comparing these two implants have came out with varying results. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the functional outcome of adult diaphyseal humerus fractures treated by limited co ntact dynamic compression plating and intramedullary interlocked nailing. Materials and Methods: We prospectively randomised twenty eight patients with closed diaphyseal humeru s fractures presented to our hospital, over a perio d of two years and operated with either limited contact dynamic compre ssion plate (LC-DCP) or Intramedullary interlocked nail (IMIL). A minimum of six months follow-up period was completed only by twenty four patients with twelve in each group. Functional scoring was done based on the Rodriguez-Merchan criteria at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks for all t he patients. Results & Conclusion: Our findings showed subtle differences favouring th e nailing group, yet statistically it turned out to be insignificant. We conclude that none of the i mplant is superior to other, in terms of fracture u nion and functional outcome. Hence the implant choice should be at the discretion of the operating surgeon.

The sesame culture TVS 0039 is a hybrid derivative of Si 250 x ES 22. It is an high yielding sesame variety with brown colour seed. It matures in85- 90 days. TVS 0039 has recorded a mean yield of 737 kg/ha which is 12.8, 26.9 and 14.0 % superior to TMV 3, VRI (Sv) 1 and VRI(Sv 2),respectively under rainfed condition. During summer season, the culture registered an average yield of 781 kg/ha which is 25.6, 20.5, 34.3 and27.8 % increase over VRI (Sv) 1, VRI (Sv 2), TMV 4 and TMV 6 respectively. The seeds are brown coloured with an oil content of 51.0 percent. The culture is also tolerant to root rot disease.

It is known that the lymph node yield in open cystectomy is variable and dependent, in some part, upon surgeon experience. This study, the largest of its kind reporting on outcomes associated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy, demonstrates that lymph node yields in experienced hands at the time of robot-assisted radical cystectomy is comparable to that seen in open series. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence of, and predictors for, lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Utilizing the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium (IRCC) database, 527 patients were identified who underwent RARC at 15 institutions from 2003 to 2009. After stratification by age group, sex, pathological T stage, nodal status, sequential case number, institutional volume and surgeon volume, logistic regression was used to correlate variables to the likelihood of undergoing lymphadenectomy (defined as >= 10 nodes removed). RESULTS Of the 527 patients, 437 (82.9%) underwent lymphadenectomy. A mean of 17.8 (range 0-68) lymph nodes were examined. Tumour stage, sequential case number, institution volume and surgeon volume were significantly associated with the likelihood of undergoing lymphadenectomy. Surgeon volume was most significantly associated with lymphadenectomy on multivariate analysis. High-volume surgeons (> 20 cases) were almost three times more likely to perform lymphadenectomy than lower-volume surgeons, all other variables being constant [odds ratio (OR) = 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39-4.05; P = 0.002]. CONCLUSION The rates of lymphadenectomy at RARC for advanced bladder cancer are similar to those of open cystectomy series using a large, multi-institutional cohort. There does, however, appear to be a learning curve associated with the performance of lymphadenectomy at RARC.

It has hitherto been widely considered that a mixing layer is unstable at all Reynolds numbers. However this is untenable from energy considerations, which demand that there must exist a non-zero Reynolds number below which disturbances cannot extract energy from the mean flow. It is shown here that a linear stability analysis of similarity solutions of the plane mixing layer, including the effects of flow non-parallelism, using the minimal composite theory and the properties of adjoints following Govindarajan & Narasimha (2005), resolves the issue by yielding non-zero critical Reynolds numbers for coflowing streams of any velocity ratio. The critical Reynolds number so found, based on the vorticity thickness and the velocity differential as scales, varies in the narrow range of 59 to 55 as the velocity ratio goes from zero to unity., 18 pages, 4 figures

Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the common cancers m Malaysia. Tile population of east coast of Peninsular Malaysia has a different hfestyle and Malay is the predominant race. Oral cancer research in this area started since the Malaysian National Oral Cancer group was established. The am: of this study is to evaluate the clinical pathological findings and to investigate the role of tobacco smoking, alcohol consurnption and betel quid chewing as tile risk factors among oral cancer cases m east coast of peninsular Malaysia.Materials and Methods: Fifty case records of only treated/operated cases of patients with oral cancer between 1994-2003 m Hospital Umversiti Sams Malaysm were reviewed. This study is based on questio:matre developed by the Malaysian National Oral Cancer group. Tile data analysed includes personal reformation and clinical pathological findings. Results: Patients' age range was between 27-97 years old. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Malays ethic group has the highest incidence of oral cancer (n=46). Out of 50 cases, 80% were new cases and 66% was squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. Data revealed 12 different sites of lesions and the highest frequency was on buccal mucosa (30%) with 75% neck node involvement while 12% of the patients have two s:tes of les:oias. D:stant metastams occurred m 76.9% of the cases. Tobacco smoking was found to be the predorrm:ant risk factor (54%) wtnle 24% of pat:ents were found to be qurd chewer. Only 8% ofpafients consumed alcohol. The remaining14% patients do not admit any of the risk factors and the author would contribute their etiolo~ to viruses. Conclusion: The most common site of oral cancer was buccal mucosa with 75% neck node involvement. Presence of distant metastasis can be witnessed on most cases. More than half cases were new cases. Tobacco smokings exceed betel nut chewing as a probable risk factor among the subjects. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.

A 748 nucleotides cDNA fragment corresponding to the 3' terminal of physalis mottle virus, PhMV (formerly known as belladonna mottle virus) ($\#$Y16104) genomic RNA encompassing the tymobox, coat protein ORF and 3' noncoding region was cloned into the binary vector pKYLX 71 35 $S^2$ and introduced into N. tabacum cv. Havana plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The R0 transgenic plants showed accumulation of coat protein which self-assembled into capsids in vivo. The transgenic R1 and R2 plants showed delay in symptom expression and virus accumulation upon challenge with PhMV. 55 and 65% of the plants showed no detectable symptoms in the R1 and R2 transgenic plants respectively, when challenged with 10 $\mu$g/ml virus. Further, no detectable symptoms were observed in 75% and 25% of the R1 and R2 transgenic plants respectively, after 50 days of post infection when challenged with 10 $\mu$g/ml RNA. Thus the expression of PhMV coat protein and 3' noncoding sequence confers a high level of resistance against PhMV infection.

Intracellular pathogenesis-related gene (IPR) from tomato was cloned from a salicylic acid (SA) induced cDNA library and was designated as TSI-1 (tomato stress induced-1). The deduced amino acid sequence of TSI-1 codes for a 178 amino acid polypeptide of molecular weight 20.4 kDa. TSI-1 is highly homologous to the potato STH-2 and STH-21 IPR and tree pollen allergens which cause type I allergic reactions in humans. TSI- 1 lacks a signal peptide like other IPR members. It is organized as a multigene family and is inducible by SA and Fusarium oxysporum infection.

Measuring observables to constrain models using maximum-likelihood estimation is fundamental to many physics experiments. The Profiled Feldman-Cousins method described here is a potential solution to common challenges faced in constructing accurate confidence intervals: small datasets, bounded parameters, and the need to properly handle nuisance parameters. This method achieves more accurate frequentist coverage than other methods in use, and is generally applicable to the problem of parameter estimation in neutrino oscillations and similar measurements. We describe an implementation of this method in the context of the NOvA experiment., 19 pages, 12 figures