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Purpose Inflammation is closely associated with prognosis in gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to assess the predictive value of existing inflammatory and tumor markers in GC, to establish a systemic score based on valuable predictors for early risk stratification of patients, and to create a nomogram for individual risk prediction. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 401 GC patients who underwent curative gastrectomy from 2007 to 2016. Results Through univariate and multivariate survival analysis, age (>60 years), depth of invasion (pT3-4), lymph node invasion (pN1-3), histologic classification (poor), adjuvant chemotherapy (no), albumin fibrinogen ratio (AFR) ( 27 U/mL) independently indicated inferior disease-free survival (DFS). In addition, depth of invasion, lymph node invasion, histologic classification, adjuvant chemotherapy, AFR, and CA19-9 were incorporated in the prediction of cancer-specific survival (CSS). A combined AFR and CA19-9 prognostic score (CACPS) was established. Lower AFR ( 27 U/mL) were allocated 1 point each in the CACPS (range, 0-2). CACPS can be used as an independent predictor for DFS and CSS in multivariate analysis (for DFS: CACPS 1: HR=2.039, 95% CI: 1.357-3.065, P=0.001; CACPS 2: HR=2.419, 95% CI: 1.397-4.186, P=0.002; for CSS: CACPS 1: HR=2.035, 95% CI: 1.292-3.205, P=0.002; CACPS 2: HR=2.255, 95% CI: 1.252-4.059, P=0.007), with a higher CACPS indicating poor survival according to Kaplan-Meier curves (both P

Cardiac alternans closely linked to calcium dysregulation is a crucial risk factor for fatal arrhythmia causing especially sudden death. Calcium overload is well-known to activate Ca

Increasing evidence showed that Curcumin (Cur) has a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of Cur in the electrophysiology of cardiomyocytes is currently not entirely understood. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Cur on the action potential and transmembrane ion currents in rabbit ventricular myocytes to explore its antiarrhythmic property. The whole-cell patch clamp was used to record the action potential and ion currents, while the multichannel acquisition and analysis system was used to synchronous record the electrocardiogram and monophasic action potential. The results showed that 30 μmol/L Cur shortened the 50% and 90% repolarization of action potential by 17% and 7%, respectively. In addition, Cur concentration-dependent inhibited the Late-sodium current (INa.L), Transient-sodium current (INa.T), L-type calcium current (ICa.L) and Rapidly delayed rectifying potassium current (IKr), with the IC50 value was 7.53 μmol/L, 398.88 μmol/L, 16.66 μmol/L and 9.96 μmol/L, respectively. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of Cur on INa.L was 52.97-fold higher than that of INa.T. Moreover, Cur decreased ATX Ⅱ-prolonged APD, suppressed the ATX Ⅱ-induced early afterdepolarization (EAD) and Ca2+-induced delayed afterdepolarization (DAD) in ventricular myocytes, and reduced the occurrence and average duration of ventricular tachycardias and ventricular fibrillations induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. In conclusion, Cur inhibited INa.L, INa.T, ICa.L and IKr, shortened APD, significant suppressed EAD and DAD-Like arrhythmogenic activities at the cellular level and exhibited antiarrhythmic effect at the organ level. It is first revealed that Cur is multi-ion channel blocker that preferentially blocks INa.L and may have potential antiarrhythmic property.

This paper presents a novel deep-learning approach to analyze the fish feeding intensity based on the images of fish tanks during the fish feeding process. The grade of the fish feeding intensity is an important indicator of fish appetite. On the design of a smart feeding system in aquaculture, this information is of great significance for guiding feeding and optimizing the fish production. However, conventional fish appetite assessment methods are inefficient and subjective. To solve these problems, in this study, based on a space-time two-stream 3D CNN, a deep learning approach for grading fish feeding intensity is proposed to evaluate fish appetite. The flow of the approach is implemented as follows. First, a fixed RGB camera is setup to capture the videos from the fish tanks during the feeding processes. This also constructs a dataset for training the two-stream neural network, and the fish appetite levels are graded using the trained neural network model. Finally, the performance of the method is evaluated and compared with other CNN-based deep learning approaches. The results show that the grading accuracy reached 91.18%, which outperforms the compared CNN-based approaches. Thus, the model can be used to detect and evaluate fish appetite to guide production practices.

Biodegradable intravascular stents could become totally degraded after supporting the stenosis diseased vascular without risks of thrombus and restenosis. As the earliest used biodegradable material on stents, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) has favorable mechanical and degradable performance. In this paper, poly-lactic acid was used as a stent material for the imitation of the S7 stent (Medtronic AVE, Minnesota, USA). The Z-structure stent was designed and constructed with textile methods by wounding and bonding the strut with a cylindrical mold. Poly-lactic acid Z-structure stents were made into different forms with two different bonding methods for the comparison of stent mechanical properties. In the meantime, polydiaxanon monofilament was used for the preparation of the Z-structure stent and WallStent to compare with poly-lactic acid stents. The stent radial force was tested by the platform compression method. Experimental results showed that the polydiaxanon Z-structure stent had a higher radial force than the poly-lactic acid ones because of better mechanical properties of the strut. Small-diameter stents expressed higher radial force, whereas stents with more crown rows had lower radial forces. Stents bonded with medical glue had higher radial force but lower fastness and inefficient self-expanded performance. The WallStent and Z-structure stent both had favorable elastic resilience performance, whereas the Z-structure stent performed better in compression resistance under large deformation

A comparison of compression behaviors between fully covered biodegradable polydioxanone (PDO) biliary stents (FCBPBSs) and uncovered biodegradable polydioxanone biliary stents (NBPBSs) was made by the finite element method. Numerical models for FCBPBSs and NBPBSs were established to investigate the relationship between the compression force and structural parameter (monofilament diameter and braid-pin number). The simulation and experimental results after calculating the compression force derived from both experiment and simulation results are in good agreement with each other, indicating that the simulation results can provide a useful reference for the investigation of biliary stents. The stress distributions for FCBPBSs and NBPBSs were studied, and the plastic dissipation analysis and plastic strain of FCBPBSs were obtained via simulation of compression of the film layer of the FCBPBSs. The film layer of FCBPBSs contributes greatly to the differences in mechanical properties, such as stress distribution, plastic dissipation and plastic strain, between FCBPBSs and NBPBSs.

Two novel biodegradable intravascular stents (BIS) with different structures are introduced. Braiding-structural BIS and Z-structural BIS were fabricated from polydioxanone (PDO) monofilament by a hand-braiding method with a perforated mold, imitating commercial stents that have been used clinically. The fabrication process of these two BIS is described and stent parameters, mechanical properties, and degradation properties are reported. The findings reveal that Z-structural BIS have higher porosity, smaller longitudinal shortening rate, and higher radial force and recovery rate compared with the braiding-structural stent. During the degradation process, braiding-structural BIS maintained their mechanical properties higher than international standards for 12 weeks, while Z-structural stents maintained them for 16 weeks.

Background: The mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein has recently been identified as a key downstream component of tumor necrosis factor–induced necroptosis, which is an important pathway of cancer cell death. The goal of the current study is to explore the expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein in colon cancer tissues and evaluate the prognostic value in patients with colon cancer. Methods: We collected normal and cancer colon tissues from 135 patients diagnosed with colon cancer after radical operation during July 2007 to April 2009 at The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. Immunohistochemistry analysis was scored using an established scoring system. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for recurrence-free survival and overall survival for all patients and 2 subsets of patients. The relationship between mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein expression and prognosis parameter (recurrence-free survival, overall survival) was analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: The median age of all patients was 67 years and 56.3% were male. Low expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein was associated with decreased overall survival (78.6 vs 81.2 months; P = .011) in all patients. In the subset of 79 patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, low expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein was associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (60.4 vs 72.8 months; P = .032) and decreased overall survival (66.3 vs 72.9 months; P = .005). Low expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein was associated with decreased overall survival (74.9 vs 79.8 months; P = .006) and recurrence-free survival (69.6 vs 78.8 months; P = .005) among patients with Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage II colon cancer. Conclusions: Low expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein was associated with decreased overall survival in all patient-group with resected colon cancer. It is associated with decreased recurrence-free survival and overall survival in the subset of patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy and patients who were TNM stage II. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein may provide important prognostic information in patients with colon cancer.

Biodegradable intravascular stent has attracted more and more focus in recent years as an effective solution for angiostenosis. Ideal stents were expected to exhibit sufficient radial force to support the vascular wall, while suitable flexibility for the angioplasty. After vascular remodeling, stents should be degraded into small molecular and be eliminated from human body, causing no potential risk. In this paper, poly-p-dioxanone (PDO) monofilament was braided into net structure with four different braiding density, two of which exhibited sufficient radial force larger than 30 kPa, and three of which showed the bending rigidity within 11.7–88.1 N•mm2. The degradation behaviors of monofilaments and stents have been observed for 16 weeks. The findings obtained indicate that degradation first occurred in morphology region, which induced temporary increase of crystallinity, monofilament bending rigidity and stent mechanical properties. During this period, monofilament tends to be hard and brittle and lost its tensile properties. Then the crystalline region was degraded and stent mechanical properties decreased. All the results reveal that the PDO intravascular stents with braided structure were able to afford at least 10 weeks of sufficient support to the vascular wall.

Exosomes are small secretory vesicles that are involved in intercellular communication. Exosomes are secreted by many types of cells and exert important functions in plasma-membrane exchange as well as the transport of bioactive substances, such as proteins, messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs), micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and organelles. Exosomes may regulate physiological processes by altering gene regulatory networks or epigenetic recombination. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted by stem cells can effectively transport proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs and play important roles in the regulation of tissue regeneration. This report reviews current progress in exosome studies as well as their emerging roles in stem cell research and potential clinical use.

Hepatoprotective agents could prevent tissue damage and reduce morbidity and mortality rates; such agents may include folkloric or alternative treatments. The present study evaluated the protective effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction from rhizomes of Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGF) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were orally treated with SGF daily and received CCl₄ intraperitoneally twice a week for 4 weeks. Our results showed that SGF at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the elevated activities of serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and the level of hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances compared to the CCl₄-treated group. Moreover, SGF treatment was also found to significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione compared with CCl₄-induced intoxicated liver. Histopathologic examination revealed that CCl₄-induced hepatic damage was markedly reversed by SGF. The results suggest that SGF has hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties in CCl₄-induced liver injury in rats.

The combustion process of CFBB is a system with time-varying, nonlinear, large inertia and time delay. Therefore the control effects of traditional PID control system in the CFBB plant are not satisfactory , especially the overshoot of the main steam pressure control system is very big, and the adjustment time is too long. To improve the performance of the main steam pressure control system, ADRC technology was used . The disturbed signal was added in the different operating conditions, the testing results indicated that the ADRC main steam pressure control system had more excellent performance than the convention PID method.

The article evaluated the inhibitory action of procaine on wild-type and mutated HERG potassium channel current (IHERG) to determine whether mutations in the S6 region are important for the inhibition of IHERG by procaine. HERG channels (WT, Y652A, and F656A) were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and studied using the standard two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. The results revealed that WT HERG is blocked in a concentration-, voltage-, and state-dependent manner by procaine ([IC50] = 34.79 μM). The steady state activation curves slightly move to the negative, while inactivation parameters move to the positive in the presence of procaine. Time-dependent test reveals that voltage-dependent IHERG blockade occurs extremely rapidly. Furthermore, the mutation to Ala of Y652 and F656 produce about 11-fold and 18-fold increases in IC50 for IHERG blockade, respectively. Simultaneously, for Y652A, the steady state activation and inactivation parameters are shifted to more positive values after perfusion of procaine. Conclusively, procaine state-dependently inhibits HERG channels (WT, Y652A, and F656A). The helix residues Y652 and F656 in the S6 transmembrane domain might play a role in interaction of the drug with the channel. Keywords:: procaine, inhibition, HERG channel, mutation, voltage clamp

Keloids are fibroproliferative dermal lesions characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and the formation of excess scar tissue, for which no effective treatment exists. We transfected a replication-incompetent adenovirus vector expressing green fluorescent protein and interleukin-24 gene (Ad-GFP/IL-24) into keloid fibroblasts (KF) and normal dermal fibroblasts (NDF) in vitro to investigate the suppression effects by observation on cell lines growth, apoptosis, mitosis cycle, etc. The expression of GFP and IL-24 mRNA confirmed that Ad-GFP/IL-24 was transfected into KF and NDF successfully. The expression level of secreting IL-24 protein detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in Ad-GFP/IL-24-treated KF and PBS-treated NDF was higher than controls; treatment with Ad-GFP/IL-24 in KF induced growth suppression (71.83% ± 6.67%, P < 0.05 to 9.79% ± 3.34%, P < 0.01), apoptosis (24.2% ± 3.08% to 66.51% ± 5.29%, P < 0.01) and increased the percentage of the G2/M phase (42.26% ± 6.44%, P < 0.01) in KF but not in NDF. The data showed that the exogenous IL-24 gene could selectively inhibit human KF proliferation and induce significant apoptosis.

Thermal entanglement of a two-qubit Heisenberg spin chain coupled to a single-mode cavity field is investigated. It is found that (1) thermal entanglement without the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) is explicitly smaller than that obtained with the RWA, which means that the counter-rotating terms have a large impact on thermal entanglement, therefore they cannot be neglected; (2) the case (ω≪Ω) is more beneficial for enhancing thermal entanglement than the resonance case (ω=Ω), the near-resonant case (ω≈Ω) and the case (ω≫Ω); (3) for thermal entanglement, there is a competition process between the exchange coupling J (the direct-coupling between the two two-level atoms) and the coupling constant g (which deduces the indirect effect between the two two-level atoms); the critical value of g increases with the spin coupling strength J.

Autografts have been extensively studied to facilitate optic nerve (ON) regeneration in animal experiments, but the clinical application of this approach to aid autoregeneration has not yet been attempted. This study aims to explore the guided regeneration by an artificial polyglycolic acid-chitosan conduit coated with recombinant L1-Fc. Consistent with previous studies; in vitro assay showed that both chitosan, a natural biomaterial, and the neural cell adhesion molecule L1-Fc enhanced neurite outgrowth. Rat optic nerve transection was used as an in vivo model. The implanted PGA-chitosan conduit was progressively degraded and absorbed, accompanied by significant axonal regeneration as revealed by immunohistochemistry, anterograde and retrograde tracing. The polyglycolic acid-chitosan conduit coated with L1-Fc showed more effective to promote axonal regeneration and remyelination. Taken together, our observations demonstrated that the L1-Fc coated PGA-chitosan conduits provided a compatible and supportive canal to guild the injured nerve regeneration and remyelination.

Zincospiroffite (Zn2Te3O8), a new tellurite mineral species, was discovered in the Zhongshangou gold deposit in Chongli County, Hebei Province, China. Since it has only been found as crystallite aggregates of hundreds to thousands of micrometers square in a single polished block, most work on the mineral had been carried out under the microscope. This mineral is intimately associated with calaverite and sphalerite, either as micrometric films coating calaverite or in irregular aggregates replacing calaverite. It is a product of secondary co-oxidation of calaverite, associated with sphalerite, pyrite, and other sulfides. It is a gray and translucent mineral, with a dark green streak and a vitreous luster, without internal reflections, and with a weak anisotropy, bireflectance and pleochroism. It is quite soft, has a brittle tenacity and an uneven fracture. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the mineral is a natural analogue of synthetic Zn2Te3O8. An electron-microprobe analysis gave the following composition: ZnO 24.57, PbO 1.64, MgO 0.24, TeO2 71.90, minor FeO and SeO2, total 98.89 (in wt.%), corresponding to an empirical formula (Zn1.97Pb0.05Mg0.04Fe0.02)∑ 2.08 (Te2.95Se0.01)∑2.96O8.00 or, ideally, Zn2Te3O8. Powder X-ray diffraction gave only seven lines with weak intensities [ d in A(I)( hkl ): 4.758(w)(110), 3.240(w)(311), 2.928(m)(113), 2.820(w)(204), 2.155(w)(023,511), 1.985(w)(223), 1.599(w)(425), which are similar to those of the synthetic Zn 2Te3O8 (PDF 44–0241). On the basis of the diffraction pattern, the following unit-cell parameters were obtained: a 12.72(4), b 5.15(1), c 11.82(3) (A), β 99.2(3)°, V 764.57(2.52) A3, with Z = 4 and Dcalc = 5.57 g cm−3. With these parameters, a comparison is made of zincospiroffite, synthetic Zn2Te3O8 and spiroffite. The new mineral and its name were approved by the Commission on New Mineral and Mineral Names of International Mineralogical Association (IMA 2002–047). The only polished section was housed under catalogue number M10442 in the collection of the Geological Museum of China.

Ranolazine (RAN), a novel antianginal agent, inhibits the increased late sodium current (INa.L) under many pathological conditions. In this study, the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to explore the effects of RAN on INa.L and reverse Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current (INCX) in rabbit ventricular myocytes during hypoxia.Tetrodotoxin (TTX) at 2 μM or RAN at 9 μM decreased significantly INa.L and reverse INCX under normoxia and RAN had no further effects on both currents in the presence of TTX. RAN (3, 6, and 9 μM) attenuated hypoxia-increased INa.L and reverse INCX in a concentration-dependent manner. Hypoxia-increased INa.L and reverse INCX were inhibited by 2 μM TTX, whereas 9 μM RAN applied sequentially did not further decrease both currents. In another group, after both currents were decreased by 9 μM RAN, 2 μM TTX had no further effects in the presence of Ran. In monophasic action potential (MAP) recording, early after-depolarizations (EADs) were suppressed by RAN (9 μM) during hypoxia. In conclusion, RAN decreased reverse INCX by inhibiting INa.L in normoxia, concentration-dependently attenuated the increase of INa.L, which thereby decreased the reverse INCX, and obviously relieved EADs during hypoxia.

To screen out related microRNAs in keloid tissue, and identify their effect on the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts.8 cases of keloid tissue and 8 cases of normal skin tissue were collected as specimens. The differently expressed miRNA in keloid tissue from normal skin tissue were screened out with gene chip( Exiqon company), which was validated with quantitative real-time PCR. Then miRNA mimics was transfected into keloid fibroblasts line to stimulate high expression of mature miRNA in cells. The effect on the proliferation of fibroblasts in keloid was tested by Edu.(1) A total of 17 differently expressed microRNAs were found, including miR-199a-5p. (2) The expression of miR-199a-5p had been verified by qRT-PCR to be down-regulated in keloid, which was consistent with the result of array. (3) The positive rate of EdU in miR-199a-5p mimics transfected group and negative control group was (20.72 +/- 2.50)% and (27.68 +/- 4.92)%, respectively. The proliferative rate of keloid fibroblasts turned down in miR-199a-5p-transfected group (t = 2.183, P = 0.047). Besides that, the cell cycle changed after transfection. The percentage of S and G2/M phase in miR-199a-5p mimics transfected group was 33.93 +/- 1.30 and 10.87 +/- 0.80, respectively, while it was 31.39 +/- 0.79 and 9.27 +/- 0.46 in negative control group, and the difference was statistically significant.(1) The miRNA expression profile is different between keloid and normal skin; (2) The expression of miR-199a-5p is down-regulated in keloid and miR-199a-5p can affect the cell cycle and suppress proliferation of keloid fibroblasts. It indicateds that miR-199a-5p may be involved in regulating fibroblastic proliferation.

The protective effects of puerarin on liver damage were evaluated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male rats were orally treated with puerarin daily, and received CCl4 intraperitoneally twice a week for 4 weeks. Our results showed that puerarin at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w. significantly reduced the elevated activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase at least 15%, 17%, 14% and 18%, respectively. In addition, puerarin at different doses significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the level of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to the CCl4-treated group. Furthermore, the treatment of puerarin was also found to significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione content at least 40%, 12%, 25%, 52%, 17% and 44% in the liver of CCl4-treated rats, respectively. Liver histopathology also showed that puerarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl4. The results suggest that puerarin exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced liver damages in rats, and that the hepatoprotective effects of puerarin may be due to both the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to increase of antioxidant enzymes activity.

This is a report on 1216 patients (1353 lower limbs) from 24 hospitals in China who were operated on by formation of a “substitute valve.” Reflux of the deep venous system in lower limbs is the indication for this operation. Most of the diseased limbs had primary valvular incompetence of the deep venous system. After a long follow-up, it was found that good postoperative results were obtained and the operation may become widely popular because of its easy performance. In particular it is the operation of first choice for treating lower limbs with severe reflux of the deep veins. Through experimental and clinical study, progress has been gained in creating substitutes of the muscular loop with autogenous materials.

To investigate the effect of hypoxia/early reoxygenation on persistent sodium current (I(Na.P)) in single ventricular myocytes of guinea pig and discuss its role and significance during this pathological condition.The whole cell patch clamp technology was used to record this current and study its change under the condition of hypoxia/reoxygenation model.(1) With 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 2 Hz pulse frequency, the current density gap between the first and the eighth pulse of I(Na.P) was (0.021 +/- 0.014) pA/ pF, (0.097 +/- 0.014) pA/pF and (0.133 +/- 0.024) pA/pF (P0.01) respectively. (2) Depolarization with membrane holding potential of -150 - -80 mV respectively, I(Na.P) density attenuated gradually. (3) The amplitude of I(Na.P) was increased consistently with the prolongation of hypoxia time during hypoxia. (4) I(Na.P) was (0.500 +/- 0.125) pA/pF, (1.294 +/- 0.321) pA/pF and (0.988 +/- 0.189) pA/pF (P0.01, vs normoxia, respectively) during normoxia, hypoxia after 15 min and reoxygenation after 5 min, respectively.These results indicate that I(Na.P) has great significance in arrhythmogenesis and calcium-overload, which causes the following postischemia and post hypoxia myocardial damage.

A variety of nerve conduits incorporated with chemical and biological factors have been developed to further stimulate nerve regeneration. Although most of the nerve guides in studies are basically limited to bridge a short gap of nerve defect in rat models, it is vital to evaluate effects of conduits on nerve regeneration over distance greater than 20 mm, or more clinically relevant nerve gap lengths in higher mammals. In this study, a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nerve conduit, treated with pulsed plasma and coated with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) as well as chitosan, was used to repair 25-mm-long canine tibial nerve defects in eighteen cross-bred dogs. The canines were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6), a 25-mm segment of the tibial nerve was removed and replaced by a PLGA/chitosan-CNTF nerve conduit, PLGA/chitoson conduit and autologous nerve grafts were performed as the control. The results were evaluated by general observation, eletromyogram testing, S-100 histological immunostaining, and image analysis at 3 months after operation. The histological results demonstrated that the PLGA/chitosan-CNTF conduits and PLGA/chitosan conduits were capable of leading the damaged axons through the lesioned area. Through the comparation of the three groups, the results in PLGA/chitosan-CNTF conduits group were better than that of PLGA/chitosan conduits group, while they were similar to autologous nerve grafts group. Therefore, CNTF-coated PLGA/chitosan nerve conduits could be an alternative artificial nerve conduit for nerve regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.

The authors advocate percutaneous transpopliteal venography as a new and reliable method of evaluating the function of the valves in the deep veins, espe cially those in the femoropopliteal vein, of the lower extremity. At the popliteal fossa, the popliteal vein is punctured and a catheter is inserted proximally for venographic study of the valves. By this method, not only is the iliofemoropopli teal vein clearly visualized, but also the function of the valves in this venous segment may be accurately tested one by one, making up for the shortcomings of ascending and descending venography. It has been found, through this venog raphy, that even if the highest valve of the superficial femoral vein is competent, the distal valves in the femoral and popliteal veins may become incompetent, also resulting in primary valvular incompetence of the deep veins in the lower extremity.

Having succeeded in salvaging severely ischemic canine hindlimbs by staged arteriovenous reversal, the authors then successfully treated, from January, 1984, to June, 1986, 33 patients with a total of 39 lower extremities by this approach, except for 1 limb. According to the different levels of the extensive and diffuse arterial occlusion, the arteriovenous reversal was formed on three different sites: (1) high-deep reversal, produced between the external iliac, com mon femoral, or superficial femoral artery and the superficial femoral vein; (2) low-deep reversal, made between the distal popliteal artery and the tibiopero neal venous trunk; and (3) superficial reversal, established between the distal popliteal artery and the distal portion of the long saphenous vein. As of April, 1988, these limbs have been followed up for twenty-three to fifty-five months. Except for 1, the postoperative results of the patients in this series are excellent or good. The authors suggest that the staged arteriovenous reversal is a new and ef fective approach in the treatment of extensive arterial occlusive disease of the limb.

Anatomic and histologic studies of vein valves were made on 50 adult cadav ers (100 lower extremities). In the deep and superficial venous trunks, big valves were found mostly with two cuspids. At the inlets of their branches, small valves monocuspid in shape were commonly found. There was no valve in the common iliac vein, and the percentages of the other veins containing valves were: external iliac 42%, common femoral 51%, deep femoral 88%, superficial femoral 100%, popliteal 93%, tibioperoneal trunk 26%, and all the deep veins in the lower leg, including tibial and peroneal 100%. The valves in the deep venous trunk are much stronger than those in the long saphenous vein. They can resist a retrograde pressure of 180 to 420 and 100 to 260 mmHg respectively. The clinical value of this study concerning the staged arteriovenous reversal in the treatment of severely ischemic limbs and the etiology of the primary incompetence of the deep veins of the lower extremity are discussed.

Whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp techniques were used to record the changes of persistent sodium current (I(Na.P)) in ventricular myocytes of guinea pig to investigate the effect of low extracellular pH on I(Na.P) and its mechanism. The results showed that low extracellular pH (7.0, 6.8 and 6.5) obviously increased the amplitude of whole-cell I(Na.P) in a [H(+)] concentration-dependent manner. Under the condition of extracellular pH 6.5, I(Na.P) was markedly augmented from control (pH 7.4) value of (0.347+/-0.067) pA/pF to (0.817+/- 0.137) pA/pF (P0.01, n=6), whereas the reducing agent dithiothreitiol (DTT, 1 mmol/L) reversed the increased IN(Na.P) from (0.817+/-0.137) pA/pF to (0.233+/-0.078) pA/pF (P0.01 vs pH 6.5, n=6). Decreasing extracellular pH to 6.5 also increased the persistent sodium channel activity in cell-attached patches. The mean open probability and mean open time were increased from control value of 0.021+/-0.007 and (0.899+/-0.074) ms to 0.205+/-0.023 and (1.593+/-0.158) ms, respectively (both P0.01, n=6), and such enhancement was reversed by application of 1 mmol/L DTT [to 0.019+/-0.005 and (0.868+/-0.190) ms, both P0.01 vs pH 6.5, n=6]. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (BIM, 5 micromol/L) reduced the enhanced mean open probability and mean open time at pH 6.5 from 0.214+/-0.024 and (1.634+/-0.137) ms to 0.025+/-0.006 and (0.914+/-0.070) ms, respectively (both P0.01 vs pH 6.5, n=6). The results demonstrate that low extracellular pH markedly increases I(Na.P) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes, in which activation of PKC may be involved.

Laurencia terpenoid extract (LET) had been extracted from the red alga Laurencia tristicha. The study is to investigate the effects of LET supplementation on DNA oxidation and alkylation damages in mice. Forty healthy Kunming mice weighing between 18g and 25g were randomly assigned into 4 groups, each consisting of ten animals. The mice were orally intubated respectively for 60 days with the designed concentrations of LET (25, 50,100mg/ kg b.w.) for three exposed groups and salad oil (0.2 ml) for the blank group. Food and water were free for the animals. Mice in the blank and exposed groups were sacrificed after the last treatment and the blood of each animal was quickly taken for further experiments. The spontaneous and oxidized DNA damages of peripheral lymphocytes induced by H2O2 were analysed by SCGE. O6-Methy-guanine (O6-MeG) was measured by high performance capillary zone electrophoresis. There was no significantly difference in DNA spontaneous damage on peripheral lymphocytes of all the mice. The oxidative DNA damage in the 50 mg/Kg body weight supplement group are 286AU with the oxidation of 10 micromol/L H2O2, significantly lower than the blank group 332AU (p0.05). The contents of O6-MeG in plasma in the 50 mg/kg b.w. and 100mg/kg b.w. supplement group were 1.50 micromol/L and 1.88 micromol/L, significantly lower than that of the blank group, which was 2.89 micromol/L(p0.05). The results from the present study indicated that the LET were rich in terpenoids and safety to be taken orally and it could improve antioxidative and decrease DNA damage effectively.

Whole continuous α spectra of the p-11B three-body sequential decay reaction have been measured by using a charge particle time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer with the high-resolution passivated implanted planar silicon detector. A characteristic shape of the saddle-type distribution was obtained. The Monte Carlo calculations show that observed α spectra can be interpreted by anisotropy sequential decay process of the intermediate nucleus 8Be (1) for the p-11B reaction. In the measurement, angular distributions were obtained for proton energies at 667 and 1370 keV, respectively. Total cross-sections for the 11B(p,α)8Be(2α) reaction related to the clean fusion fuel were also reported at two bombarding energies.

In this paper, membrane current properties of the fully-grown oocytes from toad, Bufo bufo gargarizans, were studied by using two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. Axion of adult female toad was destroyed, and then ovarian lobes containing oocytes in stage I to VI were removed and incubated in Ca(2+)-free ND96 solution with collagenase (1.5 mg/ml) for 1 h. Subsequently, the oocytes were washed in Ca(2+)-free ND96 solution for 10 min to completely remove the follicular layer. For the experiments only the oocytes in stage V and VI were selected and used during 1 to 5 d. The membrane was depolarized from a holding potential of -80 mV to +60 mV in 10 mV step. It was found that a sustained outward current was elicited by depolarization. Potassium channel blockers (tetraethylammonium chloride, TEA, 10 mmol/L and 4-aminopyridine, 4-AP, 10 mmol/L) reduced the outward current to (23.4+/-0.72)% of the maximum. However, further addition of chloride channel blocker (5-nitro-2, 3-phenypropylamino benzoate, NPPB, 30 micromol/L) could almost completely block the outward current to (2.1+/-0.08)% of the maximum. In the presence of TEA and 4-AP, removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or adding verapamil (40 micromol/L), could also reduce the outward current to (2.2+/-0.04) % and (3.1+/-0.15) % of the maximum, respectively. It is concluded that calcium-dependent chloride channels exist in plasma membrane of Bufo bufo gargarizans oocytes, besides potassium channels.

To study the clinical efficacy of three kinds of hybrid bioartificial liver support systems (HBLSS) in treating chronic severe hepatitis.A bioartificial liver support system (BAL), comprising porcine hepatocytes and fiber tube style bioreactor, was constructed. Then three kinds of HBLSS were constructed: Molecular absorbent recirculating system (MARS) plus BAL; slow plasma exchange (SPE) plus continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) and BAL; and SPE plus hemoperfusion (HP) and BAL. One hundred-twenty patients in middle or late stages of chronic severe hepatitis were enrolled in this study. They were randomly divided into 6 groups: H1 group was treated with BAL+MARS, H2 with BAL+SPE+CHDF and H3 with BAL+SPE+HP (as treatment groups); C1 group was treated with MARS, C2 with SPE+CHDF and C3 with SPE+HP (as control groups). The changes in the clinical symptoms, in the hepatic encephalopathy stages, and in the serum total bilirubin (TBIL), the serum albumin (ALB), the prothrombin activities (PTA), endotoxin, ammonia, creatinine and a-fetal protein (AFP) were all observed before the treatment, right after it and 72 hours later. The improving and curing rates and the rates of side effect occurrences in each group were observed.In all 6 groups, the patients' clinical symptoms ameliorated; their TBIL, endotoxin and ammonia levels decreased (P0.05), and their PTA and AFP levels lowered significantly (P0.05). But in the H1, H2 and H3 groups they were more distinctive than in the control groups. In H1 and H2 groups creatinine and ammonia levels were decreased more significantly than in the H3 group (P0.05). The improving and curing rates of each group were 65 % (13/20), 60% (12/20), 45% (9/20), 45% (9/20), 40% (8/20) and 20% (4/20) respectively. No serious side effects were observed during the treatment.In treating middle and late stage chronic severe hepatitis, the measures used in H1, H2 and H3 are better than those in C1, C2 and C3. Furthermore, H1 and H2 treatments can ameliorate hepatic and renal functions, prevent the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and are better than those used in H3.

To study the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on persistent sodium current (I(Na.P)) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.The whole-cell, cell-attached, and inside-out patch-clamp techniques were applied on isolated ventricular myocytes from guinea pig.H2O2 (0.1 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/L and 1.0 mmol/L) increased the amplitude of whole-cell I(Na.P) in a concentration-dependent manner, and glutathione (GSH 1 mmol/L) reversed the increased I(Na.P). H2O2 (1 mmol/L) increased persistent sodium channel activity in cell-attached and inside-out patches. The mean open probability was increased from control values of 0.015+/-0.004 and 0.012+/-0.003 to 0.106+/-0.011 and 0.136+/-0.010, respectively (P0.01 vs control). They were then decreased to 0.039+/-0.024 and 0.027+/-0.006, respectively, after the addition of 1 mmol/L GSH (P0.01 vs H2O2). The time when open probability began to increase and reached a maximum was shorter in inside-out patches than that in cell-attached patches (4.8+/-1.0 min vs 11.5+/-3.9 min, P0.01; 9.6+/-1.6 min vs 18.7+/-4.7 min, P0.01).H2O2 increased the I(Na.P) of guinea pig ventricular myocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, possibly by directly oxidating the cell membrane.

Whole cell patch-clamp technique was used to record the changes of persistent sodium current (I(Na.P)) and the effect of administered agents in ventricular myocytes of guinea pig to investigate the essence of I(Na.P) and mechanism of increased I(Na.P) of ventricular myocytes during hypoxia. The results showed: (1) Pro-NO L-arginine(L-Arg) and donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased I(Na.P) in a concentration-dependent manner in normoxia. (2) I(Na.P) increased gradually with the prolongation of hypoxia time. After 15 min of hypoxia, administration of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, could not significantly recover the increased I(Na.P) [(1.344+/-0.320) vs (1.301+/-0.317) pA/pF, P0.05, n=5]; (3) During hypoxia the perfusion solution with L-NAME decreased the increased I(Na.P), and the difference was significant compared with pure hypoxia [(0.914+/-0.263), n=5 vs (1.344+/-0.320) pA/pF, P0.05, n=6], whereas the amplitude of I(Na.P) was still larger than that in normoxia [(0.914+/-0.263) vs (0.497+/-0.149) pA/pF, P0.05, n=5]; (4) Reducing agent dithiothreitiol (DTT) not only recovered the increased I(Na.P) by L-Arg and administered SNP after hypoxia [(1.449+/-0.522) vs (0.414+/-0.067) pA/pF, P0.01, n=6, and (1.786+/-0.636) vs (0.436+/-0.141) pA/pF, P0.01, n=5, respectively], but also decreased the I(Na.P) in normoxia [(0.442+/-0.056) vs (0.396+/-0.057) pA/pF, P0.01, n=6]. Our results suggest that hypoxia increases I(Na.P) of ventricular myocytes, which is induced by raised NO oxidating sodium channel protein in myocardial membrane during hypoxia. The activity of I(Na.P) in normoxia is related to the oxidation state of the channel protein.

To assess the effectiveness of molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) to remove nitric oxide(NO) and cytokines in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) in patients with severe liver failure.Single MARS treatment were performed for 198 times with duration ranging from 6 to 24 hours on 61 MODS patients (42M/19F). The efficacy was evaluated by sequential organ failure assessment, biochemical parameters and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.The MARS therapy resulted in a significant removal of NO and certain cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha), interleukin-2(IL-2), IL-6, IL-8, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein(LBP), together with marked reduction of other non-water soluble albumin bound toxins and water soluble toxins. These were associated with an improvement of the patients' clinical conditions, including deranged hemodynamics, respiratory function, cardiovascular and renal functions, hepatic encephalopathy, thus resulting in a marked decrease of sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA) score and improved outcome. Twenty-five patients were able to be discharged from the hospital, and successful liver transplantation could be performed in 6 patients. The overall survival rate of 61 patients was 41.0%.MARS could be used for the treatment of MODS patients associated with elevated levels of NO and cytokines with satisfactory results.

40 cases of hypertrophicscar (HS) tissues and corresponding normal skin tissues were studied by FTIR technique, and the results showed that all of the HS and normal tissues can be classified into three kinds. Furthermore, the absorption bands of biomacromolecule in collagen, protein, nucleic acid and lipid of hypertrophicscar are stronger than those of normal tissues. But there is no significant difference in A1,063/A1,548 between HS and normal tissues. It is suggested that the cells of HS could still be normally growing and should not be scathed in the treatment process.

Through clinical and venographic study of 353 diseased limbs, the authors advocate a new classification for the postthrombotic syndrome of the deep veins of the lower extremity. The postthrombotic lower extremities may be divided into two types: (1) lesions of the whole lower extremity, consisting of the completely obstructed, partially recanalized, and completely recanalized types; (2) local lesions, such as segmental obstruction of the iliac, iliofemoral, superficial femoral, femoropopliteal veins, and the tibioperoneal venous trunk and the venous plexus in calf muscles. Each type has its characteristics related to the duration of symptoms and clinical features, and their management is not the same at all. The authors suggest that clinically this new classification may be of great help in estimating the status of the diseased limb and in selecting proper method of treatment.

Sixty patients (62 limbs) with chronic incompetence of the deep veins of the lower extremity underwent the "substitute value" operation on the popliteal vein. The results after this operation were assessed clinically, phlebographically, and objectively, by venous pressure measurements, before, and three weeks and one and two years after, operation. The two-year follow-up of the 60 operated patients demonstrated clinical improvement associated with significant reduc tion in the ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) and prolongation of the refilling time (RT). The patients selected for this operation had had either a primary incompetence or a postthrombotic valve incompetence with completely recana lized deep veins. On the basis of their experience and the excellent results, the authors consider this operation the method of choice for eliminating deep ve nous insufficiency.