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Introdução: As patologias respiratórias são comuns na sociedade, principalmente quando relacionadas às crianças, em casos graves e sem o devido tratamento podem ser fatais. Devido a esta gravidade, é importante que se tenha o atendimento correto e cuidados adequados, e para isso, saber identificar a emergência respiratória é imprescindível, ainda mais em crianças, que se comunicam de várias formas além da fala. Objetivos: Destacar o papel do enfermeiro frente à assistência na urgência e emergência respiratória pediátrica; Identificar as principais emergências respiratórias pediátricas e destacar a atuação do enfermeiro e funcionamento da classificação de risco na pediatria. Material e métodos: Este estudo constituiu em uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando-se bancos de dados digitais: Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e National Library of Medicine (PubMed), como os seguintes descritores: emergência respiratória, classificação de risco, enfermagem pediátrica, urgência pediátrica. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês e português, a partir do ano de 2011 a 2021. Foi selecionado um total de 13 artigos que abordam o assunto proposto sobre a atuação do enfermeiro na emergência respiratória na pediatria e as principais patologias respiratórias na emergência. Resultados: O resultado foi disposto em quadro demonstrativo com os artigos encontrados para cada objetivo proposto, onde é evidente que as síndromes respiratórias ocupam o primeiro lugar nas emergências pediátricas, porém, não há especificação sobre qual patologia é a mais recorrente. A atuação do enfermeiro na classificação de risco é fundamental para a otimização do atendimento na emergência como um todo. O enfermeiro na emergência deve avaliar-classificar-decidir-agir, sempre de forma humanizada e atenta. Conclusão: Foi possível concluir que o enfermeiro atua de forma ativa no setor de urgência e emergência, seja na classificação de risco ou no cuidado após a admissão da criança com patologia respiratória, mas ainda faltam mais estudos que indiquem a prevalência de cada patologia respiratória na emergência pediátrica.

Site selection of health facilities is critical in ensuring universal access to basic healthcare services. However, in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like the Philippines, site selection is traditionally based on political and pragmatic considerations. Moreover, literature that demonstrates the application of facility location models in the Philippine healthcare setting remains scarce, and their usage in actual facility planning is even more limited. In this study, we proposed a variation of cooperative covering maximal models to identify the optimal location of primary care facilities. We demonstrated the feasibility of implementing such a model by using open source data on an actual city in the Philippines. Our results generated multiple candidate locations of primary care facilities depending on the equity and efficiency parameters. This approach could be used as one of the critical considerations in evidence-based, multi-criterion health facility location decisions of governments, and can also be adapted in other industries, given the model’s use of readily available open source datasets.

La transición del alumnado del instituto a la universidad es compleja y costosa. Durante las fases iniciales es donde se producen la mayor parte de los abandonos en las titulaciones de ingeniería. Los motivos son varios, pero los más destacados son: i) la desincronización entre el nivel de conocimientos con los que el alumnado accede a las titulaciones universitarias y el nivel inicial exigido por las asignaturas de los distintos grados; y ii) la carencia de un hábito de estudio por parte del alumnado. El proyecto propuesto tiene como objetivo diseñar herramientas que permitan mejorar el rendimiento académico en la fase inicial del grado en Tecnologías Industriales de la ESEIAAT abordando los dos problemas identificados anteriormente. En la propuesta veremos que afrontaremos dichos puntos de forma separada y por tanto explicaremos las dos estrategias en los dos bloques siguientes. El primer bloque, dedicado al nivel de conocimientos previos de los estudiantes al entrar en las titulaciones, se inicia con el diseño de una prueba de nivel, específica para cada asignatura del primer curso del grado en ingeniería. De esta manera cada estudiante podrá saber en qué grado tiene adquirido los conocimientos necesarios para afrontar el primer año. Como segunda parte de este primer bloque, se ha diseñado una página web que proporciona al alumnado material de soporte personalizado para cada asignatura (links, MOOCS, videos, bibliografía, apuntes, …) para que aquellos que lo deseen, puedan ponerse al día antes de iniciar las clases. . En el segundo bloque se diseña una herramienta para monitorizar la dedicación del trabajo autónomo de los estudiantes de nuevo acceso. El alumnado dispone además de una guía de trabajo detallada y coordinada transversalmente por los profesores, con todas las actividades de las diferentes asignaturas a desarrollar durante cada semana. Los resultados de esta acción permiten ver las horas de dedicación teóricas versus las realmente dedicadas por el alumnado y determinar la factibilidad de todas las actividades propuestas en el tiempo disponible por el estudiantado. Para la realización de estas acciones se han usado herramientas GOOGLE y la plataforma ATENEA basada en el entorno Moddle. De esta manera se han podido diseñar y programar de forma sencilla, no solo las herramientas, sino el envío de forma periódica al estudiantado, para recordarles el cumplimiento de las mismas. Con estas herramientas se consigue concienciar al alumno, proporcionarle mecanismos de soporte y guiarlos durante el proceso de aprendizaje en la primera y más dura etapa de su carrera universitaria. A la larga esto se traduce en un incremento gradual en el número de aprobados de la fase inicial y consecuentemente una reducción de la tasa de abandono de los estudios.

Intensification of water erosion by agricultural activities is one of the main causes of soil degradation in subtropical regions. In addition to the on-site negative impacts observed in cropland, the excess of surface runoff increases the transfer of sediments and contaminants to water bodies, resulting in environmental, economic and social deleterious effects. The objective of this thesis is to develop and apply original sediment source fingerprinting techniques in two tributaries of the Uruguay River Basin with contrasting conditions in terms of geology, land use, management, and soil types, representative of those found in the drainage area (266,132 km²). The Conceição River catchment (804 km²) is located in upper parts of the Uruguay River Basin. This catchment is representative of the basaltic plateau, where deep Oxisols rich in clay and iron oxides predominate, and are cultivated for soybean, corn and cereals production or covered with pastures for dairy farming. In contrast, the Ibirapuitã River catchment (5,943 km²) is representative of the sandstone plateau. With a predominance of shallow Regosols and sandy Acrisols more sensitive to degradation, it is mainly occupied by native grasslands of the Brazilian Pampa Biome with extensive cattle ranching, although irrigated rice fields are also found in lowlands. Moreover, a rapid increase in the surface area cultivated with soybean in this catchment has been observed in the last twenty years. Soil samples were collected to characterize land use-based sediment sources and suspended sediment was sampled at the outlet of these catchments using different strategies. All samples were analyzed for a panel of properties. Their geochemical composition, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy properties, radionuclide activities and magnetic susceptibility were determined to provide a set of potential tracing parameters. Magnetic and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analyses were also carried out on sediment samples collected on the main stream of the Uruguay River, downstream of its confluence with both representative tributaries. Results of sediment source contribution are consistent with field observations. However, as catchment area and source number increase, more uncertainty is observed. Surface sources (pasture and cropland) were indicated as the main source of suspended sediment in the Conceição catchment, contributing with approximately 50%. Stream banks provided the second main source of fine bed sediment, contributing with approximately 35%. Cropland was also found to provide the main source in the Ibirapuitã catchment, contributing 32% of the sediment despite occupying only 9.5% of the total catchment area, followed by subsurface sources (stream bank and gully) with 29%. Unpaved roads and native grassland provided lower contributions (24 and 15%, respectively) in Ibirapuitã catchment. These results indicate that the soil conservation practices used in these catchments are not enough to prevent soil erosion in cropland. Moreover, agricultural activities may enhance erosion and sediment delivery to the river systems, causing soil impoverishment and contamination of water resources. Finally, through the comparison of sediment properties of both tributary catchments, this thesis provided – to our knowledge – the first insights into the contribution of both contrasting geomorphologic regions to the main Uruguay River. The main river sediment samples had similar characteristics to those observed in the Ibirapuitã River, indicating the Pampa region as the main likely source. Despite the associated uncertainties, these results further increase the current concerns regarding the ongoing land use changes observed in the Pampa biome. Appropriate soil conservation practices should therefore be urgently applied in agricultural areas of this region to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery to the river systems., L'intensification de l'érosion hydrique par les activités agricoles constitue l'une des principales causes de dégradation des sols dans les régions subtropicales. En plus des impacts négatifs observés à l’amont, l'excès de ruissellement accroît le transfert de sédiments et de contaminants vers les masses d'eau. L'objectif de cette étude est de développer des techniques originales de traçage des sources de sédiments dans deux affluents-type du fleuve Uruguay présentant des conditions contrastées en termes de géologie, d'utilisation des terres, de gestion et de types de sols, représentatifs de ceux que l'on trouve dans la zone de drainage (266 132 km²). Le bassin de la rivière Conceição (804 km²) est représentatif du plateau basaltique où prédominent les Oxisols profonds riches en argile et en oxydes de fer, où sont cultivés le soja, le maïs, les céréales et où on trouve des pâturages pour l'élevage laitier. Au contraire, le bassin de la rivière Ibirapuitã (5 943 km²) est représentatif du plateau gréseux où prédominent les Regosols et Acrisols plus sensibles à la dégradation, les prairies indigènes utilisées pour l’élevage bovin extensif prédominent, bien que l'on trouve également des rizières irriguées dans les plaines alluviales. Des échantillons de sol ont été prélevés pour caractériser les sources de sédiments liées à l'utilisation des terres. Des échantillons de sédiments en suspension ont été collectés à l’exutoire de ces bassins versants en utilisant différentes stratégies. Tous ces échantillons ont été analysés avec plusieurs techniques. Leur composition géochimique, leurs propriétés de spectroscopie de réflectance diffuse, leurs activités en radionucléides et la susceptibilité magnétique ont été déterminées afin de fournir un ensemble de paramètres de traçage potentiels. Des analyses magnétiques et de spectroscopie ont également été réalisées sur des échantillons de sédiments collectés sur le cours principal du fleuve Uruguay, en aval de la confluence avec les deux affluents représentatifs. Les résultats de la contribution des sources de sédiments sont cohérents avec les observations sur le terrain. Cependant, plus la superficie du bassin versant et le nombre de sources augmentent, plus les incertitudes sont importantes. Les sources superficielles (pâturages et terres cultivées) ont été indiquées comme la principale source de sédiments dans le bassin de Conceição, avec environ 50% d’apports. Les berges ont fourni, quant à elles, la seconde source de sédiments, avec une contribution d'environ 35%. Les terres cultivées se sont également avérées être la principale source de sédiments dans le bassin d'Ibirapuitã, fournissant 32% des sédiments bien qu'elles n'occupent que 9,5% de la surface totale du bassin, suivies par les sources de subsurface (berges et ravines) avec 29%. Les routes et les prairies indigènes ont fourni, au contraire, des contributions bien plus faibles (24 et 15%, respectivement). Ces résultats indiquent que les activités agricoles peuvent augmenter l'érosion et l'apport de sédiments dans les systèmes fluviaux, provoquant l'appauvrissement des sols et la contamination des ressources en eau. Enfin, en comparant les propriétés des sédiments des deux affluents-type, cette thèse a fourni - à notre connaissance – la première estimation de la contribution de ces deux régions géomorphologiques contrastées aux sédiments du fleuve Uruguay. Les échantillons de sédiments du fleuve principal présentent en effet des caractéristiques similaires à celles observées dans l’affluent Ibirapuitã, indiquant que la Pampa en constitue la source principale. Malgré les incertitudes associées, ces résultats renforcent les préoccupations actuelles en lien avec les changements d'utilisation des terres observés dans la Pampa. Il est donc urgent de mettre en œuvre des stratégies de conservation des sols dans les zones agricoles de cette région afin de réduire l'érosion des sols et l'apport de sédiments aux systèmes fluviaux.

International audience

International audience; An important step in the sediment source fingerprinting approach is the selection of the appropriate tracing parameters to maximise source discrimination. In order to reduce uncertainties and increase discrimination between sources it may be necessary to use multiple tracing parameters. Accordingly, this study investigates the discrimination and apportionment of sediment sources in a rural agricultural catchment obtained by combining colour, magnetic, and geochemical fingerprinting approaches. The Conceição River catchment (804 km 2) has predominantly deep and highly weathered Ferralsols with land-use consisting of croplands (73%), pastures (18%), forests (8%) and other uses (1%). A total of 189 samples were taken from the main sediment sources, including: Crop-lands (CR, n=78), pastures (P, n=24), unpaved roads (UR, n=38), gullies (G, n=15) and stream bank (SB, n=34). Sediment samples were taken from the surface bed (n=10) of the river and with time integrated samplers (n=4). Twenty-two geochemical tracers, 6 magnetic properties and 24 colour parameters were analyzed. Tracers were selected following a three step procedure, including: (i) a conservative range test (95% confident interval), (ii) a Kruskal-Wallis H test, and (iii) discriminant function analysis (DFA). The DFA was performed using four different sets of variables: (i) geochemical variables only (G); (ii) geochemical+magnetic+colour (GMC); (iii) geochemi-cal+colour (GC); (iv) geochemical+magnetic (GM). The selected tracers were introduced into a modified version of the classical Solver-based mixing model that in order to determine the relative contribution of different sources to in-stream sediment through simultaneously minimizing mixing model difference. The G and GC DFAs both resulted 69% of samples correct classified (SCC) as no colour parameters were selected by the DFA. The GMC and GM approaches improved the discrimination, both resulting in 76% of SCC. For the G and GC approaches, the average source contribution for the 12 sediment samples were P 47%, SB 29%, CR 19%, UR 5% and G 0%. For the GMC and GM approaches, the contribution of each source was P 41%, SB 37%, CR 14%, UR 8% and G 0%. These results are counterintuitive to field observations where cropland is anticipated to contribute more sediment than pastures. Future research should use artificial mixtures to validate these results. Both magnetic and colour parameters hold potential to improve discrimination between sources, particularly magnetic parameters in catchments with high weathered soils.

International audience; The hydrological dynamics of a small rural river catchment in southern Brazil have been used to understand the impact of agricultural activity on soil and water resource degradation. The monitoring and modeling strategies employed to better understand the integrated phenomena focus on surface flow dynamics and the associated processes, such as erosion, sediment yield (SY), and chemical element transfer. In this context, monitoring and modeling techniques are combined in order to include the main hydrological processes involved in soil and water resource degradation. The project began in 2002 and over 500 rainfall-runoff-sediment events and suspended sediment concentration make up the hydrological database under different land use and soil management conditions. The 1.2 km2 catchment of the study is characterized by the presence of shallow soils, high slope, intense agricultural activity, and high SY (∼150 t.km-2.y-1). Techniques that enable the identification of the origin and redistribution of sediments (e.g fingerprinting approach and Cs137) and hydrograph analysis are being used to further understand the dynamics of SY in the catchment. The comprehension of the factors involved in the SY dynamics has allowed the improvement and application of different mathematical models (e.g., LISEM and WATERSHED) to simulate surface flow and SY. These models are used to represent the influence of soil and water conservation practices while considering the interaction between the different landscape components (crops, roads, drainage network, etc.). From this set of data and tools, the capacity of the agricultural production system, drainage network, wetlands and riparian forests in accelerating or retarding water flow, sediment, and chemical elements in the landscape are evaluated. All of these studies have been used to improve soil and water conservation practices at catchment scale, meeting the expectations of farmers in erosion control and water storage as well as of the society interested in maintaining the hydrological functions of soils in catchment scale.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq One of the challenges of modern agriculture is adapting to climatic effects, including the capability of rainfall events in causing erosion. Understanding the climatic phenomena depends on the monitoring of rain variables that express the magnitude and pattern of erosive agents. The kinetic energy of rain (E) and the maximum intensity of 30 minutes (I30) are key variables to represent the capability of rain in causing erosion, and the product of the two being one of the most known and used erosivity indices (EI30). However, in Brazil, to obtain direct and continuous measurements of E are incipient, as long series of rain intensity data (I) are scarce. Therefore, empirical equations based on rainfall information that are easy to acquire as daily or monthly accumulated rain (P) are used. The aim of this study is to analyze a set of data with hydrological variables, especially rainfall characteristics (volume, duration and energy) responsible for triggering the erosion process and its relationship with flow behavior (Q), suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and sediment yield (SY) in a rural catchment. From the analysis of the variables, E and EI30 estimation equations are proposed for the study site. The study was conducted in a 1.23 km² experimental catchment located in southern Brazil, where monitoring of the main hydrological flows (P, Q and SSC) has been carried out since 2002. P is monitored with pluviometers and rain gauges, and E has been measured since 2014 by a disdrometer (Parsivel2 - OTT). From this set of data, different equations for the estimation of E=f(I) and models for the estimation of EI30 were explored. Complementarily, a comparison was made between the equations obtained with equations available in the literature for the estimation of E and EI30. Additionally, this study also explored seasonal variations in rainfall characteristics (I30 P, E) and related them to Q, SSC and SY of the catchment in order to demonstrate the importance of E and I30 for the hydrossedimentological modeling. The measured E values were similar to the values estimated by the equations of Foster et al. (1981) and van Dijk et al. (2002), while Brown and Foster (1987) equation underestimate the values of E. EI30 was also quantified over a period of 8 years and an equation was proposed to estimate EI30 by accumulated daily rainfall variables. From 15 years of data, an annual EI30 value is presented and its average distribution between the 12 months of the year. The main results are: (a) a new equation for estimating E from the I measurement, its seasonal variability and similarities with equations previously known; (B) the relationship between measured E data and measured hydrological variables at catchment scale; (C) the EI30 factor for the Arvorezinha/RS region; (D) new indices for estimating EI30 from daily rainfall records. Um dos desafios da agricultura moderna é a adaptação aos efeitos climáticos, dentre eles a capacidade dos eventos chuvosos em causar erosão. A compreensão dos fenômenos climáticos depende necessariamente do monitoramento das variáveis da chuva que expressarão a magnitude e o padrão dos agentes erosivos. A energia cinética da chuva (E) e a intensidade máxima de 30 minutos (I30) são variáveis fundamentais para representar a capacidade da chuva em causar erosão, sendo o produto das duas um dos índices de erosividade (EI30) mais conhecidos e utilizados. Entretanto, no Brasil, a obtenção de medidas diretas e contínuas da E são incipientes, assim como longas séries de dados de intensidade da chuva (I) são escassos. Por conta disso, são utilizadas equações empíricas baseadas em informações da chuva que são de fácil aquisição como chuva acumulada (P) diária ou mensal. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar um conjunto de dados com variáveis hidrológicas, especialmente propriedades da chuva (volume, duração e energia) responsáveis pelo desencadeamento do processo de erosão hídrica, e sua relação com o comportamento da vazão (Q), concentração de sedimentos em suspensão (CSS) e produção de sedimentos (PS) em uma bacia hidrográfica rural. A partir da análise das variáveis são propostas equações de estimativa da E e EI30 para o local de estudo. O estudo foi conduzido em uma bacia hidrográfica experimental de 1.23 km², localizada no sul do Brasil onde é realizado o monitoramento dos principais fluxos hidrológicos (P, Q e CSS) desde 2002. A P é monitorada com pluviômetros e pluviógrafos, e a E tem sido medida desde 2014 por um disdrômetro (Parsivel2 – OTT). A partir desse conjunto de dados foram exploradas diferentes equações para a estimativa da E = f(I) e também modelos para a estimativa do EI30. Complementarmente, foi realizada uma comparação entre as equações obtidas com equações disponíveis na literatura para a estimativa da E e EI30. Além disso, esse estudo também explorou variações sazonais nas propriedades da chuva (I30, P, E) e as relacionou com a Q, CSS e PS da bacia na busca de demonstrar a importância da E e I30 para a modelagem hidrossedimentológica. Os valores de E medidos foram semelhantes aos valores estimados pelas equações de Foster et al. (1981) e van Dijk et al. (2002), ao passo que a equação de Brown e Foster (1987) subestima os valores de E. Também foi quantificado o EI30 em um período de 8 anos e proposto uma equação para estimativa do EI30 por variáveis de chuva acumulada na escala diária. A partir de 15 anos de dados é apresentado um valor de EI30 anual e sua distribuição média entre os 12 meses do ano. Os principais resultados encontrados são: (a) uma nova equação para estimativa da E a partir da I medida, sua variabilidade sazonal e semelhanças com equações conhecidas previamente; (b) a relação entre dados de E medida e variáveis hidrológicas medidas na escala de bacia hidrográfica; (c) o fator EI30 para a região de Arvorezinha/RS; (d) novos índices para estimativa do EI30 a partir de registros de chuva diários.

The high fidelity reconstruction of compressed and low-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) data is essential for simultaneously improving patient care, accuracy in diagnosis and quality in clinical research. Sponsored by the Royal Society through the Newton Mobility Grant Scheme, a half-day workshop on reconstruction schemes for MR data was held on the 17th of August 2016 to discuss new ideas from related research fields that could be useful to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional reconstruction methods that have been evaluated up to date. Participants were 21 university students, computer scientists, image analysts, engineers and physicists from institutions from 6 different countries. This presentation shows an example of graphic interface unit suitable for presenting and analysing MR data and combining it with other medical imaging modalities.

The introduction of a {0,1}-valued game associated to a connected graph allows us to assign to each node a value of weighted connectivity to the different solutions that for the cooperative games are obtained by means of the semivalues. The marginal contributions of each node to the coalitions differentiate an active connectivity from another reactive connectivity, according to whether the node is essential to obtain the connection or it is the obstacle for the connection between the nodes in the coalition. Diverse properties of this concept of connectivity can be derived.

L'índex d'estudiants exclosos durant la fase selectiva ha estat un tema de preocupació per part dels equips directius, i els estudis que s'han fet indiquen que són comparables a d'altres titulacions de la UPC. Per tal de poder avaluar i augmentar el rendiment acadèmic durant aquesta fase, el curs 2002/03 es va iniciar un nou projecte d'orientació i tutorització dels estudiants de nou ingrés a la titulació d'Enginyeria Industrial. Durant el curs 2004/05, s'ha augmentat amb el grup d’estudiants de nou accés als estudis d'Enginyeria Aeronàutica. Aquest projecte consta de dues parts: - L'acollida dels nous estudiants, organitzada com una assignatura de lliure elecció. - Tutorització i orientació on-line. On cada estudiant és assignat a un dels grups del Servei d'Orientació personal (SOP). Durant els tres cursos que hem implantat la tutorització on-line, aquest curs ha estat el primer que ha tingut una participació més activa per part dels estudiants, ja que s’ha aconseguit una proporció molt més elevada de contactes tant presencials com virtuals. La conseqüència d’aquest projecte és haver aconseguit que tots els estudiants de nou ingrés de fase selectiva tan d’enginyeria industrial com aeronàutica, hagin realitzat com a mínim un contacte presencial i un altre mitjançant el campus digital atenea amb el professor tutor.

Presentamos diversas aplicaciones de los juegos cooperativos y del valor de Shapley al contexto empresarial. Entre ellas destacamos el reparto de costes o beneficios. En el texto se describe el marco axiomático propuesto por Shapley y se estudian propiedades del valor. También se muestra la utilidad de los juegos simples para describir y analizar los sistemas de decisión colectiva por votación. Muchos de estos sistemas son representables como juegos de mayoría ponderada, una clase especial de juegos simples. Uno de los problemas más interesantes en este caso es la definición de una medida de la distribución de poder entre los agentes involucrados en el sistema. Este problema recibe una solución satisfactoria mediante el índice de poder de Shapley–Shubik, que es la restricción del valor de Shapley a los juegos simples. We show several applications of the cooperative game theory and the Shapley value to business activities. Among them we emphasize on the sharing of costs or profits. In the theoretical part, the axiomatic setting proposed by Shapley is described and the properties of the value are studied. It is also shown the usefulness of simple games to describe and analyze collective decision systems ruled by voting. Many of these systems admit a representation as weighted majority games, a class of simple games. One of the most interesting problems in this case is to define a measure of the power distribution among the agents involved in the system. This problem receives a nice solution by means of the Shapley–Shubik index of power, which is the restriction of the Shapley value to simple games.

Although the cell wall is very important in yeasts, relatively little is known about the relationship between its structure and function. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a family of 55 transcription factor proteins unique to fungi, so-called zinc cluster proteins, has been described. Of these, Rds2 has been identified as an activator/inhibitor of gluconeogenesis. However, previous studies have pointed out additional roles for this protein, specifically, in the modulation of cell-wall architecture and drug sensitivity. In this work, evidence regarding the role of Rds2 as a regulator of cell-wall architecture and composition is presented based on phenotypical analysis of the cell walls prepared from a S. cerevisiae Rds2 mutant strain. Analyses of the sensitivity of this rds2Δ mutant to different drugs and to osmotic stress showed that Rds2 is indeed involved in the drug-sensitivity response and plays a role in determining osmotic sensitivity. Moreno Gimeno, Inmaculada, Inmaculada.Moreno@uv.es ; Sentandreu Ramon, Rafael, Rafael.Sentandreu@uv.es ; Valentin Gomez, Eulogio, Eulogio.Valentin@uv.es

In this paper we introduce the concept of weighted accessibility for access structures. In some sense, it represents a measure of how difficult or how easy is to recover the secret. We give also a numerical measure of accessibility for each participant depending on his position in the access structure. Both concepts, the accessibility of the access structure and the accessibility of the participants are closely related. We also provide an axiomatic characterization of the weighted accessibility for access structures based on four simple properties.

L’índex d’estudiants exclusos durant la fase selectiva de la titulació d’enginyeria industrial ha estat un tema de preocupació per part dels equips directius, i els estudis que s’han fet indiquen que és comparable a altres titulacions de la UPC. Fins el curs 2003-2004 l’ETSEIT organitzava un curs de introducció als estudis d’Enginyeria Industrial (7 edicions) durant el primer cuadrimestre i tutories personalitzades als alumnes que ho demanaven amb la finalitat d’augmentar el rendiment acadèmic de la fase selectiva d’enginyeria industrial.S’havia detectat que una part significativa dels estudiants que no superaven la fase selectiva era degut per un costat a la falta de coneixements en matèries bàsiques que no havien cursat en la seva currícula de batxillerat (química i dibuix tècnic), a la falta d’hàbits d’estudi, i per un altra, un desconeixement en quan a les pròpies possibilitats d’ells mateixos ( per exemple un excés de matricula de crèdits). Durant els tres últims cursos acadèmics s’han implementat activitats d’acollida i de tutorització on-line que s’han anta ajustan en funció de l’opinió dels professionals d’orientació universitària, els professors tutors i els alumnes. Al final de cada curs s’han pasta enquestes als alumnes i s’han fet reunions amb els professors tutors. Aquest últim curs s’ha realitzat entre d’altres activitats una xerrada col.loqui amb professionals de la titulació (en el cas d’enginyeria industrial han participat ex –alumnes amb 5 anys d’experiència professional) amb grups de 40 alumnes dirigides per un expert extern del centre. Aquesta activitat l’ha realitzat EDUCAWEB , una empresa amb experiencia i solvencia dins el camp d’orientació educativa universitària. Els objectius de les sessions prèviament acordades amb la direcció de l’ETSEIT i EDUCAWEB son: • Facilitar la relació i el intercanvi entre alumnes nous a la ETSEIT. • Oferir un espai a on compartir les noves situacions i les expectativas, així com canalitzar les inquietuds i les necessitats fruti del canvi provocat per l’inici dels estudiants. • Recollir els estat d’ànim i les motivacions d’aquest estudiants. • Elaborar un informe resum que permeti a la ETSEIT desposar d’una informació adicional i programar accions de suport adequades.

Bibliografia p. 243-245 El presente libro va dirigido principalmente a los estudiantes de organización industrial. No es un tratado, sino una introducción a la teoria de juegos, que pretende exponer la temática y la metodología de esta rama de las matemáticas, así como el atractivo de sus aplicaciones para la toma de decisiones estratégicas y la resolución e conflictos de intereses en los ámbitos económico y empresarial. Los dos conceptos clave son el equilibrio de Nash y el valor de Shapley. El texto está estructurado en cinco módulos dedicados, respectivamente, a juegos en forma extensiva y normal, juegos matriciales estrictamente determinados, estrategias mixtas y teorema del minimax, juegos bipersonales de suma arbitraria y juegos cooperativos. Junto al rigor matemático de la exposición formal, indispensable para lograr una comprensión correcta de los conceptos y resultados, destacan los frecuentes comentarios, notas y observaciones, que ayudan a captar muchas de las sutilezas de la teoría de juegos expuesta, además de los ejemplos detallados, que ilustran la parte práctica y las posibilidades de aplicación. Los ejercicios que se proponen al final de cada módulo -un total de 123- son muy útiles al lector interesado que desea consolidar los conocimientos adquiridos.

Hierarchical structures, transportation systems, communication networks and even sports competitions can be modeled by means of directed graphs. Since digraphs without a predefined game are considered, the main part of the work is devoted to establish conditions on cooperative games so that they can be used to measure accessibility to the nodes. Games that satisfy desirable properties are called test games. Each ranking on the nodes is then obtained according to a pair formed by a test game and a solution defined on cooperative games whose utilities are given for every ordered coalition. Solutions here proposed are extensions of the wide family of semivalues to games in generalized characteristic function form.

As an emerging market and research direction, cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency trading have seen considerable progress and a notable upturn in interest and activity, even entering the market people without experience or sufficient knowledge. In addition, the tremendous volatility and the fact that this market never closes make the human factor affect crypto asset trading too much. Hence, in this project a cryptocurrency trading bot is developed. To be exact, the algorithm consists of two distinguishable parts: the bot itself and the backtesting. Notwithstanding that both parts departs from the analysis of financial markets in general, and cryptocurrencies in particular, both present clear differences in terms of code and pretext. On the one hand, the bot’s algorithm is used to trade in reality, specifically through the Binance exchange. Here the user plays risks their monetary capital. On the other hand, backtesting consists of verifying the trading strategy based on historical data. Backtesting serves, then, as validation of the strategy to be followed by the bot. Thus, all the necessary fundamentals to understand both the general cryptocurrency context and technical analysis relevant concepts are presented, along with a detailed explanation of the implemented algorithm and a proper analysis of the obtained results. Finally, further code improvements and new ideas to develop in the future are suggested, apart from presenting the code developed.

This document explains the finite element method for solving linear partial differentialequations in one and two dimensional domains. It consists of seven chapters. Thisfirst one acts as a description of the project. The second one explains the problem tobe solved. The third chapter explains necessary concepts to understand chapters 5and 6, where the problem is solved. The fourth chapter is independent, and needs notbe read in order to understand later chapters. Finally, the seventh chapter acts as asmall conclusion, although the main results are in chapters 5 and 6

Tesis de Maestría

C. albicans es la especie que se encuentra con mayor frecuencia como patógeno humano y por ello es la más estudiada y utilizada como modelo de investigación en relación a otras especies. Además, la incidencia de infecciones producidas por Candida se ha incrementado en los últimos años, observándose paralelamente un aumento significativo de la morbilidad y mortalidad como consecuencia de estas infecciones. La pared celular fúngica es la estructura más externa de la célula, responsable de su rigidez, de su morfología característica y participa en el reconocimiento específico y adhesión a los tejidos del hospedador. Se considera una característica diferencial importante entre células eucariotas humanas y fúngicas, convirtiéndola en una diana ideal para el ataque selectivo con fármacos que produzcan una menor toxicidad para los pacientes. Las manoproteínas son un componente esencial en la estructura de la pared celular y son responsables de funciones capitales tales como ensamblaje, remodelación, transferencias de información al núcleo, etc., de ahí el interés de su estudio. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de los siguientes aspectos relacionados con un mejor conocimiento de la biología de la pared celular de C. albicans: (i) identificar nuevas proteínas utilizando tecnologías diferentes a las empleadas en estudios previos y específicamente aquellas que se liberan con agentes reductores y/o en soluciones alcalinas débiles, (ii) identificar las proteínas de la pared o su falta en condiciones de estrés químico y osmótico, o en mutantes deficientes en alguna proteína específica de la pared celular y (iii) estudiar en detalle las proteínas idenficadas. En este apartado se estudiará en detalle las características bioquímicas del antígeno reconocido por el anticuerpo 3H8. C. albicans is the specie most often found as a human pathogen and is therefore the most studied and used as a research model in relation to other species. Furthermore, the incidence of infections caused by Candida has increased in recent years, showing a significant increase in parallel morbidity and mortality as a result of these infections. The fungal cell wall is the outer structure of the cell responsible for their rigidity, their characteristic morphology and involved in recognition and adhesion to specific host tissues. It is considered an important differentiating feature between human and fungal eukaryotic cells, making it an ideal target for selective attack with drugs which cause less toxicity for patients. Mannoproteins are an essential component of the cell wall structure and are responsible for key functions such as assembly, remodeling, transfers information to the kernel, etc.., Hence the interest of their study. The present work aims to study the following aspects of a better understanding of the biology of the cell wall of C. albicans: (i) identify new proteins using different technologies to those used in previous studies, and specifically those that are released by reducing agents and / or weak alkaline solutions, (ii) identify proteins wall or lack of stress conditions chemical and osmotic, or mutants deficient in any specific protein in the cell wall and (iii) a detailed study Idenfied proteins. In this section we will study in detail the biochemical characteristics of the antigen recognized by the antibody 3H8.

Candida albicans es el principal hongo patógeno en el ser humano, principalmente en pacientes en los que su sistema inmunitario está comprometido. En la actualidad la candidiasis invasiva es la causa más común de infecciones nosocomiales, asociada a una mortalidad del 40%. C. albicans es un hongo polimórfico que presenta la facultad de crecer como levadura, hifa y pseudohifa.Uno de los aspectos por los que C. albicans puede comportarse como comensal o como agente patógeno es su capacidad para responder a los cambios del medio ambiente. Para comprender los mecanismos de adaptación en hongos patógenos a los cambios ambientales continuos dentro del ser humano, es especialmente importante que factores transcripcionales y/o mediadores estén implicados.Mediante un análisis in silico del genoma de C. albicans, se han detectado 70 teóricos factores transcripcionales de la familia Zn(II)2Cys6. Uno de ellos, IPF3781 (a partir de aquí Cwt1), se eligió para su estudio dada la elevada homología que presenta con el factor de transcripción Rds2 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Con el objeto de analizar la posible implicación de CWT1 en la biología de C. albicans, se construyó el mutante nulo para este gen. El análisis fenotípico del mutante nulo cwt1/cwt1 indica que Cwt1 está implicado diferentes procesos celulares como son: (i) la arquitectura de la pared celular de C. albicans; (ii) la resistencia a drogas; (iii) la morfogénesis de esta especie celular, sobre todo en medios sólidos; (iv) el metabolismo de azúcares; y (v) la biogénesis de ribosomas. Adicionalmente a los estudios sobre pared celular realizados, se ha estudiado la expresión y regulación, mediante micromatrices de ADN, de diferentes genes en las fases exponencial y estacionaria de la curva de crecimiento con el fin de poder elucidar más feacientemente el papel de Cwt1. Un total de 460 genes en fase exponencial y 666 genes en fase estacionaria tenían alterada su expresión, de los que 121 genes eran comunes a ambas fases de crecimiento de la levadura. Este distinto perfil transcripcional podría explicar el pleiotropismo encontrado en el mutante nulo cwt1/cwt1 respecto al comportamiento de la cepa parental CWT1/CWT1, tanto en fase exponencial como en fase estacionaria de crecimiento. El estudio in silico de las regiones promotoras de los genes cuya expresión estaba alterada indica que las secuencia AGGGCT/AGCCCT podría ser la secuencia de reconocimiento de ADN de Cwt1 para la unión a sus genes diana . Además, estudios de patogenicidad en modelo murino han mostrado que células de las cepas parental y mutante nulo son igual de invasivas ya que penetran al mismo nivel en los órganos de los ratones infectados. Sin embargo, el mutante nulo en el gen CWT1 es totalmente avirulento, indicando que Cwt1 está de algún modo regulando la patogenicidad de C. albicans. Cabe señalar que gran parte del estudio realizado versa sobre la pared celular, dada la importancia que esta estructura tiene en los primeros pasos de una infección, así como para el diseño de nuevos fármacos antifúngicos. No obstante, se puede concluir que Cwt1 actúa como un regulador global de la transcripción, ya que modula la expresión de genes implicados en distintas funciones celulares, ya sea de manera directa o indirecta., Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen in humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Nowadays, the systemic candidiasis is the most common cause of nosocomial infections, with a 40% of mortality associated. C. albicans is a polymorphic fungus that presents the ability to grow in different cellular morphologies such as: yeast, hyphae and pseudohyphae.The ability of these cells to respond to environmental changes within the human body determines their behaviour as commensals or pathogens. The study of those transcriptional regulators that mediate the responses to these environmental changes in pathogenic fungi is very important.After screening a C. albicans genome database, seventy putative transcriptional factors, matching the Zn(II)2Cys6 motif were found. From those, Cwt1p (IPF3781, orf 19.5849) that presented a high homology with Rds2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected for further studies. To know the possible role of Cwt1p, the disruption of the coding region was performed and the phenotypes of the heterozygous (CWT1/cwt1) and homozygous (cwt1/cwt1) mutants were studied.Phenotypic analysis shows that Cwt1p is involved in the cell wall architecture and morphogenesis in solid media. Since CWT1 is mainly expressed in the stationary phase of growth, the different assays were performed in both exponential and stationary cells.Using murine models, we have established that the deletion of the two alleles of CWT1 does not attenuate the virulence; however, deletion of only one allele completely attenuates virulence.In order to elucidate the role of CWT1 in cell wall formation and pathogenesis, transcription profiling studies were carried out and data comparison between parental and mutant strains (hetero and homozygous mutants) were achieved in both exponential and stationary phases of growth.

El objetivo del trabajo consiste en la generalización y el estudio de modelos y métodos que han mostrado su eficiencia respecto a las soluciones para los juegos cooperativos propuestas por Shapley o por Banzhaf, así como el desarrollo de propiedades derivadas de su generalización. Estos y otros conceptos se extienden a una clase más amplia de soluciones para los juegos cooperativos: los semivalores. Conforme a la idea general que se ha establecido, la memoria se estructura en seis capítulos. El primer capítulo contiene una introducción a los conceptos básicos de la teoría de juegos cooperativos con utilidad transferible. El segundo capítulo aborda el estudio de los semivalores y las estructuras de coalición. Aquí se consideran familias de semivalores a partir de las cuales se forman sistemas de referencia consiguiendo, además, establecer semivalores inducidos en espacios de juegos con menor cardinal del conjunto de jugadores, con independencia del sistema de referencia escogido. Estas actuaciones permiten generalizar el proceso que lleva del valor de Shapley al valor coalicional de Owen, dando lugar al concepto de semivalor modificado para juegos con estructura de coalición. El capítulo finaliza estableciendo unas propiedades que consiguen caracterizar axiomáticamente la modificación de la solución de Banzhaf para juegos con estructura de coalición. En el tercer capítulo se emplean de modo particular técnicas y resultados provenientes del segundo con el objetivo de estudiar, desde el punto de vista de cualquier semivalor, las consecuencias de la formación de una única coalición bipersonal estable. Además de conseguir el cálculo efectivo de los resultados tanto a partir de la función característica como de la EML, este estudio consigue caracterizar diferentes semivalores en atención a su comportamiento respecto a esta situación de cooperación modificada. El cuarto capítulo se centra en otra situación de cooperación modificada: la cooperación parcial modelizada por grafos. Allí se prueba que todo semivalor cumple propiedades deseables según la formulación de Myerson (1977). También se afirma que la normalización aditiva de cualquier semivalor verifica esas mismas propiedades, resultando que normalización aditiva y cooperación parcial son conceptos ampliamente compatibles. Además, se consigue determinar qué jugadores resultan más beneficiados o más perjudicados por la supresión de una arista de un grafo de cooperación. El quinto capítulo está dedicado al potencial. Se define y estructura un concepto de potencial para cada semivalor construido de modo recurrente, en modo análogo a como Hart y Mas-Colell (1988) y Dragan (1995) introducen esos conceptos para las soluciones de Shapley y de Banzhaf, respectivamente. También se ofrece un procedimiento para calcular el potencial para cada semivalor mediante manipulaciones adecuadas de la EML. Otras nociones derivadas del potencial, como base potencial o espacio nulo, se extienden a todos los semivalores. Se resuelven problemas inversos como la determinación de los juegos que tienen una solución prefijada o la determinación del juego conocido el poder de éste y de sus juegos restringidos. El sexto capítulo trata el problema de la determinación del subespacio intersección de todos los espacios nulos por semivalores. En esta intersección se encuentran los juegos que no pueden distinguirse del nulo por ningún semivalor. Resuelto el problema anterior con la introducción de los juegos de conmutación, se consideran semivalores modificados para juegos con estructura de coalición y se busca determinar el subespacio de indistinguibles del nulo por este tipo de soluciones. Para los juegos de más de cuatro jugadores, la introducción de las estructuras de coalición consigue reducir de modo significativo la dimensión de cada subespacio de juegos indistinguibles del nulo., The objective of the work consists of the generalization and the study of models and methods that have shown their efficiency with respect to the solutions for the cooperative games proposed by Shapley or Banzhaf, as well as the development of properties derived from its generalization. These and other concepts extend to a more ampler class of solutions for the cooperative games: the semivalues. According to the general objective that one has settled down, the memory structure in six chapters.The first chapter contains an introduction to the basic concepts of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. The second chapter undertakes the study of the semivalues and the coalition structures. Here, we consider families of semivalues obtaining reference systems for semivalues; in addition, we establish induced semivalues in spaces of games with minor cardinal of the set of players, independently of the chosen system of reference. These performances allow to generalize the process that takes of the value of Shapley to the coalition value of Owen, giving rise to the concept of modified semivalue for games with coalition structure. The chapter finalizes establishing properties that are able axiomatically to characterize the modification of the solution of Banzhaf for games with coalition structure.In the third chapter it is used, of particular way, technical and results of the second with the objective of to study, from the point of view of any semivalue, the consequences of the formation of a unique stable two-person coalition. We obtain the effective calculation of the results from the function characteristic and from the EML; this study it is able to characterize different semivalues in attention from his payment with respect to this situation of modified cooperation. In the fourth chapter one studies another situation of modified cooperation: the partial cooperation expressed by graphs. There, we prove that all semivalue, as allocation rule for these situations of cooperation, verify desirable properties according to the formulation of Myerson (1977). Also, one affirms that the normalization additive of any semivalue verifies those same properties; thus, normalization additive and partial cooperation are widely compatible concepts. In addition, one is able to determine what players are more benefited or more harmed by the suppression of an edge of a graph of cooperation.The fifth chapter is dedicated to the potential. A concept of potential for each semivalue is defined and constructed of recurrent way, in analogous way to as Hart and Mas-Colell (1988) and Dragan (1995) introduce those concepts for the solutions of Shapley and Banzhaf, respectively. Also a procedure is offered to calculate the potential for each semivalue by means of suitable manipulations of the EML. Other notions derived from the potential, as potential basis or null space, extend to all semivalues. Inverse problems like the determination of the games that have a concrete solution or the determination of the game from the power, are solved. The sixth chapter deals with the problem of the determination of the subspace intersection of all the null spaces by semivalues. In this intersection are the games that cannot be distinguished from the null game by semivalues. Solved the previous problem with the introduction of the commutation games, semivalues modified for games with coalition structure are considered and it looks for to determine the subspace of indistinguishable from the null game by this type of solutions. For games with five or more players, the introduction of coalition structures is able to reduce of significant way the dimension of each subspace of indistinguishable games from the null game.