Search

BACKGROUND Phytosanitary irradiation is used to control insect pests of quarantine concern on exported fresh horticultural products. Generic irradiation doses of 150 Gy and 400 Gy are approved for tephritid fruit flies and all other insects, respectively. Other invertebrates such as gastropods (snails and slugs) may be classified as quarantine pests and require a disinfestation treatment. Parmarion martensi Simroth (Stylommatophora: Ariophantidae) is a semi-slug quarantine pest sometimes found on fresh sweet potatoes and other fruits and vegetables exported from Hawai'i to the continental United States. Also, P. martensi is a host of the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Rhabditida: Angiostrongylidae), the causative agent of neuroangiostrongyliasis or rat lungworm disease in humans. We conducted a study to determine if phytosanitary irradiation could control P. martensi and thereby reduce the risk of transmitting A. cantonensis in the U.S. RESULTS Two-, 12-, and 21-week-old P. martensi were treated with X-ray radiation at a dose of 150 or 400 Gy or left untreated as controls then held in the laboratory for up to 250 days. Survivorship and reproduction were recorded every 2-3 days and individual weights were measured biweekly. Irradiation at 150 and 400 Gy reduced growth and increased the mortality rate compared to untreated controls and prevented reproduction. CONCLUSION Phytosanitary irradiation treatment at doses > 150 Gy will prevent the establishment of viable populations of P. martensi. The literature on radiation tolerance in gastropods suggests that the internationally approved generic dose for tephritid fruit flies of 150 Gy may be effective against many slug and snail pest species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

El lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) es un frutal promisorio debido a su alta demanda y una alternativa para desarrollar cultivos a nivel empresarial; sin embargo, problemas fitosanitarios como Fusarium oxysporum limitan el potencial productivo de la especie y genera pérdidas económicas significativas a los agricultores. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar 57 introducciones de lulo por su reacción a F. oxysporum y componentes de rendimiento. Las introducciones de lulo se sembraron en una localidad del municipio de La Florida, departamento de Nariño, Colombia, con historial de epidemias causadas por F. oxysporum. De cada introducción se sembraron cinco plantas a 2.5 m entre ellas y 3 m entre surcos. Las variables evaluadas se sometieron al Análisis de Componentes Principales y Clasificación Jerárquica. Para seleccionar las mejores introducciones se aplicó un índice de selección formado por variables de mayor importancia. Los primeros cuatro componentes principales explicaron el 82.4 % de la variación total. Según el Análisis de Clasificación, el primer grupo presentó los promedios más bajos en cuanto a mortalidad por F. oxysporum (MFo). El segundo grupo mostró niveles más altos de MFo y más bajos en los componentes de rendimiento. El tercer grupo se caracterizó por tener promedios superiores en los componentes de rendimiento y sólidos solubles totales (SST) y el grupo cuatro por el promedio más bajo de Neoleucinodes elegantalis. Las introducciones seleccionadas 15C, 22A, 37A y 35A se definieron por presentar los promedios más altos en rendimiento, peso de fruto, SST y por ser resistentes a F. oxysporum.

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of bioproducts on the growth and phytosanitary status of turnip plants, this with the main purpose of determining the viability in the use of ecological alternatives such as chitosan and inoculants made with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, with a view to contribute to the implementation of more sustainable practices in turnip production. The present study took place at the “La Maria” campus of the Quevedo State Technical University, Los Rios province, Ecuador. The methodology that was used was a completely randomized design (dca), consisting of 6 treatments in triplicate; the treatments consisted of the application of: 1) Chitosan of high molecular weight, 2) Chitosan of low molecular weight; 3) B. japonicum; 4) B. japonicum + high molecular weight chitosan; 5) B. japonicum + Chitosan of low molecular weight and 6) control. The turnip seeds were soaked for 2 hours in each of the treatments before planting later, the treatments were applied at 10, 20 and 30 days. To see the differences between the treatments, the Tukey test was implemented (p≤ 0, 05). The results determined that the highest emergence rate of turnip seeds was those obtained embedded with the T5 treatment (Chitosan underweight + bacteria) with a record of 49, 45%. Regarding productive parameters such as: leaf length, plant height, root length and yield per hectare, the treatments that included the use of high molecular weight chitosan stood out, in the same way, it occurred during the evaluation of the state phytosanitary, demonstrating great efficiency in turnip production under the agroclimatic conditions present in the area.

Resumen La calidad fisiológica de la semilla garantiza óptimos rendimientos de cultivo. En el de Posgrado de Agronomía de la Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), estado Lara, Venezuela, se estudiaron los factores que inciden en la calidad de semillas de Allium cepa L. En el estudio se evaluaron la calidad fisiológica, microbiota con potencial fitopatógeno y metabolitos secundarios en cuatro materiales comerciales de semillas de cebolla (Allium cepa L.): Texas 438 identificados como TX1 y TX2, y Yellow Granex YG1 y YG2. Para las pruebas de vigor se realizó el conteo de germinación, porcentaje de emergencia (PE), velocidad de emergencia (VE), índice de velocidad de emergencia (IVE), además de una prueba de viabilidad con tetrazolio (Tz). La microbiota fue determinada por incubación en medio de cultivo para hongos y bacterias y los metabolitos secundarios fueron determinados por cromatografía de capa fina. Para las evaluaciones de germinación, emergencia e identificación de patógenos se dispusieron cuatro repeticiones de 100 semillas cada una. Los resultados mostraron que el porcentaje de germinación de los materiales evaluados estaba por debajo de los estándares internacionales (80%), la germinación fue afectada por las condiciones de almacenamiento que influyeron en la de viabilidad de las semillas, lo cual se reflejó en el estado fitosanitario con presencia de Aspergillus sp., A. niger, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillum y algunas bacterias. Los metabolitos secundarios presentes (fenoles y flavonoides) desempeñaron un papel fundamental en la defensa contra la microbiota presente, encontrando valores altos de los mismos en las semillas con menor cantidad de patógenos. Abstract The physiological quality of the seed guarantees optimal crop yields. At the Graduate School of Agronomy of the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Lara state, Venezuela, factors that influence the quality of Allium cepa L seeds were studied. In the study, the physiological quality, microbiota with pathogenic potential and secondary metabolites in four commercial onion seed materials (Allium cepa L.): Texas 438 identified as TX1 and TX2, and Yellow Granex YG1 and YG2. For the vigor tests, the germination count, emergence percentage (PE), emergence speed (VE), emergence speed index (IVE) was performed, as well as a viability test with tetrazolium (Tz). The microbiota was determined by incubation in culture medium for fungi and bacteria and secondary metabolites were determined by thin layer chromatography. For germination, emergence and pathogen identification evaluations, four replications of 100 seeds each were arranged. The results showed that the germination percentage of the evaluated materials was below international standards (80%), germination was affected by the storage conditions that influenced the viability of the seeds, which was reflected in the phytosanitary state with the presence of Aspergillus sp., A. niger, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Ntucor, Penicillum and some bacteria. The secondary metabolites present (phenols and flavonoids) played a fundamental role in the defense against the microbiota present, finding high values of them in the seeds with fewer pathogens.

The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the ecologization of grain production is given. The most ecologically clean crop rotation is a 2-field grain-fallow: a fallow of black winter wheat. Its productivity and efficiency are slightly inferior to crop rotations, where, in addition to winter wheat, there are spring early and late grain crops. The role of black fallow as a method of preserving moisture, accumulating nutrients, and cleaning the soil from weeds, pathogens, and pests is revealed. The role of black fallow as a method of preserving moisture, accumulating food elements, cleansing the soil from weeds, pathogens diseases and vermins is revealed. It has been established that the advantage of the fallow predecessor in increasing the productivity and technological properties of winter wheat grain in different types of crop rotations is due to the optimization of the elements of soil fertility and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis. Reducing the length of rotation of grain-fallow crop rotations to two or three fields can significantly reduce weediness of crops and abandon the use of herbicides. An increase in the specific gravity weight of black fallow in crop rotations up to 25% makes it possible to increase its efficiency in clearing fields from weeds of the first two fields, reducing the volume of herbicide application by 75%. Thanks to 2, 3-field grain-fallow crop rotations, it is possible to obtain products without the use of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection agents, especially against weeds, thereby improving the ecological situation of the environment.

This research was funded by Cyprus University of Technology internal funding program, to Nicolas Ioannou; and by the Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services, Division of the Scottish Government, to David Cooke. Cyprus is the southernmost island country of Europe, located in the Mediterranean. Despite its limited area, potato production is considered an integral source of the national agricultural revenue. During 2010-2012, a late blight epidemic period for the country, the population structure of Phytophthora infestans was analyzed via a sample of 539 isolates collected from all of the main potato-cultivating regions of Cyprus. We determined mating type, mefenoxam sensitivity, and genetic polymorphism at 12 simple sequence repeat (SSRs) loci. Although both mating types were detected in the country, a gradual but dynamic shift toward A2 dominance was manifested over time. The pathogen population also demonstrated reduced sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide, since 96.2% of the tested isolates had high (70.3%) and intermediate (25.9%) resistance to mefenoxam, which suggests that it should be replaced with other active ingredients in local disease management strategies. The genotypic analysis also revealed the predominance of the highly aggressive mefenoxam-insensitive EU_13_A2 lineage across the country, with a frequency of 79.2%. Other samples comprised an older lineage EU_2_A1 (19.5%), a very low proportion of EU_23_A1 (0.37%), and others that did not match any known lineage (0.92%). SSRs data supported triploid genomes among the dominant lineages, and patterns of their asexual population history were also apparent. A high subclonal variation of the 13_A2 population was detected, which suggested introduction events of this widespread genotype to Cyprus from major tuber-exporting countries. Present data indicate the severe impact of inoculum migration to the structure of the local population; thus, current phytosanitary procedures should be reconsidered and possibly attuned. This is the first comprehensive study to elucidate the diversity of P. infestans in Cyprus and could serve as a baseline for future monitoring of this highly adaptive plant pathogen, given that late blight management strategies should be constantly refined according to the traits of the dominant genotypes of P. infestans.

Ethyl formate (EF) was evaluated as a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus fruit in the Republic of Korea. Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a mealybug with known tolerance against EF and MB, was used as a representative pest to test efficacy of the two fumigants against eggs. In nine commercial-scale refrigerated container (67.5 m3) trials using imported orange, lemon and grapefruit, EF applied at the currently approved dose for citrus (70 g·m-3 at 5°C for 4 h, developed for Aspidiotus excisus Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a species less EF tolerant than P. citri) resulted in 76.9–98.3% mortality of P. citri eggs. The EF treatment did not affect the sugar content or the color of peel and pulp of the treated fruit. When oranges were treated according to the current MB (64 g·m-3 at >5°C for 2 h) or EF treatment guidelines, the concentration of fumigant around the fruit fluctuated between 9.4 and 185.1 ppm for EF and 9.5–203.0 ppm for MB during the 72-h post-fumigation processes (venting [0–2 h], transportation to storage [2–24 h], and storage periods [24–72 h]) with both EF and MB maintained between 10 and 100 ppm during the storage period. Considering the efficacy of EF, its apparent lack of phytotoxicity, and its more manageable threshold limit value for humans (100 ppm EF compared to 1 ppm MB for an 8-h time weighted average exposure), our results suggest that EF may be a promising alternative to MB for the phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus in Korea.

Aims: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of potassium carbonate (58 p.c) on agronomic and phytosanitary parameters in tomato crops. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out from May to September 2020 at N'gattakro, a village near the international airport in the city of Yamoussoukro, center region of Côte d’Ivoire. Methodology: Five doses of potassium carbonate (PC:T1= 2 Kg/ha; T2 = 3 Kg/ha; T3 = 4 Kg/ha; T4 = 5 Kg/ha; T5 = 6 Kg/ha), a reference control (TR1= IVORY (mancozeb 80%) and an untreated control were tested in a Fisher's complete block design with 4 replicates in a commercial garden plot. Results: As results T4 and T5 potassium carbonate improved the tomato yield. These doses promoted the yield of 5.02±0.09 and 6.92±0.16 t/ha compared to the control (3.405±0.1 t/ha). Moreover, at these doses, there was a low manifestation of toxicity. In addition, 6kg/ha of PC showed a fusarium wilt infection rate of 1.38±0.71% compared to 3.62±0.90% for the control. Conclusion: Potassium carbonate (58%) at 6 kg/ha can be an alternative solution to chemical control of fungal diseases in tomato cropping.

There are risks involved in the production and exportation of fruit fly hosts due to the possible spread of tephritid pests during distribution. Anastrepha grandis attacks cucurbit fruits and is considered an A1 quarantine pest in many countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot water treatment on the eggs and larvae of A. grandis in vitro, and on ‘Atlas’ squash (Cucurbita moschata). The eggs and third-instar larvae of A. grandis were exposed to hot water at temperatures of 42.0, 44.0, 46.0, 46.5, 47.0, 47.5, 48.0, 49.0 and 50.0 (± 0.5) °C for durations of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes. Water temperatures of at least 44 °C affected the in vitro larval eclosion of A. grandis during all exposure times. No adults were obtained when in vitro A. grandis larvae were treated at 49 °C and 50 °C at all exposure times and, 48 °C for 30 and 60 minutes. No adults were obtained when squashes infested with A. grandis eggs or larvae were treated at temperatures of 49 °C and 50 °C during any exposure time, as well as subjected to 48 °C for 20 minutes. Anastrepha grandis larvae were slightly more susceptible to hydrothermal treatment than eggs in squashes. Hot water treatment applies at a temperature of 48 °C for 20 minutes is an effective phytosanitary treatment for squashes cv. Atlas infested with eggs and larvae of A. grandis.

Background. Narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is an important high-protein forage and green manure crop, also promising for food use. This is a plastic species produced under various ecogeographic conditions and the only cultivated species of lupine adapted to high northern latitudes – up to 60° NL. Gradual expansion of lupine production areas led to the accumulation of pathogens, damage to lupine crops by harmful organisms, and significant harvest losses. Breeding and cultivating resistant varieties is the most profitable and environmentally sound way to control diseases and pests. Studying the species composition of pathogens and searching for source material are the necessary stages of plant breeding for immunity.Materials and methods. A set of 101 accessions of L. angustifolius from the VIR collection were studied in the northwest of the Russian Federation (Pushkin, St. Petersburg) in 2019, and 62 accessions from the same set in 2020. Mycological examination of the affected leaves was carried out on potato sucrose agar medium under laboratory conditions. The degree of damage to plants by diseases and infestation by pests was assessed during the period of flowering, fruit formation and ripening using point scales.Results and conclusions. A wide range of harmful organisms were identified for their negative impact on the growth and development of narrow-leaved lupine plants. The dominant pest was the lupine aphid (Macrosiphum albifrons Essig), discovered in Russia for the first time. A whole set of fungal pathogens was identified, among which the most common and harmful were the causative agents of Fusarium, brown leaf spot, powdery mildew, gray mold, and Sclerotinia stem rot. Narrow-leaved lupine accessions with weak degrees of pathogenic damage were selected.

Pathogen damage is responsible for a considerable reduction in profit to the New Zealand forest industry. An assessment of pathogen prevalence, propagation and production methods, and phytosanitary/biosecurity protocols at the forest nursery level was conducted in order to identify predictor variables for pathogen acquisition and potential spread. Higher pathogen incidence within a nursery was found to be positively correlated with the use of copper oxychloride and a higher number of biosecurity protocols implemented by nurseries (presumably due to an increased interest in pathogen management) as well as the presence of a plantation forest within 1 km of the nursery. Information on seed purchases and seedling sales were used to produce directional transport networks describing product movement within the industry. The subdivision of these transport networks into modules can be used as a tool for forecasting the likelihood of movement of product from seed orchards to nurseries to plantation forests. These networks identify the regional association of a network module as the best predictor for product movement through the New Zealand forest industry. In addition, the network analysis highlights that the industry is most vulnerable to any new pathogens contaminating seed and can be used to assess potential transmission routes.

The results of daily phytosanitary monitoring of fruit plantations and literature data on biology, ecology, harmfulness of tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) are presented. In the apple agrocenoses of the Kuban and Black Sea zones of Krasnodar Territory, an increase in the harmfulness of representatives of the order Thysanoptera is observed. An increase in the number of tobacco thrips was noted, which led to a decrease in the quality of fruits. In the growing season of 2018, isolated symptoms of fruit damage by phytophagous were noted, in the growing season of 2019, fruit damage reached up to 2 %, in 2020 — 5-30 %. It was revealed that during the flowering period the number of T. tabaci Lind was 1-2 specimens per inflorescence; at the end of flowering, the amount of the pest increased by 5 times. High temperatures and lack of precipitation led to an outbreak of the pest population; in the first decade of June, 15 to 40 individuals were fixed per leaf. A high degree of damage to the tops of shoots, leaves and fruits was observed, the tissue in the feeding places of the pest was deformed, discolored, acquiring the appearance of whitish spots, which grew during the growth and ripening of fruits. It is known that the intensive development of thrips takes place in dry and hot years; the optimum temperature for the development of T. tabaci Lind is +25 °C. As a result of our monitoring, it was revealed that the maximum amount of the pest was observed during the period when high temperatures and low relative air humidity were noted — June and early July. The greatest number of the pest was found in areas bordering the fields of grain and tilled crops, while the number of phytophages at the time of registration reached 45 individuals per leaf and more. It should be noted that when the air temperature rises above +35 °C, the development of the phytophage stops, and the mortality rate of all stages sharply increases. To ensure a stable phytosanitary situation in fruit agrocenoses and prevent loss of fruit quality from damage by thrips, it is necessary to develop a set of measures to control the number of pests.

Many abiotic and biotic factors can negatively affect the production and productivity of coconut cropping systems. The incidence of Lasiodiplodia species in crops can lead to significant economic losses due to the development of leaf blight and, consequently, both pre- and post-harvest stem-end rot of fruits. The management of these pathogens is complex, expensive and primarily depends, on the massive use of chemical products. In addition, decision making on effective control measures depends on the target pathogen. This work evaluated epidemiological aspects of Lasiodiplodia species, in association with the green dwarf coconut from Northeastern Brazil. The isolates were sampled in production areas located in the dry, sub-humid and humid climatic zones in the states of Pernambuco and Paraiba and were identified using multilocus phylogenetics with the tef1-α, ITS, tub2, and rpb2 regions. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was found in crops present in all three evaluated zones while L. pseudotheobromae was reported only in the dry zone of Pernambuco. All species were pathogenic to green dwarf coconut, with L. theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae and L. subglobosa being the most aggressive species. The recognition of L. theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae, L. brasiliensis and L. subglobosa, in coconut plants from Northeast Brazil, complements the scientific understanding about stem-end rot and leaf blight in coconut crop. Additionally, this study presents relevant information on the pathogenic characteristics of these species that can be used in future research into epidemiological factors, fungal resistance, phytosanitary management and genetic improvement.

BACKGROUND The coffee mealybug Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell, is an invasive pest that infests dragon fruit [Selenicereus undatus (Haworth) D.R. Hunt], that may require a phytosanitary treatment to meet quarantine requirements. In this study, vapor heat treatment was conducted to disinfest P. lilacinus on dragon fruit and the quality of dragon fruit was evaluated thereafter. RESULTS Adult female P. lilacinus was the most heat-tolerant stage at 47, 48 and 49 °C. The death kinetic model and probit model were used to predict LT99.9968 at the three temperatures. The treatment times predicted by the kinetic model that could effectively disinfest adult female P. lilacinus females were 120.84, 78.06 and 67.96 min at 47, 48 and 49 °C, respectively. In a confirmatory test of vapor heat treatment at 49 °C for 70 min, complete mortality was recorded for 33 195 adult females infesting 148 dragon fruits; thus, the efficacy level of disinfestation was 99.9910% at 95% confidence level. The quality of dragon fruit generally was not affected by heat treatment, fruit firmness was increased remarkably and respiration rate was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Our result indicates that vapor heat treatment at 49 °C for a duration of 70 min is an effective phytosanitary treatment for control of P. lilacinus on dragon fruit that minimally impacts fruit quality.

The use of adaptive, scab-immune, stable-fruiting columnar apple tree varieties of domestic selection enhances profitability of commercial horticulture for a higher competitive power of national agricultural market. The diversity of columnar varieties remains little, yet offering a promising line of selection given a rising interest in this form of apple tree. The research aimed to comprehensively assess the economic and biological potential of the Priokskoe columnar variety to produce recommendations on its introduction in home and industrial gardening. A number of promising selected and elite genotypes, as well as five cultivars (Priokskoe, Poeziya, Vostorg, Orlovskaya Yeseniya, Girlyanda) have been identified from the extensive hybrid fund of columnar apple trees established at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding for over 40 years. Priokskoe was the Institute’s first early-fruiting columnar variety starting at the third year post-inoculation on low-medium vigour rootstock. Average yield at planting density 14,000 plants/ha on dwarf stock 62-396 makes 49.1 t/ha and 78.3 t/ha — in the crown of skeleton-forming stock 3-17-38 at planting density 3,333 plants/ha. Priokskoe is a strong-vigour category among columnar varieties. A 7-year tree height on dwarf rootstock 62-396 was 217.3 cm, a crowned tree height on stem stock 3-4-98 — 281.7 cm. The variety’s winter hardiness is sufficient for its cultivation in the Middle Chernozem zone at no risk of irreversible winter loss. The Rvi6 gene-conditioned scab immunity enables improvement of the orchard phytosanitary situation via reduced chemical burden. The adaptability, economic and biological traits of the Priokskoe columnar variety ensure it a worthy rating among the current apple tree assortment recommended for intensive industrial horticulture.

Introduction.Bananas are currently the most consumed fruits in the world, and considered strategic crops in food security in many countries. However, in the event of a COVID-19 pandemic, side effects are generated that affect its economic activity worldwide.Objective.To point out the most significant features of bananas in relation to their economic and productive importance in the face of the conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the current phytosanitary threats as limiting factors for their production.Development.Bananas are the basis of the economy and diet of many countries, occupying an important place in international production and trade, being the most exported fruit, mostly represented by triploid AAA subgroup Cavendish. Its consumption provides vitamins, minerals, and other elements with medicinal properties, such as lectin that acts as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. However, at present there have been disruptions in its supply, which affects all elements of the production chain, as a result of the situation caused by COVID-19.Conclusions.The coronavirus pandemic has generated collateral effects that involve various areas such as the production and trade of bananas, and are associated with social isolation and restricted mobility. However, it is considered that bananas will continue to be the most important fruit within this sector, standing out among the fastest growing crops in agriculture, despite the conditions caused by COVID-19 and the existence of many uncertainties caused by emerging diseases and climatic disturbances, which can affect the economic and productive environment. Introducción.En la actualidad los bananos son las frutas más consumidas en el mundo, considerados como cultivos estratégicos en la seguridad alimentaria de muchos países. Sin embargo, ante la eventual pandemia de COVID-19, se generan efectos colaterales que afectan su actividad económica a nivel mundial.Objetivo.Señalar los rasgos más significativos de los bananos en relación con su importancia en el ámbito económico y productivo ante las condiciones generadas por la pandemia COVID-19, así como las amenazas fitosanitarias actuales como factores limitantes para su producción.Desarrollo.El banano es la base de la economía y dieta de muchos países, ocupa un importante lugar en la producción y comercio internacional, al ser la fruta más exportada, representado en su mayoría por triploides AAA Cavendish. Su consumo aporta vitaminas, minerales y otros elementos con propiedades medicinales como la lectina, que puede actuar como agente antiviral de amplio espectro. No obstante, en la actualidad se ha generado disrupciones en el suministro del mismo, lo que afecta todos los elementos de la cadena productiva, producto de la situación originada por la COVID-19.Conclusiones.La pandemia del coronavirus ha generado efectos colaterales que involucra diversas áreas como la producción y comercio de bananos y se encuentran asociados al aislamiento social y restricción de movilidad. Sin embargo, se considera que el banano seguirá siendo la fruta más importante dentro de ese rubro, destacándose entre los cultivos de más rápido crecimiento en la agricultura, a pesar de las condiciones originadas por la COVID-19 y la existencia de muchas incertidumbres causadas por enfermedades emergentes y perturbaciones climáticas, que pueden afectar su entorno económico y productivo.

Resumen Introducción. Plantas expuestas a condiciones de estrés alteran su funcionamiento y generan respuestas fisiológicas que afectan su desempeño agronómico. En el cultivo de Cannabis medicinal, son escasos los trabajos de investigación sobre la fisiología de la planta y su interacción con factores bióticos. Objetivo. Determinar variables fisiológicas indicadoras de estrés en diferentes etapas fenológicas de plantas de Cannabis en invernadero y bajo condiciones fitosanitarias contrastantes. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre y diciembre de 2019, en el Municipio Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia. Semanalmente se sembraron lotes de plantas de Cannabis sativa L., provenientes de multiplicación asexual. Entre las semanas seis y doce posteriores al trasplante se evaluaron las variables índice y fluorescencia de clorofila (basal=Fo, máxima=Fm y variable=Fv), diferencial térmico cultivo ambiente, índice de estrés hídrico y concentración foliar de nutrientes desde el inicio de su fase vegetativa hasta la fase reproductiva y productiva, bajo dos condiciones fitosanitarias contrastantes una con la pudrición blanca causada por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum y la otra sin plagas ni patógenos. Resultados. Las plantas no presentaron estrés abiótico que afectara el aparato fotosintético en ninguna etapa. Los valores de cada nutriente estuvieron dentro de los rangos óptimos y los factores edáficos no representaron limitante para el desarrollo del cultivo. Se definieron valores referenciales de variables fisiológicas en distintos estados fenológicos bajo condiciones óptimas de desarrollo. En plantas enfermas con S. sclerotiorum, el índice de clorofila, el índice de estrés hídrico y la fluorescencia, mostraron valores referenciales que pueden ser útiles para la identificación de efectos perjudiciales en el fotosistema II. Conclusiones. En plantas enfermas el índice de clorofila y los parámetros Fv/Fm y Fv/Fo constituyeron variables indicadoras para detectar estrés biótico en plantas de Cannabis. En plantas sanas Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, CWSI e índice de clorofila pueden evaluarse en experimentos sobre manejo agronómico del cultivo. Abstract Introduction. Plants exposed to stress conditions, alter their functioning and generate physiological responses that affect their agronomic performance. In the cultivation of medicinal Cannabis, research on plant physiology and its interaction with biotic factors is scarce. Objective. To determine physiological variables indicative of stress in different phenological stages of Cannabis plants in greenhouse and under contrasting phytosanitary conditions. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between November and December 2019, in the municipality of Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia. Batches of Cannabis sativa L. plants coming from asexual multiplication were sown weekly. Between weeks six and twelve after transplanting, the chlorophyll index and fluorescence variables (basal=Fo, maximum=Fm and variable=Fv), ambient crop thermal differential, water stress index, and foliar nutrient concentration were evaluated from the beginning of its vegetative phase to the reproductive and productive phase, under two contrasting phytosanitary conditions, one with white rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the other without pests or pathogens. Results. The plants did not present abiotic stress affecting the photosynthetic apparatus at any stage. The values of each nutrient were within the optimal ranges and the edaphic factors did not represent a limitation for the development of the crop. Reference values of physiological variables were defined at different phenological stages under optimal development conditions. In diseased plants with S. sclerotiorum, the chlorophyll index, water stress index, and fluorescence, showed reference values that can be useful for the identification of detrimental effects in the photosystem II. Conclusions. In diseased plants the chlorophyll index and the parameters Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 constituted indicator variables to detect biotic stress in Cannabis plants. In healthy plants, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, CWSI, and chlorophyll index can be evaluated in agronomic crop management experiments.

An adequate combination of factors involved in the technology used for phytosanitary product application contributes to an efficient spray deposition on the target. The objective of this study was to use multivariate analysis to characterize the magnitude of effects and the order of influence of three factors that interfere with the quality of phytosanitary product application in coffee plants. An entirely randomized design was adopted, with four repetitions, using a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with two classes of droplets quality (fine and coarse), two application rates (250 and 400 L ha-1), and the use of adjuvants (with no adjuvant or with Fighter®and Aureo® adjuvants). The quality of the application was determined by jointly analyzing the spray deposition on three thirds of leaves, in their internal and external layers, the runoff to soil, coverage, droplet density, relative amplitude, and the volumetric median diameter. The results underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA) to measure the effect sizes (η2). After testing the assumptions of multivariate analysis, clustering and principal component analyses were performed. The class of droplets was found to be the most influential factor in the quality of the phytosanitary product application (spray deposition and runoff to soil). When focusing on spray deposition on leaves, the second-most influential factor was the application rate and the relation between the application rate and the adjuvants. For the other variables, the second-most influential factor was the application rate.

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the resistance of winter wheat crops to the effects of the most common diseases, weeds and pests during its cultivation after the predecessors of six types of perennial legumes without the use of pesticides. The percentage of damage to the leaf surface of winter wheat with diseases of septoria and powdery mildew is shown. The number of the soil pest of the May beetle larvae was analyzed. The level of weediness of winter wheat crops in the context of predecessors was investigated with the determination of superior weed species after each of them. The level of grain yield of winter wheat, depending on the predecessors, was investigated and correlation-regression relationships between it and the spread of pests, diseases and weeds in their crops were revealed. A close correlation has been proved between the yield of winter wheat grain and the percentage of damaged leaf area by powdery mildew disease. It is shown that the highest level of grain yield of winter wheat is observed after the predecessor of meadow clover. The smallest damage to the leaf surface of winter wheat plants by powdery mildew disease was found after the predecessor of meadow clover. The defeat of the leaf surface of winter wheat by the disease septoria was the least after the predecessor of the sweet clover. During the sowing period of winter wheat, no larvae of the May beetle pest were found in the arable soil layer after the predecessors of alfalfa, sweet clover and eastern goat's rue. The smallest amount of weeds during the spring growth of winter wheat was found after the predecessor of the sweet clover.

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky 1853) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), the Asian Longhorned Beetle, is native to temperate and subtropical areas of China and the Korean peninsula. Due to its wide range of host plants, it is considered among the most economically important invasive plant pests. The morphological identification of A. glabripennis larvae can be confirmed by DNA barcoding, but obtaining the specimens from infested trees can be a demanding and challenging task. Therefore, non-invasive diagnostic tools based on DNA extracted from frass samples can be of key importance in phytosanitary surveys. In this study, an in silico generated real-time quantitative PCR test was developed for the detection of A. glabripennis DNA from frass material, which is naturally extruded from larval tunnels through cracks in the bark. Specificity was confirmed against a wide range of other wood-boring insect species frequently encountered during phytosanitary surveys and inclusivity was demonstrated for different populations of A. glabripennis from all main European outbreak areas. The test proved sensitive and reliable in detecting A. glabripennis DNA extracted from woody frass material of Acer saccharinum and Aesculus hippocastanum at least up to the 100-fold dilution. Furthermore, the test allowed the molecular identification of any life stage of the insect, including eggs and young larvae, whose morphological identification is impossible or very challenging. This study provides a reliable and sensitive molecular tool to detect A. glabripennis DNA in woody frass material, thus allowing a non-invasive sampling approach.

Outbreaks of Ips typographus (L.) caused by catastrophic natural phenomena in Central Europe, Siberia and the Far East have been the subject of numerous scientific studies. Molecular methods were used to analyze the relationships and origin of Ips species. The review article shows in detail the biological characteristics of I. typographus, such as the effect of temperature on vital parameters and flight behavior. It was found that the spruce bark beetle disperses within 500 m. However, new attacks occur in the immediate vicinity of the old foci. The susceptibility and protection mechanisms of trees are critical to a successful bark beetle attack. The newly attacked trees react with preformed resin, reactions to wounds, and, ultimately, systemic changes in physiology. The risk assessment in the studies was carried out both at the tree level and at the forest level as a whole. The risk of an attack of I. typographus is associated with the growth of the forest in a particular area, age, the flow of nutrients and water to the tree. The dynamics of outbreaks, to a large extent, depend on the abundance of I. typographus, susceptibility of trees, weather conditions and phytosanitary measures. Bark beetle I. typographus is an integral component of any forest ecosystem. It colonize weakened, weak or dead trees, and thus begins the decomposition of bark and wood. This pest is able to use short-lived resources and quickly multiply to extremely large numbers, for example, after winds. In such epidemic situations, I. typographus can pose a serious threat to spruce-rich forests, especially for stands planted outside their optimal range. The spatial development of I. typographus infections can be analyzed using GIS and multiple regression methods to investigate potential correlations between climatic, specific and phytosanitary factors and infection dynamics. Also, the article discusses various methods of forest control and emphasizes the need for more sophisticated risk assessment tools. For citation: Pirtskhalava-Karpova N.R., Karpov A.A., Kozlovski E.E., Grishchenko M.Yu. Protection of Spruce Forests from Outbreaks of Ips typographus (Review). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 4, pp. 55–67. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-55-67

The potato is one of the most versatile, accessible and at the same time widespread vegetable crops of the globe, and in particular of the Russian Federation. Today notable can be imagined without it. But despite the plasticity of the potato crop, there are still “white spots” in its production. With late and even return spring and early autumn frosts, the climatic features of Siberia significantly affect the crop’s growing season, preventing it from realising its full potential. Like that of many other crops, potato production is associated with seasonality, and there are often significant losses during cultivation and especially during storage. An important challenge is to protect plants during growth and development by applying innovative, environmentally friendly crop protection and stimulation products. Organomineral growth and development regulators were particularly popular. In the work schemes of application of perspective, organomineral growth regulators in conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia were tested and perfected. Their influence on the primary phases of growth and development of potatoes and their maturity, and their influence on biometrical parameters of plants, a phytosanitary condition of crops, a crop capacity, and its safety are established. On average, under the influence of growth regulators Epin-Extra and Zircon, the growing season is shortened by 3-5 days; the spread of diseases is reduced by 1.5-2 times; the yield increases to 8.3 tons per hectare. These studies are confirmed by the calculation of economic efficiency. Thus, the use of these growth regulators provides the level of profitability of production up to 252%.

In Colombia, the Tetranychus urticae mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most challenging phytosanitary issues faced by flower cultivators. The control of this mite has been commonly done thr...

Seed health is one of the quality characteristics that must be assessed during the seed certification process. In this study, the freezing blotter method was used to detect fungi present in a total of 102 and 75 maize seed lots produced in 2019 and 2020 respectively, by eight companies in different geographic areas. The analysis of the seed samples produced in 2019 showed significant differences among companies and countries in the percentage of infection with Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. The results obtained with the samples produced in 2020 were not statistically different. PCR-based tests were carried out on 90 isolates to identify the fungal species and differentiate the mycotoxigenic isolates. The results showed that Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus were the most common species infecting seed and that 46.5% of F. verticillioides and 57.1% of A. flavus isolates were toxigenic. The most effective seed treatments against Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. contained azoxystrobin and prothioconazole.

Uno de los principales problemas fitosanitarios en la producción de tomate o jitomate (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) donde se utiliza el suelo como medio de cultivo es Fusarium spp., el control químico es el método frecuentemente utilizado para su manejo; con impactos económicos y ambientales importantes. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: evaluar el repollo como cultivo de rotación y la incorporación de los residuos al suelo sobre la incidencia de la marchitez permanente en plantas de tomate e incidencia de Fusarium spp., en el suelo y evaluar la supresión de Fusarium spp., mediante la aplicación de subproductos de hojas y tallos de repollo. El trabajo se realizó en dos etapas: en la primera se documentó la evolución de Fusarium spp., en un cultivo comercial de tomate, establecido bajo condiciones de malla antiáfidos y repollo como cultivo de rotación, durante el periodo de 2012 a 2019. En la segunda etapa, se evaluó un extracto acuoso y un polvo deshidratado, obtenidos de hojas y tallos residuales de repollo. Los resultados muestran que el repollo utilizado como cultivo de rotación y la incorporación al suelo de las hojas y tallos residuales, redujeron la incidencia de marchitez permanente en el cultivo de tomate y suprimieron eficazmente Fusarium spp. Asimismo, el polvo deshidratado obtenido de estos residuos mostró un efecto similar sobre el control de Fusarium spp., al obtenido en los tratamientos con metilditiocarbamato de sodio.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-30 BACKGROUND: The loss of coffee leaves caused by the attack of pests and diseases significantly reduces its production and bean quality. Thus this study aimed to estimate foliation for regions with the highest production of arabica coffee in Brazil using nonlinear models as a function of climate. A 25-year historical series (1995–2019) of Coffea arabica foliation (%) data was obtained by the Procafé Foundation in cultivations with no phytosanitary treatment. The climate data were obtained on a daily scale by NASA/POWER platform with a temporal resolution of 33 years (1987–2019) and a spatial resolution of approximately 106 km, thus allowing the calculation of the reference evapotranspiration (PET). Foliation estimation models were adjusted through regression analysis using four-parameter sigmoidal logistic models. The analysis of the foliation trend of coffee plantations was carried out from degrees-day for 70 locations. RESULTS: The general model calibrated to estimate the arabica coffee foliation was accurate (mean absolute percentage error = 2.19%) and precise (R2adj = 0.99) and can be used to assist decision-making by coffee growers. The model had a sigmoidal trend of reduction, with parameters ymax = 97.63%, ymin = 9%, Xo = 3517.41 DD, and p = 6.27%, showing that foliation could reach 0.009% if the necessary phytosanitary controls are not carried out. CONCLUSION: Locations with high air temperatures over the year had low arabica coffee foliation, as shown by the correlation of −0.94. Therefore, coffee foliation can be estimated using degree days with accuracy and precision through the air temperature. This represents great convenience because crop foliation can be obtained using only a thermometer. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. Federal Institute of Sul de Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS) – Campus Muzambinho Federal Institute of Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS) Department of Exact Sciences State University of São Paulo-UNESP Jaboticabal Brazil Department of Exact Sciences State University of São Paulo-UNESP Jaboticabal Brazil

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L)) is a monocotyledon, herbaceous, of the Bromeliad family. Cote d’Ivoire is the leading supplier of fresh pineapple to the European market. For reasons of sanitary quality and also because of the deterioration under the action of several factors of the marketable quality of the fruits, pineapple suffers a slump in the European market. To deal with the problem of fruit deterioration under the action of microorganisms, phytosanitary products are used. However, these foods present risks for consumers and may be responsible for public health problems. The objective of the present study is to reduce postharvest losses of pineapple fruit due to fungal contaminants using bacterial biopesticides such as Bacillus subtilis GA1, Pseudomonas fluorescens F19 and Pseudomonas fluorescens CI. Physicochemical analyzes were carried out on 200 samples composed of healthy pineapple fruits in order to determine the nutritional value of these fruits and to carry out conservation tests using the biomass and the supernatant of these 3 biopesticides. The physico-chemical analysis of the fresh pineapple fruits showed high humidity levels (83.23 to 85.5%), an acidic pH (3.79 to 3.88), levels of reducing sugars and total sugars of the order of 20.70 to 26.79 g / 100g and 59.42 to 62.32 g / 100g favourable to fungal growth. The conservation achieved made it possible to extend the shelf life of the fruits over fourteen (14) days for all the biopesticides against seven (7) days for the control. This study contributed to the development of biopesticides for post-harvest conservation of fruits in Cote d'Ivoire.

Surveys were carried out in 2019–2020 to determine the laboratory germination and the microflora species composition in the original and replicated grains of winter rye varieties in the environments of Kirov oblast for potential risk assessment from a phytosanitary perspective in rye biocenoses. Seeds of eight test winter-rye varieties of different geographical origins and ecological conditions served as the survey material. A microbiological analysis of original (sampled at five research institutions in the Russian Federation) and replicated (resown at the Rudnitsky Federal Agricultural Science Center for Northeast) seeds was performed. Percentage of the replicated and original seeds affected with the cumulative impact of infection comprised 93.0 and 51.6% on average, respectively. Representatives of 12 taxa, including Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., B. sorokiniana, Cladosporium spp., Stemphylium spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremoniella spp., Curvularia spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Xanthomonas spp., and Bacillus spp., were identified in the seeds. Significant instability in mycobiota of seeds, caused by climatic conditions and genotypes, was revealed. Alternaria infections became dominant on the replicated seeds of all the test varieties, comprising 75.5% on average. Percentage of infections caused by potentially pathogenic fungi, B. sorokiniana and Fusarium spp. species, and bacteria comprised 20.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 1.6%, respectively. The original seed mycobiota had specific properties. Thus, the fungus B. sorokiniana was not revealed. A fuzarium infection is represented only by F. avenaceum, comprising a medium portion of 8.4%. A bacterial infection was dominant in the Saratovskaya 5 (75.0%) and Era (61.5%) winter rye varieties, while its percentage comprised 28.3%, on average. Alternaria infections were found only in the Chulpan 7 (50.0%) and Pyshma (71.4%) varieties. The proportion of potentially pathogenic fungi averaged 43.1%. Significant relationship (r = –0.70) between the laboratory germination of seeds and the bacterial infection was revealed.

Purpose.Grapevines (Vitisspp.) are affected by many viral diseases which cause serious pathological problems. GLRaV-3 is among the most widespread leafroll viruses, while Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV) is a destructive pathogen which reduces the lifespan of grapevine. Considering the impact and the spread of these diseases, our objective was to analyse the presence of these two viruses in several grapevine varieties in grapevine collection at ATTC Vlore. Data gathered from plant pathogens serve to better understand and prevent the spread of pathogens, as a mandatory rule for the quality control of certified plant material during vegetative propagation.Method.The presence of two common viruses were tested using virus specific primers; LC1/LC2 primer pair designed from the hHSP70 gene for detecting Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus-3 (GLRaV3) and C3390/H2999 primer pair, designed from coat protein coding regions for detecting Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV), in six varieties; ‘Merlot’, ‘Kallmet’, ‘Shesh i zi’, ‘Shesh i bardhё’, ‘Debinё’, and ‘Pulёz’, provided through a randomised sampling procedure. One Step Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was used to detect the viral presence.Resultsshowed a high (100%) prevalence of GLRaV3 virus in all of analysed samples, as the most frequent among the two pathogens. Analysis for of GFLV virus showed low infection rate, being present in only one sample.Conclusions.We herein show an efficient, fast and reproducible method for detecting grapevine viruses through one step RT-PCR. Our results suggest that sampling of the infected plant material should be avoided due to the presence of viral infections.

Mealybugs are agricultural pests occurring all over the world. The Sao Francisco Valley is one of the most productive regions regarding the cultivation of fruit crops in Brazil, demanding a proper phytosanitary management that can be obtained through the biological control of pests. Fortnight samples of mealybugs associated with roots, trunk, leaves and fruits of grapevines, pear, apple, persimmon, guava and Barbados cherry were performed in commercial farms in the sub-medium Sao Franciso Valley, Brazil, during twelve months. In order to identify mealybugs based on morphological characteristics from adult female specimens, samples were stored in Eppendorf tubes containing ethanol 70%, labeled and then identified. A total of 10,189 mealybugs, including nymphs and adult females were collected, with the highest number of specimens found in grapevines. The second most affected crop was persimmon, followed by pear. The lowest infestation was observed in guava, apple and Barbados cherry. Pseudococcidae evidenced preference for fruits. The following mealybugs were observed in the sub-medium region of the Sao Francisco Valley: Planococcus sp., Planococcus citri, Phenacoccus solenopsis, Dysmicoccus brevipes, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Ferrisia virgata and Pseudococcus elisae. Made available in DSpace on 2022-10-21T14:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mealybugs-on-fruit-crops-in-the-Sao-Franciso-Valley-2021.pdf: 406403 bytes, checksum: 63dd9e1ae8377c4a52b1fca53ddbdcd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The cost of Eucalyptus seed and adoption of strict phytosanitary regulations in seed trade makes it imperative to monitor the quality and ensure supply of pathogen-free seeds for both forestry regeneration and research. Based on seed health tests, two species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex were found to be naturally associated with seeds of Eucalyptus dunnii, E. nitens and E. macarthurii produced in South Africa. Multiloci phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated sequences of the ITS regions, β-tubulin, actin, glutamine synthetase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes, identified representative isolates PPRI 24,314 as C. fructicola and PPRI 24,315 as C. kahawae subsp. cigarro (C. cigarro). Subsequent biochemical tests showed that isolate PPRI 24,315 was able to utilise either ammonium tartrate or citric acid as a sole carbon source, confirming its identity as C. cigarro. Pathogenicity tests showed that both C. fructicola and C. cigarro caused anthracnose leaf spots on E. camaldulensis, E. dunnii, E. nitens and E. viminalis seedlings. Disease symptoms included irregular dark-brown leaf spots on seedlings six days after inoculation. The two fungi were exclusively re-isolated from disease spots, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Sowing Eucalyptus spp. seed artificially inoculated with either of the two pathogens showed the seed-transmissibility of C. fructicola and C. cigarro in E. camaldulensis, E. dunnii and E. nitens seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fructicola and C. cigarro associated with Eucalyptus.

Relevance. Chemical pesticides are currently used to protect potatoes from diseases. Their main advantage is efficiency, mass scale and speed. The main disadvantage is the dangerous to human life and warm-blooded animals toxic effect, as well as the death of beneficial insects (bees, bumblebees) pollinating plants. In addition, most harmful bacteria and fungi develop resistance to chemicals, forcing manufacturers to create new, increasingly toxic drugs. To solve this problem, it is of paramount importance to improve the technology of potato cultivation in the direction of its biologization, that is, the search for biological agents, the creation and use of biological agents on their basis for protecting potatoes and obtaining environmentally friendly products. Methods. The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth-stimulating and antifungal action of bacteria of the genus Bacillus on potatoes of the Tuleyevsky variety. The results of field experiments are presented for the period 2019–2020. The experiments were conducted in the Novosibirsk region, g, Novosibirsk, UPH “Garden of Michurintsev” of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. To improve morphometric parameters and reduce the prevalence of rhizoctonia, potato tubers were treated with strains of the bacterium of the genus Bacillus: B. thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni; B. thuringiensis ssp. dacota; B. subtilis; B. liheniformis. Phytosporin-M, P (B. subtilis strain 26 D) was used as a reference. Results. The best results (on average for 2 years) were seen in the variant using the B. subtilis strain, which provided an increase in plant biomass by 1.7 (2019) and 1.2 (2020) times and the number of stolons by 43% compared to the control variant. The use of the strain B. thuringiensis spp. dacota in 2019 provided an increase in the length of the ground part by 10%, by 1.2 times-the number of stems and by 1.6 times — stolons. The prevalence of the causative agent of the black scab in all periods of accounting decreased by 1.7–3.7 times compared to the control in variant B. subtilis, and on the 10th week of accounting — in 3.5 (2019) — 2.6 (2020) times relative to the standard. The use of bacterial strains allowed us to achieve a higher quality and higher yield compared to the control version and the standard. When using strains of B. thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni and B. thuringiensis ssp. dacota in 2019, the yield increased by 1.4 and 1.5 times, respectively, and in 2020, with the strains of B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni — by 1.2 and 1.3 times respectively.

The article presents the stationary experience of the Department of General Agriculture of the Uman National University of Horticulture, where during 2014–2016. The phytosanitary condition in crops of spring wheat was studied. The culture was located in a five-field crop rotation after spring rape. Factor A in the experiment was the soil cultivation methods represented by plowing and plow-cutting cultivation, and factor B – the depths of these cultivations — 15–17, 20–22, and 25–27 cm. The objects of research were the weediness of crops, the population of the soil with wintering larvae of the winter scoop, meadow moth and forged of striped and steppe and the degree of infection of cultivated plants with diseases: dark brown spotting, powdery mildew and helminthosporious root rot. The methodology for determining these elements of the phytosanitary state of spring wheat crops was generally accepted. According to three-year data, the replacement of plowing by plow-cutting cultivation was accompanied by a deterioration in the phytosanitary condition due to weed contamination of crops. Reducing the depth or replacing the methods of the main autumnal cultivation from 25–27 to 20–22 and 15–17 cm led to an increase in the level of weediness in crops. Both studied factors influenced the soil population for spring sowing of winter spring larvae of the main pests of spikes, when, due to the replacement of the waste processing, the subsurface number of larvae of the winter scoop, meadow moth and forgery increased by 51, 98 and 59 %, respectively, and due to a decrease in the depth of plowing from largest to smallest – by 258, 282 and 263 %, respectively. Similarly, under the influence of these factors, although the level of damage of wheat plants to spring leaf (dark brown spotting and powdery mildew) and root (helminthosporious root rot) diseases changed less pronounced. So, both ways to minimize the main autumn cultivation of the soil cause a deterioration in the phytosanitary condition of spring wheat crops.

The substitution of landrace populations of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by commercial cultivars provided genetic uniformity and loss of rusticity. It makes the bean plants more vulnerable to pests, increasing the use of pesticides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and health of beans landraces compared to commercial cultivars, reducing the effect of high dynamic dilutions. The evaluated traits were grain yield (kg ha-1), thousand grain weight (g), and occurrence of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and bacteriosis (Xanthomonas sp.). Evaluation of high dynamic dilutions was also done in addition to the previous variables, was evaluated number of pods per plant and pods with the presence of anthracnose. The analysis of the data did not show any differences in the productivity and disease rate between the landraces and the commercial cultivars of beans. The high dynamic dilutions do not show any conclusive results in terms of productivity. However, all treatments were superior in phytosanitary management compared to control

Even though the growing demand for seeds of native forest species, for both commercial and reforestation purposes, this sector still has some challenges for the large-scale production. Harvesting of these seeds frequently takes place in natural populations, areas not registered for such use, not considering sampling criteria that guarantee their genetic conservation. Due to the economic and socio-environmental importance of Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow & R. W. Jobson, a species native to the semiarid region of Brazil, this study aimed to select mother plants of P. moniliformis for seed production that meets the quality requirements demanded by the forest conservation and production programs. To that end, seeds from 44 trees were subjected to evaluation of physical and physiological aspects as well as of genetic diversity from mother plants and progenies by using ISSR molecular markers. There was considerable variation on the physiological quality of seeds, where 77% of P. moniliformis trees produced seeds with germination above 50%. The progeny test showed that 64.4% of the source from total variation in the loci comes from the progenies, indicating an increased difference between generations. By considering the phytosanitary aspect, yield (800 seeds/individual) and seed viability (> 50%), as well as genetic diversity (Nei genetic distance < 0.78 and progeny test), it was possible to select 27 P. moniliformis mother plants with superior characteristics for seed production. Even though physical and physiological quality are important parameters in selecting mother plants for producing seeds intended for commercialization, the access to the genetic diversity of P. moniliformis assists in selecting mother plants aiming at the recovery of degraded areas, reforestation and genetic breeding. Seed-producing mother plants of P. moniliformis can be selected based on the genetic distance between individuals and on the physiological quality of their seeds.

Translocation of threatened plants is increasingly being used as a conservation or mitigation action. The success of this practice is mixed and methods to increase likelihood of success are commonly investigated. Using a long-lived perennial shrub endemic to the Sydney Basin, Australia, as a case study, we examined the role of pre-planting nutrient loading (High, Low) and addition of Provenance (home soil) on growth and flowering, where Provenance soils had on average 50% lower nutrients than the Low treatment. We found that Provenance- and Low-treated plants grew better under propagation compared to High treatments, but these differences did not persist. At 11 months post-planting, Provenance-treated plants had growth rates no different from any other treatments and that plants under both High and Provenance soil treatments had higher peak flowering events, indicating that Provenance-treated soils could confer a flowering advantage akin to fertilisation. This study demonstrates that there were no negative effects of growing plants using home soil, despite a lower nutrient status than standard propagation medium. Translocations, particularly reintroduction or augmentation, should consider home soil treatment within pilot studies as a simple and cost-effective method of potentially reducing transplant shock, providing ethical and phytosanitary measures are addressed.

Commercial exploitation of the coffee crop is one of the most important activities in the world’s agricultural sector. One of the main phytosanitary problems affecting the crop is the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Several measures have been tested for the management of this pathogen, albeit with low efficiency. The objective of this work was to quantify the damage and losses and to manage M. incognita race 1 with Pochonia chlamydosporia and Trichoderma harzianum biological nematicides, comparing them to a chemical nematicide. The experiment was carried out in a commercial area naturally infested by the nematode and cultivated with the conilon coffee variety ‘Vitória INCAPER 8142’, clone V02. The treatments were tested with Carbofuran nematicide and with biological nematicides composed of P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 and T. harzianum ESALQ 1306. The biological products were applied alone or in combination. The lowest NPF (final nematode population) occurred in plants treated with P. chlamydosporia and Carbofuran. P. chlamydosporia was the most effective biological agent in the management of M. incognita. There was a reduction in production with an increase in the nematode population. The highest application costs of management methods for M. incognita race 1 per hectare were for three and two applications of Carbofuran and three applications of P. chlamydosporia + T. harzianum. The treatments with lowest application costs were one application of T. harzianum and one application of P. chlamydosporia. It was concluded that all treatments were efficient for the management of M. incognita race 1, causing a decrease in the roots and soil population. A exploração comercial da cultura do café é uma das atividades mais importantes do setor agropecuário mundial. Um dos principais problemas fitossanitários da cultura é a presença de Meloidogyne incognita. Várias medidas têm sido testadas para o manejo desse patógeno, porém, com baixa eficiência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos e as perdas e manejar M. incognita raça 1 com nematicidas biológicos à base de Pochonia chlamydosporia e Trichoderma harzianum. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área comercial naturalmente infestada pelo nematoide e cultivada com a variedade de café conilon ‘Vitória INCAPER 81421’, clone V02. Foram testados os tratamentos: nematicida Carbofurano; nematicidas biológicos à base de P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 e T. harzianum ESALQ 1306. Os produtos biológicos foram aplicados isoladamente ou associados. As menores populações finais de nematoides ocorreram em plantas tratadas com P. chlamydosporia e Carbofurano. P. chlamydosporia foi o agente biológico mais eficaz no manejo de M. incognita. Houve redução de produção com o aumento da população do nematoide. Os maiores custos de aplicação dos métodos de manejo para M. incognita raça 1 por hectare foram para três e duas aplicações de Carbofuran e três aplicações de P. chlamydosporia + T. harzianum. Os tratamentos com menores custos de aplicação foram uma aplicação de T. harzianum e uma aplicação de P. chlamydosporia. Conclui-se que todos os tratamentos foram eficientes para o manejo de M. incognita raça 1, acarretando diminuição da população do nematoide nas raízes e no solo. &nbsp

Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) are pathogens of grass species including all economically important cereals. Both viruses have been identified in Poland therefore they create a potential risk to cereal crops. In this study, a duplex—reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction (duplex-RT-PCR) was developed and optimized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of BMV and CfMV as well as for confirmation of their co-infection. Selected primers CfMVdiag-F/CfMVdiag-R and BMV2-F/BMV2-R amplified 390 bp and 798 bp RT-PCR products within coat protein (CP) region of CfMV and replicase gene of BMV, respectively. Duplex-RT-PCR was successfully applied for the detection of CfMV-P1 and different Polish BMV isolates. Moreover, one sample was found to be co-infected with BMV-ML1 and CfMV-ML1 isolates. The specificity of generated RT-PCR products was verified by sequencing. Duplex-RT-PCR, like conventional RT-PCR, was able to detect two viruses occurring in plant tissues in very low concentration (as low as 4.5 pg/µL of total RNA). In contrast to existing methods, newly developed technique offers a significant time and cost-saving advantage. In conclusion, duplex-RT-PCR is a useful tool which can be implemented by phytosanitary services to rapid detection and differentiation of BMV and CfMV.

Mycobiota of Podolyanka and Poliska 90 winter wheat varieties seeds was found to be represented mainly by fungi of the Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Trichothecium genera which are characterized by various levels of pathogenicity, depending on the physiological and biochemical properties the host variety. Signifcant increase is air temperature and relative humidity during the wheat flowering and milking stage of grain ripening contributed to the spread of micromycetes of the genus Alternaria Nees. (50 %). The seeds the affected by fungi Alternaria were physiologically underdeveloped, had low energy and germination, which averaged 40 %. Plants form such seeds lag behind in growth and development. It is established that the physiological and biochemical mechanism of Podolyanka winter wheat variety stimulates mycelium radial growth and intensity of fungi Alternaria sporulation indicating the rapid reproduction of micromycetes, which contributes to the contamination of agrophytocenoses by propagative structures of the pathogen. However, the intensity of spore formation and the rate of mycelium radial growth on Poliska 90 variety seeds, was signifcantly lower. This fact gives reason to believe that the physiological and biochemical mechanism of the Poliska 90 variety plants is able to restrain the intensity of the genus Alternaria micromycetes spore formation at an ecologically safe level. It was found that the seeds of the Podolyanka and Poliska 90 winter wheat varieties are low in protein content and have high humidity. In terms of raw gluten content, they are classifed in the quality group 3. Isolates of fungi the genus Alternaria developed more intensively on the Podolyanka winter wheat variety grain, which is characterized by a lower content of protein and gluten. However the development of fungi was signifcantly lower on the Poliska 90 variety grain, which is characterized by a slightly higher content of protein and gluten. System-ecological approach to the improvement of agroecosystems in organic farming can be carried out using indicators of the variety physiological and biochemical properties interaction with physiological properties of phytopathogenic fungi, namely sporulation intensity and mycelial radial growth rate. This can increase the level of biosafety in agroecosystems and improve the quality of plant raw materials. Key words: the frequency of occurrence, mycelium radial growth, sporulation intensity, phytosanitary optimization, wheat winter agrphytocenoses.

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) appears in a list of fruit and nut species growing in Europe considered neglected and underused economically. AlthoughC. mashas a long-standing traditional medicinal use, only in recent years interest in products and food made from Cornelian cherries, said to have health-promoting effects, increased. This in turn raises the demand for improved planting material. In the Pielach Valley Region, Lower Austria, hundreds of centenary specimens ofCornus mas, but even a few millennial plants can still be encountered. The occurrence of these plants requested an active intervention to genetically characterize and preserve this valuable biodiversity, particularly in the light of changing environmental conditions. Efforts for the establishment of an in vitro collection of this valuable germplasm of centenary cornelian cherries yielded 193 mericlones initiated from single node explants from 41 selected plants. The selected donor plants were grouped by estimated age ranging from 10 years, > 50 years, > 100 years, > 200 years, > 400 years and 1000 years. The final goal of our efforts is to preserve these genetic resources, also checked for genetic and phytosanitary quality, for future generations and to use the superior clones for further breeding programs.

The fundamental basis for the adequate development of avocado crops is the quality of the planting material, which must have genetic identity and high phytosanitary standards. It is considered that many of the pathologies present in the fields are introduced from the nursery stage, as asymptomatic infections. The objectives of this study were to identify the inoculum sources of different diseases and origin of disorders and to design management strategies to reduce pathogen inoculum and the occurrence of abiotic disorders in avocado at nursery stage. This experiment and survey involved the monitoring of six commercial avocado nurseries for a period of eight years. We evaluated seed, water, soils and substrate, size bags and soil moisture to determine the source of biotic and abiotic causal agents of the different diseases and disorders. In the second part, we evaluated the incidence and mortality of diseases and disorders under management practices associated with sanitation of all processes in nurseries to produce seedlings. It was found that seeds, irrigation and drainage water, and especially the substrate for germination and growth are the principal sources of inoculum of pathologies of biotic origin as Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. palmivora, Verticillium spp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Pythium spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Cylindrocarpon spp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Penicillium sp., and Rosellinia sp. On the other hand, bag size and moisture regimes are involved in root atrophy and hypoxia-anoxia disorders. In addition, we suggest basic procedures based on seed quality and hygiene processes to improve disease prevention and pathologies reduction in avocado nurseries.

International exchange of plants/planting material carries an unintended risk of introduction of exotic pests or their new virulent races/strains into new areas. History has evidenced several examples of dangerous pests introduced along with plants/planting material/plant products that have led to serious socio-economic consequences. Plant quarantine is a statutory requirement to regulate the entry of seed/planting material, plant products, living organisms and soil etc. so as to prevent unintentional entry of pests and pathogens. International exchange of plant genetic resources (PGR) is important to broaden the genetic base of crops in order to develop improved crop varieties. The Government of India has legislated the Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order in 2003 to regulate the import of plant material. Under this Order, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) has been delegated powers to issue Import Permit and to carry out quarantine processing of imported PGR including transgenics and for issue of Phytosanitary Certificate for PGR meant for export. The Division of Plant Quarantine at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi has developed an efficient and step-by-step protocol for quarantine processing for pest diagnostics, salvaging and containment to uphold biosecurity during exchange of PGR and to be transparent during exchange internationally. Meticulous quarantine examination of 5,45,945 samples of PGR during 2015–2020 has resulted in interception of several insect pests, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and weeds. Some of these are yet not reported from India, if reported, have a restricted distribution; have an extensive host range and/or cause huge economic losses or have more infectious/several races/strains etc. All infested/infected/contaminated samples are either disinfected/disinfested prior to release or incinerated depending on the type of pest intercepted. During the past five years from 2015 to 2020, a total of 36 pests of quarantine significance including insects/mites (7), fungi (8), viruses (13) and weeds (28) were intercepted at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. Had any of these pests not been intercepted and had escaped, they could have entered and established in the country and subsequently caused devastation to our agriculture. Presently, exchange of PGR has become more difficult under the Convention on Biological Diversity, hence, all attempts were made to salvage the germplasm and 7393 samples were salvaged and 2813 samples were rejected. Although, ICAR-NBPGR has contemporary facilities to properly take up this task, more wide-ranging efforts are needed in the national plant quarantine system to develop adapt and adopt latest detection and eco-friendly disinfestation/disinfection techniques to minimalize the risk of pest escape in quarantine. Additionally, the legislation on quarantine needs to be upgraded to the Agricultural Biosecurity Bill as drafted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India to have an all-inclusive approach towards biosecurity in India.

According to the results of phytosanitary monitoring in the Arboretum of the NBG, 26 pest species were identified on 97 tree introduced species (1039 foci). In the Arboretum of the NBG in 2020, 27 species of phytopathogenic fungi (186 foci) were identified on 65 species of woody plants. Of these, 18 species are wood-destroying fungi that cause root and trunk rot in 57 species of tree introduced species (159 foci). In the Arboretum, 5 types of powdery mildew fungi (9 foci) and 4 types of fungi that cause rust (18 foci) were identified. The results of phytosanitary monitoring for the period 2015-2020 were summed up. The number of pest species increased by 8 species and amounted to 26 species of phytophagans, the number of pest foci increased by 32%. The number of foci of phytopathogenic bracket fungi that cause root and trunk rot increased from 103 to 159 units, the increase in foci of pathogens was 56 units. Currently, the number of bracket fungi that cause root rot is 7 species (135 foci), bracket fungi that cause trunk rot - 11 species (24 foci). The number of powdery mildew and rust fungi did not change during the studies. The biology and ecology of cottony-cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ) was studied.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of pre-flowering leaf removal (PFD) on grape sanitary status, yield, source-sink balance and berry composition. A completely random block design experiment was conducted over four seasons in a commercial vineyard of the Tannat/SO4 combination located in the south of Uruguay (34° 35´30 S, 56° 15´23 O). The PFD treatment was compared with a commercial defoliation (CC) comprising partial leaf removal between the fruit set and cluster closure stages (four leaves from the first node), a traditional practice carried out by winegrowers. Both treatments received equal phytosanitary management during the study. The results were conditioned by seasonal meteorological conditions, particularly rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration. The seasonal effect was significant for yield components, berry composition and source-sink balance. The PFD treatment resulted in the lowest yields in all four years and modified the primary and secondary composition of berries. It also showed a higher anthocyanin potential in 2016, 2017 and 2019, related to a higher percentage of exposed clusters, lower yield and/or higher leaf to fruit ratio. In 2017, environmental conditions were more favourable for the development of bunch rot, and lower values of incidence (3 %) were recorded for the PFD treatment compared to CC (22 %), due to greater exposure of bunches and less compact bunches. The PFD vines showed a steady reduction in dry matter production capacity, mainly explained by the steady reduction in yields. The Tannat variety showed a differential response to PFD depending on the weather during the growth cycle. Under humid climate conditions, pre-flowering defoliation proved to be effective for yield control, by reducing bunch rot incidence, and for improving some attributes in terms of grape composition. This work provides useful information for grape growers in humid regions on how to improve the sanitary status and quality of their production.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a monocotyledon, herbaceous, of the Bromeliad family. Cote d’Ivoire is the leading supplier of fresh pineapple to the European market. For reasons of sanitary quality and also due to the deterioration under the action of several factors of the marketable quality of the fruits, pineapple suffers a slump in the European market. To deal with the problem linked to the deterioration of fruits under the action of microorganisms, phytosanitary products are used. However, these foods present risks for consumers and may be responsible for public health problems. The objective of the present study is to reduce post-harvest losses of pineapple fruit due to fungal contaminants using bacterial biopesticides such as Bacillus subtilis GA1, Pseudomonas fluorescens F19 and Pseudomonas fluorescens CI. To this end, isolations followed by identification by PCR-ITS-RFLP of the fungal strains carried out on 200 samples composed of healthy and altered pineapple fruits in order to determine the main fungal strains responsible for their alteration have been made. The antifungal activity of biopesticides has been tested in vitro and in vivo to assess the potential for inhibition against isolated fungal strains. The results indicate that 5 fungal genera namely Rhizopus, Geotrichum, Neurospora, Candida and Aspergillus were isolated. Antagonist tests using all three biopesticides reduced spoilage. This study contributed to the development of biopesticides in the fight against fruit spoilage fungi in Cote d'Ivoire.

Uno de los problemas fitosanitarios limitantes de la producción del cultivo de tomate (Solanum licopersicum L.) a nivel mundial y nacional es el marchitamiento vascular ocasionado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), ocasionando grandes pérdidas económicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variabilidad en la virulencia de cepas de Fusarium aisladas de plantas de tomate con síntomas típicos de marchitez vascular en parcelas productoras de tomate en el estado de Hidalgo y evaluar la incidencia y severidad de Fol raza 3 en siete genotipos de tomate. Para la identificación de razas se realizaron pruebas de patogenicidad en materiales diferenciales, además un índice de enfermedad se usó para calcular el área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE), que permitió identificar genotipos con tolerancia a Fol. Se identificaron las razas 2 y 3 de Fol en una proporción de 33 y 67%, respectivamente, además se proporciona información sobre el comportamiento de siete genotipos de tomate, de los cuales Y53 y D3 presentaron la menor incidencia de Fol, lo cual resalta la importancia de usarse en trabajos futuros sobre resistencia a este patógeno.

Variations in populations of arthropod pests, under the influence of climate change, compromise the effectiveness of the cotton phytosanitary protection strategy in Cote d'Ivoire. This study aims to establish a new classification of cotton production areas, on the basis of predominant pests. A monitoring was therefore carried out from 2016 to 2019 in 400 farmers' fields. In these fields, surveys were conducted weekly, from the 30th to the 122nd day after emergence. Data analysis, through Principal Component Analysis, identified four groups of localities. The first group includes the northeastern localities (4°W to 5°W: 8°N to 10.5°N) such as Kong, Ouangolodougou, Sordi, Tiekpe, Kaouara. This area is characterized by high infestations of most pests (jassid, white flies, exocarpic lepidoptera, endocarpic lepidoptera, phyllophagous lepidoptera and mites). The second group is intermediate between northeast and central (5.5°W to 6.2°W: 8.3°N to 10.5°N). This area is characterized by infestations of jassid, white flies and exocarpic lepidoptera (H. armigera and D. watersi). It remains less infested by endocarpic lepidoptera (T. leucotreta and P. gossypiella). The third area is located in the South (4.5°W to 8.5°W: 6°N to 8.5°N). It is essentially infested by endocarpic lepidoptera T. leucotreta and P. gossypiella. Jassid and whitefly infestations are less important in this part, compared to the northern part. The fourth and last area extends from the center to the west (6°W to 8°W: 8°N to 10.5°N). Pest infestations are lower in this area compared to other areas.

Yellow passion fruit cultivation in Colombia lacks detailed genetic studies that allow the establishment of intraspecific variability as a basis for a breeding program. The aim of this research was to establish the genetic relationships among accessions of different geographic origins through an agro-morphological characterization. This research was carried out in the municipality of Palestina (Caldas) at the Luker farm located at 1050 m a.s.l. Fifty-two accessions from Colombia (47), Ecuador (3), Brazil (1), and Costa Rica (1) were characterized with 45 agro-morphological descriptors complemented with phytosanitary evaluations. The quantitative descriptors (25) were analyzed by variance decomposition and principal components (PCA), and the qualitative descriptors (18) were analyzed with the multiple correspondence factor analysis (MCFA). The classification analysis by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used for both types of descriptors. PCA results showed six components explaining 71.6% of the total variance that are mainly associated with descriptors related to the size of the flower (tube, nectar camera, and operculum) and weight of the fruit (pulp, shell, and juice content). Thirteen qualitative descriptors were selected, and four factors (44.38% inertia) were identified, mainly associated with pubescence and anthocyanins in the bract, petiole, leaf, and ripe fruit color. The NJ classification analysis showed no relationship between accessions by geographic origin, and the distance between individuals of the same accession was higher than among accessions for both types of descriptors. Thrips (Neohydatothrips signifier) and scab (Cladosporium cladosporioides) were the pests with the highest incidence in the accessions. Six elite accessions were identified according to the selection index with outstanding fruit quality characteristics, yield, and tolerance to phytosanitary problems. The high intra-accession variability and traits of certain accessions are the basis for future breeding programs to obtain more productive and tolerant cultivars.

During the post-entry quarantine inspection of olive seedlings imported from the Netherlands, the olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina (Costa, 1839), was accidentally intercepted in June 2020. This study reports the presence of the olive psyllid for the first time in the East Palaearctic region, South Korea. The damage inflicted by the insect through direct feeding, wax secretion, and abundant honeydew production results in the growth of sooty mold and may be of phytosanitary concern. Until now, the settlement of the psyllid in the Netherlands and South Korea has not been confirmed.