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The Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) has been recognized as a time of plant radiations and originations, likely related to observed swift changes from xerophytic to more hygrophytic floras. This suggests that the increasing humidity causally resulting from LIP volcanism was the trigger for these changes in the terrestrial realm. Understanding the cause and effects of the CPE on the plant realm, requires study of well-preserved floras that are precisely aligned with the CPE. We therefore focus on the best age-constrained section within the CPE for the terrestrial to marginal marine environment to understand the floristic composition at the early CPE. This is found in the Dolomites, Italy, and is remarkable for the preservation of the oldest fossiliferous amber found in the rock record. An integrated study of palynomorphs and macro-remains related to the conifer families of the fossil resin bearing level brings together the floral components from this section. This observed mixture of different taxa of extinct and modern conifer families underlines firmly the effects of the LIP-induced CPE on the evolution and radiation of conifers.

Two microbial mound-shaped carbonate bodies buried below the slope deposits of the middle Triassic Latemar platform (Dolomites, Italy) have been studied. The two sedimentary bodies, after having reached different stages of evolution, drowned and were covered by the slopes of the Latemar carbonate platform. The estimation of the depth and time at which they were located when they were buried made it possible to infer the average rates of relative sea-level rise to which they were subjected, revealing that these latter exceeded the growth rate of the main Latemar buildup. Given the estimated rates of sea-level rise, the two satellite bodies reached a critical depth at which microbial carbonate production stops, or it is significantly reduced, before being buried. As extensional tectonics was active in the area of the Dolomites during the Anisian, subsidence is the more likely cause of sea level rise. It is therefore hypothesized that the cause of the ultimate drowning of the “mounds” were subsidence rates exceeding their aggradation potential and inducing a progressive deepening that brought them below the lower depth threshold of microbial carbonate production.

In this paper, sea-level fluctuations during the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) are investigated. A revision of published data from multiple successions worldwide indicates a sea-level drop that occurred in different geodynamic settings after the onset of the first of multiple carbon-isotope perturbations that characterize the CPE. New stable isotope data, zircon U-Pb geochronology, carbonate petrology, conodont and foraminifer biostratigraphy from the Carnian of the Sichuan Basin and comparison to the well-dated coeval successions of the Dolomites allow pinpointing with unprecedented precision this sea-level fall and determine that it occurred after the onset of the first, but prior to the third negative delta C-13 shift of the CPE. These lines of evidence indicate that such sea-level oscillation was eustatic. Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of units deposited during the ensuing sea-level rise in the Sichuan and Dolomites, further show that a Tethys-wide crisis of microbial carbonate production and drowning of carbonate platforms were followed by a recovery of marine calcification, widely testified by the deposition of oolitic bodies. Whereas a Tethys-wide recovery of microbial carbonate production is documented at the end of the Carnian, this increase in chemical calcification occurred earlier, at the beginning of the Tuvalian, and suggest that global transformations in carbonate systems coincident with the CPE were complex and share commonalities with other times in the geological record when a similar evolution was linked to ocean acidification. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) was a time of biological turnover and environmental perturbations. Within the CPE interval, C-isotope and sedimentary records indicate multiple pulses of depleted carbon into the atmosphere–ocean system linked to discrete enhancements of the hydrological cycle. Data suggest a similar cascade of events to other extinctions, including being potentially driven by emplacement of a large igneous province (LIP). The age of the Wrangellia LIP overlaps that of the CPE, but a direct link between volcanism and the pulsed CPE remains elusive. We present sedimentary Hg concentrations from Western Tethys successions to investigate volcanic activity through the previously established CPE global negative C-isotope excursions (NCIEs). Higher Hg concentrations and Hg/TOC are recorded just before and during NCIEs and siliciclastic inputs. The depositional settings suggest volcanic Hg inputs into the basins over the NCIEs rather than increases of Hg drawdown or riverine transport. Differences in Hg and Hg/TOC signals between the basins might be linked to coeval LIP style or the temporal resolution of the sedimentary successions. Overall, our new data provide support for a link between pulses of Wrangellia LIP volcanism, NCIEs, and humid phases that mark the CPE in the Western Tethys.

Upper Triassic deposits formed at the onset of subsidence in the Sichuan foreland basin of South China, and may record a crisis of carbonate deposition related to the Carnian Pluvial Episode. However, there is no consensus yet on the precise age of these deposits in northwestern Sichuan. In this work, ammonoid biostratigraphy has been improved, and a U/Pb age from detrital zircons has been obtained from the Upper Triassic of northwestern Sichuan. New ammonoid taxa Sinotropites sichuanensis n. gen., n. sp. and Hadrothisbites hanwangensis n. sp. are described from the upper part of the Ma'antang Formation in Hanwang and Jushui area and are assigned to the uppermost Tuvalian (Anatropites spinosus Zone, Gonionotites italicus Subzone). Ammonoid and conodont biostratigraphy, combined with U/Pb concordant ages of 227.2 ± 1.1 Ma obtained from youngest detrital zircons, provide a robust constrain on the initial sedimentation phases of the foreland basin in northwestern Sichuan, and suggest that the terrigenous turnover was not related to the Carnian Pluvial Episode.

The Yanchang Formation was deposited during the Middle Triassic in a vast lacustrine basin in the modern Ordos Basin and is a main target for hydrocarbon exploration in Central China. It is divided, based on sedimentary cycles and lithology, into the Chang 10 (the oldest) to Chang 1 (the youngest) members. During the deposition of the Chang 7 Member, the Ordos lake system reached its maximum depth and large volumes of organic-rich sediments were deposited. The evolution of the Ordos Basin sedimentary system during this phase is, however, not completely understood, and uncertainty still exists as for the chronostratigraphy of Chang 7 Member. We acquired palynological markers and palynofacies and a high-resolution δ13Corg record through the entire Chang 7 Member, and a ID-TIMS 206Pb/238U date of 240.95 ± 0.033 Ma from a volcanic ash bed in the middle of this Member. These imply that the maximum deepening phase of the lacustrine system was during the earliest Ladinian. Evidence of marine influence in the Ordos Basin at that time and comparison to the sea-level oscillations observed in Western Tethys suggest that a global eustatic rise and highstand may have played a role in determining lake-level variations.

Microbial carbonate platforms are common in the Pre-Cambrian and most of the Phanerozoic, often hosting hydrocarbons, but since they are distinct from modern coral reefs or skeletal carbonate ramps, a standardised facies model for such microbial-dominated carbonate bodies is still missing. The reconstruction of the stratigraphic architecture of these types of depositional systems must often rely on investigation of outcrop analogues. The authors propose herein a 2 day field itinerary in which depositional features, depositional geometries and facies architecture of two Triassic microbial carbonate platforms of the Dolomites (Southern Alps, NE Italy) will be presented at key outcrops and discussed. The Dolomites host a variety of Triassic carbonate platforms of this type. They are characterised by high relief and steep slopes and have been studied as analogues to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic hydrocarbon reservoirs such as those of Central Asia, Central America, northern Russia or North America, with which they share significant similarities. In this guide, two excursions are described and focus on the upper Anisian (Middle Triassic) Latemar and the lower Carnian (Upper Triassic) Sella; two examples that are particularly suitable for directly appreciating and understanding architecture and facies characteristics of such microbial sedimentary units because of their limited size and excellent exposure. Easy accessibility makes it possible to examine several key features through a short visit, with only minor safety issues. The Latemar platform has escaped pervasive dolomitization, so that sedimentary facies are very well preserved. Furthermore, the Sella and the Latemar crop out perfectly, exposing the depositional geometries and their lateral facies relationships with coeval deep-water basins at seismic scale. The proposed field itinerary is aimed at geologists, either from industry or from academia, who have interest in microbial carbonate platforms, wish to learn sequence stratigraphy in the field and to look at outcrop analogues of carbonate depositional systems as seen in seismic surveys.

Plutons in crustal shear zones may exploit inherited structures, interfere with strain localizing or be deformed passively. To constrain the relative timing of such tectono-magmatic relationships in natural settings is not always straight-forward. We here present sandbox-type analogue model experiments simulating magma emplacement into simple and transtensional crustal shear zones to test the diagnostic potential of pluton shape with respect to timing and setting. Observations based on surface deformation and intrusion shape exemplify the interplay between evolving and inherited tectonic structures and magma uprising. We observe markedly asymmetric intrusions in association with dikes reflecting the regional stresses, fault pattern and finite strain field. At the same time, the presence of an intrusion modifies the tectonic evolution, but only transiently, resulting in short-lived faults, reactivation and inversion. Diagnostic attributes include the pluton's aspect ratio, its orientation and amplitude as well as dike association. Accordingly, syn-tectonic intrusions show the highest pluton amplitudes, but only intermediate elongation compared to other scenarios. They are oriented parallel to Riedel shears in simple shear, respectively to the compression direction in transtension. Post-tectonic intrusions are least elongated, have medium amplitudes and exploit Riedel shears. Pre-tectonic intrusions are characterized by lowest amplitudes but the highest aspect ratios and are parallel to the finite elongation direction. Intrusions in transtensional shear zones are generally of less elongate than those in simple shear zones. Experimental results are tested against observations from natural examples validating the diagnostic potential of pluton shape for the timing and the tectonic setting of the emplacement.

The partial skeleton of a small tetrapod, collected from the lower Buchenstein Formation (uppermost Illyrian, Anisian Middle Triassic) of Piz da Peres (Northern Dolomites, Italy) is described. Incomplete ossification of some bones indicate that the specimen is a juvenile. Its absolute size and proportions, along with several skeletal structures show striking similarities with a juvenile specimen of Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi from the slightly younger Prosanto Formation (Switzerland), a taxon known also from the Anisian/Ladinian Besano Formation (Italy and Switzerland). The finding may suggest that during the middle-late Anisian the basins of the Northern Dolomites, of the Besano Formation and Prosanto Formation shared not only several taxa of fishes but also the emerged lands nearby had a similar reptilian fauna., RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA , Vol 126 No 2 (2020)

The Ladinian/Carnian boundary (LCB) is defined at Prati di Stuores (GSSP of the Carnian Stage) with the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of ammonoid Daxatina canadensis and approximated by the FAD of conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis. The age of the Carnian is currently estimated at ca. 237 Ma using the composite magnetostratigraphy of the main late Ladinian basinal sequences from literature, calibrated with a U-Pb radiometric age of 237.77±0.14 Ma from the Rio Nigra section in Alpe di Siusi (Dolomites, NE Italy). In the attempt to improve the precision of the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) around the LCB we investigated for magnetostratigraphy the Punta Grohmann section in the Dolomites. The Punta Grohmann section is calibrated with ammonoids (the FAD of Zestoceras cf. lorigae is considered a proxy of the LCB) and is chronologically constrained by two U-Pb radiometric ages from zircons (237.58±0.04 Ma; 237.68±0.05 Ma). The magnetostratigraphy of the Punta Grohmann section has been successfully correlated to other Ladinian-Carnian magnetostratigraphic sections (Prati di Stuores, Mayerling, Rio Nigra) and compared to the most recent version of the Triassic Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). The LCB at Prati di Stuores is calibrated through magnetostratigraphy with the U-Pb radiometric datings of Punta Grohmann, obtaining an age of the LCB of ca. 237.4 Ma. Therefore, the Ladinian should be ca. 4 Myr long and the Carnian ca. 10.4 Myr long.

Quantitative petrologic analysis on carbonates was carried out on stratigraphic sections encompassing the Carnian Pluvial Episode from northwestern Sichuan Basin, South China and eastern Southern Alps. The Carnian Pluvial Episode, or CPE, is a period of climate change that occurred between the early Carnian and the beginning of the late Carnian (Late Triassic) and coincides with multiple, sharp negative excursions in the record of δ13C that are thought to be evidence of perturbations of the global carbon cycle. During the CPE, relevant environmental modifications and biological turnovers occurred in the marine realm. In particular, microbial carbonate platforms, that were dominant in northwestern Sichuan Basin and throughout Tethys, underwent widespread demise and the microbial component in shelf carbonate sediments sharply decreased and was replaced by ooid- and skeletal grains. Our results show a Tethys-wide coincidence between this change in the carbonate factory. Most notably, both in eastern and western Tethys microbial carbonate production recovered in the late Tuvalian, and the timing of recovery was not influenced by differences of basin evolution and geodynamic setting that characterize such distant domains.

The roots of modern-style ecosystems go back to the Carnian (ca. 233 Ma), a time of global climate change and extinction., The Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic) was a time of global environmental changes and possibly substantial coeval volcanism. The extent of the biological turnover in marine and terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. Here, we present a meta-analysis of fossil data that suggests a substantial reduction in generic and species richness and the disappearance of 33% of marine genera. This crisis triggered major radiations. In the sea, the rise of the first scleractinian reefs and rock-forming calcareous nannofossils points to substantial changes in ocean chemistry. On land, there were major diversifications and originations of conifers, insects, dinosaurs, crocodiles, lizards, turtles, and mammals. Although there is uncertainty on the precise age of some of the recorded biological changes, these observations indicate that the Carnian Pluvial Episode was linked to a major extinction event and might have been the trigger of the spectacular radiation of many key groups that dominate modern ecosystems.

During Middle-earlyLate Triassic(∼243–235?Ma) a diffuse igneous activity developed in the Southern Alps (Italy). Sparselava flowand pyroclastic succession remnants of such Southern Alps Triassic Igneous Rocks (SATIR) crop out in the Brescian Prealps, the Vicentinian Alps (Recoaro-Schio-Posina), Non Valley, Dolomites and Julian Alps.Plutonic rocksare found in two main plutonic complexes (Monzoni and Predazzo) and a small stock (Cima di Pape). Coeval igneous products can be traced eastward to Austria and Dinarides, for a total length of ∼450?km. The coeval formation of major late Anisian-lateLadiniancarbonate platformsin the subsiding eastern Dolomites, and significant uplift and subaerial erosion in the western Dolomites suggest, for these areas, the occurrence of large-scale strike-slip andextensional tectonicswith the development of horst-and-graben structures. This study reports the first complete review of the SATIR activity, including new mineral chemical data on 14 samples, 61 major and trace element whole rock analyses and 7 Sr-Nd-Pbisotopic ratiosfor volcanic and plutonic samples from Dolomites (lavas plus Monzoni and Predazzo plutonic rocks) and Vicentinian Alps lavas. Despite the variable post-magmatic modifications, the large areal distribution of the products and their wide spectrum of chemical compositions, these samples show rather common geochemical and mineralogical characteristics and define major and trace element trends that can be associated with nearly close-system magmatic evolution. Minor uppercrustal contaminationscan be observed in specific cases, mostly in the most differentiated products (SiO2>70?wt%). A specific characteristic of SATIR is their calcalkaline to shoshonitic affinity, resembling the derivation from subduction-modifiedmantle sources, a feature at odds with the coeval strike-slip and extensional tectonics. Geochemical modelling, petrological considerations and geological constraints allow us to propose a model in which the SATIR mantle sources reflect previous subductionmetasomatism(likely occurred duringVariscantimes). These metasomatised mantle sources were reactivated ∼90–100 Myr after the end of the subduction, when continental rifting caused a raise of the geotherms and passive upwelling of asthenospheric mantle.

Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234–232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced., Dinosaurs originated ~245 million years ago (mya) but did not diversify until some time in the Late Triassic. Here, Bernardi and colleagues synthesize palaeontological and dated stratigraphic evidence to show that dinosaur diversification followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode 234–232 mya.

In the Upper Permian continental to marginal-marine succession of the Southern Alps (Dolomites, north Italy), the ichnological record consists of diverse vertebrate footprints and non-diverse invertebrate trace fossils, mainly occurring in the “Bletterbach ichnoassociation” of the Val Gardena Sandstone Formation. After the Permian-Triassic Boundary event, vertebrate ichnoassociations are scarce until the Middle Triassic (Anisian), whereas the uppermost Permian–Lower Triassic Werfen Formation preserves a rich invertebrate trace-fossil record. To date, fish body and trace fossils ( Undichna ) are very rare in the pre- and post-extinction deposits of the Dolomites; only Undichna gosiutensis Gibert, 2001 was identified in the “Voltago Conglomerate” (Middle Anisian), whereas some unidentified fossil fish casts were found in the Permian Val Gardena Sandstone and some fish remains in the overlying Werfen Formation. Recently, for the first time, fish trails have been discovered in the Val Gardena Sandstone (Lopingian) and in the Werfen Formation (Campil member, Early Triassic, Smithian). Val Gardena Sandstone yielded Undichna cf. quina Trewin, 2000 and U. bina Anderson, 1976 and these represent the oldest fish trails found in the Southern Alps so far. Conversely, the specimens found in the Werfen Formation can be assigned to Undichna cf. britannica Higgs, 1988. They represent the oldest Mesozoic record of fish trace fossils in northern Italy and one of the few records of Undichna from marine environments. These trace fossils are consistent with the fossil association found in the two formations and reflect fish swimming activity in different environments: in very shallow, calm, brackish distal-floodplain to marginal-marine environments in the Late Permian, in association with abundant and diverse tetrapod tracks, and non-diverse invertebrate trace fossils, and in inter- to subtidal calm, shallow, marine environments in the Early Triassic, together with abundant, but not diverse invertebrate trace fossils.

Wide carbonate platform environments developed on the western passive margin of the Tethys during the Late Triassic, after a major climate change (Carnian Pluvial Episode) that produced a crisis of high-relief microbial carbonate platforms. The peritidal succession of this epicontinental platform (Dolomia Principale/Hauptdolomit, Dachstein Limestone) is widespread in the Mediterranean region. However, the start-up stage is not fully understood. The original platform to basin depositional geometries of the system have been studied in the north-eastern Southern Alps, close to the Italian/Slovenian boundary where they are exceptionally preserved. Sedimentological features have been investigated in detail by measuring several stratigraphic sections cropping out along an ideal depositional profile. The analysis of the facies architecture allowed reconstruction of the paleoenvironments of the Dolomia Principale platform during its start-up and early growth stages in the late Carnian. The carbonate platform was characterized by an outer platform area, connected northward to steep slopes facing a relatively deep basin. Southward, the outer platform was connected to inner sheltered environments by a narrow, often emerged shelf crest. Behind this zone, carbonate sedimentation occurred in shallow lagoons and tidal flats, passing inward to a siliciclastic mudflat. The Dolomia Principale platform was initially aggrading and able to keep pace with a concomitant sea-level rise, and then prograding during the late Carnian. This stratigraphic interval was correlated to the Tuvalian succession of the Dolomites, allowing depiction of the depositional system on a wide scale of hundreds of kilometrew. This large-scale depositional system presents features in common with some Palaeozoic and Mesozoic carbonate buildups (fo example, the Permian Capitan Reef complex, Anisian Latemar platform), both in terms of architecture and prevailing carbonate producers. A microbial-dominated carbonate factory is testified in the outer platform and upper slope. The recovery of high relief microbial carbonate platforms marks the end of the Carnian Pluvial Episode in the Tuvalian of Tethys. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In the Dolomites (Eastern Southern Alps, Italy), a diffuse Middle Triassic igneous activity is now present mostly as lava flow and pyroclastic successions, with rare shallow-depth intrusive bodies cropping out at Predazzo, Monzoni and Cima Pape areas. In this work, the emplacement modes of the Predazzo and Monzoni bodies were investigated by means of petrographic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data coupled with a field geological study. The presence of intrusive rocks in between these two bodies and the continuity of the metamorphic aureola from west of the Predazzo to east of the Monzoni body suggest that they are parts of a ∼20 km wide SW-NE oriented continuous pluton, sub-parallel to Ladinian strike-slip faults. AMS and petrographic data from the Predazzo body are consistent with a multistage ring-dyke emplacement mode, with areas of upward flow of the magma located in the NW and ESE part of the intrusion, whereas in the southern sector of the pluton our data suggest prevalently horizontal flows. In general, the Predazzo sheets indicate either upward magma flow or along-strike lateral magma transport, and the round shape suggests no influence of Ladinian tectonic structures. On the contrary, the ENE-WSW elongated shape of the Monzoni body was controlled by the occurrence of strike-slip faults associated with Ladinian-tectonics, the feeder being likely located at the NE edge of the body. However, the absence of deformation at the field- and micro-scale is consistent with a post Ladinian-tectonics timing of emplacement, as for the Predazzo pluton.

The Julian Alps (western Slovenia) structurally belong to the eastern Southern Alps. The Upper Triassic succession mostly consists of shallow water platform carbonates of the Dolomia Principale-Dachstein Limestone system and a deep water succession of the Slovenian Basin outcropping in the southern foothills of the Julian Alps. In addition to the Slovenian Basin, a few other intraplatform basins were present, but they remain poorly researched and virtually ignored in the existing paleogeographic reconstructions of the eastern Southern Alps. Herein, we describe a deepening-upward succession from the Tamar Valley (north-western Slovenia), belonging to the Upper Triassic Tarvisio Basin. The lower, Julian-Tuvalian part of the section comprises peritidal to shallow subtidal carbonates (Conzen Dolomite and Portella Dolomite), and an intermediate carbonate-siliciclastic unit, reflecting increased terrigenous input and storm-influenced deposition (Julian-lowermost Tuvalian shallow-water marlstone and marly limestone of the Tor Formation). Above the drowning unconformity at the top of the Portella Dolomite, Tuvalian well-bedded dolomite with claystone intercalations follows (Carnitza Formation). The latter gradually passes into the uppermost Tuvalian–lowermost Rhaetian bedded dolomite with chert and slump breccias, deposited on a slope and/or at the toe-of-slope (Bača Dolomite). Finally, basinal thin-bedded bituminous limestone and marlstone of Rhaetian age follow (Frauenkogel Formation). The upper part of the Frauenkogel Formation contains meter-scale platform-derived limestone blocks, which are signs of platform progradation. The Tarvisio Basin may have extended as far as the present Santo Stefano di Cadore area, representing a notable paleogeographic unit at the western Neotethys margin.

An integrated sporomorph and ammonoid biostratigraphy has been carried out in three upper Anisian (Middle Triassic) stratigraphic sections in the Southern Alps (Italy). Two main sporomorph assemblages have been defined and calibrated with ammonoids. The TrSM-A assemblage is marked by the co-occurrence of Stellapollenites thiergartii, Dyupetalum vicentinense, Cristianisporites triangulatus and Staropollenites antonescui. The TrSM-B assemblage is marked by the first occurrence of Cannanoropollis scheuringii. The boundary between the TrSM-A and TrSM-B assemblages falls in the upper part of the reitzi ammonoid subzone (Hungarites zone; Illyrian). The TrSM-A and TrSM-B assemblages have been compared and correlated with other existing sporomorph biozonations for the northwestern Tethys, the Germanic Basin and the Barents Sea. The first occurrence of the genus Ovalipollis is recorded within the assemblage TrSM-A, in the lower–middle reitzi ammonoid subzone. Quantitative palynological data coupled with previously published studies show a shift from hygrophytic to xerophytic elements in the trinodosus–lower reitzi ammonoid subzones. This change in precipitation range can be recognised in other sections in the northwestern Tethys but seems to have preceded a similar shift recorded in the Boreal realm.

Exceptional outcrop conditions in the Dolomites of northern Italy allow appreciation of facies variability, depositional geometries, and platform-to-basin relationships at seismic scale that developed during a complex sedimentary evolution. This itinerary focuses on two Triassic microbial carbonate platforms, the Latemar and Sella, providing examples of key concepts that are fundamental for the interpretation of subsurface geologic bodies. By comparing these two microbial platforms, a variability of facies architectures is highlighted. The relatively easy access, the exceptional exposure conditions, and the variety of carbonate platform types that grew in the Triassic of the Dolomites make this region an ideal field geology laboratory for training geologists working in exploration and in addition provide potential outcrop analogs of subsurface carbonate reservoirs.

In the early Late Triassic a period of increased rainfall, named the Camian Pluvial Event (CPE), is evidenced by major lithological changes in continental and marine successions worldwide. The environmental change seems to be closely associated with a negative carbon isotope excursion that was identified in a stratigraphic succession of the Dolomites (Italy) but the temporal relationship between these phenomena is still not well defined. Here we present organic-carbon isotope data from Carnian deep-water stratigraphic sections in Austria and Hungary, and carbonate petrography of samples from a marginal marine section in Italy. A negative 2-4 parts per thousand delta C-13 shift is recorded by bulk organic matter in the studied sections and is coincident with a similar feature highlighted in higher plant and marine algal biomarker carbon-isotope records from the Dolomites (Italy), thus testifying to a global change in the isotopic composition of the reservoirs of the exchangeable carbon. Our new observations verify that sedimentological changes related to the CPE coincide with the carbon cycle perturbation and therefore occurred synchronously within the western Tethys. Consistent with modern observations, our results show that the injection of C-13-depleted CO2 into the Camian atmosphere-ocean system may have been directly responsible for the increase in rainfall by intensifying the Pangaean mega-monsoon activity. The consequent increased continental weathering and erosion led to the transfer of large amounts of siliciclastics into the basins that were rapidly filled up, while the increased nutrient flux triggered the local development of anoxia. The new carbonate petrography data show that these changes also coincided with the demise of platform microbial carbonate factories and their replacement with metazoan driven carbonate deposition. This had the effect of considerably decreasing carbonate deposition in shallow water environments.

Sedimentary facies analysis aided by quantitative 3D georeferenced field data is applied to constrain the sequence stratigraphy of a complex stratigraphic interval in the Late Triassic of the Dolomites. This multidisciplinary approach was the key to disentangle the timing of climatic change vs. sea-level fluctuation and their effects on shallow water carbonate depositional systems. The "Carnian Pluvial Event", a global episode of climate change worldwide documented at low latitudes, involved increased rainfall and possibly global warming. This climatic event begins before a drop of sea-level and caused the demise of microbial-dominated high-relief carbonate platforms that dominated the Dolomites region, and was followed by a period of coexistence of small microbial carbonate mounds and arenaceous skeletal-oolitic grainstones. A subsequent sea-level fall brought to the definitive disappearance of microbialites and shallow water carbonates switched to ramps dominated by oolitic-bioclastic grainstones. The crisis of early Carnian shallow water carbonate systems of the Dolomites generated a geological surface similar to a drowning unconformity, although no transgression occurred. As the high-relief microbial carbonate systems characterized by steep slopes switched to gently inclined oolitic-skeletal-siliciclastic ramps, basins were rapidly filled. The change of carbonate depositional systems was associated with an increase in siliciclastic input, in turn triggered by the onset of a humid climatic event and only later to a sea-level drop. This evolution of carbonate systems cannot be interpreted in the light of sea-level changes only: climate change, and consequent ecological changes in the main carbonate producing biotas, induced significant modifications in depositional geometries. This case study may serve as a conceptual model for the sedimentary evolution of carbonate systems subject to ecological crisis that do not evolve in platform drowning because, despite a drop in shallow water carbonate production, a combination of low subsidence and/or sea level drop maintains the platform top at shallow depth. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

During the Late Triassic the “Carnian Pluvial Event”, a global episode of climate change that involved increased rainfall and possibly global warming, a major crisis for carbonate producers is observed. In the western Tethys, the change in carbonate production led to a significant modification of depositional geometries of shallow water carbonate bodies. Sedimentary facies analysis coupled with quantitative 3D georeferenced field data acquisition of selected outcrops in the Cortina d’Ampezzo area (Dolomites, North-eastern Italy) reveal that the climatic event began before a drop of sea-level and caused the demise of km-scale microbial-dominated high-relief carbonate platforms that dominated the Dolomites region, and was followed by a period of coexistence of m-scale microbial carbonate mounds interlayered and laterally onlapped by arenaceous skeletal–oolitic grainstones. A subsequent sea-level fall brought to the definitive disappearance of microbialites, and shallow water carbonates switched to ramps dominated by oolitic–bioclastic grainstones. The crisis of high-relief shallow water carbonate platforms generated a geological surface similar to a drowning unconformity, although no transgression occurred. As the high-relief microbial-dominated carbonate platforms switched to gently inclined oolitic–skeletal–siliciclastic ramps, the neighboring basins were rapidly filled. The carbonate depositional systems turnover was associated with an increase in siliciclastic sediment input, in turn triggered by the onset of the Carnian Pluvial Event and only later to a drop of the sea-level. Results show that the evolution of the described carbonate systems of the Dolomites cannot be interpreted in the light of sea level changes only, pointing out that climate changes, and consequent ecological changes in the main carbonate producing biotas, can induce significant modifications in depositional geometries. The climatic change to more humid conditions precedes a sea-level drop in this Carnian case study.

The Carnian Pluvial Event is an Upper Triassic swing toward increased rainfall best documented in the Tethys tropical belt, and mainly recognized on its effects on sedimentary systems, as the demise of carbonate platforms and the enhanced siliciclastic supply. In some portions of western Tethys, and particularly in the Raibler Schichten of the Northern Calcareous Alps and in the Dolomites, the Carnian Pluvial Event is recorded by four discrete siliciclastic pulses. In the Raibler Schichten, three siliciclastic intervals are documented and take the name of first, second and third shale. In order to correlate these pulses at the basinal scale, the study of the palynological assemblages in a section of the Raibler Schichten near Rubland (Austria), and of the classical succession of the Lunz nappe, have been carried out. More than eighty palynomorph species are recorded. Most of them correspond to typical Carnian morphospecies of the Carnian Pluvial Event in Europe. On the base of their stratigraphic distribution, three different palynomorph assemblages are described: Aulisporites astigmosus assemblage, Lagenella martinii assemblage and Granuloperculatipollis rudis assemblage. A fourth, older assemblage is also informally defined. A palynostratigraphic correlation between the NCA, the Germanic Basin and the Dolomites has been obtained. The four siliciclastic pulses recognized in the Raibler Schichten and Lunz are also found in the Dolomites, and yield the same palynological associations. The base of the Schilfsandstein, that record the Carnian Pluvial Event in the Germanic Basin, is correlated to the second or third siliciclastic pulse (first or second shale of the Raibler Schichten). Siliciclastic pulses are thus correlated throughout western Tethys, and can thus be interpreted as short-lived humid climate wiggles within the Carnian Pluvial Event. A quantitative analysis of the Carnian successions of the NCA highlights a shift toward hygrophytic elements in the uppermost Julian, and an abrupt return to xerophytic associations in the lower Tuvalian. The palynological hygrophytic associations that characterize the Aulisporites astigmosus and Lagenella martinii assemblages are present in many other parts of Europe and Middle East, suggesting that the Carnian Pluvial Event determined a humid climate perturbation in a wide area of the northern hemisphere spanning from tropical to high latitudes.

The Triassic of the Dolomites offers a valuable opportunity to investigate the relationships between climate fluctuations and the changing depositional dynamics of carbonate platforms. The reconstruction of the large palaeoclimatic modification is based on the synthesis of multiple sedimentological, palaeobotanical, pedological, and geochemical proxies. The Triassic climate fluctuations were generally fast in nature and were probably associated with a latitudinal shift of the monsoon belts. During the Triassic, the Dolomites were placed at an intertropical northern latitude of about 16–18° and were generally dominated by dry climate and elevated temperature. At least five pulses toward moister climate are however documented, dated to Early Olenekian, Middle Anisian, Late Ladinian, “Middle” Carnian, and Late Norian times. Within this variable climatic scenario, the carbonate systems record a global evolutionary trend from Late Permian–Early Triassic regional shelves, rich in loose micrites and bio-calcarenites, to Anisian–Ladinian, synsedimentary cemented, steep sided (35–40°), high-relief platforms, and back to Carnian low angle ramps. Moist transgressive episodes were surprisingly prone to the spreading of corals and other colonial reef organisms, probably because of the reduced space competition by syndepositional cementation structures. The Permo-Triassic boundary extinction dramatically impacted on the calcified organism communities, but the carbonate depositional architecture nevertheless stayed almost unaffected through the boundary. The Early Triassic and earliest Anisian were commonly associated with hyperhaline, sometimes evaporitic conditions. Intervals of moister climate and efficient river discharge are however documented by earliest Induan and early Olenekian sediments. The latter terrigenous deposits matched a crisis in the carbonate production. After a return to arid conditions, during the Anisian, a fluctuation toward moister climate developed, associated to a massive continental vegetation cover. The Anisian tectonic activation of the region fragmented the previous carbonate shelf, triggering the development of three generations of fast prograding, but globally backstepping, isolated platforms, recording an increasing role of the synsedimentary cementation. A dry climate dominated the Late Anisian and Early Ladinian interval. At the time, a fast subsidence pulse was associated with platform drowning and basinal anoxia. Only a few aggrading pinnacles were able to survive, providing the nuclei for larger prograding platforms. During a dry climate interval, massive syndepositional cementation generated a major source of carbonate. Carbonate production stayed active through the Ladinian magmatic phase, but the onset of volcanism was associated with a large modification in the platform carbonate facies, which became dominated by automicrites. Moist climate phases are well documented again during the Late Ladinian, followed by a return to dry conditions. The Late Ladinian–Early Carnian platforms prograded toward the eastern Dolomites depocentre, eventually infilling almost the whole of the accommodation space. The middle portion of the Carnian recorded renewed, sharply moist phases, associated with the demise of the rimmed platforms and with the return to loose sediment ramps. At least four separated humid fluctuations can be identified in this Carnian interval alone. Climate then returned to persistent aridity, until the Late Norian moist phase.

Sequence stratigraphy emphasizes changes in stratal stacking patterns in response to varying accommodation and sediment supply through time. Certain surfaces are designated as sequence or systems tract boundaries to facilitate the construction of realistic and meaningful palaeogeographic interpretations, which, in turn, allows for the prediction of facies and lithologies away from control points. Precisely which surfaces are selected as sequence boundaries varies from one sequence stratigraphic approach to another. In practice, the selection is often a function of which surfaces are best expressed, and mapped, within the context of each case study. This high degree of variability in the expression of sequence stratigraphic units and bounding surfaces requires the adoption of a methodology that is sufficiently flexible to accommodate the wide range of possible scenarios in the rock record. We advocate a model-independent methodology that requires the identification of all sequence stratigraphic units and bounding surfaces, which can be delineated on the basis of facies relationships and stratal stacking patterns using the available data. Construction of this framework ensures the success of the method in terms of its objectives to provide a process-based understanding of the stratigraphic architecture and predict the distribution of reservoir, source-rock, and seal facies.

The ammonoid fauna of the Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (Dolomites, north-eastern Italy) was studied in detail. This section was proposed as stratotype for the Carnian GSSP, with the first appearance of Daxatina cf. canadensis as primary marker, based on preliminary data. The validity of this proposal is confirmed by the present study, which integrates collections from the Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section and from others, particularly Bec de Roces (Passo Campolongo) and Antersass (Badia Valley). Ammonoids collected in these localities belong to three biostratigraphic units: regoledanus, canadensis and aon subzones. These subzones constitute, in the Southern Alps, the Ladinian/Carnian boundary interval. Regoledanus Subzone: the north American species Zestoceras enode is most probably documented in this biostratigraphic interval. Canadensis Subzone: the base is marked by the first appearance of Daxatina canadensis, and at least, another north American species, Daxatina laubei, seems to be present. Two species of Zestoceras were found: Z. barwicki e Z. lorigae sp.n. Two species of Trachyceras, distinct from T. aon, are represented in the canadensis Subzone: T. muensteri and T. bipunctatum. These species predate the first appearance of Trachyceras, justifying the canadensis Subzone to be included in the Carnian also on the basis of nomenclatural stability. Other significant taxa of this subzone are Rossiceras? armatum and Sirenotrachyceras thusneldae. Aon Subzone: the ammonoid fauna of this subzone is extensively treated in existing literature and thus not further discussed. Taxonomical notes and stratigraphic consequences: the new subfamily Anolcitinae (family Trachyceratidae) is erected. At present, Frankites regoledanus, F. apertus and F. sp. A have been recognized in the Southern Alps. The lectotype of Ammonites (Trachyceras ?) Regoledanus was defined. The latter species is exclusive of the regoledanus Subzone, whereas the distribution of the two other species encompasses the defined GSSP. The shell morphology of F. apertus and the north American species F. sutherlandi is identical. The suture line is also comparable, hence the two species are considered synonyms. This synonymy is relevant for long-distance correlations. The lectotypes of Trachyceras ruturanum and T. laricum were also defined., Rivista italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol 114, No 3

The Heiligkreuz-Santa Croce Formation (also known as Durrenstein Formation, Upper Triassic) in the Dolomites contains one of the most ancient and substantial Triassic amber deposits in the world. The amber is found in sandstones and paleosols. It has an affinity to the conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae, and amber samples from the Julian and Carnic Alps (Southern Alps) also show an affinity to this family. Physico-chemical investigations of the amber from the Dolomites by solid-state Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), pyrolysis-gaschromatography/mass-spectrometry (pyr-GCIMS), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and automatized elemental analysis yielded a complete characterization of the amber, and allowed comparison with other ambers and younger resins (copals). FTIR revealed absorption bands typical of all fossil resins, and the spectrum region from 8-10 mu m provided a fingerprint of the Triassic amber that differs front other known resins. The NMR spectrum also shows a typical pattern for fossil resins, but peculiar peak abundances permitted further characterization of the Triassic amber, both in the saturated (10-70 ppm) and unsaturated carbon region (100-160 ppm). The amber also lacks exomethylene resonances found in younger resins at 110 and 150 ppm. Pyrolysis-gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (pyr-GCIMS) experiments showed the amber was of class II, with some components of Class L Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses of combustion behavior of Triassic amber indicated a main exothermal event near 437 degrees C, higher than that of other known resins. The elemental composition of Triassic amber is consistent with wellknown constituents of natural resins, although the sulfur content was higher, likely due to high sulfur content in the embedding sediment. Triassic amber from the Dolomites appears to be a new kind of fossil resin with unique stratigraphical and physico-chemical characteristics.

The Triassic time scale is poorly constrained due to a paucity of high-precision radiometric ages. We present a (206)Pb/(238)U age of 230.91 +/- 0.33 Ma (error includes all known sources) for zircon from an ash bed in the upper Carnian (Upper Triassic) of southern Italy that requires a major revision of the Triassic time scale. For example, the Norian stage is lengthened to more than 20 m.y. The section containing the ash bed is correlated with other Tethyan sections and, indirectly, with the Newark astronomical polarity time scale (APTS). The dating provides also a minimum age for some important climatic and biotic events that occurred during the Carnian. We note a coincidence between these events and the eruption of the large igneous province of Wrangellia, but the possible link between volcanism and climatic and biotic events requires further scrutiny.

Hemipelagic nodular limestones are a widespread facies in the Triassic of the Tethys, often considered as being deposited at rather constant sedimentation rates. The aim of this paper is to investigate the sedimentation rate variability in a case-study from the Middle Triassic of the Dolomites, northern Italy, and to suggest possible causes. The nodular cherty limestones of the Livinallongo Fm. and correlated units were studied in four stratigraphic sections and compared to classical successions from the literature. Correlations between sections are based on ammonoid biostratigraphy and tephra stratigraphy. Correlation highlighted conspicuous changes in sedimentation rates through time and between sections, associated with sedimentological evidence of deep-water aragonite dissolution. Deep-water dissolution is believed to have resulted in small hiatuses and in a bias of ammonoid assemblages towards taxa with more resistant shells. Carbonate petrography and geochemistry provide evidence of differential diagenesis of the Livinallongo Fm. Carbonate nodules were lithified at the water–sediment interface, and their C isotope composition is regarded as a proxy of the d 13 C of Middle Triassic bottom seawater. The onset of nodular cherty limestones, occurring contemporaneously at the basin scale, and the coeval carbonate platform drowning events are tentatively explained by the inflow and local upwelling of cool deep water from Panthalassa into the western Tethys. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three loose blocks, rich in dinosaur footprints, were found in a small pier at Mattinata (Gargano Promontory, Foggia, Italy), most probably quarried from the Upper Jurassic Sannicandro Formation. All of the footprints in the blocks are ascribed to medium-sized theropod trackmakers. Recent track discoveries from both the Early Cretaceous San Giovanni Rotondo Limestone and the Late Cretaceous Altamura Limestone, as well as this new discovery, reveal the consistency of terrestrial associations along the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean in the peri-Mediterranean area at the end of Jurassic through Cretaceous times. The presence of these dinosaur-track-rich levels within marine sediments of the Apulia Platform underlines the relevance of dinosaur footprints as a means of constraining paleogeographic reconstructions.

East of Cave del Predil (formerly Raibl), a platform-basin transition of the Dolomia Principale (Hauptdolomit) is spectacularly exposed at a seismic scale. Therefore, the eastern margin of the vast domain of the Dolomia Principale, facing the Slovenian Basin, is documented. Despite of strong dolomitization of the massive margin, some sedimentary structures and fossils have been recognized. Corals seem to be very rare and sponges to be absent, whereas serpulids and marine phreatic cements seem to have been the main components of the framework. Interior platform bedded dolomites lap off the massive margin. Clinoforms interfinger with upper Tuvalian basinal deposits (Carnitza Formation). This setting documents the start-up of the Dolomia Principale during late Tuvalian time. Moreover, this margin of the Dolomia Principale is the more ancient so far pointed out. It testifies to the recovery of a rimmed platform after the late Julian-early Tuvalian crisis.

The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) is defined on the north flank of the Cordevole Valley, on the southern slopes of the crest separating the Badia/Abtei and the Cordevole valleys (46 degrees 31' 37 '' N, 11 degrees 55' 49 '' E) at an elevation of 1980 m, approximately 4.7 km south of San Cassiano/St. Kassian in the Dolomites (Southern Alps). The Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (Province of Belluno, Veneto Region, Italy) is located a few hundred meters east of Pralongia, a locality northeast of Arabba (Belluno). The section consists of hemipelagites and thin turbidite beds (both siliciclastic and carbonate intraclastic), deposited below storm wave-base with a high but variable sediment accumulation rate (San Cassiano Fm.). The GSSP boundary is located at the base of bed SW4, 45 m above the base of the San Cassiano Fm. Bed SW4 yielded ammonoids including Daxatina canadensis (Whiteaves), which is the primary global marker for identifying the base of the Carnian Stage. The secondary marker for the Carnian Stage, the conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis (Budurov and Stefanov), appears 70 cm above the first occurrence of Daxatina canadensis and at the base of along normal-polarity magnetic zone (S2n) in close proximity to the boundary. Furthermore, the GSSP is located one ammonite subzone just above a level dated at 237.77 +/- 0.14 Ma