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Phytochemical investigation on the roots ofAsparagus cochinchinensisled to the isolation of one new furostanol saponin, named 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-22α-hydroxyl-(25R)-Δ5(6)-furost-3β,26-diol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), along with three known congeners (2‒4). The structure of new saponin was elucidated via comprehensive inspection of its HRMS and NMR spectral data as well as chemical technology, whereas those of known ones were identified by comparison of their NMR and MS spectral data with those reported in literatures. All isolated saponins were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on two human liver (MHCC97H) and lung adenocarcinoma (H1299) cancer cells in vitro. Among them, both1and2showed significant cytotoxicity against above mentioned cell lines. Further studies revealed that these two saponins could significantly inhibit their proliferation of MHCC97H and H1299 cells.Graphic Abstract

Due to the lack of connectives,implicit discourse relation recognition is a challenging task,especially in Chinese.This paper proposes a method for Chinese implicit discourse relation recognition,which expands the training data by combining active learning and multi-task learning method.This method aims to reduce the noise as much as possible when it expands the training data set.Firstly,the active learning is used to select some explicit data through the classification uncertainty based on BERT,and then the connectives in the explicit data are removed and regarded as pseudo-implicit training data.Finally,a multi task learning method is used to boost implicit discourse relation recognition by using the pseudo-implicit training data.Experimental results on Chinese discourse treebank (CDTB) show that our method improves the macro-average F1 and micro-average F1 scores,compared with the baselines.

Rhynchanthus beesianus (Zingiberaceae) has been an important food spice and vegetable in southern China. Fifteen phenolic compounds (1-15) including three new diarylheptanoids, rhynchanines A-C (1-3) and one new phenylpropanoid, 4-O-methylstroside B (9), were isolated from R. beesianus rhizomes. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analyses through NMR, HRMS technique, acid hydrolysis, and Mosher's reaction. Among them, compound 5 is the first isolated natural product and its NMR data are reported. Most of the isolated compounds, especially 3-6 and 8, showed significant antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. Furthermore, the antioxidant phenolic compounds were evaluated for their cytoprotective capacity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG-2 cells. Compounds 3 and 5 could significantly inhibit reactive oxygen species production, and compounds 3, 5, and 6 could remarkably prevent the cell apoptosis. Then, the R. beesianus rhizome, which contained phenolic compounds, might serve as a functional food for potential application on preventing oxidative stress-connected diseases.

Two rearranged triterpenoids, representing new subtypes of pentacyclic triterpenoids, with unique 6/6/6/7/5 and 6/6/5/6/6/6 ring systems were isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Both compounds exhibited potent antihyperuricemic bioactivity in vitro and in vivo.

The fruits of Lycium barbarum have a long history as an edible and medicinal food in Asian regions and have multiple consumption methods; the polysaccharides (LBPs) are commonly considered as their major immunological constituents. The current study revealed that the total phenolic amide moieties from L. barbarum fruits showed greater potential immunomodulatory activity in vivo than did LBPs. Through subsequent investigation on the immunological bioactive phenolic amides, three new phenolic amides, lyciumamides L-N (1-3), as well as 12 analogues, were obtained from the total phenolic amide fraction. Extensive spectroscopic methods were used to elucidate the new structures. Compounds 4-6 and 15 significantly promoted LPS-stimulated B splenocyte, while compounds 4-6 displayed accelerative effects on the proliferation of Con A-stimulated T lymphocytes at a concentration of 20.0 μg/mL. These data indicated that extracts from L. barbarum fruits enriched with phenolic amides could be developed as a nutritional dietary supplement for immunocompromised individuals.

Ethnopharmacological relevance “Ya gai”, an important part of Dai medical theory, is traditionally recognized as an antidote. Kopsia officinalis Tsiang et P. T. Li is a “Ya gai” related medicine and has been widely used by Dai people for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Previous literature on title species suggested that monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) could be its main bioactive components. However, the specific bioactive ingredients for inflammation-related treatment are still unrevealed, which inspired us to conduct a phytochemical and pharmacological investigation related to its traditional use. Aim of the study To support the traditional use of K. officinalis by assessing the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of its purified MIAs. Material and methods Compounds were isolated and purified from the barks and leaves of K. officinalis using diverse chromatographic methods. The structures were established by means of extensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum computational technique. The anti-inflammatory activities of the purified MIAs were evaluated in vitro based on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-activated inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in vivo were assessed with carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-stimulated writhing in mice models. Results 23 MIAs including four new compounds were obtained and structurally established. Most of isolates showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro by inhibiting inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α). Further pharmacological evaluation in vivo revealed that 12-hydroxy-19(R)-hydroxy-ibophyllidine (1) and 11,12-methylenedioxykopsinaline N4-oxide (5) remarkably decreased the number of writhing, while kopsinic acid (8), (−)-kopsinilam (12), and normavacurine-21-one (20) significantly relieved paw edema, respectively, even better than the positive control aspirin. Conclusions The in vitro and in vivo findings supported the traditional use of K. officinalis with respect to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, as well as provided potent bioactive MIAs for further chemical modification and pharmacological investigation.

In recent years, the T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors toward CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 axis antibody therapy have acquired encouraging success. However, most of patients were still not benefited with lots of troubles, such as low penetration of tissues/cells, strong immunogenicity and cytokine release syndrome, and long manufacturing process and expensive costs. By contrast, the immune-modulating small molecules possessed natural advantages to overcome these obstacles and might achieve greater success.Exploring the potent immune-modulating natural small molecules and revealing what kinds of molecules or structures with the immunomodulatory activity against cancers.A novel non-cytotoxic T-cell immunomodulating screening model was used to identify the cytotoxic/selective/immunomodulatory bioactivity for 148 natural steroidal saponins. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) research was used to reveal the key groups for immunomodulation/cytotoxicity/selectivity. The negative selection was used to isolate and purify the T-cell. The cell viability assay was used to measure the anti-cancer effect in vitro. The ELISA assay was used to detect the cytokines for IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, perforin and granzyme B (GZMB). The western blotting assay was used to research the immunomodulatory mechanism. The siRNA knockdown was used to generate the IFN-γ resistant melanoma cells. The NOG immune-deficient mice were used to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. The peripheral blood samples from 10 cancer patients were used to detect the broad population anti-tumor efficacy.It was reported that the correlation among structures and immunomodulation/ cytotoxicity/selectivity, in which opening ring-F with 26-O-glucopyranosyl, disaccharide and trisaccharide chains at C-3, steric hindrance and polarity of C-22 were key immunomodulatory groups. Moreover, taccaoside A was identified as the most potent candidate against cancer cells, including non-small cell lung cancer, triple negative breast cancer, and the IFN-γ resistant melanoma, partly through enhancing T lymphocyte mTORC1-Blimp-1 signal to secrete GZMB. Besides, 10 patients derived T-cell also would be modulated against cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, the overall survival was great extended (140 days vs 93 days) with nearly 100% tumor burden disappearance (0 mmThis work demonstrated one possibility for this concerned purpose, and identified a potent immune-modulating natural molecule taccaoside A, which might contribute to cancer immunotherapy in future.

Two rearranged triterpenoids, representing new subtypes of pentacyclic triterpenoids, with unique 6/6/6/7/5 and 6/6/5/6/6/6 ring systems were isolated from

The whole plant of Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) is one of popular functional food in south of China, named as "kidney tea" and used to ameliorate renal inflammation. In order to verify this potential function and explore the accurate compounds responsible for inflammation, the ethanol extract, fractions, and subfractions of this plant were prepared to evaluate anti-inflammation effect on xylene-induced acute inflammatory mice model, and the results indicated that two subfractions from EtOAc fraction show potential activities. Subsequent bioassay-guided isolation of the bioactive subfractions led to isolation of 25 compounds. Among them, compounds 2, 4, 5, 9-11, 13, 16, 17, and 20-22 inhibited the productions of pro-inflammation factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced renal epithelia (HK-2) cells, respectively. Further anti-inflammation evaluation in vivo indicated that the major bioactive compounds 1, 2, 5-7, 17, 21, and 22 from C. spicatus were even better than aspirin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: C. spicatus as a healthy tea has been available in the Chinese market and as a medicine for various disorders such as nephritis, rheumatism, inflammation, gout, and diabetes. Previous pharmacological investigation of the plant revealed the potential anti-inflammatory activities, but the material basis of anti-inflammatory activity remains to be elucidated. In our study, the anti-inflammatory fractions and compounds were obtained by the bioassay-guide isolation and the results showed that the highly oxygenated diterpenoids were major anti-inflammatory compounds, in which 1, 2, 5-7, 17, 21, and 22 were even better than aspirin. This information supported kidney tea as a functional food for treatment of renal inflammation reasonably and may add a new dimension to biological activity of this plant in the field of agriculture as a functional food were cultivated.

Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the highly aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis. Glioma stem cells (GSCs), small population of cancer cells that exist in GBM tissues, resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and usually driving GBM recurrence, have been developed as effective therapeutic target. Steroidal saponins are one of important resources for anti-tumor agent and may be benefited to selectively clear GSCs. In this report, total of 97 natural steroidal saponins were investigated the relationship among structures/cytotoxicity/selectivity against GSCs, glioma cell lines and human untransformed cells, and revealed that tribulosaponin A was the most potent compound. Further investigation suggested that tribulosaponin A up-regulated the expression of NCF1 and NOX1 to accumulate ROS for triggering apoptosis in GSCs, but not in untransformed cells, and it was further supported by the assay that N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) clearing ROS delayed GSCs apoptosis. Besides, tribulosaponin A damaged GSCs recapturing tumor spheres formation.

The fruits of

Five new phenyl-C1 substituent aporphine alkaloids, 6aR-2′-methoxycarbonyl-thaliadin (1), 6aR-2′-carboxyl-thaliadin (2), 6aR-3-methoxy-hernandalinol (3), 6aS-1,3,10-trimethoxy-natalamine (4), and 3-methoxy-2′-methoxycarbonyl-oxohernandalincin (5), together with sixteen known isoquinoline alkaloids (6–21) were isolated from the whole herb of Thalictrum cirrhosum (Levl.). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic measurements, and six isoquinoline alkaloids showed significant inhibitory activity on concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes proliferation with IC50 values 36–44 μM by the immunosuppressive bioassay.

Uncaria rhynchophylla is commonly recognized as a traditional treatment for dizziness, cerebrovascular diseases, and nervous disorders in China. Previously, the neuro-protective activities of the alkaloids from U. rhynchophylla were intensively reported. In current work, three new indole alkaloids (1–3), identified as geissoschizic acid (1), geissoschizic acid N 4-oxide (2), and 3β-sitsirikine N 4-oxide (3), as well as 26 known analogues were isolated from U. rhynchophylla. However, in the neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation assay for all isolated compounds, geissoschizic acid (1), geissoschizic acid N 4-oxide (2), isocorynoxeine (6), isorhynchophylline (7), (4S)-akuammigine N-oxide (8), and (4S)-rhynchophylline N-oxide (10) showed unexpected inhibitory activities at 10 μM. Unlike previous neuro-protective reports, as a warning or caution, our finding showcased a clue for possible NSCs toxicity and the neural lesions risk of U. rhynchophylla, while the structure–activity relationships of the isolated compounds were discussed also. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-017-0141-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with poor life expectancy, and glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a small population of tumor cells existed in GBM, in which GSCs response to drive GBM recurrence, invasion and contribute to the anti-cancer resistance. GSCs have been identified and developed as a therapeutic target for GBM and can be used in drugs screening. Isocostunolide is a natural sesquiterpenoid and contained abundant resource in medicinal plants, but the anti-cancer efficacies of it against GSCs are still unexplored. In this investigation, the anti-tumor activity of isocostunolide against GSCs was investigated and the result demonstrated that it inhibited the growth of GSCs (GSC-3#, GSC-12#, GSC-18#) significantly with an IC50 value of 2.80μg/ml, 2.61μg/ml, 1.07μg/ml, respectively. In further mechanism study, isocostunolide inhibited GSCs cell proliferation, induced GSCs apoptosis significantly, as well as increased the proportion of the cleavage of caspase-3. The result suggested that isocostunolide induced GSCs apoptosis via the caspase dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, isocostunolide damaged GSCs colony formation capacity significantly and exhibited the anti-cancer efficacy against GSCs in vitro.

Three new pyridine type alkaloids, (−)-vinmajpyridines A–C (1–3), along with two known alkaloids, have been isolated from the aerial parts of Vinca major cultivated in Pakistan. Their structures have been elucidated by means of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data. The new alkaloids were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against glioma initiating cell lines (GITC-3# and GITC-18#), glioblastoma cell lines (U-87MG and T98G), and lung cancer cell line A-549, but none of them was active at 20 μg/mL concentration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-017-0137-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

"Curcumae Radix", the dried rhizomes of Curcuma kwangsiensis documented in Chinese pharmacopoeia, has been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory and pain diseases, such as jaundice and red urine, cleaning the heart-fire and depression, arthralgia, and dysmenorrhea. However, according to literature surveys, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive studies of C. kwangsiensis have been seldom reported so far.The current study focuses on the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of C. kwangsiensis and discovering the bioactive compounds for its traditional usages both in vivo and in vitro, which could provide scientific justification about its traditional use.The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive assays of various layers (ME, EA, AQS) from C. kwangsiensis were achieved by carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-induced writhing animal models, respectively. The most bioactive part, EA layer was further phytochemically investigated by multiple step chromatography techniques. The structures of these isolates were unambiguously elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic and chemical methods, and comparison with corresponding data of the reported literature. Four major sesquiterpenoids (4, 6, 14, and 15) were achieved for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive assays by the two aforementioned animal models in vivo. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects via detecting inflammatory mediator releases (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells induced by LPS.The ME and EA layers significantly alleviated the paw edema caused by carrageenan and decreased the number of writhes induced by acetic acid at the dose of 200 and/or 100 mg/kg in comparison to the control group (p 0.01/0.05), and the EA layer exhibited better activity than that of ME layer. Subsequent phytochemical investigation on EA layer of C. kwangsiensis exhibited that three new terpenoid compounds (1-3), identified as (12Z,14R)-7β-hydroxylabda-8(17),12-diene-14,15,16-triol (1), (12Z,14S)- 7β-hydroxlabda-8(17),12-diene-14,15,16-triol (2), and (4S)-hydroxy-(8)-methoxy-(5S)-(H)-guaia1(10),7(11)-dien-12,8-olide (3), together with twenty-two known analogs were isolated. Furthermore, four major sesquiterpenoids (4, 6, 14, and 15) significantly relieved the paw edema and number of writhes at 100 and/or 50 mg/kg (p 0.05/0.01). Likewise, the majority of sesqui- and diterpenoids isolated could remarkably inhibited the secretion of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells at the concentration of 20 μg/mL, comparable to DXM used as the positive control. All the results suggested that EA layer from C. kwangsiensis possessed the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, and these sesqui- and diterpenoids could be the effective constituents responsible for relieving inflammation.The present studies undoubtedly determined the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive material basis of C. kwangsiensis, including the EA layer and its precise components, which presented equivalent or better anti-inflammatory effects than that of positive control (ASP/DXM) in vivo and in vitro. These results not only would account for scientific knowledge for traditional use of C. kwangsiensis, but also provide credible theoretical foundation for the further development of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Veratrum taliense is traditionally used TCMs in Yunnan province of China for pain and inflammation. Previous research and clinical applications have shown that V. taliense had significant analgesic activity. Jevine-type alkaloids were shown to be one of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents from V. taliense. However, other types of compounds from V. taliense related to its traditional use remains unknown. Aim of the study To identify veratramine-type steroidal alkaloids with analgesic effects from the roots and rhizomes of V. taliense. Materials and methods Compounds were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of V. taliense by chromatographic separation. Their structures were elucidated based on UV, IR, NMR and MS spectra data. Analgesic activity was assessed with acetic acid-induced writhing in mice model. Results Seven new veratramine-type alkaloids were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of V. taliense. They all exhibited significant analgesic activity, of which alkaloids 1 and 4 were more potent antalgic than the well-known analgesic drug, pethidine. Conclusions The veratramine-type alkaloids from V. taliense may serve as new leads for the discovery of analgesic drugs.

Three new indole glycosides 22-deoxystrictosamide (1), 22-deoxystrictosamide N b-oxide (2) and vincosamide 2′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside-11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), together with four known analogues were isolated from aqueous fraction of Strychnos nitida. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive analysis of spectroscopic data. All the alkaloids were tested for their cytotoxic activity, but they did not show any exciting result. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-016-0112-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Neolamarckia cadamba has been used traditionally to treat inflammation, fever, and pruritus in the Dai ethnopharmacy in Yunnan province, P.R. China. However, according to literature survey, the action basis of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of this plant were rarely reported, which accounts for the original intentions of this investigation. Aim of the study The study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of methanolic extract (ME), ethyl acetate (EA), and aqueous (AQS) fractions of N. cadamba and further explore the accurate compounds responsible for the activities of EA fraction. Materials and methods The in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ME, EA, and AQS fractions at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and two major constituents (compounds 5 and 7) at 50 and 100 mg/kg via intragastrically administrated, respectively, were evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-stimulated writhing animal models. Aspirin (ASP) was used as the positive control at the dose of 200 mg/kg. The monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) in EA fraction were phytochemically studied utilizing chromatographic techniques, and their structures and absolute configurations were established on the basis of multiple spectroscopic analyses and quantum computational chemistry method. Moreover, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were assessed by suppressing releases of LPS-activated inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Dexamethasone (DXM) was used as the positive control. Results Three fractions (ME, EA, and AQS) significantly ameliorated the paw edema caused by carrageenan and reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid in comparison to the control group at the doses of 200 and/or 400 mg/kg (in vivo). Subsequent phytochemical investigation of EA fraction led to the structural characterization of four new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, neocadambines A–D (1–4), as well as eight known analogues (5–12). Neocadambine A possesses a novel 14-nor-MIA skeleton that could be derived from the corynantheine-type MIAs via oxidative cleavage of C3–C14 bond and subsequently degradation of C14. Moreover, the structure of a bioactive known MIA, cadambine acid (6), was reassigned by analysis of its NMR spectroscopic data. Further biological assays revealed that the major constituent 3β-dihydrocadambine (7) significantly relieved the paw edema and decreased the number of writhing at 100 mg/kg in vivo. In addition, most of the isolates displayed remarkable in vitro anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the secretion of aforementioned inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, and compounds 4, 7, and 9 showed better anti-inflammatory effects than that of positive control, dexamethasone. Conclusions This study further validated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of N. cadamba, and revealed that monoterpenoid indole alkaloids could partly contribute to the efficacy of this ethnodrug. The major constituent 3β-dihydrocadambine (7) showed significant anti-inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that it could be a promising anti-inflammatory lead compound. Our findings provided scientific justification to support the traditional application of N. cadamba for treating inflammatory and nociceptive disorders.

Five new phenyl-C

Four new phenolic amides, 4-O-methylgrossamide (1), (E)-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)acryl-amide (2), (Z)-lyciumamide C (3), (Z)-thoreliamide B (4), together with thirteen known phenolic amides were identified from the stem of Lycium barbarum. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-cancer activities against human glioma stem cell lines. Graphical Abstract Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-017-0134-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Thallactones A (1) and B (2), enantiomeric aporphine alkaloids with rare cleaved rings A and B, as well as thaliglucine N-oxide (3) and their biosynthetically related precursor, northalphenine (4), were isolated from the whole plant of Thalictrum wangii. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectral techniques and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Moreover, compounds 1, 3, and northalphenine inhibited concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated proliferation of mice splenocyte significantly in a dose-dependent manner.

In order to deal with Energy scarcity and economic development problem, more and more city turns to the Low-carbon development model. The paper describes the Low-carbon city constructive condition of the Southern Jiangsu Province, and analyzes current main problems from the viewpoint of the industry, the traffic, the architecture, the consumer Low-carbon consumption consciousness and policy. After referring to experiences home and aboard，the paper puts forward some suggestions to deal with the before-mentioned problems.