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The Volga-Oka interfluve in northwestern Russia has an intriguing history of population influx and language shift during the Common Era. Today, most inhabitants of the region speak Russian, but until medieval times, northwestern Russia was inhabited by Uralic-speaking peoples.

Between 2018 and 2020 the Kipot ja kielet [Beakers and Speakers] project (KiKi) collected a typological database of archaeological artefacts in Finland and a typological linguistic database of Uralic languages. Both datasets will be accessible through a public online interface (URHIA) from 2021. The data will help integrate Finnish- and Uralic-speaking areas into global perspectives on human history.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic., The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung (“Paleobiochemistry”, to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).

Syphilis is a globally re-emerging disease, which has marked European history with a devastating epidemic at the end of the 15th century. Together with non-venereal treponemal diseases, like bejel and yaws, which are found today in subtropical and tropical regions, it currently poses a substantial health threat worldwide. The origins and spread of treponemal diseases remain unresolved, including syphilis’ potential introduction into Europe from the Americas. Here, we present the first genetic data from archaeological human remains reflecting a high diversity of Treponema pallidum in early modern Europe. Our study demonstrates that a variety of strains related to both venereal syphilis and yaws-causing T. pallidum subspecies were already present in Northern Europe in the early modern period. We also discovered a previously unknown T. pallidum lineage recovered as a sister group to yaws- and bejel-causing lineages. These findings imply a more complex pattern of geographical distribution and etiology of early treponemal epidemics than previously understood., Current Biology, 30 (19), ISSN:0960-9822, ISSN:1879-0445

SummarySexually transmitted (venereal) syphilis marked European history with a devastating epidemic at the end of the 15thcentury, and is currently re-emerging globally. Together with non-venereal treponemal diseases, like bejel and yaws, found in subtropical and tropical regions, it poses a prevailing health threat worldwide. The origins and spread of treponemal diseases remain unresolved, including syphilis’ potential introduction into Europe from the Americas. Here, we present the first genetic data from archaeological human remains reflecting a previously unknown diversity ofTreponema pallidumin historical Europe. Our study demonstrates that a variety of strains related to both venereal syphilis and yaws were already present in Northern Europe in the early modern period. We also discovered a previously unknownT. pallidumlineage recovered as a sister group to yaws and bejel. These findings imply a more complex pattern of geographical prevalence and etiology of early treponemal epidemics than previously understood.

European population history has been shaped by migrations of people, and their subsequent admixture. Recently, ancient DNA has brought new insights into European migration events linked to the advent of agriculture, and possibly to the spread of Indo-European languages. However, little is known about the ancient population history of north-eastern Europe, in particular about populations speaking Uralic languages, such as Finns and Saami. Here we analyse ancient genomic data from 11 individuals from Finland and north-western Russia. We show that the genetic makeup of northern Europe was shaped by migrations from Siberia that began at least 3500 years ago. This Siberian ancestry was subsequently admixed into many modern populations in the region, particularly into populations speaking Uralic languages today. Additionally, we show that ancestors of modern Saami inhabited a larger territory during the Iron Age, which adds to the historical and linguistic information about the population history of Finland., Populations from North-eastern Europe, in particular those speaking Uralic languages, carry additional ancestry in similarity with modern East Asian populations. Here, the authors analyse ancient genomic data from 11 individuals from Finland and Northwest Russia, and identify genomic signals of migrations from Siberia that began at least 3500 years ago.

Human ancient DNA studies have revealed high mobility in Europe’s past, and have helped to decode the human history on the Eurasian continent. Northeastern Europe, especially north of the Baltic Sea, however, remains less well understood largely due to the lack of preserved human remains. Finland, with a divergent population history from most of Europe, offers a unique perspective to hunter-gatherer way of life, but thus far genetic information on prehistoric human groups in Finland is nearly absent. Here we report 103 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes from human remains dated to AD 300–1800, and explore mtDNA diversity associated with hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. The results indicate largely unadmixed mtDNA pools of differing ancestries from Iron-Age on, suggesting a rather late genetic shift from hunter-gatherers towards farmers in North-East Europe. Furthermore, the data suggest eastern introduction of farmer-related haplogroups into Finland, contradicting contemporary genetic patterns in Finns. Results - Authenticity of ancient-DNA results. - Radiocarbon datings. - MtDNA data and haplotypic variation. - MtDNA haplogroup composition at the ancient sites. - Differences in haplogroup composition between the sites. - Genetic distances among sites and to contemporary Finns. - Main haplogroup frequencies in space and time. - Genetic affinities of ancient Finns to other ancient and contemporary populations. Discussion - Genetic layers of mitochondrial variation among the Iron Age and Medieval Finns. - The ancient distribution of mtDNA lineages contradicts the contemporary east-west divergence. - Bidirectional expansion of agriculturally oriented populations into Finland?. Materials and methods - Sample selection. - Reference populations used in comparative analyses. - Sampling. - Extraction of ancient DNA. - Mitochondrial capture and sequencing. - Processing of the sequence data. - Authentication of ancient DNA and haplogroup assignments. - Radiocarbon dating. - Statistical analyses.

Levanluhta is a unique archaeological site with the remains of nearly a hundred Iron Age individuals found from a water burial in Ostrobothnia, Finland. The strongest climatic downturn of the Common Era, resembling the great Fimbulvinter in Norse mythology, hit these people during the 6th century AD. This study establishes chronological, dietary, and livelihood synthesis on this population based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic and radiocarbon analyses on human remains, supported by multidisciplinary evidence. Extraordinarily broad stable isotopic distribution is observed, indicating three subgroups with distinct dietary habits spanning four centuries. This emphasizes the versatile livelihoods practiced at this boundary of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. While the impact of the prolonged cold darkness of the 6th century was devastating for European communities relying on cultivation, the broad range of livelihoods provided resilience for the Levanluhta people to overcome the abrupt climatic decline.

The arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) is known to affect social communication and has been reported to associate with autism in several studies. Given that the microsatellite RS1 and a few SNPs in the promoter region of the AVPR1A have repeatedly associated with several traits, including autism it is rather surprising that the molecular explanation for these associations has remained unknown, although it has been reported that the allele length of the AVPR1A microsatellites might affect disease risk. Here we carried out an extended association analysis of three microsatellites and 12 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and around the AVPR1A gene in 205 Finnish families followed by promoter analysis. FBAT version v2.0.3 was used for family-based genetic association analyses of AVPR1A microsatellites and SNPs. The nearby microsatellite RS1 was found to harbor the best association. Interestingly, there are two potentially relevant transcription factor (TF) binding sites at RS1: for MEF2C and PBX, predicted with the Match algorithm in the TRANSFAC® database. Sequence variations changing the affinity of these TFs might partly explain the AVPR1A promoter region associations shown in autism. Autism Res 2015, 8: 634–639. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The long-term history of prehistoric populations is a challenging but important subject that can now be addressed through combined use of archaeological and genetic evidence. In this study a multidisciplinary team uses these approaches to document the existence of a major population bottleneck in Finland during the Late Neolithic period, the effects of which are still detectable in the genetic profile of the Finnish population today. The postglacial recolonisation of Finland was tracked through space and time using radiocarbon dates and stone artefact distributions to provide a robust framework of evidence against which the genetic simulations could be compared.

In Europe, modern mitochondrial diversity is relatively homogeneous and suggests an ubiquitous rapid population growth since the Neolithic revolution. Similar patterns also have been observed in mitochondrial control region data in Finland, which contrasts with the distinctive autosomal and Y-chromosomal diversity among Finns. A different picture emerges from the 843 whole mitochondrial genomes from modern Finns analyzed here. Up to one third of the subhaplogroups can be considered as Finn-characteristic, i.e. rather common in Finland but virtually absent or rare elsewhere in Europe. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses suggest that most of these attributed Finnish lineages date back to around 3,000–5,000 years, coinciding with the arrival of Corded Ware culture and agriculture into Finland. Bayesian estimation of past effective population sizes reveals two differing demographic histories: 1) the ‘local’ Finnish mtDNA haplotypes yielding small and dwindling size estimates for most of the past; and 2) the ‘immigrant’ haplotypes showing growth typical of most European populations. The results based on the local diversity are more in line with that known about Finns from other studies, e.g., Y-chromosome analyses and archaeology findings. The mitochondrial gene pool thus may contain signals of local population history that cannot be readily deduced from the total diversity.

Preeclampsia is a common vascular disease of pregnancy with genetic predisposition. Dysregulation of the complement system has been implicated, but molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this study, we determined the potential linkage of severe preeclampsia to the most central complement gene, C3. Three cohorts of Finnish patients and controls were recruited for a genetic case-control study. Participants were genotyped using Sequenom genotyping and Sanger sequencing. Initially, we studied 259 Finnish patients with severe preeclampsia and 426 controls from the Southern Finland preeclampsia and the Finnish population based preeclampsia cohorts. We used a custom-made single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay consisting of 98 SNPs in 18 genes that encode components of the complement system. Following the primary screening, C3 was selected as the candidate gene and consequently Sanger sequenced. Fourteen SNPs from C3 were also genotyped by a Sequenom panel in 960 patients with severe preeclampsia and 705 controls, including already sequenced individuals. Three of the 43 SNPs observed within C3 were associated with severe preeclampsia: rs2287845 (p=0.038, OR=1.158), rs366510 (p=0.039, OR=1.158), and rs2287848 (p=0.041, OR=1.155). We also discovered 16 SNP haplotypes with extreme linkage disequilibrium in the middle of the gene with a protective (p=0.044, OR=0.628) or a predisposing (p=0.011, OR=2.110) effect to severe preeclampsia depending on the allele combination. Genetic variants associated with preeclampsia are located in key domains of C3 and could thereby influence the function of C3. This is, as far as we are aware, the first candidate gene in the complement system with an association to a clinically relevant preeclampsia subphenotype, severe preeclampsia. The result highlights a potential role for the complement system in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and may help in defining prognostic and therapeutic subgroups of preeclamptic women.

Precise timing of natural and cultural events provides a foundation for understanding how past natural phenomena have driven changes in population and culture. In this study, we used high-resolution Bayesian chronology to describe an event sequence of a massive and abrupt water level decline of a large lake and the contemporaneous cultural changes that occurred in eastern Fennoscandia during the mid-Holocene. The study provides the first transdisciplinary analysis of the causes and effects of the events by using a combination of archaeological, geological and ecological data. Nearly 6000 years ago, ancient Lake Saimaa, estimated to cover nearly 9000 km2at the time, was abruptly discharged through a new outlet. The event created thousands of square kilometres of new residual wetlands. The archaeological record shows a profound cultural replacement and a subsequent sharp human population maximum in the area during the decades after the decline in water level. During the population maximum, the proportion of Alces alces (moose) in the diet rapidly increased and became prominent as a dietary resource. The eventual population decline in the area coincided with ecological development towards old boreal conifer forests, along with the colonization of a new species of tree Picea abies (Norway spruce). The new ecosystem was less suitable for moose to forage in, and this attenuated the dietary role of moose and thus contributed towards the eventual population and cultural decline. The methodological approach described in this paper allowed the reconstruction of past natural and cultural events and demonstrated how they can be causally intertwined.

To study the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin 8, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, complement factor H, complement component C3, and LOC387715 genes with the response to bevacizumab treatment in exudative age-related macular degeneration.Clinical records, smoking history, optical coherence tomography, and angiographies of 96 bevacizumab-treated exudative age-related macular degeneration patients were analyzed retrospectively. Blood DNA was collected. Based on the disappearance of intra- or subretinal fluid in optical coherence tomography, patients were graded as responders, partial responders, or nonresponders after 3 initial treatment visits and a median time of 3.5 months.Interleukin 8 promoter polymorphism -251A/T was significantly associated with persisting fluid in optical coherence tomography. The A allele was more frequent in nonresponders than in responders (P = 0.033). In multivariate modeling, the AA genotype of -251A/T (P = 0.043) and occult (P = 0.042) or predominantly classic (P = 0.040) lesions predicted poorer outcome. Visual acuity change was better in responders than in nonresponders (P = 0.006). Baseline lesion size (P = 0.006) and retinal cysts after the treatment (P0.001) correlated with less visual acuity gain.The A allele and the homozygous AA genotype of interleukin 8 -251A/T were associated with anatomical nonresponse to bevacizumab treatment.

To obtain aggregate evidence for the molecular basis of musical abilities and the effects of music, we integrated gene-level data from 105 published studies across multiple species including humans, songbirds and several other animals and used a convergent evidence method to prioritize the top candidate genes. Several of the identified top candidate genes like EGR1, FOS, ARC, BDNF and DUSP1 are known to be activity-dependent immediate early genes that respond to sensory and motor stimuli in the brain. Several other top candidate genes like MAPK10, SNCA, ARHGAP24, TET2, UBE2D3, FAM13A and NUDT9 are located on chromosome 4q21-q24, on the candidate genomic region for music abilities in humans. Functional annotation analyses showed the enrichment of genes involved in functions like cognition, learning, memory, neuronal excitation and apoptosis, long-term potentiation and CDK5 signaling pathway. Interestingly, all these biological functions are known to be essential processes underlying learning and memory that are also fundamental for musical abilities including recognition and production of sound. In summary, our study prioritized top candidate genes related to musical traits.

To obtain aggregate evidence for the molecular basis of musical abilities and the effects of music, we integrated gene-level data from 101 published studies across multiple species including humans, songbirds and several other animals and used a convergent evidence method to prioritize the top candidate genes. Several of the identified top candidate genes like EGR1, FOS, ARC, BDNF and DUSP1 are known to be activity-dependent immediate early genes that respond to sensory and motor stimuli in the brain. Several other top candidate genes like MAPK10, SNCA, ARHGAP24, TET2, UBE2D3, FAM13A and NUDT9 are located on chromosome 4q21-q24, on the candidate genomic region for music abilities in humans. Functional annotation analyses showed the enrichment of genes involved in functions like cognition, learning, memory, neuronal excitation and apoptosis, long-term potentiation and CDK5 signaling pathway. Interestingly, all these biological functions are known to be essential processes underlying learning and memory that are also fundamental for musical abilities including recognition and production of sound. In summary, our study prioritized top candidate genes related to musical traits that are possibly conserved through evolution, as suggested by shared molecular background with other species.

Creative activities in music represent a complex cognitive function of the human brain, whose biological basis is largely unknown. In order to elucidate the biological background of creative activities in music we performed genome-wide linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) scans in musically experienced individuals characterised for self-reported composing, arranging and non-music related creativity. The participants consisted of 474 individuals from 79 families, and 103 sporadic individuals. We found promising evidence for linkage at 16p12.1-q12.1 for arranging (LOD 2.75, 120 cases), 4q22.1 for composing (LOD 2.15, 103 cases) and Xp11.23 for non-music related creativity (LOD 2.50, 259 cases). Surprisingly, statistically significant evidence for linkage was found for the opposite phenotype of creative activity in music (neither composing nor arranging; NCNA) at 18q21 (LOD 3.09, 149 cases), which contains cadherin genes like CDH7 and CDH19. The locus at 4q22.1 overlaps the previously identified region of musical aptitude, music perception and performance giving further support for this region as a candidate region for broad range of music-related traits. The other regions at 18q21 and 16p12.1-q12.1 are also adjacent to the previously identified loci with musical aptitude. Pathway analysis of the genes suggestively associated with composing suggested an overrepresentation of the cerebellar long-term depression pathway (LTD), which is a cellular model for synaptic plasticity. The LTD also includes cadherins and AMPA receptors, whose component GSG1L was linked to arranging. These results suggest that molecular pathways linked to memory and learning via LTD affect music-related creative behaviour. Musical creativity is a complex phenotype where a common background with musicality and intelligence has been proposed. Here, we implicate genetic regions affecting music-related creative behaviour, which also include genes with neuropsychiatric associations. We also propose a common genetic background for music-related creative behaviour and musical abilities at chromosome 4.

Purpose: To analyse lesion components determining retinal sensitivity in microperimetry in eyes with newly diagnosed exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, microperimetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green (ICGA) angiographies of 23 eyes of 23 patients were analysed. Central microperimetry grids with 28 test stimulus sites were automatically aligned with three-dimensional OCTs and manually aligned with angiographies. Thicknesses of the neuroretina, neuroepithelial detachment (NED), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) elevation and subretinal tissue were measured under the 644 microperimetry stimulus sites. Areas of classic and occult choroidal neovascularizations (CNVs), subretinal and intraretinal haemorrhage, and late hyperfluorescence in ICGA were identified. The impact of the lesion components on retinal sensitivity was evaluated with correlation analysis and multivariate modelling. Results: Decreased retinal sensitivity correlated significantly with the presence of CNV, haemorrhage, subretinal tissue and RPE elevation. Out of the OCT parameters, the most important determinant of sensitivity was the thickness of RPE elevation (Spearman’s rho, r = −0.202, p

Objective Otitis media is a multifactorial disease where genetic background may have an important role. For genome-wide association studies, it is important to understand the degree of heritability. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of recurrent acute otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion. Methods Children operated because of recurrent or chronic otitis media at the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland, as well as their families were recruited during 2008–2009. A cohort of 2436 subjects was enrolled consisting of 1279 children and their parents. The study subjects answered a questionnaire concerning their otitis media history and treatment, as well as tobacco exposure, allergy and asthma history. Heritability estimates were calculated for recurrent acute, chronic and any episodes of otitis media using software especially designed for estimating heritability in family cohorts. Results Altogether 901 subjects suffered from recurrent otitis media and 559 from chronic otitis media with effusion. The heritability estimates in our cohort were 38.5% for recurrent (P = 7.3 × 10−9), 22.1% for chronic (P = 4.6 × 10−3) and 47.8% for any otitis media (P = 1.5 × 10−11). Conclusions Our results demonstrate a moderately strong and statistically significant genetic component for both recurrent acute otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion. These results highlight the importance of unraveling the genetic factors for otitis media that are still poorly known.

In this contribution, we establish a radiocarbon-based chronology of early ceramic sequences in eastern Fennoscandia utilizing a Bayesian approach. The data consist of 56 individual 14C dates from charred or fermented food remains (charred crust, food residue) and birch bark tar used to seal cracks in vessels. We present the results of the models, discuss the chronological boundaries obtained, and compare the outcome with contemporary archaeological knowledge of the Subneolithic in eastern Fennoscandia. We also look at the role of charred crust δ13C values as indicators of reservoir effect present in the dates, perform some preliminary correction procedures for the dates, and discuss their effect on the chronologies.

Archaeological phenomena, especially those that have been radiocarbon dated, can be utilized as indications of human activity and occupancy in space and time. 14C dates from archaeological contexts have been used as proxies for population history events in several recent studies (e.g. Gamble et al. 2005; Shennan and Edinborough 2007; Oinonen et al. 2010; Tallavaara et al. 2010; Pesonen et al. 2011). As a step towards a larger spatiotemporal modeling effort, we present examples of spatial distributions obtained using Bayesian methodology, analyzing all available archaeological 14C dates from the Stone Age (9000–1500 cal BC) in eastern Fennoscandia. The resulting maps follow the patterns of pioneer settlement in Finland beginning at ∼9000 cal BC and provide supporting evidence for the postulated population peak around 4000–3500 cal BC in Finland and the subsequent population decline.

Four genes, DYX1C1, ROBO1, DCDC2 and KIAA0319 have been studied both genetically and functionally as candidate genes for developmental dyslexia, a common learning disability in children. The identification of novel genes is crucial to better understand the molecular pathways affected in dyslectic individuals. Here, we report results from a fine-mapping approach involving linkage and association analysis in Finnish and German dyslexic cohorts. We restrict a candidate region to 0.3 Mb on chromosome 7q33. This region harbours the gene diacylglycerol kinase, iota (DGKI) which contains overlapping haplotypes associated with dyslexia in both Finnish and German sample sets.

OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often show obsessive repetitive symptoms that are characteristic to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Aberrant glutamate function has been suggested to a risk for both ASDs and OCD. Considering the common metabolic pathway and recent results from association studies both in OCD and ASDs, a question, whether there is common molecular background in ASDs and OCD, was raised. METHODS Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 9p24 and 11p12-p13 containing glutamate transporter genes SLC1A1 and SLC1A2 and their neighboring regions in 175 patients with ASDs and 216 controls of Finnish origin were analyzed using real-time-PCR or direct sequencing. RESULTS The strongest association was detected with rs1340513 in the JMJD2C gene at 9p24.1 (P=0.007; corrected P=0.011) that is the same SNP associated with infantile autism (P=0.0007) in the autism genome project consortium (2007). No association was detected at 11p12-p13 with ASD. Interestingly, the strongest association in OCD has been found at rs301443 (P=0.000067) residing between SLC1A1 and JMJD2C at 9p24. CONCLUSION In summary, our results give evidence for a possible common locus for OCD and ASDs at 9p24. We speculate that the area may represent a special candidate region for obsessive repetitive symptoms in ASDs.

Our objective was to characterize clinical features, laboratory findings, concomitant autoimmune diseases, and smoking habits of lupus erythematosus subgroups in genetically homogeneous patients from two Dermatology Departments of Finnish University hospitals. One hundred and seventy eight discoid lupus erythematosus, 55 subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and 77 systemic lupus erythematosus patients were enrolled using patients’ charts from institutional database (1995–2006) and during routine control visits. Clustering analysis was performed to reveal natural groupings. Smoking at the onset of disease was significantly more common in all subgroups (57% for discoid lupus erythematosus, 35% for subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and 34% for systemic lupus erythematosus) compared with the age/gender-matched prevalence in the Finnish population, suggesting smoking to be a trigger factor for cutaneous lupus. Leukopenia (38%) and lymphopenia (52%) were observed more often in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than reported previously. Photosensitivity characterized all groups, especially patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (87%). Of the autoimmune diseases, Sjögren’s syndrome was the most common (22% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus), followed by autoimmune thyroid disease (13% of patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus). The clustering analysis showed environmental factors (smoking) to be more involved in disease development in discoid lupus erythematosus, whereas immunological factors were more significant in initiating systemic lupus erythematosus. The high prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease, together with photosensitivity, and the clustering profiles suggest that lupus erythematosus subtypes, especially discoid lupus erythematosus, are heterogeneic in their pathomechanisms.

The PSORS1 locus is the consistently replicated genetic risk factor for psoriasis. Clinical associations with the main marker allele of PSORS1, HLA-Cw6, have been addressed in a number of studies, but clinical associations have not been used as a way to distinguish the effects of the neighbouring candidate genes in PSORS1. Our results show that HLA-Cw6 and CCHCR1 risk allele associations with clinical features of psoriasis are predictably highly similar in a Finnish nationwide cohort of 379 psoriasis patients. The clinical profiling of a small group of patients (n=34) who were HLA-Cw6- but CCHCR1*WWCC positive suggested that no great differences existed between them and HCR-Cw6- patients. HCR+ genotype (as well as Cw6+ genotype) correlated for the first time positively with female sex and, in contrast with previous studies, negatively with disease severity. Presence of psoriatic arthritis was more pronounced in HCR- psoriasis (as well as in Cw6- psoriasis). Clinical profiling may be a useful approach to distinguishing genetic effects of candidate genes even within a locus in sufficiently large cohorts.

It has previously been demonstrated that the advance of the Neolithic Revolution from the Near East through Europe was decelerated in the northernmost confines of the continent, possibly as a result of space and resource competition with lingering Mesolithic populations. Finland was among the last domains to adopt a farming lifestyle, and is characterized by substructuring in the form of a distinct genetic border dividing the northeastern and southwestern regions of the country. To explore the origins of this divergence, the geographical patterns of mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups of Neolithic and Mesolithic ancestry were assessed in Finnish populations. The distribution of these uniparental markers revealed a northeastern bias for hunter-gatherer haplogroups, while haplogroups associated with the farming lifestyle clustered in the southwest. In addition, a correlation could be observed between more ancient mitochondrial haplogroup age and eastern concentration. These results coupled with prior archeological evidence suggest the genetic northeast/southwest division observed in contemporary Finland represents an ancient vestigial border between Mesolithic and Neolithic populations undetectable in most other regions of Europe.

Purpose To study the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4073 in the interleukin-8 (IL-8) promoter region with the diagnosis and age of onset of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in association with the known genetic risk factors for AMD and tobacco smoking. Methods Medical records, smoking history and angiograms or fundus photographs of 301 patients with exudative AMD, 72 patients with dry AMD and 119 control subjects were analysed retrospectively. The associations of IL-8 rs4073 AT, CFH rs1061170 TC, ARMS2 rs10490924 GT and C3 rs2230199 CG SNPs with the presence of AMD and with the age of onset of exudative AMD were analysed. Results Younger age of exudative AMD onset was associated with the homozygous AA genotype of IL-8 rs4073 (p = 0.009, Mann–Whitney U-test), CC genotype of CFH rs1061170 (p = 0.016), TT genotype of ARMS2 rs10490924 (p = 0.001) and with current smoking (p = 0.002). The risk alleles C in CFH rs1061170 (p

Motivated by high throughput genotyping technology, our aim in this study was to experimentally compare the power and accuracy of case‐control and family trio based approaches for haplotype based, large scale, association gene mapping. We compared trio based and case‐control study designs in different disease models, and partitioned the performance differences into separate components: those from the sample ascertainment, the effective sample size, and the haplotyping approaches. For systematic and controlled tests, we simulated a rapidly expanding and relatively young isolated population. The experiments were also replicated with real asthma data. We used computationally efficient methods that scale up to large amounts of both markers and individuals. Mapping is based on a haplotype association test for haplotypes of 1–10 markers. For population based haplotype reconstruction, we use HaploRec, and compare it to both a simple trio based inference and true haplotypes. Firstly and surprisingly, statistically inferred population based haplotypes can be equally powerful as true haplotypes. Secondly, as expected, the effective sample size has a clear effect on both gene detection power and mapping accuracy. Thirdly, the sample ascertainment method does not have much effect on mapping accuracy. Finally, an interesting side result is that the simple haplotype association test clearly outperformed exhaustive allelic transmission disequilibrium tests. The results suggest that the case‐control design is a powerful alternative to the more laborious family based ascertainment approach, especially for large datasets, and wherever population stratification can be controlled.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by diverse and variable clinical manifestations. The etiology of SLE is still unknown, but both environmental and genetic factors are involved. Recent genome-wide scans and candidate genes studies in different ethnic groups have already suggested susceptibility loci for SLE, but most of the genetic component remains unexplained. We have previously conducted a genome-wide scan in 35 Finnish families multiply affected with SLE. With 417 microsatellite markers, we detected suggestive linkage in regions on chromosomes 6q and 14q as well as HLA on 6p. The 14q locus has also been implicated in three previous genome scans on SLE, whereas a partially overlapping region on 6q was implicated in one previous study. In an effort to obtain additional evidence for susceptibility loci on 6q and 14q and in order to refine their positions, we performed fine mapping at 1 cM density across the suggestive regions of linkage. Our results show evidence for excess sharing of a haplotype on 14q and excess transmission of a haplotype on 6q. Our results are compatible with the idea of a founder effect for susceptibility genes in SLE in central eastern Finland and suggest a path to the isolation of the putative susceptibility genes.

The arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) is known to affect social communication and has been reported to associate with autism in several studies. Given that the microsatellite RS1 and a few SNPs in the promoter region of the AVPR1A have repeatedly associated with several traits, including autism it is rather surprising that the molecular explanation for these associations has remained unknown, although it has been reported that the allele length of the AVPR1A microsatellites might affect disease risk. Here we carried out an extended association analysis of three microsatellites and 12 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and around the AVPR1A gene in 205 Finnish families followed by promoter analysis. FBAT version v2.0.3 was used for family-based genetic association analyses of AVPR1A microsatellites and SNPs. The nearby microsatellite RS1 was found to harbor the best association. Interestingly, there are two potentially relevant transcription factor (TF) binding sites at RS1: for MEF2C and PBX, predicted with the Match algorithm in the TRANSFAC database. Sequence variations changing the affinity of these TFs might partly explain the AVPR1A promoter region associations shown in autism.

An open problem of some interest in the study of HLA has been the possible existence of transmission distortion in the human HLA complex. In this paper, transmission probabilities are estimated and tested using data on HLA A, B and DR loci genotypes of parents and offspring ascertained from the entire population of Finland (Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study) through one or more offspring diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) during the recruitment period from September 1986 to July 1989. First, we show how to get unbiased estimates of transmission probabilities from the family data collected in the disease registry of incident cases. This is accomplished by assuming that transmission of HLA genes to children in the general population is conditionally independent given the parents’ genotypes, and the birth dates of all offspring. Based on the sampling (ascertainment) process in the study on Childhood Diabetes in Finland, younger siblings of the index child (the oldest proband) are independent of the ascertainment and therefore give rise to unbiased inference regarding allele transmission. The hypothesis of Mendelian transmission of alleles at each locus was tested using the standard χ2 test. Goodness-of-fit of the Mendelian inheritance model to the individual locus data is calculated by maximizing the likelihood function over allele transmission intensities at each locus. The existence of a strong transmission distortion is not supported by this study at the loci considered.

A Bayesian method for multipoint mapping of disease genes based on Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms was applied to the simulated GAW11 data (Study 2). The method is based on repeated Gibbs and more general Metropolis-Hastings steps. For simplicity we assumed a single disease locus model with two alleles. A normal distribution for the underlying latent variable of the qualitative phenotype was assumed. Based on a single replicate of the data no clear evidence of any of the genes underlying the simulated disease was found. However, when three replicates were combined the method was able to locate the locus C correctly on chromosome 3.

Humans have developed the perception, production and processing of sounds into the art of music. A genetic contribution to these skills of musical aptitude has long been suggested. We performed a genome-wide scan in 76 pedigrees (767 individuals) characterized for the ability to discriminate pitch (SP), duration (ST) and sound patterns (KMT), which are primary capacities for music perception. Using the Bayesian linkage and association approach implemented in program package KELVIN, especially designed for complex pedigrees, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near genes affecting the functions of the auditory pathway and neurocognitive processes were identified. The strongest association was found at 3q21.3 (rs9854612) with combined SP, ST and KMT test scores (COMB). This region is located a few dozen kilobases upstream of the GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) gene. GATA2 regulates the development of cochlear hair cells and the inferior colliculus (IC), which are important in tonotopic mapping. The highest probability of linkage was obtained for phenotype SP at 4p14, located next to the region harboring the protocadherin 7 gene, PCDH7. Two SNPs rs13146789 and rs13109270 of PCDH7 showed strong association. PCDH7 has been suggested to play a role in cochlear and amygdaloid complexes. Functional class analysis showed that inner ear and schizophrenia-related genes were enriched inside the linked regions. This study is the first to show the importance of auditory pathway genes in musical aptitude.

Purpose To study the effects of IL-8, VEGF, CFH, complement component C3 and LOC387715 single nucleotide polymorphisms and neovascular lesion characteristics on the response to intravitreal bevacizumab treatment in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Fifty patients with treatment naive exudative AMD were recruited to this two-year prospective follow-up study, and treated with bevacizumab on their once-a-month visits when sub- or intraretinal fluid in OCTs, or a new hemorrhage was detected. Visual acuities (VA) and contrast sensitivities (CS) were assessed on every visit, and fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green (ICGA) angiographies recorded at baseline, and after one and two years of follow-up. Blood samples were collected for genotyping. Results VEGF -2578A/C and CFH Y402H polymorphisms and baseline lesion size in ICGA associated with the number of needed reinjections during the follow-up, and IL-8 -251A/T associated with the disappearance of fluid in OCTs. The alleles A in IL-8 -251A/T, A in VEGF -2578A/C, and C in CFH Y402H had a cumulative effect on the presence of fluid in OCTs. A marked difference existed between patients having 0 - 2 risk alleles compared to those having 3 - 6 risk alleles (P=0.00002). An association was also detected between the VEGF -2578A/C polymorphism and CS gain (P=0.014). During the first year VA change correlated negatively with the number of visits when cystic changes were detected in the OCTs (r=-0.366, P=0.009), but the association did not persist during the second year. Conclusion VEGF -2578A/C, IL-8 -251A/T, and CFH Y402H seem to to affect the persistence of fluid in the macular area during bevacizumab therapy of exudative AMD.

Purpose To study the association of potential key single-nucleotide polymorphisms with the short-term anatomic response to bevacizumab treatment in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Clinical data of 96 bevacizumab-treated exudative age-related macular degeneration patients were analyzed retrospectively. Blood DNA was collected. Based on the disappearance of intra- or subretinal fluid in optical coherence tomography, patients were graded as responders, partial responders, or nonresponders after 3 initial treatment visits and a median time of 3.5 months. Representative single-nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin 8, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, complement factor H, complement component C3, and LOC387715 genes were analysed. Results Interleukin 8 promoter polymorphism −251A/T,conferring a more acitve interleuking-8 system, was significantly associated with persisting fluid in optical coherence tomography. The A allele was more frequent in nonresponders than in responders (P = 0.033). In multivariate modeling, the AA genotype of −251A/T (P = 0.043) and occult (P = 0.042) or predominantly classic (P = 0.040) lesions predicted a poorer outcome. Conclusion The interleukin -8 pathway may modulate the early anatomic response to anti-VEGF treatment in AMD. A possible activation of interleukin -8 production in patients may represent a compensatory mechanism to chronic blockade of VEGF signalling in AMD lesions

Music is listened in all cultures. We hypothesize that willingness to produce and perceive sound and music is social communication that needs musical aptitude. Here, listening to music was surveyed using a web-based questionnaire and musical aptitude using the auditory structuring ability test (Karma Music test) and Carl Seashores tests for pitch and for time. Three highly polymorphic microsatellite markers (RS3, RS1 and AVR) of the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) gene, previously associated with social communication and attachment, were genotyped and analyzed in 31 Finnish families (n=437 members) using family-based association analysis. A positive association between the AVPR1A haplotype (RS1 and AVR) and active current listening to music (permuted P=0.0019) was observed. Other AVPR1A haplotype (RS3 and AVR) showed association with lifelong active listening to music (permuted P=0.0022). In addition to AVPR1A, two polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and variable number of tandem repeat) of human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), a candidate gene for many neuropsychiatric disorders and previously associated with emotional processing, were analyzed. No association between listening to music and the polymorphisms of SLC6A4 were detected. The results suggest that willingness to listen to music is related to neurobiological pathways affecting social affiliation and communication.

Several variants in the complement cascade genes (complement factor H [CFH], C2, C3, CFB, and Serping1) have been reported to associate with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Of these, a member of the complement alternative pathway, CFH, represents the highest risk. As properdin (P) is also an important protein in this pathway, we analysed whether variants in the properdin gene (CFP) at Xp11.4 are associated with AMD. Ten exons of CFP were sequenced in a total of 222 Finnish patients with AMD (150 sporadic cases and 72 familial cases). The controls were 86 age-matched non-AMD patients with no large drusen and no or minimal focal pigmentary abnormalities. A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in CFP, three of them infrequent (in 5 patients and controls in total). The fourth SNP, rs1048118 in exon 10, was more frequent, but was not associated with AMD, either alone (p = 0.33) or in conjunction with other risk factors. Thus, CFP does not seem to confer any risk for AMD.

Artistic creativity forms the basis of music culture and music industry. Composing, improvising and arranging music are complex creative functions of the human brain, which biological value remains unknown. We hypothesized that practicing music is social communication that needs musical aptitude and even creativity in music. In order to understand the neurobiological basis of music in human evolution and communication we analyzed polymorphisms of the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A), serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), catecol-O-methyltranferase (COMT), dopamin receptor D2 (DRD2) and tyrosine hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), genes associated with social bonding and cognitive functions in 19 Finnish families (n = 343 members) with professional musicians and/or active amateurs. All family members were tested for musical aptitude using the auditory structuring ability test (Karma Music test; KMT) and Carl Seashores tests for pitch (SP) and for time (ST). Data on creativity in music (composing, improvising and/or arranging music) was surveyed using a web-based questionnaire. Here we show for the first time that creative functions in music have a strong genetic component (h(2) = .84; composing h(2) = .40; arranging h(2) = .46; improvising h(2) = .62) in Finnish multigenerational families. We also show that high music test scores are significantly associated with creative functions in music (p

In this study, three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene associated with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) were investigated in the Finnish population. A case-control study of 59 sporadic patients with XFS, 82 with XFG, 71 with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 26 individuals without these disorders from the southern Finnish population, and a family study of an extended family with 28 patients with XFS or XFG and 92 unaffected relatives from Kökar islands, Southwestern Finnish archipelago, were conducted. Anonymous blood donors (n=404) were studied as population-based controls. Three SNPs, rs1048661 (R141L), rs3825942 (G153D) and rs2165241, of the LOXL1 gene were genotyped by PCR sequencing. Association and linkage analyses were carried out. In both case-control and family materials, significant association for allele G of rs1048661 (P=2.65 x 10(-5); P=0.0007), allele G of rs3825942 (P=2.24 x 10(-8); P=0.49) and allele T of rs2165241 (P=2.62 x 10(-13); P0.0001) was found in XFS/XFG. However, linkage was not observed for LOXL1 risk alleles. The corresponding three-locus haplotype GGT increased the risk of XFS/ XFG nearly 15-fold relative to low-risk haplotype GAC (odds ratio (OR): 14.9, P=1.6 x 10(-16)). In conclusion, the earlier reported polymorphisms of the LOXL1 gene showed significant association also in the Finnish population.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder with multiple susceptibility genes. We have previously reported suggestive linkage to the chromosomal region 14q21-q23 in Finnish SLE families. Principal Findings Genetic fine mapping of this region in the same family material, together with a large collection of parent affected trios from UK and two independent case-control cohorts from Finland and Sweden, indicated that a novel uncharacterized gene, MAMDC1 (MAM domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 2, also known as MDGA2, MIM 611128), represents a putative susceptibility gene for SLE. In a combined analysis of the whole dataset, significant evidence of association was detected for the MAMDC1 intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs961616 (P –value = 0.001, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.292, 95% CI 1.103–1.513) and rs2297926 (P –value = 0.003, OR = 1.349, 95% CI 1.109–1.640). By Northern blot, real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses, we show that MAMDC1 is expressed in several tissues and cell types, and that the corresponding mRNA is up-regulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in THP-1 monocytes. Based on its homology to known proteins with similar structure, MAMDC1 appears to be a novel member of the adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgCAM), which is involved in cell adhesion, migration, and recruitment to inflammatory sites. Remarkably, some IgCAMs have been shown to interact with ITGAM, the product of another SLE susceptibility gene recently discovered in two independent genome wide association (GWA) scans. Significance Further studies focused on MAMDC1 and other molecules involved in these pathways might thus provide new insight into the pathogenesis of SLE.

Background Variants in the complement cascade genes and the LOC387715/HTRA1, have been widely reported to associate with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of visual impairment in industrialized countries. Methods/Principal Findings We investigated the association between the LOC387715 A69S and complement component C3 R102G risk alleles in the Finnish case-control material and found a significant association with both variants (OR 2.98, p = 3.75×10−9; non-AMD controls and OR 2.79, p = 2.78×10−19, blood donor controls and OR 1.83, p = 0.008; non-AMD controls and OR 1.39, p = 0.039; blood donor controls), respectively. Previously, we have shown a strong association between complement factor H (CFH) Y402H and AMD in the Finnish population. A carrier of at least one risk allele in each of the three susceptibility loci (LOC387715, C3, CFH) had an 18-fold risk of AMD when compared to a non-carrier homozygote in all three loci. A tentative gene-gene interaction between the two major AMD-associated loci, LOC387715 and CFH, was found in this study using a multiplicative (logistic regression) model, a synergy index (departure-from-additivity model) and the mutual information method (MI), suggesting that a common causative pathway may exist for these genes. Smoking (ever vs. never) exerted an extra risk for AMD, but somewhat surprisingly, only in connection with other factors such as sex and the C3 genotype. Population attributable risks (PAR) for the CFH, LOC387715 and C3 variants were 58.2%, 51.4% and 5.8%, respectively, the summary PAR for the three variants being 65.4%. Conclusions/Significance Evidence for gene-gene interaction between two major AMD associated loci CFH and LOC387715 was obtained using three methods, logistic regression, a synergy index and the mutual information (MI) index.

DYX3, a locus for dyslexia, resides on chromosome 2p11-p15. We have refined its location on 2p12 to a 157 kb region in two rounds of linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping in a set of Finnish families. The observed association was replicated in an independent set of 251 German families. Two overlapping risk haplotypes spanning 16 kb were identified in both sample sets separately as well as in a joint analysis. In the German sample set, the odds ratio for the most significantly associated haplotype increased with dyslexia severity from 2.2 to 5.2. The risk haplotypes are located in an intergenic region between FLJ13391 and MRPL19/C2ORF3. As no novel genes could be cloned from this region, we hypothesized that the risk haplotypes might affect long-distance regulatory elements and characterized the three known genes. MRPL19 and C2ORF3 are in strong LD and were highly co-expressed across a panel of tissues from regions of adult human brain. The expression of MRPL19 and C2ORF3, but not FLJ13391, were also correlated with the four dyslexia candidate genes identified so far (DYX1C1, ROBO1, DCDC2 and KIAA0319). Although several non-synonymous changes were identified in MRPL19 and C2ORF3, none of them significantly associated with dyslexia. However, heterozygous carriers of the risk haplotype showed significantly attenuated expression of both MRPL19 and C2ORF3, as compared with non-carriers. Analysis of C2ORF3 orthologues in four non-human primates suggested different evolutionary rates for primates when compared with the out-group. In conclusion, our data support MRPL19 and C2ORF3 as candidate susceptibility genes for DYX3.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disease, which affects approximately 40% of the population at an age above 90 years. The heritability is estimated to be greater than 60% and there are rare autosomal dominant forms indicating a significant genetic influence on the disease process. Despite the successes in the early 1990s when four genes were identified, which directly cause the disease (APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2) or greatly increase the risk of disease development (APOE), it has proved exceedingly difficult to identify additional genes involved in the pathogenesis. However, several linkage and association studies have repeatedly supported the presence of susceptibility genes on chromosomes (chrms) 9, 10 and 12. The study populations have, however, mostly been of great genetic heterogeneity, and this may have contributed to the meagre successes in identifying the disease associated genetic variants. In this study, we have performed a genome wide linkage study on 71 AD families from the relatively genetically homogeneous Swedish population where it is also possible to study the genetic ancestry in public databases. We have performed nonparametric linkage analyses in the total family material as well as stratified the families with respect to the presence or absence of APOE varepsilon4. Our results suggest that the families included in this study are tightly linked to the APOE region, but do not show evidence of linkage to the previously reported linkages on chrms 9, 10 and 12. Instead, we observed the next highest LOD score on chromosome 5q35 in the total material. Further, the data suggest that the major fraction of families linked to this region is APOE varepsilon4 positive.

Background The incidence of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is increasing fast in many populations. The reasons for this are not known, although an increase in the penetrance of the diabetes-associated alleles, through changes in the environment, might be the most plausible mechanism. After the introduction of insulin treatment in 1930s, an increase in the pool of genetically susceptible individuals has been suggested to contribute to the increase in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes. Results To explore this hypothesis, the authors formulate a simple population genetic model for the incidence change driven by non-Mendelian transmission of a single susceptibility factor, either allele(s) or haplotype(s). A Poisson mixture model is used to model the observed number of cases. Model parameters were estimated by maximizing the log-likelihood function. Based on the Finnish incidence data 1965–1996 the point estimate of the transmission probability was 0.998. Given our current knowledge of the penetrance of the most diabetic gene variants in the HLA region and their transmission probabilities, this value is exceedingly unrealistic. Conclusions As a consequence, non-Mendelian transmission of diabetic allele(s)/haplotype(s) if present, could explain only a small part of the increase in incidence in Finland. Hence, the importance of other, probably environmental factors modifying the disease incidence is emphasized.

Developmental dyslexia, or reading disability, is a multigenic complex disease for which at least five loci, i.e. DYX1-3 and DYX5-6, have been clearly identified from the human genome. To date, DYX1C1 is the only dyslexia candidate gene cloned. We have previously reported linkage to 2p11 and 7q32 in 11 Finnish pedigrees. Here, we report the fine mapping of the approximately 40-cM linked region from chromosome 2 as we increased marker density to one per 1.8 cM. Linkage was supported with the highest NPL score of 3.0 (P=0.001) for marker D2S2216. Association analysis using the six pedigrees showing linkage pointed to marker D2S286/rs3220265 (P value0.001) in the near vicinity of D2S2216. We went on to further characterise this approximately 15-cM candidate region (D2S2110-D2S2181) by adding six SNPs covering approximately 670 kb centred at D2S286/rs3220265. A haplotype pattern could no longer be observed in this region, which was therefore excluded from the candidate area. This also excluded the TACR1 (tachykinin receptor 1) gene, located at marker D2S286. The dyslexia candidate region on 2p11 is, therefore, now limited to the chromosomal area D2S2116-D2S2181, which is approximately 12 Mbp of human sequence and is at a distinct location from the previously reported DYX3 locus, raising the possibility of two distinct loci on chromosome 2p.

Epidemiological studies and case reports suggest that familial clustering of gliomas may occur in families that do not fit any known tumor syndromes. In the present study, 15 familial glioma pedigrees from a limited geographical area were hypothesized to carry the same low-penetrance susceptibility allele. We used a two-stage strategy for disease gene mapping. A genome scan in four glioma families revealed four interesting loci at chromosome arms 1q, 6q, 8p, and 15q. Additional markers in these regions provided evidence of significant linkage to 15q23-q26.3 with a maximum nonparametric linkage score of 3.35 with marker D15S130. Investigation of all 15 glioma families by association analysis (haplotype pattern mining) and through use of the transmission/disequilibrium test gave further evidence of significant association/transmission distortion at the same 15q locus (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). No evidence of involvement of known tumor syndromes was obtained from the data provided by the linkage analysis or hospital records. Thus, the first genome-wide linkage analysis of familial glioma suggests a novel susceptibility locus at 15q23-q26.3.