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Background: Principles such as instructional alignment and step-by-step progression are often seen as crucial features of good assessment practices in school physical education (PE). These features are problematic from nonlinear educational perspectives, which are based on the idea that movement learning cannot be expected to take place in the same manner for all students. Without some resolution of the contradiction between nonlinear pedagogies and principles of good assessment, the likelihood of physical educators fully embracing any kind of nonlinear approach to movement education remains doubtful. Purpose and research question: Our purpose in this paper is to illustrate how assessment for and of learning (AfL and AoL) can look when implemented in nonlinear movement education practices. Methods: Illustrations of AfL and AoL are drawn from an investigation in which one educator implements a nonlinear movement education module. The module focuses on juggling for students at high school (grade nine students aged approximately 15 years). The module provided students with 10 x 50-minute lessons to explore juggling. Data were generated through observations (film clips and field notes) and ethnographic-type interviews that were conducted with the students during the lessons. Findings: In the context of the nonlinear movement education module, AfL became: Interacting with students in joint exploration; Introducing learning strategies; Encouraging students to clarify and verbalize the object of learning; Helping students identify critical aspects of the movement activity, and; Inviting students to consider alternative learning trajectories. The educator then evaluates the students’ learning experiences in the context of a group performance at the end of the module. This performance can be seen as an instance of holistic assessment within a nonlinear movement education practice. Conclusions: The suggested holistic perspective on PE assessment could help educators to: circumvent dichotomies such as mind-body and theory-practice; approach students as active meaning-makers; re-frame students’ actions as emergent and context-dependent; and replace direct instruction with explorative teaching and learning methods. The major contribution of this study is that it shows how assessment for and of learning can be implemented in nonlinear movement education practices within a linear, goal-related and criterion-referenced, education system., Move

Over 640 million people in Africa are expected to rely on solid-fuels for cooking by 2040. In Western Kenya, cooking inefficiently persists as a major cause of burden disease due to household air pollution. The Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system and the Life-Cycle Assessment tool Simapro 8.5 were applied for analyzing biomass strategies for the region. The calculation of the residential energy consumption and emissions was based on scientific reviews and original data from experimental studies. The research shows the effect of four biomass strategies on the reduction of wood fuel use and short-lived climate pollutant emissions. A Business As Usual scenario (BAU) considered the trends in energy use until 2035. Transition scenarios to Improved Cookstoves (ICS), Pellet-fired Gasifier Stoves (PGS) and Biogas Stoves (BGS) considered the transition to wood-logs, biomass pellets and biogas, respectively. An Integrated (INT) scenario evaluated a mix of the ICS, PGS and BGS. The study shows that, energy use will increase by 8% (BGS), 20% (INT), 26% (PGS), 42% (ICS) and 56% (BAU). The BGS has the lowest impact on global warming, particle formation, terrestrial acidification, fossil resource scarcity, water consumption, as well as on eutrophication followed by the PGS and INT., Proceedings of the 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 27-30 May 2019, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1536-1542

Water scarcity contributes to the poverty of around one-third of the world's people. Despite many benefits, tree planting in dry regions is often discouraged by concerns that trees reduce water availability. Yet relevant studies from the tropics are scarce, and the impacts of intermediate tree cover remain unexplored. We developed and tested an optimum tree cover theory in which groundwater recharge is maximized at an intermediate tree density. Below this optimal tree density the benefits from any additional trees on water percolation exceed their extra water use, leading to increased groundwater recharge, while above the optimum the opposite occurs. Our results, based on groundwater budgets calibrated with measurements of drainage and transpiration in a cultivated woodland in West Africa, demonstrate that groundwater recharge was maximised at intermediate tree densities. In contrast to the prevailing view, we therefore find that moderate tree cover can increase groundwater recharge, and that tree planting and various tree management options can improve groundwater resources. We evaluate the necessary conditions for these results to hold and suggest that they are likely to be common in the seasonally dry tropics, offering potential for widespread tree establishment and increased benefits for hundreds of millions of people.

Studies of late renal allograft biopsies focus on chronic damage investigated by light microscopy (LM). We evaluated the use of immunohistochemistry (IH) as applied in the routine study of transplant glomerulopathies. Among renal transplants in 1985 - 1997, 129 were identified where a graft biopsy had been obtained 6 months or more after transplantation, studied by LM and IH and the original renal disease was known. IH results were evaluated in relation to glomerular LM findings and the original diagnosis. The risk of graft loss in relation to recurrent and de novo glomerulopathy was evaluated. By LM, 69 biopsies (53%) showed glomerulopathy, mesangial sclerosis only in 26, proliferative changes in 15, membranous in 15 and combined membranous and proliferative in 13. By IH, 46 biopsies (36%) stained positive with IgM and/or complement only and 24 with immune complexes including IgA and/or IgG. Seven biopsies (5.4%) showed glomerular disease by IH in spite of normal LM. Recurrence was diagnosed in 22 grafts; 12 had IgA nephropathy, 3 had SLE, 6 other immune complex nephritides and 1 systemic vasculitis. Twenty-eight biopsies (22%) with proliferative and/or membranous glomerulopathy lacked clear connection to the original renal disorder. More than half of these had deposits of IgM and C3 only. The further graft survival was significantly reduced in the presence of de novo glomerulopathy by LM, relative risk 2.0 (confidence interval 1.1 - 3.8) in a Cox-proportional hazards analysis also including serum creatinine and Banff chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) grade, p = 0.03. In conclusion, transplant glomerulopathy should be separated from recurrence. De novo glomerulopathy is frequent and ominous.

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of thioridazine and its metabolites has been developed for assay of the very low concentrations of these substances in the CSF. A certain degree of protein-binding in CSF was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis, particularly of thioridazine, and to a lesser degree of its metabolites. In 48 psychiatric patients treated with thioridazine, 40 to 1000 mg/day, the mean total concentration of thioridazine in the CSF was 19.4 nmoles/l (range 4.0–47.3 nmoles/l), of thioridazine side-chain sulfoxide 30.5 nmoles/l (range 7.3–109.4 nmoles/l), of thioridazine side-chain sulfone 8.4 nmoles/l (range 1.4–19.6 nmoles/l), and of thioridazine ring sulfoxide 27.7 nmoles/l (range 4.0–71.0 nmoles/l). The free fraction of thioridazine in CSF averaged 49.1% (range 22.4–80.9%), and the corresponding values for thioridazine side-chain sulfoxide were 92% (range 72.5–109.7%) for thioridazine side-chain sulfone 68.8% (range 28.4–98.0%), and for thioridazine ring sulfoxide 81.7% (range 31.0–106.2%). The total CSF concentrations of thioridazine and thioridazine side-chain sulfone were significantly higher than their free serum concentrations whereas the total CSF concentration of thioridazine ring sulfoxide was significantly lower than its unbound serum concentration, and the total CSF concentration of the thioridazine side-chain sulfoxide did not differ from its free serum concentration. The unbound CSF concentration of thioridazine was also significantly higher than its unbound serum concentration (average 1.98 times higher; range 1.37–3.53). The unbound CSF concentration of the ring sulfoxide was only 43% (range 28–61%) of its unbound serum concentration (p

Six young healthy males received on four different occasions 0.4 mg/kg i.v. of propranolol. 0.04 mg/kg i.v. of atropine, atropine following propranolol or saline. heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at rest (supine, sitting, and standing) and during isometric and dynamic exercise. On the basis of heart rate changes under the influence of drugs, the sympathetic contribution to heart rate was 25% at supine rest, 33% in the standing position, 45% during handgrip, and 74% during bicycle exercise that raised heart rate to 153/min. These results suggest that with increasing muscular activity the contribution of parasympathetic tone to heart rate decreases from about 75% at supine rest to about 25% at submaximal exercise. Extrapolation of the heart rate plots indicate that parasympathetic tone is virtually abolished at exercise loads resulting in a heart rate of about 200 beats/min.

The morbidity and mortality during a 5-year follow-up in patients admitted to the coronary care unit with chest pain presenting an initial suspicion of acute infarction, but in whom the diagnosis could not be confirmed, is reported. They were divided into four groups: Possible myocardial infarction (29%), angina pectoris (24%), chest pain of uncertain origin (32%), and nonischemic cause of chest pain (15%). The overall 5-year mortality rate was 13.3% and did not differ substantially between the four groups. During the 5-year follow-up a confirmed myocardial infarction developed in 28% and 22% among patients with the diagnosis possible infarction and angina pectoris, respectively, and in about 10% of the remaining patients. Stroke developed in 4% of patients with possible infarction and in 2-3% in the remaining subgroups. In all, 59% of the patients were rehospitalized for a mean duration of 30 days in hospital. Among survivors at 5 years, 54% reported chest pain equivalent to angina pectoris and 25% had chest pain daily. A high prevalence of angina pectoris, a high frequency of rehospitalization due to chest pain, and a high consumption of cardiovascular drugs could be found in all four groups.

Fourteen male patients, mean age 53 years (range 35-64), were included in an initial 3 months' double-blind crossover study, in which 1-2 mg bopindolol, a nonselective beta blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), was compared with 100-200 mg metoprolol regarding effects on blood pressure and heart rate. During the subsequent long-term therapy, eight patients were trained to measure home blood pressure, and in these patients bopindolol 1 mg daily was compared to 8 mg once weekly in a double-blind fashion for 3 weeks on each regimen. Bopindolol (mean dose 1.35 mg/day) caused a significant blood pressure reduction, 26/15 mm Hg, as did metoprolol, 24/3 mm Hg (mean dose 144 mg/day) (NS). Supine and standing heart rates were reduced during both bopindolol and metoprolol treatment. During long-term therapy with bopindolol satisfactory blood pressure control was achieved for 1 year in 11 patients. Heart rate was significantly reduced after 2-3 months' treatment and during the entire 1-year follow-up. Few and well-tolerated side effects were reported. During treatment with bopindolol 8 mg once weekly, the blood pressure control was maintained satisfactorily over the week and no significant differences were observed in comparison with daily administration (1 mg) of the drug.

The concentrations of thioridazine and its main metabolites in erythrocytes from 61 thioridazine-treated patients were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean and range of the erythrocyte concentrations, expressed as percentage of the corresponding plasma concentrations, were: thioridazine, 5.1% (2.0–10.6); side-chain sulfoxide, 5.6% (1.6–10.4); side-chain sulfone, 3.3% (1.1–6.8); ring sulfoxide 2.7% (0.8–4.9). The erythrocyte and plasma concentrations were significantly correlated. The erythrocyte/plasma concentration ratios, all the erythrocyte concentrations, but none of the plasma concentrations except ring sulfoxide were significantly positively correlated to the dose of thioridazine. The erythrocyte/plasma concentration ratio was not correlated to age. In vitro experiments indicated no clinically relevant erythrocyte-mediated oxidation of thioridazine.

A quick, specific and precise method for determining haloperidol in serum is described. The method is based on gas chromatography and the use of a structurally similar internal standard. Serum concentrations of haloperidol determined in patients treated with haloperidol, were in the range of 0.5 to 10 ng/ml. The precision of the method was ±8.3%. Of the many drugs tested so far, only thioridazine and dibenzepim interfere with the determinations. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies based on the intravenous injection of haloperidol demontrated typical apparent volumes of distribution as large as 2,000 l and serum half-lives of 12.6–22.0 hrs. Inter-individual differences in these parameters were demonstrated.

A method is described for determining the free fraction of thioridazine and its side-chain sulfoxide, side-chain sulfone and ring sulfoxide metabolites in serum from thioridazine-treated patients. The method is based on equilibrium dialysis and gas chromatographic determination of the substances in the dialysate and in serum. The analyses are made at the actual serum concentrations and without the addition of extra substances. In sera from a group of thioridazine treated patients the mean free fraction of thioridazine was 0.15%, range 0.05–0.31%, and the corresponding values for thioridazine side-chain sulfoxide, side-chain sulfone, and ring sulfoxide were 1.66%, range 0.38–3.58%, 1.17%, range 0.36–2.20%, and 1.70%, range 0.61–3.49%, respectively. In experiments in vitro the percentage free fractions of thioridazine and its metabolites were found to increase with concentration. Since this applied, too, in the therapeutic concentration range, it may have clinical implications. However, it is extremely important to note that an increase in the concentration of any of these substances causes an increase in the percentage of all free fractions, which may indicate that they have a common binding site or sites. In the patients studied there was a close correlation between the percentage free fraction of all the substances at different concentrations of the parent compound. An albumin solution was found to bind thioridazine, but the free fraction was about 2%, i. e. much higher than the values found in serum, which indicates that thioridazine may be bound mainly to other serum proteins. Analysis of the percentage free fractions in the sera from patients with a number of clinical and physiological variables revealed few significant correlations. On average, however, female patients may have a larger free fraction of thioridazine and thioridazine side-chain sulfoxide than male patients.

Plasma as well as renal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA, serum creatinine, plasma beta-2-microglobulin and endogenous creatinine clearance were compared and evaluated in patients with diabetic nephropathy and in control patients with renal disease of other origin. The difference between the plasma clearance and the renal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA, that is the extrarenal clearance, was found to be higher in diabetics than in control patients (7.0 vs. 3.5 ml/min; p less than 0.001). The serum creatinine correlated well with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but in the individual case the GFR was not at all predictable from serum creatinine. The plasma beta-2-microglobulin did not correlate better than serum creatinine to 51Cr-EDTA clearance, and did not permit an earlier diagnosis of renal insufficiency. Endogenous creatinine clearance overestimated GFR by 0-180%. Due to residual urine, the coefficient of variation was higher in diabetic patients than in controls, but the effect of this imperfection was reduced by using multiple collection periods. In conclusion, the renal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA was found to be preferable to the other methods.