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A well-executed training program using the right training method will result in an athlete's performance if the athlete gets sufficient recovery to recover from post-exercise fatigue. To find out the athlete's performance by knowing the oxygen volume capacity by using the balke test but the leg length of each athlete is suspected of contributing in carrying out the test so researchers want to examine the Effect of Training and Recovery Methods on VO2max of UNSIKA Rowing Club Athletes by Controlling the Effect of Leg Length. quasi-experimental method with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The research variables consisted of: (1) the dependent variable, namely VO2max Athlete Rowing Club UNSIKA (2) independent variables, namely the treatment variable (A1: Cross country method, and A2: Fatlek) and attribute variables ( B1: Passive Recovery and B2: Active Recovery) and (3) the covariate variable, in this study was Leg Length. So that the total number of research samples is 80 people. The Balke test is the test instrument used in collecting Vo2max data. as well as a tape measure to measure leg length. Hypothesis testing was carried out using two-way covariate analysis (ANKOVA) with a 2x2 factorial design. The results of the first hypothesis testing showed that the Vo2max results of the UNSIKA rowing club athletes between the athlete group using the cross country method were higher than the athlete group using the fatlek method after controlling for leg length. Thus the cross-country training method used in this study can improve the Vo2max results of UNSIKA rowing club athletes which are better than the fatlek method.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in sweep rowing is high. As nearly 50% of power during sweep rowing is contributed by the legs, the presence of muscle imbalances may predispose rowers to overuse injuries. The purpose of the study was to assess knee muscle strength symmetry between dominant and non-dominant limbs of male and female rowers. A descriptive, quantitative research design was used. Twenty-four male and 13 female rowers aged 18–26 years participated. Bilateral isokinetic knee flexion and extension peak torque and hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratios were assessed at 60°/s and 180°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. The data was analysed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon rank tests and significance was set at p≤0.05. In males, the dominant knee extension torque values at 60°/s and 180°/s were significantly larger than that of the non-dominant side (p≤0.05). In females, the non-dominant eccentric H/Q ratio at 60°/s was 15% larger than that of the dominant side (p=0.019). Bilateral differences observed in knee extension torque for males and in H/Q ratio for females highlight the need for isokinetic testing of sweep rowers, to improve performance and prevent injury.

Olympic-style sliding-seat rowing is a sport that has been extensively researched, with studies investigating aspects related to the physiology, biomechanics, kinematics, and the performance of rowers. In contrast, studies on the more classic form of fixed-seat rowing are sparse. The aim of this study is to address this lacuna by analysing for the first time the specific kinematics of fixed-seat rowing as practised by able-bodied athletes, thus (i) documenting how this technique is performed in a manner that is replicable by others and (ii) showing how this technique compares and contrasts with the more standard sliding-seat technique. Fixed-seat rowing was replicated in a biomechanics laboratory where experienced fixed-seat rowers, marked with reflective markers following the modified Helen–Hayes model, were asked to row in a manner that mimics rowing on a fixed-seat boat. The findings from this study, complimented with data gathered through the observation of athletes rowing on water, were compared to sliding-seat ergometer rowing and other control experiments. The results show that, in fixed-seat rowing, there is more forward and backward thoracic movement than in sliding-seat rowing (75–77° vs. 44–52°, p < 0.0005). Tilting of the upper body stems was noted to result from rotations around the pelvis, as in sliding-seat rowing, rather than from spinal movements. The results also confirmed knee flexion in fixed-seat rowing with a range of motion of 30–35°. This is less pronounced than in standard-seat rowing, but not insignificant. These findings provide a biomechanical explanation as to why fixed-seat rowers do not have an increased risk of back injuries when compared with their sliding-seat counterparts. They also provide athletes, coaches, and related personnel with precise and detailed information of how fixed-seat rowing is performed so that they may formulate better and more specific evidence-based training programs to meliorate technique and performance.

The aim of this study was to analyze the selected hematological and rheological indices in female rowers during the competitive season. The study included 10 female rowers (aged 21.2 ± 2.6) and the control group consisted of 10 woman of corresponding age (non-athletes). The examination of athletes took place two times: at the beginning of the season during high endurance low intensity training period in January (baseline) and at the end of the competitive season in October (after). Blood samples taken from all woman were analyzed for hematological and rheological parameters. The training period of rowers during the 10 months resulted in decrease in red blood cell count and RBC deformability, in contrast to an improvement in some rheological functions such a decrease in fibrinogen concentration, plasma viscosity and aggregation index. The training program practice in rowing modulated some hematological and rheological indices. Some of them positively influenced the cardiovascular system and reduced potential risks connected with hard training and dehydration, but others may have followed from overtraining or not enough relaxation time between training units.

Motion capture technology has been widely used in the sport analysis to improve their performance and reduce the injury risk. Kayak, a popular outdoor sport, employs coordination of multiple muscles and skeletons especially those of upper limbs that must be investigated carefully. The fine time phase segmentation of rowing cycle plays an important role in analyzing kayaker’s technique. Aiming at the problem of laborious manual phase labeling in traditional video analysis method, an automatic phase segmentation method for kayak rowing is proposed combined with machine learning algorithm. In this paper, inertial sensors and data fusion algorithm are used to calculate the joint angles between arm and trunk, left elbow and right elbow when the athlete is rowing. According to the permutation and combination principle, the angle sequence is combined in nine different ways, and four machine learning algorithms (Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor, Bagging Ensemble Learning) are used to study the effects of different combinations on rowing phase division. Among them, the precision of phase segmentation becomes higher with the increase of motion information. The combination of arm to trunk joint angle only needs three data collection nodes, thus the computation cost is smaller, moreover, all the four algorithms show good classification accuracy (up to 98.1%). The results indicating that the combination of arm to trunk joint angle and Support Vector Machine algorithm could better complete the task of the phase segmentation for kayak rowing.

Objectives As in-vivo knowledge of training-induced remodeling of intervertebral discs (IVD) is scarce, this study assessed how lumbar IVDs change as a function of long-term training in elite athletes and age-matched controls using compositional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Design Prospective case-control study. Methods Prospectively, lumbar spines of 17 elite rowers (ERs) of the German national rowing team (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.3 years) were imaged on a clinical 3.0 T MRI scanner. ERs were imaged twice during the annual training cycle, i.e., at training intensive preseason preparations (t0) and 6 months later during post-competition recovery (t1). Controls (n = 22, mean age: 26.3 ± 1.9 years) were imaged once at corresponding time points (t0: n = 11; t1: n = 11). Segment-wise, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar IVDs (n = 195) was determined using glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST). Linear mixed models were set up to assess the influence of cohort and other variables on GAG content. Results During preseason, IVD GAG values of ERs were significantly higher than those of controls (ERs(t0): 2.58 ± 0.27% (mean ± standard deviations); controls(t0): 1.43 ± 0.36%; p ≤ 0.001), while during post-competition recovery, such differences were not present anymore (ERs(t1): 2.11 ± 0.18%; controls(t1): 1.89 ± 0.24%; p = 0.362). Conclusions Professional elite-level rowing is transiently associated with significantly higher gagCEST values, which indicate increased lumbar IVD-GAG content and strong remodeling effects in response to training. Beyond professional rowing, core-strengthening full-body exercise may help to enhance the resilience of the lumbar spine as a potential therapeutic target in treating back pain.

Investigating the relationship between the movement patterns of multiple limb segments during the rowing stroke on the resulting force production in elite rowers can provide foundational insight into optimal technique. It can also highlight potential mechanisms of injury and performance improvement. The purpose of this study was to conduct a kinematic analysis of the rowing stroke together with force production during a step test in elite national-team heavyweight men to evaluate the fundamental patterns that contribute to expert performance. Twelve elite heavyweight male rowers performed a step test on a row-perfect sliding ergometer [5 × 1 min with 1 min rest at set stroke rates (20, 24, 28, 32, 36)]. Joint angle displacement and velocity of the hip, knee and elbow were measured with electrogoniometers, and force was measured with a tension/compression force transducer in line with the handle. To explore interactions between kinematic patterns and stroke performance variables, joint angular velocities of the hip, knee and elbow were entered into principal component analysis (PCA) and separate ANCOVAs were run for each performance variable (peak force, impulse, split time) with dependent variables, and the kinematic loading scores (Kpc,ls) as covariates with athlete/stroke rate as fixed factors. The results suggested that rowers’ kinematic patterns respond differently across varying stroke rates. The first seven PCs accounted for 79.5% (PC1 [26.4%], PC2 [14.6%], PC3 [11.3%], PC4 [8.4%], PC5 [7.5%], PC6 [6.5%], PC7 [4.8%]) of the variances in the signal. The PCs contributing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to performance metrics based on PC loading scores from an ANCOVA were (PC1, PC2, PC6) for split time, (PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6) for impulse, and (PC1, PC6, PC7) for peak force. The significant PCs for each performance measure were used to reconstruct the kinematic patterns for split time, impulse and peak force separately. Overall, PCA was able to differentiate between rowers and stroke rates, and revealed features of the rowing-stroke technique correlated with measures of performance that may highlight meaningful technique-optimization strategies. PCA could be used to provide insight into differences in kinematic strategies that could result in suboptimal performance, potential asymmetries or to determine how well a desired technique change has been accomplished by group and/or individual athletes.

Stres fraktura rebra (SFR) je u veslanju ozljeda koja se među veslačima i veslačicama događa prilično često. Takva vrsta tjelesne povrede trenutno udaljava sportaša od svih planiranih trenažnih i natjecateljskih aktivnosti te zahtjeva preciznu i pravovremenu dijagnozu kao i učinkovit plan što skorijeg oporavka. Stoga je potrebno razumjeti kretnju i biomehaniku veslanja, etiologiju i čimbenike rizika, moguće mehanizme ozljeđivanja, metode oporavka te učinkovitost moguće strategije prevencije SFR-a, što je ujedno i cilj ovog rada. Stress fracture of the rib (SFR) is a rowing injury that occurs quite often among male and female rowers. This type of bodily injury currently distances the athlete from all planned training and competition activities and requires an accurate and timely diagnosis as well as an effective plan for recovery as soon as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the movement and biomechanics of rowing, etiology and risk factors, possible mechanisms of injury, methods of recovery and the effectiveness of a possible strategy for the prevention of SFR, which is also the aim of this paper.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a condition prevalent among rowers due to the repetitive and physically demanding nature of rowing. Information concerning LBP among university-level rowers is, however, outdated and not widely available. Objective: To determine the prevalence, severity and disabilities of LBP among university-level rowers in South Africa. Methods: An online questionnaire, including the Athlete Disability Index (ADI) Questionnaire, was distributed to nine South African university rowing clubs. One-hundred participants aged between 18 to 30 years completed the online questionnaires. Results: Eighty-seven rowers admitted to sustaining LBP either at the time of the study or previously in their university rowing career. These rowers (n=87) completed the Athlete Disability Index (ADI) Questionnaire which provided a moderate LBP disability score (ADI score: 8.1±6.0; ADI %: 24.7%±18.1). Rowers who had been rowing for a longer duration reported a higher severity of LBP (p=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference for LBP prevalence (p=0.584), or severity (p=0.445) between the sexes. A small significant correlation between age and the ADI score (r=0.25, p= 0.021) was reported. The high prevalence and moderate severity highlight the significance of LBP among university rowers. Conclusion: This study illustrates the prevalence of LBP with moderate severity among university rowers. Future research on LBP risk factors and aetiology is recommended to decrease the negative impact of this condition.

Background: Post-menopausal women have impaired cardiorespiratory responses to exercise compared to young women. Exercise training may counterbalance impairments, but the time-dependent effects of exercise training remain unclear. The current study aims to investigate the effects of rowing training on maximal aerobic capacity and time-course cardiorespiratory adaptations in older women. Methods: Female participants (n = 23) were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EXP; n = 23; 66 ± 5 years old) enrolled in rowing exercise training and control group (CON; n = 10; 64 ± 4 years old). The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CET) was performed in a cycle ergometer pre- and post-interventions. Oxygen uptake (VO2), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and HR were recorded during CET and analyzed at the peak of the exercise. HR was monitored during exercise recovery, and the index of HRR was calculated by ΔHRR (HRpeak—HR one-minute recovery). Every two weeks, Rowing Stepwise Exercise (RSE) in a rowing machine was performed to track specific adaptations to the exercise modality. HR was continuously recorded during RSE and corrected for the average power of each step (HR/watts). The rowing training protocol consisted of three weekly sessions of 30 min at an intensity corresponding to 60–80% of peak HR for ten weeks. Results: Rowing exercise training increased VO2, SV, and CO at the peak of the CET, and ΔHRR. Increased workload (W) and reduced HR response to a greater achieved workload (HR/W) during RSE were observed after six weeks of training. Conclusions: Rowing exercise training is a feasible method to improve cardiorespiratory performance, vagal reactivation and heart rate adjustments to exercise in older women.

The rowing technique is a key factor in the overall rowing performance. Nowadays the athletes’ performance is so advanced that even small differences in technique can have an impact on sport competitions. To further improve the athletes’ performance, individualized rowing is necessary. This can be achieved by intelligent measurement technology that provides direct feedback. To address this issue, we developed a novel wireless rowing measurement system (WiRMS) that acquires rowing movement and measures muscle activity using electromyography (EMG). Our measurement system is able to measure several parameters simultaneously: the rowing forces, the pressure distribution on the scull, the oar angles, the seat displacement and the boat acceleration. WiRMS was evaluated in a proof-of-concept study with seven experienced athletes performing a training on water. Evaluation results showed that WiRMS is able to assess the rower’s performance by recording the rower’s movement and force applied to the scull. We found significant correlations (p < 0.001) between stroke rate and drive-to-recovery ratio. By incorporating EMG data, a precise temporal assignment of the activated muscles and their contribution to the rowing motion was possible. Furthermore, we were able to show that the rower applies the force to the scull mainly with the index and middle fingers.

Title: Comparison of the Czech and Norwegian models of training preparation of national men's rowing teams Aims: To create an inspiring source of information for coaches and competitors based on the differences between the Norwegian and Czech models of sports training in rowing. This study should give coaches and athletes insight into the current sports training of the world's best rowers and provide a model for creating training plans. Methods: The present study is a comparative review aimed at mapping and comparing some of the performance factors in rowing. The research data is a record of training models of the Norwegian and Czech national men's rowing teams. In order to explore the given question, it was necessary to study a large number of different sources and professional publications that could be traced and studied in available databases and libraries, as well as records of racing teams and coaches working in the field of professional sport. The Norwegian and Czech training models are compared based on chosen parameters. The parameters of comparison are the number of training intensity zones used by each team and the difference in the percentage of training intensity zones per annual training cycle. The following attribute observed was the annual training volumes. Last but not least, other...

Определены пути становления гребного спорта как вида деятельности и выявлены факторы, способствующие его развитию в данный период времени на основе анкетного опроса. Выявлена возможность увеличения зрелищности соревнований как наиболее массового вида активного отдыха. Доказана целесообразность уменьшения количества классов лодок, принимающих участие в соревнованиях высокого уровня и замены одного класса лодок на другой каждое четырехлетие. Проведен анализ мотивационного потенциала социокультурной функции академической гребли и выявлена необходимость в реорганизации информационного обеспечения событий в этом виде спорта., The ways of formation of rowing as a type of activity are determined and the factors contributing to its development in a given period of time are identified on the basis of a questionnaire survey. The possibility of increasing the entertainment of competitions, as the most massive type of outdoor activity, is revealed. The feasibility of reducing the number of boat classes participating in high-level competitions and replacing one boat class with another every four years has been proven. The analysis of the motivational potential of the socio-cultural function of rowing was carried out and the need for reorganization of the information support of events in this sport was identified.

Title: Anthropometrical, physiological, strength and other determinants of rowing performance - review of correlation-predictive analyses Objectives: To conduct a systematic literature review to search for a best single performance variable(s) (a measure of performance) that is(are) associated with rowing performance. Methods: This thesis utilizes usual review methods in a form of database search, synthesis, and data extraction. Results: After the initial screening of 534 articles the total of 24 articles was included in this thesis for review. We identified 11 performance variables with high coefficient of correlation; Body Mass (kg), Lean Mass (kg), VO2Max (L/min), Power at VO2Max (W), Power at 4mml (W), Body Height (cm), Wingate mean (W), Wingate maximal (W), Wingate minimal (W), Leg Press 1RM (kg), and 2000m rowing ergometer score. Keywords: rowing, performance analysis, correlation, performance prediction, review

Conducting competitions at various levels requires systematization of management. A sports competition is a pedagogically organized competitive activity aimed at the realization of the physical abilities of athletes and the formation of a positive experience in its planning, modeling and forecasting. In connection with this fact, there was a need for a study, the purpose of which is to identify the effectiveness of the control system in modeling and planning sports competitions in kayaking and canoeing. The fundamental elements of a competitive event are: a calendar, rules of conduct and regulations on the competition. The study considers the basic principles of the sports competitions management system, key aspects of planning and modeling sports events: requirements for the sports base for holding competitions, mechanisms for regulating competitions, the functionality and tasks of the organization conducting the competitions. The work uses scientific research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature; observation; content analysis of legal documents, the method of expert assessments. The study was conducted on the basis of the State Budgetary Institution of the Krasnodar Territory “Center for Olympic training in rowing and canoeing”. A detailed study of the process of managing sports events made it possible to determine the main ways (technical, organizational, marketing) to improve the management system of kayaking and canoeing competitions and confirmed the need to apply the method of modeling, planning sports events for their successful implementation. The results of the study can be used in the practical work of the Federation for rowing and canoeing, Olympic training centers, sports training centers in organizing and holding sports competitions at various levels., Проведение соревнований различного уровня требует систематизации управления. Спортивное соревнование представляет собой педагогически организованную состязательную деятельность, направленную на реализацию физических способностей спортсменов и формирование положительного опыта ее планирования, моделирования и прогнозирования. В связи с данным фактом возникла необходимость исследования, целью которого является выявления эффективности системы управления при моделировании и планирование спортивных соревнований по гребле на байдарках и каноэ. В качестве основополагающих элементов соревновательного мероприятия выступают: календарь, правила проведения и положение о соревновании. В исследование рассмотрены основные принципы системы управления спортивными соревнованиями, ключевые аспекты планирования и моделирования спортивных мероприятий: требования к спортивной базе проведения соревнований, механизмы регулирования соревнований, функционал и задачи организации, проводящей соревнования. В работе использованы научные методы исследования: анализ научно-методической литературы; наблюдение; контент-анализ нормативно-правовых документов, метод экспертных оценок. Исследование проводилось на базе Государственного бюджетного учреждения Краснодарского края «Центр олимпийской подготовки по гребле на байдарках и каноэ». Детальная проработка процесса управления спортивными мероприятиями позволила определить основные пути (технический, организационный, маркетинговый) совершенствования системы управления соревнований по гребле на байдарках и каноэ и подтвердила необходимость применения метод моделирование, планирование спортивных мероприятий для успешного их проведения. Результаты проведенного исследования могут быть использованы в практической работе Федерации по гребле на байдарках и каноэ, центров олимпийской подготовки, центров спортивной подготовки при организации и проведении спортивных соревнований различного уровня., Человеческий капитал, Выпуск 5 (173) 2023, Pages 186-193

This article examines the effectiveness of the use of post-emergence herbicides on sugar beet crops. The technology of cultivation with three-fold application of herbicides is presented. A comparison of the recommended technology of chemical weeding with the investigated scheme is given and a technical means for its implementation is presented.

Introduction: Rowers are especially prone to oral health problems due to the massive consumption of supplements and isotonic drinks that lead eating disorders, due to the need for weight control, and to the development of teeth clenching caused by the constant activation of the chewing muscles during sports activity. Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of a group of Brazilian rowers and to identify the main risk factors influencing their oral health. Methods: One hundred and twenty rowers (84 men and 36 women) with an age of 24.16 ± 5.74 years participated in this study; an average height of 1.79 ± 0.09 cm and body mass of 75.02 ± 11.64 kg were detected by means of a questionnaire focused on the main factors that influence the deterioration in athletes’ oral health. Results: The dental results revealed a significant number of rowers with the oral breathing pattern (46.7%), malocclusion (65.8%), bruxism (33.3%) and noise and/or pain in the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) (20.8%). The use of supplements and isotonic drinks (48.3%) and the incidence of bleeding gums (30.83%) were also found. Conclusion: The results show the importance of making rowers aware of the relevance of oral health and the need for prevention systems, ideally including sports dentistry specialists within the sports medicine departments of rowing clubs. Level of evidence II; Retrospective study. RESUMEN Introducción: Los remeros son especialmente propensos a sufrir problemas de salud bucodental debido al uso masivo de suplementos e isotónicos, con tendencia a trastornos alimentarios por la exigencia de control de peso y el apretamiento dental, por la constante activación de los músculos masticatorios durante la actividad deportiva. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado bucal de un grupo de remeros brasileños e identificar los principales factores de riesgo para la salud bucal de estos deportistas. Material y método: En este estudio participaron 120 remeros (84 hombres y 36 mujeres) con una edad de 24,16 ± 5,74 años; una altura de 1,79 ± 0,09 cm y una masa corporal de 75,02 ± 11,64 kg, por medio de un cuestionario que indagó sobre los principales problemas de la salud bucodental de los deportistas. Resultados: Los resultados relativos al área dental revelaron un número significativo de remeros con patrón de respiración oral (46,7%), con historia de maloclusión (65,8%), con parafunción de bruxismo (33,3%) y con ruido y/o dolor de la ATM (articulación temporomandibular) (20,8%). El uso de suplementos e isotónicos (48,3%) y la incidencia de sangrado gingival (30,83%) son también datos relevantes encontrados. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de concientizar a esta categoría deportiva sobre la relevancia de la salud bucodental y establecer sistemas de prevención, preferiblemente con la inclusión de un especialista en odontología deportiva en el departamento de medicina deportiva de los clubes de remo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio retrospectivo. RESUMO Introdução: Os remadores são particularmente propensos a problemas de saúde oral devido ao uso generalizado de suplementos e isotônicos, tendência a distúrbios alimentares pela exigência do controle de peso e ao cerramento dos dentes causado pela ativação constante dos músculos mastigatórios durante a atividade esportiva. Objetivo: Avaliar os distúrbios orais dos remadores brasileiros e identificar os principais fatores de risco de saúde bucal desses atletas. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 120 remadores (84 homens e 36 mulheres) com idade de 24,16 ± 5,74 anos, estatura de 1,79 ± 0,09 cm e massa corporal de 75,02 ± 11,64 kg, que foram avaliados com um questionário que investigou os principais problemas de comprometimento da saúde oral dos atletas. Resultados: Os resultados odontológicos revelaram um número significativo de remadores com padrão respiratório oral (46,7%), com histórico de maloclusão (65,8%), com parafunção oclusal de bruxismo (33,3%) e com ruído e/ou dor na ATM (articulação temporomandibular) (20,8%). O uso de suplementos e isotônicos (48,3%) e a incidência de sangramento gengival (30,83%) também são achados relevantes. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos mostram a importância de conscientizar essa categoria esportiva sobre a relevância da saúde oral e de estabelecer sistemas de prevenção, de preferência, com a inclusão de um especialista em odontologia do esporte no departamento de medicina esportiva dos clubes de remo. Nível de evidência II; Estudo retrospectivo.

Introdução: O treinamento de força (TF) é efetivo para aumentar a aptidão funcional (AF) em idosos. Entretanto, a literatura é escassa em relação a alguns métodos de TF. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito de um modelo de treinamento agonista-antagonista realizado em circuito (AAC) na AF em mulheres idosas. Métodos: Foram recrutadas 13 mulheres idosas (68,6 ± 6,1 anos, 66,4 ± kg, 1,57 ± 0,007 metros) para participar desta pesquisa. Todas foram submetidas ao Sênior Fitness Test para avaliar a AF e medidas de peso, estatura e circunferência de panturrilha para medir a composição corporal. O protocolo de treinamento foi em um modelo AAC com exercícios realizados na sequência: extensão de joelhos, flexão de joelhos, cadeira abdutora, cadeira adutora, supino reto, remada articulada, rosca tríceps e rosca bíceps durante oito semanas. Todas realizaram entre 8 e 10 repetições, intervalo de 30 segundos e três séries no circuito. Resultados: Após oito semanas de treinamento AAC, a AF melhorou significativamente (p ≤ 0,05). Porém, não foram observadas diferenças para a composição corporal (p ≥ 0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento organizado em um modelo AAC promove melhora da AF e pode ser utilizado para manutenção de uma vida ativa e melhora da qualidade de vida nessa população.

The present study explored the strategies used to maintain the quality of the coach-athlete relationship amongst rowers in Japan and the United Kingdom. A total of 93 athletes from Japan (N = 49) and UK (N = 44) completed the Coach Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire (CARM-Q) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). The results of T-tests showed that (a) university rowers in the UK were significantly more satisfied with the coach-athlete relationship than those in Japan; (b) the athletes in Japan expressed higher scores on Preventative strategies than the ones in the UK; (c) the athletes in the UK expressed higher scores on all other CARM-Q subscales with the exception of Social Networks. The results of correlation analyses revealed positive associations between the use of maintenance strategies and athlete satisfaction. These findings evidence the importance of coaches using strategies to maintain the effectiveness of their relationship with athletes as well as the importance of researchers taking cultural factors into account.

Purpose: To investigate how resistance training (RT) in a regular training program affects neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) and gross efficiency (EGROSS) in elite rowers. Methods: Twenty-six elite male rowers performed 4 RT sessions within 10 days. At baseline and after the first and fourth RT, EGROSS and NMF were established. From breathing gas, EGROSS was determined during submaximal rowing tests. Using a countermovement jump test, NMF was assessed by jump height, flight time, flight-to-contraction-time ratio, peak power, and time to peak power. Muscle soreness was assessed using a 10-cm-long visual analog scale. Results: No significant differences were found for EGROSS (P = .565, ω2 = .032). Muscle soreness (P = .00, ω2 = .500) and time to peak power (P = .08, ω2 = 0.238) were higher compared with baseline at all test moments. Flight-to-contraction-time ratio, jump height, and peak power after the fourth RT differed from baseline (P ω2 = .36, ω2 = .38, and ω2 = .31) and from results obtained after the first RT (P ω2 = .36, ω2 = .47, and ω2 = .22). Conclusions: RT in general does not influence EGROSS, but large individual differences (4.1%–14.8%) were observed. NMF is affected by RT, particularly after multiple sessions. During periods of intensified RT, imposed external load for low-intensity endurance training need not be altered, but rowers are recommended to abstain from intensive endurance training. Individual monitoring is strongly recommended.

Athlete training is a complex complex process, the ultimate goal of which is to achieve a certain state of the athlete's body, which will allow to show high sports results. The range of problems that determine the increase in the results of rowers include all components of the training system: the volume and intensity of training loads, their combination in the direction - the predominant development of general (aerobic) or speed (anaerobic) endurance, strength, speed, endurance, and focus on physical, technical, tactical and psychological training. In this regard, the rational distribution of means and methods of training, as well as training regimes is important The goal is to improve the management of physical training of qualified rowers who specialize in the distances of 200 and 500 m. Research results. In the rowers of the experimental group, significant growth rates were observed on the following indicators of physical fitness: strength endurance (15.1 and 11.1%), maximum strength (9.3%), efficiency of starting acceleration (13.4%), speed endurance , 3%), rowing 50 m on the move (7%) and sports result in the distance of 200 m (6.9%). Other indicators had up to 6% growth rate. In the athletes of the control group, who trained according to a comprehensive program of development of physical qualities, the growth rate of general physical fitness ranged from 2.9 to 5.4%, and special - from 1.2 to 7.9%. Conclusions. The results of the pedagogical experiment show that the proposed algorithm for correcting the training process of rowers at the stage of specialized basic training allows, firstly, to choose the future specialization, and secondly, to achieve a significant (p

Background. The status of nutrition in child athletes representing various sports, which vary in load levels, remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study was to assess the status of the actual nutrition in students of boarding physical training school and to develop recommendations for its optimization. Materials and methods. The energy value and the nutrient composition of the food rations of the students were calculated according to the 28 menu layouts of the autumn and spring seasons. Results. Actual nutrition of students is irrational, unbalanced, especially in the content of vitamins and minerals, undifferentiated depending on the sports, gender and age of students, changeable in energy value, nutrient composition and mode on different days of the week, with the lowest energy value and content of nutrients on Saturday and Sunday. Conclusions. Nutrition of girls of all sports and age groups under study, as well as boys — shooters, archers, water polo players, wrestlers of all age groups (metabolic equivalent of task (MET) ≤ 4.0), 12–14-year-old boxers, lugers, fencers (MET 5.0–6.0) and 12–13-year-old representatives of pentathlon, cycling, football, athletics and rowing (MET > 6.0) is excessive, nutrition of 15–17-year-old boys representing various sports with MET > 6.0 is insufficient in energy value, content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Trompeter, K, Weerts, J, Fett, D, Firouzabadi, A, Heinrich, K, Schmidt, H, Brüggemann, GP, and Platen, P. Spinal and pelvic kinematics during prolonged rowing on an ergometer vs. indoor tank rowing. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2622-2628, 2021-This investigation aimed to compare spinopelvic kinematics during rowing on an ergometer vs. in a rowing tank and to evaluate changes with progressing fatigue. Spinal and pelvic kinematics of 8 competitive scull rowers (19.0 ± 2.1 years, 179.9 ± 7.6 cm, and 74.8 ± 8.1 kg) were collected during 1 hour of rowing on an ergometer and in a rowing tank using a routine training protocol. Kinematics of the upper thoracic spine, lower thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis were determined using an infrared camera system (Vicon, Oxford, United Kingdom). There was a greater lumbar range of motion (ROM) and less posterior pelvic tilt at the catch during rowing on the ergometer compared with in the rowing tank (p = 0.001-0.048), but no differences in pelvic ROM. In the rowing tank, the pelvic ROM increased over time (p = 0.002) and the ROM of the lower thoracic spine decreased (p = 0.002). In addition, there was an extended drive phase (when the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward) and an abbreviated recovery phase (setting up the rower's body for the next stroke) in the rowing tank (p = 0.032). Different rowing training methods lead to differences in spinopelvic kinematics, which may lead to substantially different spinal loading situations. Greater pelvic rotation and lesser lumbar ROM are considered ideal; therefore, the present results indicate that rowing in the rowing tank might facilitate the maintenance of this targeted spinopelvic posture, which might help protect the lower back. Rowers, coaches, and researchers should consider the differences between rowing training methods, especially when giving training recommendations.

Biological maturation (BM) is the phenomenon corresponding to the enhancement of biological systems in the human body (Scheffler & Hermanussen, 2018). In relation to chronological age (CA), BM can be classified as early, synchronized, or late (Malina & Bouchard, 2002). One of the ways to analyze BM is by estimating the peak height velocity (PHV), which is a measure corresponding to the estimate of the period in which the highest growth rate in height will occur (Mirwald et al., 2002). Therefore, adolescent athletes who have already passed through the PHV event (post-PHV) show superior performance than their peers who have not yet passed (pre-PHV) or who are passing (during-PHV) through this BM event (Malina & Bouchard, 2002; Hammami et al., 2016). Theoretically, regardless of whether the PHV occurred early, synchronous, or late, upon arrival at the post-PHV stage the performance differences between adolescent athletes should be minimized or zero. However, athletes in early BM stage reached biological maturation earlier than their synchronized or late peers, thus it is possible that the subject who reached maturity earlier still has advantages regarding physical performance compared to their peers who reached maturity later.

There was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome by SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 in China. The virus spread quickly throughout the world, including in Indonesia. The government has taken many steps to reduce the spread of COVID-19, namely the Stay at Home phase, the Large-Scale Social Restrictions phase, and the New Normal phase. The entire process has affected sports by imposing Training from Home (TFH) for 14 national male athletes and 11 female national athletes for rowing in preparation for the Asia Cup. The athletes' seriousness in exercising for seven weeks was shown from recorded data during the New Normal. The purpose of this research is to see the effect of TFH on athlete detraining. The absence of specific research related to this is a novelty in this study. The method used is quasi-experimental, by looking at the athletes' seriousness in doing the exercises independently without direct assistance from the coach. The coaches could only assist online. The instrument used met the standards of validity and reliability of conformity. It was expected that the athletes' performance did not decrease as they entered the next stage of training. The results showed no significant effect of TFH on detraining in the components of Muscle Power, Aerobic Power, Capacity Squat, Deadlift, and Bench Pull in the men's group. In the women's group, there was a significant effect of TFH on detraining in Muscle Power and Women's Aerobic Capacity, and there was an insignificant effect of TFH on detraining in the components of Aerobic Power, Squat, Deadlift, and Bench Pull. This study concludes that TFH has different effects on detraining elite rowing athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In drag-based swimming, individual propulsors operating at low Reynolds numbers (where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces) must execute a spatially asymmetric stroke to produce net fluid displacement. Temporal asymmetry (that is, differing duration between the power vs. recovery stroke) does not affect the overall generated thrust in this time-reversible regime. Metachronal rowing, in which multiple appendages beat sequentially, is used by a wide variety of organisms from low to intermediate Reynolds numbers. At the upper end of this range, inertia becomes important, and increasing temporal asymmetry can be an effective way to increase thrust. However, the combined effects of spatial and temporal asymmetry are not fully understood in the context of metachronal rowing. To explore the role of spatiotemporal asymmetry in metachronal rowing, we combine laboratory experiments and reduced-order analytical modeling. We measure beat kinematics and generated flows in two species of lobate ctenophores across a range of body sizes, from 7 to 40 mm in length. We observe characteristically different flows in ctenophores of differing body size and Reynolds number, and a general decrease in spatial asymmetry and increase in temporal asymmetry with increasing Reynolds number. We also construct a one-dimensional mathematical model consisting of a row of oscillating flat plates whose flow-normal areas change with time, and use it to explore the propulsive forces generated across a range of Reynolds numbers and kinematic parameters. The model results show that while both types of asymmetry increase force production, they have different effects in different regions of the parameter space. These results may have strong biological implications, as temporal asymmetry can be actively controlled while spatial asymmetry is likely to be partially or entirely driven by passive fluid-structure interaction.

Rowing needs a standardized Gold Medal Standard (GMS) to clearly compare performance across boat classes in competition. Here, we report a method to factor out environmental effects, developing a fairer GMS for individual rowing events. We used results from World Rowing Championships and Olympics Games (2005–2016) to calculate the difference between the fastest winning time of the day and other event winning times on the same day. From this, we calculated a prognostic GMS time for each event via repeated k-fold cross-validation linear regression. Then, we compared these values with the 10-year average winning time and the World Best Time (WBT). We repeated this process to develop prognostic podium standard (PS) times. The prognostic GMS times (RMSE = 9.47; R 2 = 0.875) were universally slower than the WBT (current GMS) by 6.2 s on average but faster than the 10-year average by 12.3 s. The prognostic PS times (RMSE = 10.5; R 2 = 897) were also slower than the WBT but faster than the 10-year average, by 12.2 and 6.3 s respectively. Our time-difference prediction model based on historical data generates non-outlier prognostic times. With the utilization of relative time difference, this approach promises a selection standard independent of environmental conditions, easily applicable across different sports.

Objective In a cohort of elite rowers requiring lumbar spine surgery, we report information regarding: (1) presentation, (2) operative treatment, and (3) return to play (RTP). Methods All competitive rowers undergoing spine surgery at a single academic institution from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. Three rowers underwent spine surgery during the allotted time period. Demographic, clinical, operative, and RTP data was recorded. Each athlete's self-reported level of effort/performance was assessed before and after surgery. First RTP was defined as the time of initial return to rowing activities, and full RTP was defined as the time of unrestricted return to rowing activities. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results The three collegiate rowers ranged from 20- to 21-year-old, each with L5/S1 disc herniations. Preoperative pain levels ranged from 8 to 10, and inciting injury events included back squats, front squats, and rowing during the 'finish' stage. Each athlete underwent a minimally invasive, unilateral L5/S1 decompression, partial medial facetectomy, and partial discectomy with microscopic-assistance. First RTP ranged from 4-6 months, with full RTP at 6-8 months. Pain dissipated to the 0-1 range at full RTP. Final effort/performance improved from 10-60% mid-injury to 90-100% at full RTP. Each athlete's 2000m row time showed a decline mid-injury and an improvement to at or within 10 s of their pre-injury time. Conclusions Drawing from three collegiate rowers who underwent lumbar decompression surgery, each athlete successfully returned to rowing, with initial RTP in the 4-6 months range and full RTP in the 6-8 months range. Performance levels rebounded to near or better than pre-injury performance. The results of this small case series warrant replication in larger, multi-institutional samples.

Objective To comprehensively and critically appraise the clinical benefits and engineering designs of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-rowing for management of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Data Sources Electronic database searches were conducted in Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Excerpta Medica database, Emcare, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from inception to May 12, 2020. Study Selection Search terms used were synonyms of “spinal cord injury” for Population and “Electric Stimulation (Therapy)/ and rowing” for Intervention. Two reviewers independently assessed articles based on the following inclusion criteria: recruited individuals with SCI; had aerobic FES-rowing exercise as study intervention; reported cardiovascular, muscular, bone mineral density, or metabolic outcomes; and examined engineering design of FES-rowing systems. Of the 256 titles that were retrieved in the primary search, 24 were included in this study. Data Extraction Study characteristics, quality, participants’ characteristics, test descriptions, and results were independently extracted by 2 reviewers. The quality of studies was assessed with the Downs and Black checklist. Data Synthesis Comparison of peak oxygen consumption (V o 2peak) rates showed that V o 2peak during FES-rowing was significantly higher than arm-only exercise; FES-rowing training improved V o 2peak by 11.2% on average (95% confidence interval, 7.25-15.1), with a 4.1% (95% confidence interval, 2.23-5.97) increase in V o 2peak per month of training. FES-rowing training reduced bone density loss with increased time postinjury. The rowing ergometer used in 2 studies provided motor assistance during rowing. Studies preferred manual stimulation control (n=20) over automatic (n=4). Conclusions Our results suggest FES-rowing is a viable exercise for individuals with SCI that can improve cardiovascular performance and reduce bone density loss. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to better understand the optimal set-up for FES-rowing that maximizes the rehabilitation outcomes.

This study aims to analyze several factors that affect cattle rowing patterns as well as their costs, receipts and contributions to the household income of livestock farmers in Taebenu Subdistrict, Kupang Regency, NTT. The research sample of 100 people was grouped into two groups: group I (50 row cattle farmers) and group II (50 non-row cattle farmers). Determination of the number of farmer samples follows slovin formula with random sampling method. Data on factors that influence the decisions of farmers' households are analyzed with binary logistics regression analysis. Meanwhile, the income of cattle farmers and non-rowdy cattle was analyzed by household income analysis. The results showed that the analysis of binary logistics regression using simultaneous tests showed that independent variables (X) namely X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 significantly influenced dependent variables (Y). The average household income of cattle farmers rowdy pattern is Rp 13,327,080 with the contribution of income from the business of cattle rowing by 21.93%, while the average household income of non-rowdy cattle farmers (privately owned) Rp 12,820,488 with the contribution of income from non-row cattle businesses amounted to 22.93%. From the results of household income shows the household income of cattle farmers row pattern higher than the household income of non-row cattle farmers (privately owned).

PurposeIntensive exercise significantly lowers the pH of muscle and blood; beta-alanine supplementation can increase carnosine levels, the absence of which leads to an early acidosis and fatigue. The aim of our work is to investigate the effect of a single dose of beta-alanine supplementation on well-trained rowing athletes.Materials/MethodsThe spiroergometric parameters of the participants (n = 28) were examined a total of four times (T1,T2,T3,T4). After measurement (T3), participants received a beta-alanine supplementation at a dose of 50 mg/kg−1 body weight. We compared the results of the four measurements as well as the blood lactate values obtained from the fingertip before and after the tests.ResultsThe different load physiological parameters and the lactate values measured after the tests did not show any significant difference. The mean lactate value prior to test (T4) was 1.8 (mmol*L−1), which is significantly higher than the mean-value of the two previous studies: T1 = 1.6 (mmol*L−1); (P = 0.00), T3 = 1.55 (mmol*L−1); (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe higher lactate value measured before test (T4) was probably due to the longer time to return to the baseline values after the series load. In conclusion, a single dose of beta-alanine supplementation has no effect on performance. In order to elicit the ergogenic effect of beta-alanine, the use of short, intermittent diet therapy intervention is not recommended.

Taiwan’s rowing athletes have performed well during the Asian Games, but their performance in the Olympics has not been adequate. In addition to their hard work and rigorous and effective training, the skill of the athletes is a key factor for achieving good results. In this study, an artificial intelligence (AI) evaluation algorithm is developed to help rowing athletes excel in the sporting events. The AI algorithm uses the analytic hierarchy process to invite experts and scholars in the rowing field to answer a questionnaire. The technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution is then applied to calculate the ranking of selection indicators, to construct an evaluation model for rowing athletes. The key findings indicate that physicality (or the body structure) is the highest priority among the four main aspects of talent identification; this is followed, in descending order, by specialism, reaction, and psychological elements. The proposed AI strategy was established as the most beneficial decision model and can be used to identify talented rowers in the future.

The aims of this study were to assess the effects of stroke rate (SR) on the ability of trained rowers to: a) comply with concurrent biomechanical biofeedback on knee-back-elbow joint sequencing; and b) transfer any changes to competition-intensity conditions (maximal rowing task). Following a five-minute maximal rowing task (Baseline), 30 trained rowers were randomised to four groups. Two groups rowed at high SRs (90% maximum SR with biofeedback (BFb90) or control), while others rowed at low SRs (60% maximum SR with biofeedback (BFb60) or control) for 3 sessions. All rowers then completed another maximal rowing task (Transfer). Rowers complied with the biofeedback at both SRs, which promoted coordinative changes to knee-elbow motions during the pull. During Transfer, control rowers did not improve whereas those receiving biofeedback covered significantly greater distances (increase from Baseline: BFb60 = 6 ± 5%; BFb90 = 5 ± 4%; p < 0.05). However, movement adaptations were temporally different between SRs and were better maintained into Transfer by those that rowed at higher rates. This indicated biofeedback specificity, as transference of modified movement patterns appeared better when acquisition and transfer conditions were similar. These findings have practical implications for assimilating biofeedback into training programmes.

The relevance and quality of the materials used in rowing, such as oars and rowing boats, directly affect the performance and success of the athletes in training and competitions. Using inappropriate and low quality materials may cause the athlete to fail even if the athlete shows a very high performance. When procuring materials in rowing clubs, some factors such as the purpose of using the materials to be selected, the characteristics of the athletes and the budget of the club play a role in the selection of materials. At the material selection stage, the best quality material is preferred for high-level international athletes, and lower quality materials are preferred for intermediate and beginner athletes. In this sport’s branch, the selection of the appropriate equipment to be used by the athletes appears as a decision making problem because it involves many interacting factors and is very important for the success of the athletes. It is considered to use Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to solve this problem. In this article, an MCDM approach is proposed to solve such decision making problems encountered in the rowing branch., The relevance and quality of the materials used in rowing, such as oars and rowing boats, directly affect the performance and success of the athletes in training and competitions. Using inappropriate and low-quality materials may cause the athlete to fail even if the athlete shows a very high performance. When procuring materials in rowing clubs, some factors such as the purpose of using the materials to be selected, the characteristics of the athletes and the budget of the club play a role in the selection of materials. At the material selection stage, the best quality material is preferred for high-level international athletes, and lower quality materials are preferred for intermediate and beginner athletes. In this sport’s branch, the selection of the appropriate equipment to be used by the athletes appears as a decision-making problem because it involves many interacting factors and is very important for the success of the athletes. It is considered to use Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to solve this problem. In this article, an MCDM approach is proposed to solve such decision-making problems encountered in the rowing branch.

Background. To date, the study of respiratory function in the clinic is limited, as a rule, to the determination of bronchial conduction indicators, as well as bronchodilation tests, which at the present stage is insufficient for a deep assessment of the functional state of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Aims. The development of personalized medical rehabilitation programs for patients who have undergone ischemic stroke at various stages of rehabilitation, including spa. Materials and methods. The article considers the effectiveness of the new method of treating neurological disorders in patients suffering from acute cerebral circulation disorder and having respiratory system function disorder at different stages of rehabilitation, based on the complex application of physiobalneotherapy, LFC and mechanotherapy in sanatorium and resort conditions. Results. After the course of using physical methods of treatment, patients with comorbid pathology showed improvement in health, relief of breathing, reduction of shortness of breath, cough, sputum production, disappearance of wheezing in the lungs. Conclusion. Patients in the early and late recovery period after acute cerebral circulation disorder with accompanying clinical-functional manifestations of respiratory pathology are shown to include in the rehabilitation complex general gasair carbon dioxide baths, nebulizer inhalations of broncho- and mucolytic preparations, as well as classes on a rowing simulator (rowing) against the background of standard drug therapy and therapeutic exercise in the hall.

Olympic rowing in its current form is a high-intensity boat race covering a distance of 2000 m with fastest race times ranging ~5.5-7.5 min, depending on boat class, sex, and environmental factors. To realize such race times, rowers need strength and endurance, which is physiologically evident in an oxidative Adaption of the skeletal muscles, a high aerobic capacity, and the ability to contribute and sustain a relatively high percentage of anaerobic energy for several minutes. Anthropometrically, male and female rowers are characterized by relatively large body measurements. Biomechanics & Physiology: The sitting position of the rower, the involvement of a large muscle mass and the structure of the rowing cycle, consisting of drive and recovery phase where the rower slides back and forth on a sliding seat, affect the cardiovascular and the respiratory system in a unique manner. In Addition to these physiological and anthropometric characteristics, this brief review outlines the extreme metabolic implications of the sport during racing and training and mentions rarely-discussed topics such as established testing procedures, summarizes data on training intensity distribution in elite rowing and includes a short section on heat stress during training and racing in hot and humid conditions expected for the Olympic Games 2021 in Tokyo.

For nearly 300 years, the Knights of St John forced a range of captives to labour on their galleys, with slave, convict and debtor oarsmen propelling the Knights’ navy in their crusade against Islam. This article considers how we can investigate these captives and the consequences of their presence in Malta by reconfiguring captivity as a process that extended into wider society. By seeking material traces of captivity at sea on board galleys and on land, the article opens new investigative avenues into early modern captivity in the Mediterranean. In addition, it brings to current debates a rare archaeological example of modern slavery within a European context.

This registration is for our systematic review protocol before data extraction begins. At the time of registration preliminary searches and piloting of the study selection process have been completed. Formal screening of searches is underway in accordance with the eligibility criteria. Full details are included in the attached file.

Rowing is a sport that uses bodyweight subdivisions (Lightweight and Heavyweight) for the senior and master categories. However, the Juniors category is subdivided into the Junior-B (up to 17 years of age) and Junior-A (18 years of age) categories without considering the bodyweight division. In the Juniors category, athletes are subject to the biological maturation (BM) phenomenon. Athletes with early BM tend to point out higher lean mass and body weight, which in comparison to their peers with late BM can favor the performance of strength and muscle power and consequently the rowing performance. Thus, it is important to consider body weight subdivisions for Juniors rowers.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti povezanost biomehaničkih pokazatelja izvedbe i uspješnosti u veslanju kod studenata početnika. Na temelju pregleda literature utvrđeno je kako nije dovoljno istražena povezanost između biomehaničkih pokazatelja izvedbe s brzinom čamca te uspješnost posade. Uzorak je činilo 72 studenata treće godine Kineziološkog fakulteta, 27,78 % studenata (N = 20) i 72,22 % studentica (N = 52) koji su imali zadatak što brže preveslati dionicu 500 metara u školskom četvercu na pariće s kormilarom. Svi ispitanici su podjednake razine znanja veslačke tehnike s obzirom da se radi o početnicima u veslanju. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da veći broj zaveslaja tijekom utrke na 500 metara kod odraslih početnika nije pozitivno povezan s ukupnim izveslanim vremenom, što je zanimljivo s obzirom da u današnje vrijeme kod vrhunskih veslača se želi postići što veći broj zaveslaja u minuti jer bi trebao biti pozitivno povezan s brzinom i izveslanim vremenom. Kod rezultata za brzinu i akceleraciju smo dobili očekivane rezultate jer su brže posade imale i veće srednje vrijednosti brzine i akceleracije, ali je zanimljivo da najbrže posade nisu imale nužno i maksimalnu postignutu brzinu i akceleraciju, no manje su radile veće pogreške kojima bi bitno narušile brzinu čamca. Za rezultate koji nam govore o vremenu potrebnom za izvesti jedan ciklus zaveslaja utvrđeno je da su manje uspješne posade imale velike maksimalne vrijednosti te varijable što dovodi do zaključka da su imali veće pogreške i praktički zaustavili čamac svakom većom pogreškom. Varijabla impuls zaveslaja je u jako velikoj korelaciji s ukupnim izveslanim vremenom posade tj. posade s većim vrijednostima su postigle bolje rezultate. Napomenimo i da je akceleracija u velikoj korelaciji, a brzina u gotovo savršenoj korelaciji s ukupnim izveslanim vremenom odnosno uspješnosti posade na dionici od 500 metara. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ne možemo očekivati jednaku povezanost biomehaničkih pokazatelja izvedbe i uspješnosti u veslanju kod studenata početnika kao što očekujemo isto kod vrhunskih veslača. Kod veslača početnika uspješnost posade uvelike određuje broj i veličina tehničkih pogrešaka. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between biomechanical performance indicators and rowing performance in novice students. Based on a review of the literature, it was found that the relationship between biomechanical performance indicators with boat speed and crew performance has not been sufficiently investigated. The sample consisted of 72 third-year students of the Faculty of Kinesiology, 27.78% of students (N = 20) and 72.22% of female students (N = 52) who they had the task of crossing the 500-meter section of the school quartet as fast as possible into pairs with the coxswain. All respondents have the same level of knowledge of rowing technique since they are beginners in rowing. The obtained results showed that a greater number of strokes during the 500 meter race in adult beginners is not positively related to the total rowing time, which is interesting considering that nowadays top rowers want to achieve as many strokes per minute as possible because it should be positive related to speed and time taken. In terms of speed and acceleration results, we got the expected results because faster crews had higher mean values of speed and acceleration, but it is interesting that the fastest crews did not necessarily have the maximum speed and acceleration, but less major errors that would significantly impair the speed of the boat. For the results that tell us about the time required to perform one stroke cycle, we can say that less successful crews had large maximum values of this variable, which leads to the conclusion that they had bigger mistakes and practically stopped the boat with every bigger mistake. For the paddle impulse variable, we can say that it is in a very large correlation with the total set time of the crew, i.e. that crews with higher values achieved better results. Note that the acceleration is highly correlated, and the speed is almost perfectly correlated with the total time set, i.e. the performance of the crew on the section of 500 meters. Research has shown that we cannot expect the same correlation between biomechanical performance indicators and rowing performance in beginner students as we expect the same in top rowers. For novice rowers, crew performance is largely determined by the number and magnitude of technical errors.

Background: This study investigated the acute effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs on physiological responses and internal workload. Methods: Ten national-level adolescent male rowers (age: 15.7 ± 0.2 years; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 60.11 ± 1.91 mL∙kg−1∙min−1) performed two HIIT testing sessions: short (S-HIIT) and long (L-HIIT). In S-HIIT, the rowers performed 25 reps of 30 s at 100% power at VO2max (Pmax) interspersed with 30 s at P@20% Pmax; whereas in L-HIIT, the rowers executed 4 × 4 min at P@90% Pmax interspersed with 3 min of active recovery (P@30% Pmax). Results: The acute physiological responses and internal workload were evaluated. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Oxygen uptake (VO2) (p < 0.05), time spent per session at ~90% VO2max (p < 0.01), total VO2 consumed (p < 0.01), total distance (p < 0.001), the rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate concentration and heart rate (always p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in L-HIIT than in S-HIIT. However, peak power output was significantly lower in L-HIIT compared to S-HIIT (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: In adolescent rowers, both HIIT tests stimulated aerobic and anaerobic systems. The L-HIIT test was associated with acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses, as well as higher perceptions of effort than the S-HIIT test. In adolescent rowers, HIIT emerges as an asset and could be introduced into a traditional in-season, moderate-intensity and endurance-based rowing program once a week.

Objectives: Low back pain is highly prevalent in rowing and can be associated with significant disability and premature retirement. A previous qualitative study in rowers revealed a culture of concealment of pain and injury due to fear of judgement by coaches or teammates. The aim of this study was to explore rowers' perspectives in relation to diagnosis, contributory factors, and management of low back pain. Design: Qualitative secondary analysis. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of interview data previously collected from 25 rowers (12 in Australia and 13 in Ireland). A reflexive thematic analysis approach was used. Results: We identified three themes: 1) Rowers attribute low back pain to structural/physical factors. Most rowers referred to structural pathologies or physical impairments when asked about their diagnosis. Some participants were reassured if imaging results helped to explain their pain, but others were frustrated if findings on imaging did not correlate with their symptoms. 2) Rowing is viewed as a risky sport for low back pain. Risk factors proposed by the rowers were primarily physical and included ergometer training, individual technique, and repetitive loading. 3) Rowers focus on physical strategies for the management and prevention of low back pain. In particular, rowers considered stretching and core-strengthening exercise to be important components of treatment. Conclusions: Rowers' understanding of low back pain was predominantly biomedical and focused on physical impairments. Further education of rowers, coaches and healthcare professionals in relation to the contribution of psychosocial factors may be helpful for rowers experiencing low back pain. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The aim of this study was to determine sexual differentiation in the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of Hungarian rowers in different age categories. These characteristics were measured for 15–16-year-old juniors (55 men and 36 women), 17–18-year-old older juniors (52 men and 26 women), and 19–22-year-old seniors (23 men and 8 women). The degree of sexual dimorphism was expressed in units of measurement as percentages and the dimorphism index. In all age categories, females had significantly higher body fat indices. Body fat percentage was determined by electrical impedance and by the Pařízková formula, BMI, and skinfold thicknesses. Males had significantly higher body mass, body height, skeletal muscle mass, sitting height, arm span, lower limb length, and body surface area. Males also scored significantly higher values for the following physiological characteristics: peak power, relative peak power, ErVO2max, jump height, speed max, force max, and relative maximal power. Analysis of anthropometric and physiological characteristics in Hungarian rowers revealed that sexual dimorphism tended to increase with age, regardless of whether it was expressed in units of measurement, percentages, or dimorphism index values. The age-related increase in the sexual dimorphism of Hungarian rowers suggests that training methods should be carefully selected to accommodate the needs of various age and gender groups.

Анотація. Стаття присвячена питанням систематизації прогностичних критеріїв, предикторів та детермінант ефективного подолання спортсменами різних змагальних дистанцій у веслуванні. Мета. Теоретично обґрунтувати та систематизувати критерії предикторів та детермінант змагальної діяльності веслувальників. Методи. Аналіз, систематизація та узагальнення даних літературних джерел. Результати. Реалізація методологічного підходу, спрямованого на забезпечення єдності та взаємозв’язку між структурою змагальної діяльності та підготовленості спортсменів-веслувальників, обумовлює субординаційні відносини між їхніми складовими, слугує основою для впорядкування процесу управління тренувальними та змагальними навантаженнями, забезпечує зв’язок структури змагальної діяльності та відповідної їй структури підготовленості з методикою діагностики функціональних можливостей спортсменів-веслувальників, характеристиками моделей різних рівнів, системою засобів і методів, спрямованих на вдосконалення компонентів підготовленості та змагальної діяльності. Серед найбільш значущих детермінант та предикторів результативних виступів веслувальників на різних змагальних дистанціях вчені розглядають антропометричні, морфологічні, фізіологічні характеристики; метаболічні показники та психологічні аспекти. Відповідно до системи управління тренувальними і змагальними навантаженнями спортсменів у веслуванні, узагальнено та систематизовано предиктори результативних виступів веслувальників на різних змагальних дистанціях з урахуванням віку спортсменів. Доповнено теоретичні положення стосовно прогностичних критеріїв, предикторів та детермінант ефективного подолання спортсменами різних змагальних дистанцій у веслуванні. Набули подальшого розвитку відомості про параметри прогнозування продуктивності веслувальників під час подолання дистанції 2000 м на веслувальному ергометрі. Ключові слова: детермінати, предиктори, веслування, змагальна діяльність.

Issues of improving the functional training (different orientation of the training process) of athletes due the development of the respiratory system, including the respiratory system, as well as increasing the body's resistance to hypoxic stress remain extremely relevant at the present stage of sport development. The aim of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the reaction of the external respiratory system in athletes, depending on the orientation of the training process. Materials and methods. The study involved 104 athletes (84 men and 20 women) skill level from CMS to IMS: 63 – athletes, who developed mainly endurance quality (triathletes, swimmers, long-distance runners, rowing), 31 – strength quality (weightlifters, powerlifting, weightlifting), 10 – speed quality (runners sprinters). The mean age of the athletes under study was 21.75 ± 3.32 years. Among them there are international masters of sports (IMS) – 2 athletes, masters of sports (MS) – 25, candidates for master of sports – 48, athletes of 1 degree – 29. Computer spirometric examination was performed for all athletes using the spirographic complex “Spirocom” produced by LLC “KHAI-Medica” in Kharkiv in accordance with existing recommendations. Research results. Analysis of computer spirometry showed, that athletes, who developed the quality of strength had 18.2 % (P = 0.014) greater vital capacity of the lungs, due to the predominance of respiratory volume by 29.9 % (P = 0.017) and by 42.1 % (P = 0.001) inspiratory reserve volume, but less by 22.4 % (P = 0.019) expiratory reserve volume, than athletes, who improved the quality of endurance. Athletes, who developed the quality of endurance in contrast to athletes, who improved the quality of speed had a higher forced vital capacity of the lungs by 14.9 % (P = 0.031), due to the predominance of a inspiratory reserve volume by 9.8 % (P = 0.049) and expiratory reserve volume by 28.5 % (P = 0.044). Athletes, who improved the quality of speed had lower vital capacity of the lungs by 26.1 % (P = 0.003), forced vital capacity of the lungs by 20.2 % (P = 0.016), due to a decrease of inspiratory reserve volume by 34.2 % (P = 0.008), than athletes, who improved the quality of strength. Athletes, who developed the quality of speed, had greater resistance to air flow in the bronchi of small caliber in the exhalation phase, as evidenced by a lower rate of forced expiratory volume1 by 21.1 % (P = 0.015), the volume of forced expiratory to reach the peak expiratory flow by 30.2 % (P = 0.016), MEF 75 by 22.9 % (P = 0.036), FEF 75–85 by 22.8 % (P = 0.035), than athletes, who developed the quality of strength. Conclusions Athletes, who have developed a quality of strength have a greater vital capacity of the lungs, due to the predominance of respiratory volume and inspiratory reserve volume, but less expiratory reserve volume, than in athletes, who improved the quality of endurance. Athletes, who developed endurance quality, in contrast to athletes, who improved the quality of speed, have a higher forced vital capacity of the lungs, due to the predominance of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes. The function of external respiration of athletes, who improved the quality of speed is characterized by lower vital capacity of the lungs, forced vital capacity of the lungs, due to reduced inspiratory reserve volume, and greater resistance to airflow in the bronchi of small caliber in the expiratory phase, than in athletes, who developed the quality of strength.

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the quality of electricity on a ship with electric propulsion, where the control of dc rowing motors (RMs) is carried out using high-power thyristor converters. It is shown that effective management of the quality of electricity in such a nonstationary system as a ship’s electric-power system is possible with the use of intelligent decision support systems that search for solutions to the problem of multicriteria optimization.